Pearl - Knowledge

1768: 750:. Such displacement may occur via an injury. The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury. Crabs, other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer. Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle, these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate, their natural product. The pocket is called a pearl sac, and grows with time by cell division. The juvenile mantle tissue cells, according to their stage of growth, secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac's inner surface. In time, the pearl sac's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating. During this process, the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell; however, the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows. After a couple of years, a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher. 1662: 1744: 1697: 876: 956:

mother of pearl within a host oyster. If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead, a keshi pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece. Therefore, while a keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center, in the cultured pearl industry the oyster's resources used to create a mistaken all-nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of the intended round cultured pearl. Therefore, the pearl industry is making ongoing attempts to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur. All-nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls. Today many "keshi" pearls are actually intentional, with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac.

1712: 1094: 1728: 1334: 591: 962:, frequently referred to as black pearls, are highly valued because of their rarity; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass-produced because, in common with most sea pearls, the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time, while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants. Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all. 1445:. The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has taken place over ten years when the former rice-grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. Later, large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster. 730:, which makes up mother-of-pearl. The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case. Typical stimuli include organic material, parasites, or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk's body. These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration. In cultured pearls, the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium, with or without a spherical bead (beaded or beadless cultured pearls). 696: 289: 1064: 564: 742:. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare. 929:. Australia also has one of the world's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today. 1685: 5429: 469: 3405:"The new weekend pearl-fishers were "mostly middle-aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back" and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers, opening them, and throwing away the shells, with not a care for conservation or the breeding season. All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1375–1377). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 2103: 1076: 1473:

pearl oysters in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster. Mitsubishi's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl – although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced.

53: 1957: 1878: 913: 787:) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell, causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate. There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls: using freshwater or seawater shells, transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus. Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads. Trade names of cultured pearls are Akoya ( 1631:. Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries. Today, momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme corresponds to 1/1000 kan. Reluctant to give up tradition, the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds. Hence, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams. 1756: 1423: 1056: 1249: 1568:, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel – a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, 3387:"It was not only Britain's mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer: according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different. It was her pearls." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1264–1267). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 765: 3396:"Unlike sea pearls, which come from oysters, freshwater pearls come from mussels. And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world, wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1289–1290). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 1105:. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable. Such pearls usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a 746:

different materials can be seen. The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development. Displaced living cells with a well-defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location, often resulting in a

385:, like the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape. Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S. 2070:

wore a necklace of 108 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason was that every king had to say 108 prayers every morning and every evening. At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new, undrilled pearl

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The vast majority of inexpensive colored pearls have been subjected to some form of dye, often a fabric dye. This dye will only tend to penetrate the first layer or two of nacre, but this is enough to impart vivid and sometimes garish color to otherwise white pearls. Truly valuable pearls are never

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In 2010, China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production. Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often

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Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was

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in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916, and married the daughter of Mikimoto. Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya

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equipment to examine the center of a pearl. With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl, where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin. The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of

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Formation of non–bead-cultured Akoya “keshi” pearls produced in a P. i. fucata mollusk. (A) Optical overview of a nonbeaded keshi–cultured pearl. (B) Cross-section showing CaCO3 growth begins onto an organic center. (C) Mature nacre. (D and E) Atomic-resolution image of atoms in nacre. (F) Transition

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In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls have almost no value. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl. If X-rays reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely

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Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace's value, the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned. This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian

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are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls. The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a "comparative" issue. The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls, and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls, and is more valuable than these pearls.

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The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers.

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Today, the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls are gonad grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The

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The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard. Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products, and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices. Essentially, the controversy damaged the images of both natural

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Natural (or wild) pearls, formed without human intervention, are very rare. Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened, and thus killed, to find even one wild pearl; for many centuries, this was the only way pearls were obtained, and why pearls fetched such extraordinary

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When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed, it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl. A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings, whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings. A beadless cultured pearl (whether of

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examination. Nucleated cultured pearls are often 'preformed' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus. After a bead is inserted into the oyster, it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as twelve to

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Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl: saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink,

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Pearls are generally of spherical shapes. Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl. Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round

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who intended to give it as a gift for his daughter on the occasion of her marriage, but the King found it so beautiful that he kept it for himself. Later, he elevated it to be part of the Spanish Crown Jewel. From then on, the pearl was recorded in every royal inventory for more than 200 years.

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Pear-shaped pearls sometimes look like teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as a center pearl in a necklace. Baroque pearls have a different appeal; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes. They are also commonly seen in necklaces. Circled

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shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is

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is a pearl composed entirely of nacre and results from mishaps in the culturing process. Most are quite small, typically only a few millimeters in diameter, and are often irregular in shape. In seeding a cultured pearl, a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of

1528:, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market. The other significant producers are 745:

Typically, the build-up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes columnar aragonite) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre (tabular aragonite). In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram, these two

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Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be

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snails, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.

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Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to Britain. They are, for the most part, freshwater pearls from mussels. Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels. Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the

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was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls.

1767: 1661: 944: 1480:, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls. 3423:"Pearls from the Oykel River, northwest of Inverness, for example, are a sweet rose pink, and have always been the most valuable." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1341). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 1000: – are not South Sea pearls, although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls. In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black all use to, these pearls are usually referred to as "black pearls". 1618:

magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.

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can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.

