4991:
4857:
4016:
3949:
3818:
3201:
2803:
469:
792:
718:
149:
944:
365:
547:
31:
571:(died 116 BC). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the
460:, and Palestine up to Gaza. There is also evidence to support that products from the Dhofar region were traded with the Sumerian-Magan people of Dilmun and Qatar as the Sumerian people used some of these resins for medicinal purposes. The tolls levied by the owners of wells and other facilities added to the overall cost of these luxury goods.
696:
the nature of the trade changed dramatically; prior to that time the incense route from South Arabia seems to have continued to function. Much of this trade seems to have been brought to a standstill by the poor economic conditions of the third century, however, when the economic situation improved
994:
to the
Mediterranean, which flourished from the 3rd century B.C. until the 2nd century A.D. With the vestiges of their sophisticated irrigation systems, urban constructions, forts, and caravanserai they bear witness to the way in which the harsh desert was settled for trade and
1543:
Isidore: "Aromatics are those perfumed odours sent to us by India, the
Arabian regions and other places besides. And aromatics seem to derive their name either from their use on the altars of the gods, or because we see that they spread forth and mingle with the air"
542:
and
Arabian middlemen to adjust their prices so as to compete on the Roman market with the goods now being bought in by a direct sea route to India. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.
579:
around 115 BC. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty
Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each
562:
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain
533:
and favoured the
Western Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea." The monopoly of the Indian and Arab middlemen weakened with the development of monsoon trade by the Greeks through the discovery of the direct route to India
524:
as the administrator of the
Mediterranean basin led to the resumption of direct trade with the east. According to a historian, "The South Arabs in protest took to pirate attacks over the Roman ships in the
508:. This position gave the Nabateans a hold over the trade along the Incense Route. In order to control the Incense Route from the Nabateans a Greek military expedition was undertaken, without success, by
361:
trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were recognized as a source of wealth by its rulers. Recent exploration discovered an ancient trade route through eastern Yemen in the Mahra region.
584:
An earlier commentator on the significance of the trade, in terms of the connectivity of civilisations on both sides of the Red Sea from the time of the Queen of Sheba, was the
British explorer
3796:
3497:
34:
Satellite view of the red sea and adjacent lands, the incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense-producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea.
2003:
71:
2720:
1552:, revised ed. 2009, p. 434); since sacrifice to the gods had been proscribed for more than two centuries, Isidore may simply have been repeating an old list.
243:. Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty-one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board.
235:
by land traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around 1500 BC on the walls of the temple at
4206:
4122:
4000:
982:, are spread along routes linking them to the Mediterranean end of the Incense and Spice route. Together they reflect the hugely profitable trade in
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2008:
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administrator. The motive behind the attack was to gain control of the South
Arabian incense trade which had prospered along the region.
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4739:
955:
2675:
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3872:
934:
that flourished in this region for many centuries, as one of the most important trading activities of the ancient and medieval world.
4005:
4415:
3909:
2239:
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1286:
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3995:
2044:
1856:
4697:
776:, cardamom, would have arrived through the trade routes, others were available in Spain: thyme, aloes, rose, violet, lily,
429:
of South Arabia, who were involved with the incense trade and occupied the northern trading outposts of the
Incense Route.
1102:
4744:
4648:
3887:
1660:"Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
878:
in the 15th century, marking the beginning of
Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
227:
were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and
436:
and luxury goods from India brought wealth to the kingdoms of Arabia. The aromatics of Dhofar were shipped out from the
334:
colony. Gerrha exercised influence over the incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled the
409:
to control the northern end of the Incense Route, which ran up from Southern Arabia and could be tapped by commanding
5034:
4754:
4144:
1981:
1955:
1936:
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The third century would thus appear to be a significant time in the history of the incense trade in Arabia. During
5039:
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516:'s generals. The Nabatean control over trade increased and spread to the West and the North. The replacement of
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17:
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trees of Wadi Dawkah and the remains of the caravan oasis of Shisr/Wubar and the affiliated ports of
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568:
4327:
387:. Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a
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towards the western inhospitable South Arabian coast. The caravans carried these products north to
250:
133:
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679:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.
342:
in the 1st century BC. Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India.
4812:
3236:
476:, 1st century AD. The Romans bypassed the land route in favour of the faster and safer searoute.
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838:
761:
279:
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Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
1408:
713:, receiving goods from India and Arabia which before had gone to the Egyptian Red Sea ports.
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to the Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 3rd century BC and the 2nd century AD.
