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143:, Nicholas made his way to Rome, and Benedict fled. Nicholas was consecrated pope on 24 January 1059 with wide acceptance of the Roman people. Keen to avoid future controversy in papal elections and to curb the outside influence exerted by non-ecclesiastical parties, in April 1059 he summoned a synod in
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The electoral reforms of the bull were not received well in all quarters. The precedent that only cardinal-bishops could vote in elections was met with disdain by the minor Roman clergy. The cardinal-bishops, because of their offices, were "distinctly non-Roman," thus removing the control held by the
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often directly named a deceased pope's replacement, or the pontiff named his own successor. Such a nomination under the canon law was not a valid election and the legal electors would have to ratify the choice, though undoubtedly they would naturally be swayed by circumstances to give effect to the
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Although the bull does state that due regard is to be had for the right of confirmation or recognition conceded to King Henry, and the same deference is to be shown to his successors, who have been granted personally a like
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Weber states that this was "because they allowed private property and such abundant food that, as the bishops indignantly exclaimed, they were adapted to sailors and intemperate matrons rather than to clerics and nuns."
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The right of imperial confirmation of the pope was retained, but it became less powerful, being a mere personal privilege granted to the emperor by the Roman See and could be revoked at any time.
328:. The bull did not, however, totally remove the influence of the imperial faction. Rather, the power of the Holy Roman Emperor was gradually eroded until he was deprived of his privilege of
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Cardinales
Episcopi, cum religiosis clericis, Catholicisque laicis, licet paucis, jus potestatis obtineant eligere Apostolicæ sedis pontificem, ubi cum rege congruentius judicaverunt.
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in 1130. For the first time cardinals were distinguished as a group set apart for the highest privileges of the church, including the election of the successor of Saint Peter.
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A member of the Roman clergy is to be chosen, unless a qualified candidate cannot be found. In this case, an ecclesiastic from another diocese may be elected.
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If war or other circumstances prevent a papal enthronement or coronation of the elected candidate, the candidate will still enjoy full
Apostolic authority.
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The election must be held in Rome, unless outside influences would make this impossible. In this case, the election may take place elsewhere.
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Guiscard had already conquered Apulia and
Calabria upon the formation of the alliance, but would have to take Sicily from the
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The bull curtailed the rights of the emperor in papal elections. Specifically the following was brought into the canon law:
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Gurugé states that this willingness of the Roman people to accept
Nicholas was not so much his personality but the "lavish
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647:
Heinrich, Friedrich (1877). "The ecclesiastical election of popes / Pope
Nicholas II., 1059". In Fairfax, Edward (ed.).
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Nicholas also introduced reforms to combat scandals within the church at the time, especially concerning the lives of
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The major part of the bull deals with papal elections. The procedure and rules can be summarised as follows:
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When a candidate has been deduced the cardinal-bishops and all other cardinals are to proceed to an election.
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was consecrated without the approbation of the empress-regent, and was thus opposed by the imperial nominee
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A Source Book for
Medieval History: Selected Documents Illustrating the History of Europe in the Middle Age
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Soon after his appointment as pope in 1058, upon the death of
Stephen IX, Nicholas II called a synod at
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Assistance at and celebration of the Mass by a priest living in notorious concubinage was prohibited.
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Gurugé, Anura (16 February 2012). "1059: The
Beginning Of The Cardinals As The Exclusive Electors".
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The remainder of the clergy and laity retain the right of acclaiming their choice.
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Onuphrii
Panvinii De episcopatibus, titulis, et diaconiis cardinalium liber]
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is proclaimed by Pope Nicholas II as a duke as the cardinal-bishops look on.
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over the election of the pontiff. The bull was also a setback for the
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518:(3–4). The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists: 137–139
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931:. Unstated (Venetian provenance). p. 19. Unknown ID:B0017C7VX4.
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849:"Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule"
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Smith, S. B. (24 December 2009) . "Ecclesiastical punishments".
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609:. BiblioBazaar - reprint of historic original. pp. 83–85.
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The bull was followed by an alliance between the papacy and
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653:. Book on Demand. pp. 193–197. Unknown ID:B007OFIHQ8.
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Church and state: their relations historically developed
508:"A.D. 297 as the Beginning of the First Indiction Cycle"
287:. Notwithstanding the bull, Nicolas II's successor,
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925:Panvinii (also known as Panvinio), Onofrio (1929).
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117:. The first task of the synod was to denounce and
512:Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists
229:should confer among themselves as to a candidate.
153:was the codification of the synod's resolutions.
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1241:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma
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671:Mann, Horance K. (1929). "Pope Nicholas II".
190:. The following prohibitions were published:
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748:The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI]
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50:as the sole electors of the
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1105:First Battle of Langensalza
1050:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
904:. Robert Appleton Company.
826:. Robert Appleton Company.
717:. Robert Appleton Company.
577:. Robert Appleton Company.
383:Papal selection before 1059
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419:It was in this way that
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1283:Investiture Controversy
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132:and presently in Rome.
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859:(1). MIT Press: 1–22.
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373:List of Latin phrases
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86:. The predecessor of
75:imperial preference.
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394:Notes
111:Sutri
28:Latin
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677:ASIN
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