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South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls – making them the most valuable. Prized for their exquisitely beautiful 'orient' or lustre, South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the

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Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors' items, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist, and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler

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There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces. While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement, pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A

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a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater.

1214:. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg). 867:. Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are completely smooth, but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets, making both feel slightly gritty. 899:

purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years; at the time, it was valued at US$ 1 million.)

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and cultured pearls. By the 1950s, when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace, natural pearls were reduced to a small, exclusive niche in the pearl industry.

1503:. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects. Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well-known pearl farms owned by 1011:

oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself.

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All shelled mollusks can, by natural processes, produce some kind of "pearl" when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds, but the great majority of these "pearls" are not valued as

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22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.

1461:, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth. 1696: 1711: 700:

from spherulitic aragonite structures to nacre. (G and H) Aggregated nanoparticles form massive aragonite. (I) Formation of nacre begins directly on massive aragonite. CC-license, PNAS 2021 118 (42);

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blue, champagne, green, and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.

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pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist

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Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems, according to size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient and luster.

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All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.

3271: 2140:. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it." 1743: 2094:

The Hebrew word פְּנִינִים 'pearl(s)' appears in several places in the Hebrew Bible (Job 28:18; Proverbs 3:15; 8:11; 20:15; 31:10; Lamentations 4:7), although its etymology is unclear.

2066:, one of the books of the Hindu scriptures. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments. According to Marco Polo, the kings of 1791:

pearl and can also make a necklace, but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger, rounder pearl.

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Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or

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Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market. These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) in Nagasaki Pref. Japan.

3098: 1166:. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen 722:

or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) held together by an organic horn-like compound called

3414:"Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people..." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1296). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 1184:. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to 2169:

18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"

1597:. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements, 1634:

In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth.

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35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold, silver and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.

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Natural black pearls are rare, with black pearls having a body color that may be assessed as silver, silver blue, gold, brown-black, green-black, or black.

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However, it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl, which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl. This is simply because the black pearl oyster

2151:. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass." 1833:, measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer; and longer still, a 1570: 3570: 1407: 1162:

waters, and are commonly referred to as 'blue pearls'. They are admired for their luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to

327:) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as 3084:

The story of the Sinhalese: From the most ancient times up to the end of "The Mahavasna", or great dynasty; Vijaya to Maha Sena (B.C. 543 to A.D. 302)

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had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors. When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by

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freshwater or saltwater origin) may show growth rings, but also a complex central cavity, witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac.

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that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers, which breaks up light falling on the surface. In addition, pearls (especially

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in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose-pink pearls. There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls.

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A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the

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Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. Before the beginning of the 20th century,

3534: 2929: 2215: 3488: 3719: 5001: 3186: 374:, but in the past were also used to adorn clothing. They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations. 3217: 1579: 3463: 626:) can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The most valuable pearls have a metallic, highly reflective luster. 4754: 3643: 3619: 3023: 2619: 875: 3122: 2211: 1845:

6.5–7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.

1702: 1864:, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small. 990:, which cannot be found in lagoons, but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries. 547:. Freshwater pearls grow within certain (but by no means all) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida, the families 3552: 3152: 925:

Previously, natural pearls were found in many parts of the world. Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off

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For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers, the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the

797:. Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle-grown in freshwater shells in China, and are known as freshwater cultured pearls. 3304: 2203:, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of 1468:

did not discover the process of pearl culture. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist

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pearl divers of twelfth century China attached ropes to their waists in order to be safely brought back up to the surface.

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Hanni, H A (June 2006). "Keshi Perlen: Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff (Keshi Pearls: a term in need of explanation)".

1821:, measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length, nestle just at the base of the neck. A strand called a 1737:, owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls. She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls 1229:. The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide (1 ft), 67 cm long (2.2 ft) and weighs 75 lb (34 kg). 1024:

along the remote coastline of North-Western Australia. White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the

848: 489:. Nacreous pearls, the best-known and most commercially significant, are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan 350:

The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as

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The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the

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Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch

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The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster,

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dyed, and this process is not believed to add and in most cases would only subtract from their market value.

1861: 1837:, measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length, is any length that falls down farther than an 1598: 370:

are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in

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Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue (called a

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A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones. These species include the bailer shell

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When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of

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inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as

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Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources.

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oysters. Also called Concha Nácar, the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under

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shell, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called

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would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible

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area of Australia, while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia.

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Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources

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Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in

1967: 1892: 1829:, measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length, falls just above the breasts. An 661: 529: 4049: 3584: 1448:

The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater

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In the past two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south

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discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.

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worker who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.

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coast, was an extensive pearl bed (a bed of pearl oysters). One discovered and named pearl,

880: 4412: 4069: 3459: 3268:"History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls – the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature" 2766: 2708:

2137: 1469: 1438: 917: 603: 2849: 2747: 2623: 1582:

company based out of Kobe, Japan continues to purchase the remaining Kasumiga-ura pearls.

141:

White, pink, silver, cream, brown, green, blue, black, yellow, orange, red, gold, purple,

8: 5386: 5315: 5280: 5127: 5092: 4912: 4845: 4407: 2327: 2159: 1734: 618:

layers. The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl, the finer the luster. The

599: 389:

rules, and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosities.

245: 182: 2770: 1465: 5464: 5305: 5027: 4795: 3816: 3796: 3737: 3682: 2904: 2277: 2166: 2144: 1795:

pearls are characterized by concentric ridges, or rings, around the body of the pearl.