3931:
863:
was responsible for bringing back Yemen to international commerce via the Red Sea port of
82:
and beyond. These routes collectively served as channels for the trading of goods such as
8:
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many things had changed. By this time, the two main routes in use seem to have been the
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853:
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Tiglath-Pileser III attacked Gaza in order to control trade along the Incense Route.
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1701:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
676:
671:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
413:. Archaeological inscriptions also speak of booty retrieved from the land of the
263:
231:. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being brought to the upper
98:
4354:
791:
588:; it was Bent who identified the trading site of Moscha Limen in February 1895.
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on UNESCO's World Heritage List on July 15, 2005. The official citation reads:
875:
834:
394:
224:
118:
1521:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 305
1479:, 1895, Vol. 6 (2) (Aug), pages 109-33; ‘The Land of Frankincense and Myrrh’.
184:" and from Arabia. Indian goods were brought in Arabian and Indian vessels to
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1844:
1475:
J Theodore Bent: ‘Exploration of the Frankincense Country, Southern Arabia’.
871:
585:
489:
453:
422:
239:
commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the
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47:
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1998:
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137:
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59:
27:
Trade road that connects Mediterranean ports to India via Africa and Arabia
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672:
307:
197:
165:
43:
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3036:
2089:
1632:"World Heritage Committee Inscribes 61 New Sites on World Heritage List"
1121:
A Modern Chinese Journey to the West: Economic Globalisation And Dualism
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2017:
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978:, along with associated fortresses and agricultural landscapes in the
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852:, used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the
830:
769:
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597:
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481:
441:
406:
384:
380:
335:
327:
2255:
2009:
Wilford, "Ruins in Yemeni Desert Mark Route of Frankincense Trade",
567:, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of
4634:
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3131:
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572:
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114:
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and precious stones. These goods were transshipped at the port of
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2426:
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1789:
The Republic Of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century
967:
954:
The World Heritage Committee, headed by Themba Wakashe, recorded
777:
773:
706:
637:
633:
539:
449:
372:
339:
331:
259:
177:
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126:
83:
51:
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2515:
2416:
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1022:
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891:
860:
785:
617:
609:
605:
593:
517:
445:
437:
433:
388:
323:
319:
223:
In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the
205:
157:
102:
75:
63:
1827:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
705:, now carrying trade which formerly would have passed through
575:
kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by
30:
3331:
3321:
3166:
3146:
3091:
3051:
3025:
2969:
2468:
987:
971:
948:
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621:
613:
501:
485:
358:
346:
275:
267:
213:
209:
153:
106:
94:
90:
79:
67:
55:
2018:
Middle East Institute, The Story of Frankincense, Washington
1497:
Middle East Institute, The Story of Frankincense, Washington
200:
that made several trading voyages to the east bringing back
2928:
2587:
2572:
2552:
2453:
2334:
915:
660:
601:
530:
232:
228:
201:
185:
110:
1105:. Embassy of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. Archived from
2562:
859:
Several centuries after the demise of the incense trade,
659:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
1548:, quoted in Maguelonne Toussant-Samat, Anthea Bell, tr.
472:
Roman maritime trade routes with India according to the
1214:
Ruins in Yemeni Desert Mark Route of Frankincense Trade
463:
160:, were linked to the Mediterranean end of the ancient
2819:
1865:
651:
kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
550:
Areas around the Arabian peninsula according to the
345:
Due to its prominent position in the incense trade,
1487:(London, 1900), pages 224, 234, 245, 252, 344, 380.
732:enumerated the aromatics still being imported into
180:, importing spices, gold and exotic wood from the "
1969:
1765:
1698:
1444:
1151:The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia
496:at a point where the Incense Route from Arabia to
188:. Rawlinson identifies the long-debated "ships of
1910:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
1546:Libri differentiarum sive de proprietate sermonum
694:the political and economic crisis of that century
488:, which stood halfway between the opening to the
62:, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the
5006:
1318:"Frankincense and Myrrh as remedies in children"
841:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640.
322:in the Persian Gulf, reported by the historian
1871:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
2271:
2038:
1271:
1269:
930:and Al-Balid vividly illustrate the trade in
42:was an ancient network of major land and sea
1849:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1483:, 1895, Vol. 38 (224) (Oct), pages 595-613;
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1086:"Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev"
1964:
1370:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
425:. Some scholars identify this group as the
50:world with eastern and southern sources of
4813:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
4760:International Congress of Maritime Museums
4740:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
4032:
2278:
2264:
2045:
2031:
1929:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
1805:
1328:(10). Royal Society of Medicine: 602–605.