1672: 1365: 1361: 1032: 149: 2778: 1668: 1267:

mentions the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in

5340: 5244: 5199: 5082: 4865: 4263: 3846: 3686: 3672: 3514: 3359: 3334: 3246: 3236: 3207: 3176: 3088: 2908: 2692: 2672: 2648: 2603: 2476: 2367: 2200: 2155: 2125: 1564:. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name 1276: 708: 316: 93: 71: 3548: 2517: 2143:

The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in

1755: 1578:. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution. Currently, the 664:

occur not only in hotter climates, but also in colder, more temperate areas such as

5330: 5254: 5249: 5214: 5122: 5042: 4932: 4922: 4805: 4780: 4173: 4002: 3956: 3876: 3664: 3137: 2894: 2832: 2805: 2774: 2644: 2305: 2247: 2219: 2107: 2106:

Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the

2014: 1676: 1605: 1575: 1341: 1287:(23–79 AD) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world. 1206: 1127: 947:

A blister pearl, a half-sphere, formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster.

552: 541: 442: 398: 301: 202: 192: 82: 3378:

Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, p. 352.

2945: 1210:. It is a naturally occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a 513:

are formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes.

5449: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5117: 5112: 5052: 5019: 4855: 4268: 4203: 4014: 3987: 3297: 2952: 2315: 2310: 1590: 1524: 1399: 1315: 1284: 1222: 1218: 1080: 818: 638: 629:

Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in

502: 420: 406: 367: 3702: 3331:

Gems in the Early Modern World: Materials, Knowledge and Global Trade, 1450–1800

288: 5433: 5310: 5300: 5275: 5194: 5107: 5102: 5057: 5032: 4917: 4860: 4850: 4800: 4621: 4565: 4553: 4482: 4126: 4064: 2444: 2334: 2294: 2231: 2133: 1431: 1353: 1299: 1280: 1226: 1172: 1155: 986:

is far more abundant than the elusive, rare, and larger south sea pearl oyster

959: 860: 794: 759: 669: 642: 533: 510: 328: 300:

is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the

121: 3841: 2748:"Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster, 2062:

tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the

1495:

After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at

563: 5443: 5401: 4830: 4820: 4772: 4696: 4626: 4585: 4253: 4007: 3992: 3941: 2495: 2289: 2191:

52:24 Round about them will serve, to them, youths as pearls well-guarded.

2118: 2063: 1853: 1849: 1515: 1441:

who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from

1385: 1272: 1243: 1181: 1150: 1144: 331:, can occur. The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as 225: 1601:

such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry).

695: 660:, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These 520: – lives in the sea, while the other – a very different group of 468: 5428: 5067: 4825: 4815: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4663: 4616: 4446: 4392: 4178: 4059: 4019: 3911: 3720:

Does Harvesting a Pearl Kill the Oyster? Also, how to identify a fake pearl

3658: 3135: 3054: 2826: 2573: 2321: 2299: 2226: 2148: 2115: 1519: 1327: 1319: 1295: 1291: 1257: 1106: 974: 965:

Since the development of pearl culture technology, the black pearl oysters

938: 680: 517: 258: 3668: 3250: 2899: 2878: 2810: 2793: 1560:. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of 1373:, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607, this was found at 701: 5396: 5381: 5335: 5234: 5077: 4963: 4958: 4790: 4669: 4658: 4548: 4387: 4337: 4332: 4248: 4090: 3966: 3916: 3791: 3786: 2561: 2162:, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you." 2102: 2083: 1585:

Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with

1533: 1511:

simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.

1411: 1307: 1303: 1201: 1159: 1102: 1044: 1020:

oysters can be found, with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by

952: 851:

can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological

634: 619: 615: 611: 572: 473: 446: 382: 305: 255: 235: 142: 2411: 2078:, is also associated with many Hindu deities, the most famous being the 2074:

The Pearl, which can be transliterated to "Moti", a type of "Mani" from

1290:

For thousands of years, seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the

1075: 656:

Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family

5345: 5320: 5239: 5229: 5158: 5097: 5087: 5037: 5010: 4953: 4927: 4785: 4492: 4437: 4312: 4225: 4183: 4085: 4034: 3971: 3946: 3821: 2836: 2272: 2204: 1981: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1211: 1185: 1132: 1068: 864: 739: 723: 607: 312: 102: 4193: 3233:

Volume 2 of History of Ceylon, History of Ceylon: History of Sri Lanka

2181:

often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:

2158:

7:6: "Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your

5376: 5163: 5072: 4835: 4638: 4631: 4502: 4497: 4477: 4402: 4327: 4321: 4302: 4198: 4139: 4054: 3951: 3886: 3861: 3851: 3781: 3760: 2079: 1557: 1529: 1403: 1357: 1323: 1268: 1264: 1177: 1085: 773: 719: 676: 657: 568: 548: 544: 486: 366:

and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold.