1266:
1153:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
956:Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
4873:
4828:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1945:
1677:
1341:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1126:
1080:
1078:
1076:
938:
844:This advance marked the beginning of the
1578:
1576:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1322:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1219:
1123:, (Nova Science Publishers: 2006), p. 66
1097:
1095:
942:
881:
790:
716:
545:
467:
363:
147:
29:
4798:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1907:
1843:
1786:
1741:
1406:
500:was crossed by the overland route from
14:
5007:
4750:European Association of Archaeologists
1763:
1696:
1451:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1315:
1194:
1180:
1103:"Traders of the Gold and Incense Road"
1073:
675:to India, whereas formerly, under the
4872:
4031:
4006:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3964:
3834:
3833:
3216:
2818:
2297:
2285:
2259:
2026:
2004:"Frankincense Trail in Salalah, Oman"
1719:
1573:
1518:
1386:
1092:
837:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
740:) Isidore listed in his encyclopedia
448:and from there on to the kingdoms of
1926:
1824:
1439:
810: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632–661
529:. In response, the Romans destroyed
464:Greco-Roman bypassing of land routes
310:of the incense trade route from the
4745:Archaeological Institute of America
2070:Austronesian maritime trade network
1216:, The New York Times, JAN. 28, 1997
1148:
24:
5045:Historic trails and roads in India
1725:Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam
1284:
258:refer to several coastal sites in
25:
5071:
4755:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4145:Coastal defence and fortification
3520:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
2820:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1992:
1890:The Encyclopedia Americana (1989)
1411:The Indian Ocean in World History
1005:Cities on the incense trade route
898:meeting on November 27, 2000, in
286:and a range of gum resins termed
4989:
4855:
4780:Society for American Archaeology
4014:
3947:
3816:
3199:
2801:
2052:
816: Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
728:At the end of the sixth century
143:
4212:Phoenician discovery of America
1829:. University of Chicago Press.
1825:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1705:. University of Chicago Press.
1678:Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001).
1652:
1638:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1564:
1555:
1537:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1469:
1447:The Cambridge History of Africa
1433:
1400:
1358:
1309:
1278:
1257:
1248:
1239:
918:. The official citation reads:
886:
3904:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1749:. Cambridge University Press.
1682:. Asian Educational Services.
1206:
1167:
1142:
1113:
848:and the fall of ports such as
301:
136:. The incense land trade from
13:
1:
4823:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
3498:Phoenician maritime expansion
1999:BBC Frankincense Trail Series
1927:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
1912:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1810:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1768:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1747:The Cambridge Ancient History
1670:
1149:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
4765:Nautical Archaeology Society
1869:; Jere L. Bacharach (2006).
1561:Toussaint-Samat 2009, p. 434
795:Egypt under the rule of the
558:According to one historian:
349:attracted settlers from the
7:
4818:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
4195:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
4001:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
3858:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
3217:
2298:
999:
962:The four Nabatean towns of
10:
5076:
4674:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3965:
3515:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
3508:Circumnavigation of Africa
1619:The Encyclopedia Americana
1523:. Routledge. p. 128.
1519:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
1334:10.1177/014107689108401011
825:the areas under the Roman
688:According to a historian:
683:
4987:
4879:
4868:
4853:
4788:
4730:
4533:
4517:
4265:
4200:Samothrace temple complex
4135:
4090:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4027:
4012:
3971:
3960:
3945:
3843:
3829:
3814:
3767:
3720:
3573:
3540:
3533:
3471:
3272:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3197:
2916:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2799:
2751:
2686:
2623:
2508:
2477:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2060:
1946:Archibald, Zofia (2001).
1806:Eckenstein, Lina (2005).
1177:'s expedition of 1515 BC.
846:Islamic conquest of Egypt
632:. It was also shipped to
306:Among the most important
5035:Ancient roads and tracks
3488:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
2240:Varangians to the Greeks
1477:The Geographical Journal
1066:
1046:King's Highway (ancient)
896:World Heritage Committee
552:Periplus Maris Erythraei
474:Periplus Maris Erythraei
375:documents indicate that
326:to have been founded by
251:Periplus Maris Erythraei
5050:History of South Arabia
4770:RPM Nautical Foundation
4507:Surviving ancient ships
4426:Marsala Punic shipwreck
2080:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1787:Colburn, Marta (2002).
1697:Larsen, Curtis (1983).
1025:, today in Saudi Arabia
1013:, today in Saudi Arabia
804: Muhammad, 622–632
270:involved with trade in
5040:History of the Red Sea
4803:Giza Solar boat museum
4257:Underwater exploration
4252:Underwater archaeology
4217:Pre-Columbian theories
4072:John Sinclair Morrison
4033:Research and education
3483:Austronesian Expansion
1972:Arabia Before Muhammad
1764:Glasse, Cyril (2001).
1745:; et al. (1969).
1646:"Land of Frankincense"
1481:The Nineteenth Century
1443:; et al. (1975).
1407:Kearney, Milo (2003).
1263:Archibald 2001: 168–69
1061:Pre-Islamic Arab trade
997:
951:
939:Israel (Negev) section
936:
912:The Frankincense Trail
818:
725:
715:
681:
649:Roman trade with India
604:and taken overland to
582:
555:
514:Alexander of Macedonia
477:
369:
299:
245:
169:
35:
4874:Legend and literature
4832:Viking ship museums:
4808:Grand Egyptian Museum
4568:Austronesian replicas
4543:Heyerdahl expeditions
4453:Caligula's Giant Ship
4313:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2975:Berenice Troglodytica
2245:Way of the Patriarchs
2155:Polynesian navigation
2075:Canadian canoe routes
1948:Hellenistic Economies
1908:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1851:. Osprey Publishing.
1727:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1415:. Routledge. p.
1287:"The Archeology Fund"
1139:Rawlinson 2001: 11–12
1051:Way of the Patriarchs
960:
946:
920:
882:World Heritage status
794:
764:; of aromatic herbs (
738:de arboris aromaticis
736:. Of aromatic trees (
720:
690:
667:and the frontiers of
653:
608:and further North to
560:
549:
471:
401:to the desire of the
367:
246:
221:
152:Desert cities in the
151:
33:
4775:Sea Research Society
4177:Maritime archaeology
3986:Ameinias the Phocian
3981:Mediterranean piracy
2180:Sepik Coast exchange
1017:Rehovot-in-the-Negev
766:de herbis aromaticis
600:. It was shipped to
569:Ptolemy Euergetes II
219:One historian said:
72:Northern East Africa
5015:Former trade routes
3868:Maritime Jade Route
3021:Kaveri Poompattinam
2215:Trans-Saharan trade
2105:Incense trade route
1931:. Lexington Books.
1772:. Rowman Altamira.
1550:The History of Food
1441:Fage, John Donnelly
1383:Eckenstein 2005: 86
1316:Michie, C. (1991).
1291:The Archeology Fund
1275:Archibald 2001: 169
1254:Archibald 2001: 168
908:World Heritage Site
399:Syro-Ephraimite War
377:Tiglath-Pileser III
40:incense trade route
4416:Bajo de la Campana
4118:Peter Throckmorton
4103:Jean-Yves Empereur
4077:William L. Rodgers
3898:Maritime Silk Road
2135:Maritime Silk Road
2130:Maritime republics
2110:Indian Ocean trade
2011:The New York Times
1808:A History of Sinai
1041:Indo-Mediterranean
1036:Indian Ocean trade
952:
823:Roman-Persian Wars
819:
730:Isidore of Seville
726:
655:At any rate, when
556:
478:
370:
196:fleet equipped at
176:had traded in the
170:
36:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4864:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4471:Madrague de Giens
4190:Temple of Isthmia
4186:Maritime temples
4172:Marine navigation
4131:
4130:
4123:Shelley Wachsmann
4113:J. Richard Steffy
4023:
4022:
3956:
3955:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3763:
3762:
3493:Ocean exploration
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
2854:Rutter (nautical)
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2653:Mortise and tenon
2287:Ancient seafaring
2253:
2252:
2235:Volga trade route
2160:Rome-India routes
1893:. Grolier. 1989.
1858:978-1-84603-108-3
1743:Edwards, i. e. s.