320: 4979: 1956: 1877: 912: 823:

Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are simply made of

450: 5209: 4948: 4891: 4840: 4763: 4706: 4680: 4606: 4533: 4472: 4462: 4457: 4417: 4357: 4347: 4307: 4289: 4278: 4273: 4188: 4144: 4029: 4024: 3961: 3901: 3891: 3856: 3831: 3806: 3801: 3457: 3050:"Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years" 2955:. Perlas.com.mx (November 22, 2010). Retrieved on October 14, 2015. 2257: 2243: 2075: 1541: 1504: 1496: 1118: 1021: 665: 457: 363: 344: 332: 4732: 1063: 5406: 4968: 4701: 4611: 4523: 4432: 4397: 4382: 4367: 4352: 4342: 4215: 4149: 4100: 4039: 3896: 3871: 3836: 2261: 2121: 2067: 1537: 1349: 1139: 926: 716: 630: 584: 521: 490: 435: 371: 324: 308: 75: 52: 2691:

Strack, Elisabeth. "Pearls". Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag, 2006, p. 38

2445:"Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries" 1422: 1055: 501:, by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the 472:

A black pearl and a shell of the black-lipped pearl oyster. The

5219: 5204: 5178: 4881: 4601: 4507: 4467: 4442: 4377: 4362: 4258: 4243: 4238: 4154: 4105: 4095: 3811: 3776: 2752:: potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia" 1586: 1449: 1374: 1253: 1248: 1114: 1110: 970: 884: 684: 576: 537: 525: 377:

Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always

336: 3087:. W.M.A. Wahid. pp. 16–19, 46, 130, 144–48, 161–63, 213. 2388: 707:

The mollusk's mantle (protective membrane) deposits layers of

5224: 5062: 4810: 4570: 4560: 4543: 4538: 4528: 4487: 4317: 4297: 4233: 4165: 3906: 3881: 3826: 2178: 2129: 2059: 1857: 1778: 1721:

wearing her two-strand pearl necklaces and earrings set, 1829

1594: 1561: 1500: 1442: 1378: 1311: 1271:. It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied 1167: 852: 832: 828: 824: 801: 777: 727: 498: 477: 441:

The scientific name for the family of pearl-bearing oysters,

415: 378: 3729: 3298:"The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf" 3203:

The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay

943: 800:

Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by

4452: 4427: 4422: 4372: 4134: 3024:"The Pearl of Allah: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fraud" 1774: 1163: 1007:

pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host

978: 747: 580: 494: 315:. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of 31: 3714: 1507:, the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world. 1306:

origin to pearl diving in these regions. Starting in the

996:

Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster –

764: 594:

Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre

2647:, The Pearl and the Dragon, Houlton; 1st edition (1999) 1217:

The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) is the

726:. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called 668:(where they are protected under law). Most freshwater 5417: 3145:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India

2729:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft

2539: 1608:

and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming

1410:

who found pearls varied from river to river with the

738:

Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and

3458:

Travel more. Create better memories (May 19, 2011).

3136:

R. Raghu Prasad and P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973).

2828:

Improving the quality of pearls from Pinctada maxima

1856:

bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from

1221:, also found in the Philippines by a fisherman from 1089:, surrounded by a number of pearls from this species 1035:, Mexico, is culturing pearls from the black lipped 27:

Hard object produced within a living shelled mollusc

3235:. Peradeniya: Ceylon University Press. p. 56. 2250:

formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells

1426:

A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster.