1600:Lindsay 2006: 101
1570:Farrokh 2007: 252
1245:Edwards 1969: 329
1236:Edwards 1969: 330
1019:, today in Israel
854:Ptolemaic dynasty
829:were captured by
630:Mediterranean Sea
596:was collected at
577:Himyarite Kingdom
510:Antigonus Cyclops
421:mentioned in the
379:advanced through
316:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
5067:
5030:Kingdom of Aksum
4993:
4992:
4887:Ark of bulrushes
4870:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4497:Oldest surviving
4207:Nusantao network
4082:Chester G. Starr
4047:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
3991:Cilician pirates
3962:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3888:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3883:Iron Age Britain
3831:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3538:
3537:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3117:Ptolemais Theron
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2397:Single-outrigger
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2225:Triangular trade
2100:Hiri trade cycle
2095:Hanseatic League
2085:Grand Trunk Road
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2023:
1987:
1975:
1966:O'Leary, De Lacy
1961:
1942:
1923:
1904:
1884:
1862:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1783:
1771:
1760:
1738:
1716:
1704:
1693:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1609:Colburn 2002: 14
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1297:on 1 August 2022
1293:. Archived from
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1082:
827:Byzantine Empire
815:
809:
803:
734:Visigothic Spain
722:Sassanian Empire
697:again under the
351:Fertile Crescent
125:, animal skins,
21:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5025:Ancient Somalia
5005:
5004:
5003:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4875:
4860:
4856:
4847:
4790:
4784:
4732:
4731:Institutes and
4726:
4681:Viking replicas
4622:Balangay Voyage
4535:
4529:
4513:
4268:
4261:
4137:
4127:
4086:
4034:
4019:
4015:
4010:
3967:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3839:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3759:
3716:
3569:
3529:
3474:
3467:
3268:
3221:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3067:Mueang Phra Rot
2921:
2912:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2747:
2721:Triangular sail
2682:
2619:
2593:Sail components
2504:
2473:
2447:Tessarakonteres
2302:
2289:
2284:
2254:
2249:
2145:Penarikan Route
2056:
2051:
2013:, Jan. 28, 1997
1995:
1990:
1984:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1859:
1837:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1757:
1735:
1721:Crone, Patricia
1713:
1690:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1485:Southern Arabia
1474:
1470:
1463:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1285:Zarins, Juris.
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1203:Glasse 2001: 59
1202:
1195:
1191:Larsen 1983: 56
1190:
1181:
1173:This refers to
1172:
1168:
1161:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1127:
1119:Ulric Killion,
1118:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1002:
941:
889:
884:
839:'Amr ibn al-'As
817:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
686:
538:), forcing the
466:
438:natural harbour
432:Aromatics from
304:
264:Southern Arabia
146:
117:; and from the
99:precious stones
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5073:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4889:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4656:Mediterranean
4654:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4609:Alingano Maisu
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4552:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4458:De Meern ships
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Cape Gelidonya
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4091:Archaeologists
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:David Blackman
4053:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Jewish pirates
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Lake Trasimene
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:Mediterranean:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:Maritime pilot
2883:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2849:Portolan chart
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Oared warships
2419:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Tea Horse Road
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Siberian Route
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Manila galleon
2147:
2142:
2140:Old Salt Route
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Lapita culture
2122:
2117:
2115:King's Highway
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1993:External links
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1924:
1918:
1905:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1867:Meri, Josef W.
1863:
1857:
1845:Farrokh, Kaveh
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1791:. Progressio.
1784:
1778:
1761:
1755:
1739:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1651:
1637:
1623:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:Meri 2006: 224
1572:
1563:
1554:
1536:
1529:
1511:
1500:
1489:
1468:
1461:
1432:
1425:
1399:
1385:
1369:
1357:
1308:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1218:
1205:
1193:
1179:
1166:
1159:
1141:
1125:
1112:
1109:on 2007-09-08.
1091:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
940:
937:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:Constantinople
821:Following the
812:
806:
800:
685:
682:
465:
462:
395:I.E.S. Edwards
308:trading points
303:
300:
225:Horn of Africa
145:
142:
121:, rare woods,
119:Horn of Africa
44:trading routes
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5072:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:Metamorphoses
4954:
4952:
4950:
4949:The Histories
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4927:The Histories
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:Marumaru Atua
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:Samudra Raksa
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:Te Au o Tonga
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Blackfriars I
4446:
4444:
4443:Arles Rhône 3
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Thalassocracy
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Shell middens
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4182:Naval warfare
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Lionel Casson
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Incense trade
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:South America
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Sailing ships
3743:
3741:
3740:Oared vessels
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Cape Hermaeum
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:Migration and
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:Ancient Egypt
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:Civilizations
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Clinker built
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Boat building
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Navis lusoria
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Brouwer Route
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1983:0-415-23188-4
1979:
1976:. Routledge.
1974:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:0-415-23466-2
1953:
1950:. Routledge.
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:0-7391-0407-1
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1919:0-543-94253-8
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1900:0-7172-0120-1
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1880:0-415-96690-6
1876:
1873:. Routledge.