863:can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a 675:Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters, family 648: 532:. Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of 347:for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable. 2998:"GIA 'Gems & Gemology' magazine news archive" 2876: 2671:. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 90–108. 524: – lives in freshwater; these are the river 516:One family of nacreous pearl bivalves – the 5441: 3333:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. 1200:The second largest pearl known was found in the 1059:A natural conch pearl with gem flame patterning. 3489:"Japanese Akoya Pearls vs Chinese Akoya Pearls" 3262: 3260: 2475:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, 2302:, one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found 2216:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1486: 1275:'s embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king 2199:The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer 1314:hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the 788: 4995: 4748: 3745: 3632: 3608: 3531:"Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls" 3295: 3199: 3168: 3111: 2792:Goebel, Marisa; Dirlam, Dona M. (Fall 1989). 2669:Pearls : Natural, Cultured and Imitation 1807: 973:and many other Pacific islands including the 842: 274:: yellow-green, greenish brown to dark brown; 3257: 2791: 907: 409: 3434:"Scottish Freshwater River Pearl Jewellery" 3358:. Cambridge University Press. p. 672. 3175:. Asian Educational Services. p. 227. 3080: 2946:Concha Nacar | The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog 2662: 2660: 2097: 2071:and pierce it during the wedding ceremony. 1906:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1547: 932: 870: 418: 5002: 4988: 4755: 4741: 3752: 3738: 2831:(phd), PhD thesis: James Cook University, 2386: 1154:species of abalone. Pearls of abalone are 497:. A nacreous pearl is made from layers of 3660:Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible 3602: 3567:"Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia" 3460:"Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm" 2898: 2824: 2809: 2439: 2437: 2041:Learn how and when to remove this message 1926:Learn how and when to remove this message 1252:A 14th-century piece of clothing used by 3657:Noonan, Benjamin J. (October 29, 2019). 3511:Pearls (Fred Ward Gem Book), 3rd Edition 3483: 3481: 3230: 2935:from the original on September 30, 2013. 2746:Pouvreau, Stéphane; et al. (2000). 2745: 2657: 2620:"Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture" 2380: 2361: 2194: 2101: 1421: 1332: 1247: 1092: 1074: 1062: 1054: 942: 911: 874: 793:), white or golden South sea, and black 763: 694: 589: 562: 467: 456:which is the source of the English name 287: 3573:from the original on February 21, 2014. 3466:from the original on September 27, 2013 3353: 3328: 3291: 3289: 3101:from the original on December 20, 2017. 1946: 1703:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 702:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107477118 14: 5442: 3656: 3513:, Gem Guides Book Company, pp. 35–36, 3220:from the original on January 18, 2017. 3189:from the original on January 18, 2017. 3138:"India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries" 2872: 2870: 2434: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2324:, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine 2154:Holy things are compared to pearls in 558: 434:, after the ham- or mutton leg-shaped 5009: 4983: 4736: 3733: 3555:from the original on August 20, 2017. 3537:from the original on August 20, 2017. 3478: 3274:from the original on December 6, 2015 2726: 2397:from the original on October 6, 2017. 2172: 1552:In 1914, pearl farmers began growing 1499:and Port Essington in Australia, and 1050: 883:(1853) featuring 212 natural pearls, 339:for many centuries. Because of this, 3642:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3618:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3286: 3121:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3062:from the original on August 24, 2016 2666: 2406: 2404: 2089: 1979:adding citations to reliable sources 1950: 1904:adding citations to reliable sources 1871: 683:are usually cultivated in protected 4762: 3158:from the original on July 18, 2011. 2867: 2570:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2346: 2053: 1256:divers searching for pearls in the 812: 567:Structure of nacre layers, wherein 311:or another animal, such as fossil 24: 3129: 2580:from the original on March 8, 2022 2422:from the original on April 4, 2017 2387:Lazzarelli, Herve Nicolas (2010). 2256:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1556:using the pearl mussels native to 1522:. The largest pearl oyster is the 1464:Despite the common misperception, 753: 679:, which live in oceans. Saltwater 30:For the programming language, see 25: 5491: 5351:Reproductive system of gastropods 3696: 3356:Science and Civilisation in China 3310:from the original on May 13, 2016 3028:Pearl Education - Pearl-Guide.com 2472:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2451:from the original on May 28, 2010 2401: 733: 5427: 5356:Respiratory system of gastropods 5271:Circulatory system of gastropods 2879:"Natural Pearls from Australian 1955: 1876: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1726: 1710: 1695: 1683: 1660: 1417: 1392: 1356:, some 200 km north of the 1237: 51: 3650: 3626: 3577: 3559: 3541: 3523: 3503: 3451: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3347: 3322: 3224: 3193: 3162: 3105: 3074: 3042: 3016: 2990: 2958: 2939: 2915: 2842: 2818: 2785: 2739: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2685: 2638: 2612: 2598:Neil H. Landman, et al. (2001) 2592: 1966:needs additional citations for 1622: 1158:, or blister pearls, unique to 1039:oysters and the rainbow lipped 649:Freshwater and saltwater pearls 5296:Excretory system of gastropods 5286:Digestive system of gastropods 3438:A. & G. Cairncross Limited 2554: 2532: 2510: 2488: 2463: 1318:, particularly in what is now 1176:, a large sea snail or marine 921:wearing a rope of black pearls 323:or a mixture of aragonite and 13: 1: 3759: 3636:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 3612:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 3115:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 2779:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00373-7 2520:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2390:Blue Chart Gem Identification 2340: 1749:Pearl bracelet from the 1840s 1641: 1599:Japanese units of measurement 463: 292:Georgian seed pearl gold ring 280:: commonly pink to orange-red 268:: light blue to light yellow; 5361:Sensory organs of gastropods 5326:Nervous system of gastropods 3081:Senaveratna, John M (1930). 