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:0-226-46731-7
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1817:0-543-95215-0
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1798:1-85287-249-7
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1779:0-7591-0190-6
1775:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1756:0-521-22717-8
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:1-59333-102-9
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:0-226-46906-9
1708:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1689:81-206-1549-2
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1530:0-415-24219-3
1526:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1462:0-521-21592-7
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1426:0-415-31277-9
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1397:Lach 1994: 13
1394:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:City Of Stone
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1160:0-521-01109-4
1156:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
950:
945:
935:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
879:
877:
873:
872:Ottoman Turks
870:Finally, the
868:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:in 602 to 629
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Theodore Bent
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
553:
548:
544:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Gulf of Akaba
487:
483:
475:
470:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
423:Old Testament
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:connects the
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
298:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
166:spice trading
163:
159:
155:
150:
144:Early history
141:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Mediterranean
45:
41:
32:
19:
18:Incense Route
5060:Land of Punt
4978:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4935:On the Ocean
4933:
4926:
4918:
4915:Literature:
4703:
4685:
4666:
4659:
4649:Aotearoa One
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4534:Experimental
4502:Museum ships
4469:
4462:
4435:
4407:Phoenician:
4398:
4393:Leontophoros
4391:
4355:Butuan boats
4350:Pontian boat
4288:Dufuna canoe
4227:Shipbuilding
4138:and theories
4108:Boris Rankov
3902:
3892:
3835:Economy and
3735:Incendiaries
3582:
3369:Indus Valley
3337:Tarumanagara
3264:Ubaid period
3182:Wadi al-Jarf
3097:Ostia Antica
2701:Fore-and-aft
2668:Shipbuilding
2643:Carvel built
2625:Construction
2583:Steering oar
2464:Sailing ship
2387:Obelisk ship
2345:Dugout canoe
2195:Spanish Road
2104:
2054:Trade routes
2010:
1971:
1947:
1928:
1909:
1889:
1870:
1848:
1826:
1807:
1788:
1767:
1746:
1724:
1700:
1679:
1654:
1640:
1626:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1591:Holl 2003: 9
1587:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1446:
1435:
1410:
1402:
1364:
1360:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1290:
1280:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1213:
1208:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1120:
1115:
1107:the original
995:agriculture.
992:South Arabia
984:frankincense
980:Negev Desert
961:
953:
932:frankincense
924:frankincense
921:
890:
887:Oman section
869:
858:
843:
820:
788:and others.
765:
753:
737:
727:
691:
687:
654:
646:
642:Persian Gulf
598:Moscha Limen
590:Frankincense
583:
561:
557:
551:
527:Gulf of Aden
522:Roman empire
479:
431:
418:
414:
393:
371:
355:frankincense
344:
330:exiles as a
312:Persian Gulf
305:
295:
291:
287:
272:frankincense
249:
247:
241:Land of Punt
222:
218:
182:Land of Punt
171:
138:South Arabia
132:, gold, and
130:frankincense
87:frankincense
60:luxury goods
46:linking the
39:
37:
4942:Argonautica
4929:(Herodotus)
4892:Flood myths
4789:Museums and
4733:conferences
4698:Vital Alsar
4536:archaeology
4345:Austronesia
4338:Hjortspring
4333:Rochelongue
4283:Pesse canoe
4237:Ship burial
4222:Sea Peoples
4155:Lighthouses
4150:Grave goods
4098:George Bass
3878:Spice trade
3475:exploration
3297:Philippines
3292:Austronesia
3285:Old Kingdom
3162:Trincomalee
3112:Prosphorion
3057:Myos Hormos
2901:Micronesian
2892:By region:
2864:Lighthouses
2672:By region:
2437:Quinquereme
2362:Kunlun ship
2355:Penteconter
2340:Dragon boat
2200:Spice Route
1367:Documentary
1301:12 November
703:Wadi Sirhan
673:Myos Hormos
417:, possibly
415:mu-u-na-a-a
411:Transjordan
302:Land routes
256:Greek texts
198:Ezion-Geber
5009:Categories
4951:(Polybius)
4595:Hawaiʻiloa
4477:Nemi ships
4362:Black Sea
4308:Khufu ship
4269:and relics
4167:Marine art
4160:Alexandria
4067:Fik Meijer
4050:Historians
3937:Indo-Roman
3750:Greek navy
3652:Salamis II
3642:Hellespont
3602:Artemisium
3592:Nile Delta
3555:Achaemenid
3448:Achaemenid
3317:Langkasuka
3312:Micronesia
3230:Prehistory
3157:Sounagoura
2985:Chittagong
2960:Barbarikon
2939:Alexandria
2881:Pilot boat
2831:Navigation
2663:Sewn-plank
2658:Lashed-lug
2536:Figurehead
2509:Components
2478:Propulsion
2432:Quadrireme
2413:Polyremes
2392:Outriggers
2220:Trepanging
2165:Royal Road
2065:Amber Road
1671:References
1175:Hatshepsut
910:status to
874:conquered
850:Alexandria
663:as far as
403:Israelites
328:Babylonian
254:and other
156:, such as
58:and other
4964:Geography
4902:Gilgamesh
4791:memorials
4715:Viracocha
4628:Faʻafaite
4581:Sarimanok
4487:Yassi Ada
4400:Syracusia
4323:Canaanite
4298:Moor Sand
3768:By region
3730:Grappling
3702:Naulochus
3692:Myonessus
3647:Echinades
3632:Arginusae
3627:Cynossema
3612:Naupactus
3607:Eurymedon
3441:Classical
3416:Phoenicia
3411:Mycenaean
3374:Tamilakam
3357:Polynesia
3347:Srivijaya
3142:Satingpra
3102:Palembang
3086:Cattigara
3028:(Kadaram)
3011:Jambukola
3005:Guangzhou
2946:(Podouke)
2944:Arikamedu
2906:Polynesia
2839:Celestial
2752:Armaments
2738:Spritsail
2696:Crab claw
2638:Careening
2605:Sternpost
2459:Reed boat
2402:Catamaran
2377:Multihull
2230:Via Maris
2190:Silk Road
2170:Salt road
2120:Kula ring
1662:. UNESCO.