2366:. Robert Hale. p. 230. 2318:, largest pearl in the world 2218:(LDS Church) and some other 1487:Timeline of pearl production 1204:in 1934 and is known as the 1188:known as 'flame structure'. 690: 672:sold today come from China. 392: 7: 5392:Circumesophageal nerve ring 3549:"Indonesian Pearls Figures" 3206:. BiblioBazaar. p. 6. 2667:Farn, Alexander E. (2013). 2564:Margaritifera margaritifera 2237: 1773:"Pearl Trader" painting on 602:of pearls depends upon the 10: 5496: 2951:February 25, 2014, at the 2877:Scarratt, Kenneth (2012). 2214:is a book of scripture in 1808:Lengths of pearl necklaces 1801:Cultured freshwater pearls 1690:A necklace of white pearls 1653: 1610:cultured freshwater pearls 1554:cultured freshwater pearls 1429: 1302:. Evidence also suggest a 1241: 1232: 936: 843:Gemological identification 816: 757: 624:cultured freshwater pearls 29: 5369: 5263: 5187: 5151: 5018: 4941: 4900: 4874: 4771: 4689: 4651: 4594: 4516: 4287: 4224: 4163: 4125: 4118: 4078: 3980: 3934: 3927: 3767: 3329:Bycroft, Michael (2019). 3000:. Gia.edu. Archived from 2825:Mamangkey, Noldy (2009), 2794:"Polynesian Black Pearls" 2622:. Fao.org. Archived from 2600:Pearls: A Natural History 2562:"Freshwater pearl mussel 2447:. Ftc.gov. May 30, 1996. 2362:Schumann, Walter (2001). 2267:Broome, Western Australia 1867: 1785: 1675:covered in white pearls. 1478:Pinctada fucata martensii 908:Origin of a natural pearl 789: 254: 244: 234: 224: 201: 191: 181: 168: 158: 148: 137: 132: 120: 110: 81: 67: 62: 50: 45: 3354:Needham, Joseph (1971). 3231:De Silva, K. M. (1995). 2923:"Jewel of the South Sea" 2098:New Testament scriptures 1852:during the 1950s by the 1548:Freshwater pearl farming 1067:A collection of natural 933:Types of cultured pearls 871:Value of a natural pearl 662:freshwater pearl mussels 571:plates are separated by 387:Federal Trade Commission 272:Yellow and golden pearls 4254:Nickel silver (alpacca) 3585:"The standard criteria" 879:Pearl tiara of Empress 637:in the vinegar to form 530:freshwater pearl mussel 505:which lines the shell. 452: 3296:Robert Carter (2005). 3270:. internetstones.com. 3200:James Hornell (2009). 3169:Arnold Wright (1999). 2750:Pinctada margaritifera 2602:, Harry Abrams, Inc., 2364:Gemstones of the World 2284:Les pêcheurs de perles 2254:Bahrain Pearling Trail 2138:"pearl of great price" 2111: 2110:, 12th or 13th century 1459:Pinctada margaritifera 1427: 1345: 1298:, the Red Sea and the 1263:The ancient chronicle 1260: 1194:Triplofusus papillosus 1098: 1090: 1083:of the Indian volute, 1072: 1060: 998:Pinctada margaritifera 984:Pinctada margaritifera 967:Pinctada margaritifera 948: 922: 888: 856:this X-ray technique. 849:gem testing laboratory 780: 704: 595: 587: 481: 476:colors originate from 419: 414:, originally from the 410: 293: 36:Pearl (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 5460:Gastropods and humans 4595:Other natural objects 3722:(Sam Westreich, PhD, 3713:series, broadcast on 3704:The History of Pearls 3669:10.1515/9781646020416 3639:The book of the pearl 3615:The book of the pearl 3551:. February 24, 2018. 3533:. February 24, 2018. 3499:on September 2, 2011. 3118:The book of the pearl 2900:10.5741/GEMS.48.4.236 2811:10.5741/GEMS.25.3.130 2195:Additional references 2105: 1604:Led by pearl pioneer 1425: 1371:Garcilasso de la Vega 1336: 1310:(206 BC–220 AD), the 1294:in areas such as the 1251: 1096: 1078: 1066: 1058: 946: 915: 878: 770:Mikimoto Pearl Island 767: 715:) in the form of the 698: 593: 566: 471: 291: 112:Strunz classification 5470:Jewellery components 4070:Wire wrapped jewelry 4050:Repoussé and chasing 2966:"CIBJO 'Pearl Book'" 2735:(1–2). DGemG: 39–50. 2212:Pearl of Great Price 2147:21:21, that is, the 2086:wears on his chest. 1975:improve this article 1947:Religious references 1900:improve this section 1705:wearing white pearls 1470:William Saville-Kent 1439:William Saville-Kent 1142:species, Pen shells 1037:Pinctada mazatlanica 918:Mary, Queen of Scots 687:or volcanic atolls. 509:prices in the past. 5455:Bivalves and humans 5316:Hypobranchial gland 5264:Internal soft parts 5188:External soft parts 4612:Ebonite (vulcanite) 3707:, episode from the 3589:Tahiti Pearl Market 3569:. August 13, 2013. 3462:. Ytravelblog.com. 3004:on January 13, 2009 2887:Gems & Gemology 2854:nature.berkeley.edu 2850:"How To Buy Pearls" 2798:Gems & Gemology 2771:2000Aquac.186..117P 2286:, The Pearl Fishers 2160:pearls before swine 1735:Margherita of Savoy 1615:National Geographic 1408:Scottish Travellers 1097:Conch pearl pendant 559:Physical properties 3957:Jewellery designer 3509:Ward, Fred (2002) 2837:10.25903/yfn1-4k54 2278:La Pelegrina pearl 2173:Islamic scriptures 2112: 1671:" with a matching 1612:in the mid-1960s. 1587:freshwater mussels 1428: 1366:Philip II of Spain 1362:La Peregrina pearl 1346: 1338:Catching of pearls 1261: 1099: 1091: 1073: 1061: 1051:From other species 1033:Gulf of California 949: 923: 889: 781: 705: 614:of light from the 596: 588: 482: 294: 5415: 5414: 5341:Oesophageal pouch 5200:Caudal mucous pit 4977: 4976: 4730: 4729: 4647: 4646: 4517:Organic gemstones 4114: 4113: 3242:978-955-589-004-5 3213:978-1-110-87096-7 3182:978-81-206-1335-5 2626:on March 20, 2008 2498:. Behind the Name 2482:978-0-19-920687-2 2373:978-0-7198-0301-7 2269:, a pearling town 2201:Hymn of the Pearl 2134:Kingdom of Heaven 2090:Hebrew scriptures 2051: 2050: 2043: 2025: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1638:pearl necklaces. 1589:in the region of 1571:Hyriopsis cumingi 1364:, was offered to 1277:Devanampiya Tissa 805:eighteen months. 709:calcium carbonate 317:calcium carbonate 286: 285: 94:Calcium carbonate 72:Carbonate mineral 16:(Redirected from 5487: 5475:Mollusc products 5432: 5431: 5423: 5331:Nidamental gland 5255:Suprapedal gland 5152:Other hard parts 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4908:Adductor muscles 4875:Other hard parts 4757: 4750: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4174:Britannia silver 4123: 4122: 3932: 3931: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726:August 19, 2021) 3691: 3690: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495:. Archived from 3485: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2978:on July 23, 2011 2977: 2971:. Archived from 2970: 2962: 2956: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2765:(1–2): 117–144. 2756: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2664: 2655: 2645:Kenneth Scarratt 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2306:Pearl of Lao Tzu 2248:organic gemstone 2246: – another 2234:religious poem. 2220:Latter Day Saint 2108:Byzantine empire 2054:Hindu scriptures 2046: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2024: 1983: 1959: 1951: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1880: 1872: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1733:Queen of Italy, 1730: 1719:Amélie of Brazil 1714: 1699: 1687: 1677:Amsterdam Museum 1664: 1606:John Latendresse 1576:Lake Kasumigaura 1342:Bern Physiologus 1207:Pearl of Lao Tzu 847:A well-equipped 837:essence d'Orient 813:Imitation pearls 792: 791: 553:Margaritiferidae 455: 443:Margaritiferidae 433: 430: 427: 424: 413: 368:Imitation pearls 203:Refractive index 193:Specific gravity 174: 88: 87:(repeating unit) 55: 43: 42: 21: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5365: 5306:Hancock's organ 5259: 5183: 5147: 5118:Stromboid notch 5014: 5008: 4978: 4973: 4937: 4896: 4870: 4767: 4761: 4731: 4726: 4685: 4643: 4632:Spondylus shell 4590: 4512: 4283: 4269:Stainless steel 4220: 4204:Sterling silver 4164:Precious metal 4159: 4127:Precious metals 4110: 4074: 3976: 3923: 3763: 3758: 3699: 3694: 3679: 3655: 3651: 3634:Kunz, George F. 3631: 3627: 3610:Kunz, George F. 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3243: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3113:Kunz, George F. 3110: 3106: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030:. July 20, 2014 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2953:Wayback Machine 2944: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2881:Pinctada maxima 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2823: 2819: 2790: 2786: 2754: 2744: 2740: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2665: 2658: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2360: 2347: 2343: 2333:, a novella by 2316:Pearl of Puerto 2311:Pearl of Kuwait 2240: 2222:denominations. 2197: 2175: 2100: 2092: 2056: 2047: 2036: 2030: 2027: 1984: 1982: 1972: 1960: 1949: 1932: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1897: 1881: 1870: 1823:princess length 1810: 1788: 1781: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1700: 1691: 1688: 1679: 1669:Boule de Genève 1665: 1656: 1644: 1625: 1550: 1525:Pinctada maxima 1489: 1455:Pinctada maxima 1434: 1420: 1400:Abernethy pearl 1395: 1316:South China Sea 1285:Pliny the Elder 1246: 1240: 1235: 1223:Puerto Princesa 1219:Pearl of Puerto 1170:or pink conch, 1156:cultured pearls 1053: 1018:Pinctada maxima 1009:Pinctada maxima 1005:Pinctada maxima 988:Pinctada maxima 960:Tahitian pearls 941: 935: 910: 873: 861:cultured pearls 845: 825:mother-of-pearl 821: 819:Imitation pearl 815: 762: 756: 754:Cultured pearls 736: 714: 693: 670:cultured pearls 651: 639:calcium acetate 561: 511:Cultured pearls 503:mother of pearl 466: 449:word for pearl 445:comes from the 431: 428: 425: 405:comes from the 395: 335:and objects of 172: 164:Uneven, various 99: 86: 85: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5493: 5483: 5482: 5480:Mollusc shells 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5437: 5436: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5311:Hepatopancreas 5308: 5303: 5301:Gastric shield 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5245:Semper's organ 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Caryophyllidia 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5108:Siphonal notch 5105: 5103:Siphonal canal 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4918:Gastric shield 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4693:Related topics 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4065:Wire sculpture 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3698: 3697:External links 3695: 3693: 3692: 3677: 3649: 3625: 3601: 3576: 3558: 3540: 3522: 3502: 3477: 3450: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3364: 3346: 3339: 3321: 3285: 3256: 3241: 3223: 3212: 3192: 3181: 3161: 3128: 3104: 3093: 3073: 3041: 3015: 2989: 2957: 2938: 2914: 2893:(4): 236–261. 2866: 2841: 2817: 2804:(3): 130–148. 2784: 2738: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2684: 2677: 2656: 2637: 2611: 2591: 2553: 2531: 2509: 2487: 2481: 2462: 2433: 2400: 2379: 2372: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2335:John Steinbeck 2325: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2295:Oriental Pride 2292: 2288:, an opera by 2280: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2251: 2239: 2236: 2232:Middle English 2196: 2193: 2174: 2171: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1884: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1827:matinee length 1809: 1806: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1761:Pearl earrings 1760: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1624: 1621: 1549: 1546: 1488: 1485: 1432:Oyster farming 1419: 1416: 1394: 1391: 1300:Gulf of Mannar 1281:Emperor Ashoka 1279:'s embassy to 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1227:Palawan Island 1173:Strombus gigas 1052: 1049: 1031:A farm in the 937:Main article: 934: 931: 909: 906: 897:Pierre Cartier 872: 869: 844: 841: 817:Main article: 814: 811: 760:Cultured pearl 758:Main article: 755: 752: 735: 734:Natural pearls 732: 712: 692: 689: 650: 647: 643:carbon dioxide 579:, lustrin and 560: 557: 465: 462: 394: 391: 329:baroque pearls 304:) of a living 284: 283: 282: 281: 275: 269: 261: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 220: 219: 213: 205: 199: 198: 195: 189: 188: 185: 179: 178: 175: 166: 165: 162: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 133:Identification 130: 129: 124: 122:Crystal system 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 106: 105: 100: 97: 89: 79: 78: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 57:Various pearls 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5492: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Tyrian purple 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 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4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:Body