1648:. UNESCO.
1634:. UNESCO.
1621:1989: 176
1212:Wilford,
1088:. UNESCO.
1056:Via Maris
947:Ruins of
928:Khor Rori
906:attached
904:Australia
831:Khosrow I
699:Tetrarchy
677:Ptolemies
512:, one of
482:Nabateans
442:Khor Rori
407:Aramaeans
381:Phoenicia
338:trade to
336:aromatics
296:mok rotu.
174:Egyptians
113:and fine
93:; Indian
5020:Nabataea
4980:Tākitimu
4883:Legend:
4841:Roskilde
4720:Tangaroa
4661:Olympias
4635:Gaualofa
4574:Hōkūleʻa
4549:Kon-Tiki
4382:Ashkelon
4318:Uluburun
4277:Earliest
4043:Scholars
3925:shipping
3725:Boarding
3637:Mytilene
3622:Syracuse
3587:Alashiya
3550:Egyptian
3534:Military
3525:Timeline
3503:Sardinia
3426:Carthage
3342:Kalingga
3302:Sa Huỳnh
3237:Timeline
3187:Zanzibar
3137:Sarapion
3132:Rhacotis
3062:Martaban
3007:(Canton)
3000:Godavaya
2995:Giao Chỉ
2965:Barygaza
2955:Avalites
2876:Piloting
2764:Catapult
2759:Ballista
2733:Mast-aft
2546:Planking
2485:Paddling
2442:Hexareme
2407:Trimaran
2372:Longship
2320:Balangay
2175:Sea lane
2090:Hærvejen
1968:(2001).
1847:(2007).
1723:(2004).
1000:See also
865:al-Mocha
797:Rashidun
782:wormwood
758:cardamom
750:cinnamon
669:Ethiopia
640:via the
540:Parthian
536:Hippalus
498:Damascus
494:Dead Sea
492:and the
427:Minaeans
419:Meunites
405:and the
373:Assyrian
332:Chaldean
292:kankamon
284:bdellium
192:," as a
190:Tarshish
123:feathers
115:textiles
70:through
4920:Odyssey
4897:Genesis
4694:Others
4493:Lists:
4482:Marausa
4432:Roman:
4422:Punic:
4387:Kyrenia
4378:Greek:
4374:Marsala
4367:Sinop D
4242:Tacking
3976:History
3863:Meluhha
3853:Fishing
3848:Whaling
3755:Ramming
3677:Aegates
3672:Drepana
3667:Ecnomus
3597:Salamis
3585:
3575:Battles
3453:Nabatea
3436:Archaic
3406:Nuragic
3396:Somalia
3247:Oceania
3242:Britain
3219:History
3152:Socotra
3122:Qandala
3107:Piraeus
3077:Muziris
3047:Madurai
3042:Manthai
2980:Canopus
2950:Arsinoe
2922:harbors
2871:History
2859:Coastal
2789:Sambuca
2774:Dolphin
2688:Rigging
2500:Poling
2490:Sailing
2427:Trireme
2367:Liburna
2330:Coracle
2300:Vessels
1352:1744842
1343:1295557
968:Mamshit
835:Persian
833:of the
778:gentian
774:saffron
760:?) and
707:Palmyra
684:Decline
638:Palmyra
634:Babylon
628:on the
624:and to
573:Sabaean
565:Eudoxos
520:by the
450:Qataban
340:Babylon
314:to the
260:Somalia
178:Red Sea
168:routes.