piercing 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4586:Tortoiseshell 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 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3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3678:9781646020416 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3519:1-887651-08-X 3516: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3470:September 26, 3465: 3461: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3365:9780521070607 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3340:9783319963792 3336: 3332: 3325: 3306: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3094:9788120612716 3090: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2678:9781483162737 2674: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2654: 2653:0-935681-07-8 2650: 2646: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2608:0-8109-4495-2 2605: 2601: 2595: 2584:September 12, 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2541: 2535: 2519: 2513: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2393:. p. 8. 2392: 2391: 2383: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2290:Georges Bizet 2287: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132:compared the 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2119:New Testament 2117: 2109: 2104: 2095: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064:Garuda Purana 2061: 2045: 2042: 2034: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: – 1991: 1987: 1986:Find sources: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1964:This section 1962: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1927: 1919: 1916:December 2015 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1885:This section 1883: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:United States 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Pearl chokers 1816: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667:A so-called " 1663: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1418:Pearl farming 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1393:British Isles 1390: 1387: 1386:pearl hunting 1382: 1380: 1377:in 1560 by a 1376: 1372: 1369:According to 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344:(9th century) 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Prince Vijaya 1270: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1244:Pearl hunting 1238:Pearl hunting 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182:Caribbean Sea 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1151:Haliotis iris 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1041:Pteria sterna 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 991: 989: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 954: 945: 940: 930: 928: 920: 919: 914: 905: 901: 898: 892: 886: 882: 877: 868: 866: 862: 857: 854: 850: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 820: 810: 806: 803: 798: 796: 786: 779: 775: 771: 766: 761: 751: 749: 743: 741: 731: 729: 725: 721: 718: 710: 703: 697: 688: 686: 682: 681:pearl oysters 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 592: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 556: 554: 550: 546: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 479: 475: 470: 461: 459: 454: 448: 444: 439: 437: 423: 422: 417: 412: 408: 404: 400: 390: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 364:pearl oysters 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 343:has become a 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 290: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 263: 262: 260: 257: 253: 249: 247: 243: 239: 237: 233: 229: 227: 226:Birefringence 223: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206: 204: 200: 196: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 128: 125: 123: 119: 115: 113: 109: 104: 101: 95: 92: 91: 90: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 61: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5173: 5068:Periostracum 4886: 4826:Periostracum 4816:Pallial line 4722:Wearable art 4717:Phaleristics 4712:Metalworking 4617:Gutta-percha 4580: 4393:Lapis lazuli 4179:Colored gold 4060:Stonesetting 3723: 3708: 3703: 3659: 3652: 3638: 3628: 3614: 3604: 3592:. 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612:diffraction 598:The unique 573:biopolymers 447:Old Persian 313:conulariids 256:Ultraviolet 236:Pleochroism 218:: 1.53-1.69 216:Black pearl 212:: 1.52-1.66 5444:Categories 5346:Osphradium 5321:Nephridium 5240:Rhinophore 5230:Parapodium 5159:Clausilium 5098:Selenizone 5088:Protoconch 5038:Body whorl 4954:Glochidium 4928:Nephridium 4901:Soft parts 4786:Hinge line 4493:Tourmaline 4438:Prasiolite 4313:Aventurine 4184:Crown gold 4086:Draw plate 4035:Metal clay 3972:Watchmaker 3962:Lapidarist 3947:Clockmaker 3822:Collar pin 3817:Chatelaine 3594:August 19, 3066:August 25, 3034:August 16, 2697:3981084802 2546:August 25, 2524:August 25, 2518:"Margaret" 2502:August 25, 2496:"Margaret" 2416:Gemdat.org 2341:References 2273:Cave pearl 2205:Gnosticism 2167:Revelation 2145:Revelation 2031:March 2018 2001:newspapers 1835:pearl rope 1673:chatelaine 1642:In jewelry 1430:See also: 1358:Venezuelan 1212:giant clam 1186:chatoyance 1148:, and the 1138:, various 1133:giant clam 865:microscope 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1501:Burma 1443:Japan 1379:slave 1328:Tanka 1168:conch 1145:Pinna 1081:shell 853:X-ray 833:conch 829:coral 802:X-ray 785:graft 778:Japan 728:nacre 711:(CaCO 499:nacre 495:clams 478:nacre 451:* 421:perna 416:Latin 411:perle 403:pearl 401:word 341:pearl 298:pearl 230:0.156 187:White 138:Color 46:Pearl 5276:Crop 5058:Lira 5033:Apex 4861:Beak 4801:Lira 4622:Hair 4453:Ruby 4428:Opal 4423:Onyx 4373:Jade 4135:Gold 4091:File 3877:Ring 3710:Nova 3673:ISBN 3596:2024 3515:ISBN 3472:2013 3445:2023 3360:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3316:2016 3280:2016 3247:OCLC 3237:ISBN 3208:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3068:2016 3036:2024 3010:2010 2984:2010 2861:2023 2693:ISBN 2673:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2632:2013 2604:ISBN 2586:2022 2548:2020 2526:2020 2504:2020 2477:ISBN 2457:2010 2428:2017 2368:ISBN 2210:The 2177:The 2058:The 1994:news 1891:any 1889:cite 1775:mica 1540:and 1518:and 1457:and 1352:and 1164:opal 1128:Melo 979:Fiji 977:and 774:Toba 748:cyst 641:and 581:silk 551:and 397:The 381:and 250:None 154:None 116:05.8 32:Perl 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