162:incense
84:Arabian
52:incense
4971:Aeneid
4687:Viking
4668:Regina
4437:Alkedo
4293:Abydos
4267:Wrecks
4136:Topics
3966:Piracy
3920:Greece
3780:Odisha
3712:Actium
3707:Mycale
3542:Navies
3431:Greece
3421:Olmecs
3389:Pandya
3364:Minoan
3327:Champa
3307:Lapita
3252:Remote
3172:Tyndis
3127:Quilon
3072:Muscat
3037:Lothal
3032:Korkai
3016:Jeddah
2990:Essina
2934:Adulis
2844:Charts
2779:Harpax
2769:Corvus
2743:Square
2711:Settee
2706:Lateen
2615:Tiller
2610:Strake
2578:Rudder
2568:Paddle
2516:Anchor
2495:Towing
2417:Bireme
2350:Galley
2325:Bangka
1980:
1954:
1935:
1916:
1897:
1877:
1855:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1776:
1753:
1731:
1709:
1686:
1527:
1508:Source
1459:
1423:
1350:
1340:
1157:
1023:al-Ula
976:Shivta
964:Haluza
900:Cairns
892:UNESCO
861:coffee
814:
808:
802:
786:fennel
762:cassia
754:amomum
746:pepper
709:, and
657:Gallus
618:Medina
610:Najran
606:Shabwa
594:Dhofar
518:Greece
484:built
446:Shabwa
434:Dhofar
389:vassal
353:. The
324:Strabo
320:Gerrha
280:cassia
237:Thebes
206:silver
194:Tyrian
158:Shivta
134:slaves
127:Somali
103:pearls
95:spices
76:Arabia
64:Levant
56:spices
5055:Myrrh
4907:Greek
4710:Abora
4704:Ivlia
4616:Saina
4560:Ra II
4518:Sites
4303:Dokos
3915:Egypt
3837:trade
3802:Rafts
3787:Japan
3775:India
3687:Chios
3657:Mylae
3617:Olpae
3565:Roman
3560:Greek
3458:Aksum
3384:Chera
3379:Chola
3352:Sunda
3332:Kutai
3322:Kedah
3167:Tulum
3147:Sidon
3092:Opone
3082:Óc Eo
3052:Malao
3026:Kedah
2970:Basra
2918:Ports
2896:Inuit
2716:Tanja
2676:Egypt
2526:Cabin
2469:Tomol
2312:Types
1067:Notes
1030:Other
1011:Hegra
990:from
988:myrrh
972:Avdat
949:Avdat
742:myrrh
665:Syene
622:Petra
614:Mecca
592:from
580:year.
502:Petra
486:Petra
458:Ma'in
359:myrrh
347:Yemen
288:duaka
276:myrrh
268:India
214:Ophir
210:ivory
154:Negev
107:ebony
91:myrrh
80:India
68:Egypt
4836:Oslo
4558:and
4464:Isis
4411:Gozo
3932:Rome
3910:Maya
3792:Rome
3697:Nile
3463:Rome
3401:Maya
3257:Near
3177:Tyre
2929:Aden
2728:Junk
2600:Stem
2588:Sail
2573:Rope
2558:Mast
2553:Keel
2541:Hull
2531:Deck
2454:Raft
2335:Dhow
1978:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1348:PMID
1303:2021
1155:ISBN
986:and
974:and
922:The
916:Oman
770:nard
711:Aila
661:Nile
647:The
636:and
626:Gaza
602:Qana
531:Aden
506:Gaza
480:The
454:Saba
385:Gaza
357:and
318:was
294:and
290:and
266:and
248:The
233:Nile
229:Oman
202:gold
186:Aden
172:The
164:and
111:silk
89:and
74:and
66:and
38:The
3873:Tin
2920:and
2784:Ram
2563:Oar
2521:Bow
1453:164
1338:PMC
1330:doi
914:in
894:'s
867:.
768:),
748:,
504:to
440:of
383:to
78:to
5011::
4556:Ra
4525:H3
4279::
1575:^
1455:.
1419:.
1417:42
1388:^
1372:^
1346:.
1336:.
1326:84
1324:.
1320:.
1289:.
1268:^
1221:^
1196:^
1182:^
1128:^
1094:^
1075:^
970:,
966:,
902:,
856:.
799:.
784:,
780:,
772:,
752:,
744:,
644:.
620:,
616:,
612:,
456:,
452:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
262:,
216:.
208:,
204:,
109:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
54:,
3088:)
3084:(
2279:e
2272:t
2265:v
2046:e
2039:t
2032:v
1986:.
1960:.
1941:.
1922:.
1903:.
1883:.
1861:.
1839:.
1820:.
1801:.
1782:.
1759:.
1737:.
1715:.
1692:.
1544:(
1533:.
1465:.
1429:.
1354:.
1332::
1305:.
1163:.
756:(
554:.
534:(
20:)
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