Impacts of tourism

61:: Tourism also has positive and negative health outcomes for local people. The short-term negative impacts of tourism on residents' health are related to the density of tourist arrivals, the risk of disease transmission, road accidents, higher crime levels, as well as traffic congestion, crowding, and other stressful factors. In addition, residents can experience anxiety and depression related to their risk perceptions about mortality rates, food insecurity, contact with infected tourists, etc. At the same time, there are positive long-term impacts of tourism on residents' health and well-being outcomes through improving healthcare access, positive emotions, novelty, and social interactions. 370:

communities and help to create a sense of belonging, trust and credibility among members. By involving local community members, tourism can become more authentic. The community and the tourists both benefit from community participation, as it boosts their respect for the traditional lifestyle and values of the destination community. Most destination community members are also the ones most impacted by tourism, therefore there is an importance in their involvement in tourism planning. Some researchers will argue that some of the negative impacts of tourism might be avoided and the positive impacts maximized through community participation in the planning process.

791: 585:. This also applies to World Heritage Sites. But only through cooperation with the locals can the protection of tourist cultural sites, world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits and archaeological sites from destruction, looting and robbery be implemented in a sustainable manner. Simply agreeing international contracts and contacting state authorities is not enough. In the event of war, it is particularly important to monitor and implement protection directly on site, because this is the only way to ensure the future use of tourist goods for the population. The founding president of Blue Shield International, 542: 70: 406: 925: 1045: 511: 5575: 4435: 119: 22: 5595: 5585: 4424: 1074:

the tourists. For example, in Barbados, beaches are the main attraction and have been eroded and destroyed over the years. This is due to inefficient political decisions and policies along with irresponsible tourist activity, such as reckless driving and waste disposal, damaging coastal and marine environments. Such practices also altered physical features of the landscape and caused a loss in

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opportunities for development, as tourism stakeholders were unable to understand where they might be able to better establish themselves in the tourism economy. For example, a TSA can measure tax revenues related to tourism, which is a key contributor to the level of enthusiasm any level of government might have towards potential tourism investment. In 2006 Tyrrell and Johnston published

634:. The negative impact can be a destruction of the very experience that people are seeking. There are direct and indirect impacts, immediate and long-term impacts, and there are impacts that are both proximal and distal to the tourist destination. These impacts can be separated into three categories: facility impacts, tourist activities, and the transit effect. 841:, are spread through tourist activities, which can have a negative impact on local ecosystems. There are ways to decrease the spread of non-native species, such as taking care in removing seeds from shoes and pants after hiking or biking, thoroughly cleaning boats when moving between bodies of water, and creating designated pathway management plans. 185:

profits. Foreign companies are also known to hire non-resident seasonal workers because they can pay them less; this further contributes to economic leakage. Tourism can raise property values near the tourism area, effectively pushing out locals and encouraging businesses to migrate inwards to encourage and take advantage of more tourist spending.

626:, lakes and rivers, coastlines and marine environments, as well as rural villages and coastline resorts. Peoples' desire for more authentic and challenging experiences results in their destinations becoming more remote, to the few remaining pristine and natural environments left on the planet. The positive impact of this can be an increased 97:

levels of governments (municipal to federal) all influence direct tourism impacts through their spending in or near a given tourism area. The key component of direct economic impacts of tourism is that they occur within a country's borders and are implemented by "residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes".

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example, the ocean environment suffers from the dumping of wastewater and sewage, anchors damage the seabed and coral reefs and smokestack emissions pollute the air. Social issues that have been linked to the cruise industry include poor wages and living conditions as well as discrimination and sexual harassment.

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Mass tourism, including the cruise industry, tends to put a strain on fragile island ecosystems and the natural resources it provides. Studies have shown that early practices of tourism were unsustainable and took a toll on environmental factors, hurting the natural landscapes that originally drew in

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may increase due to tourists looking for a "good time". Tourism has also caused more disruption in host communities. Crowding of locals and tourists may create a vibrant ambiance, it also causes frustration and leads to the withdrawal of local residents in many places. Increased tourists also results

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Other negative sociocultural impacts are differences in social and moral values among the local host community and the visiting tourist. Outside of affecting the relationship between tourist and local, it can also cause friction between groups of the local population. In addition, it can cause drifts

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Cultural interactions can have negative effects. In terms of economic disadvantages, local communities need to be able to fund the tourist demands, which leads to an increase of taxes. The overall price of living increases in tourist destinations in terms of rent and rates, as well as property values

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The economics of tourism have been shown to push out local tourism business owners in favour of strangers to the region. Foreign ownership creates leakage (revenues leaving the host community for another nation or multinational business) which strips away the opportunity for locals to make meaningful

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of past climbers, including tons of tents, cans, crampons, and human faeces, have been hauled down from the mountain and recycled or discarded. However, more than 260 climbers have died on the Mount Everest upper slopes and their decomposing bodies have not been removed, because they are unreachable

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The year 2017 seems to be a landmark for anti-tourism sentiment as "a new Spanish social movement against an economic development model based on mass tourism gained following high-profile attacks targeting foreign tourists and local business interests." Anti-tourism sentiment also seems to be linked

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The benefits are not universal nor guaranteed. While more employment may be available, tourism-related jobs are often seasonal and low-paying. Prices can fluctuate throughout the year. They rise in the high tourist season to take advantage of more tourist dollars, but have the side effect of pricing

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The economic contribution of tourism is felt in both direct and indirect ways, where direct economic impacts are created when commodities like the following are sold: accommodation and entertainment, food and beverages services, and retail opportunities. Residents, visitors, businesses, and various

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through daily use. With the presence of obstacles such as fallen trees or puddles, trails becomes widened or informal trails are created to bypass the obstacle. Other direct impacts include damage or removal of vegetation, loss of vegetation height, reduction in foliage cover, exposure of tree root

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The local population in many areas has developed anti-tourism sentiment and begun to protest against tourists. One of the most prominent examples of such a mobilization was the so-called "Tourists go home" movement, which emerged in 2014 in Spain due to slogans and mottos calling the tourists to go

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refers to the collaboration between community members for the purposes of achieving common goals, improving their local community and pursuing individual benefits. Local community members are actively involved in tourism, rather than passively benefiting from it. Community participation strengthens

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of culture refers to the use of a cultural traditions and artifacts in order to sell and profit for the local economy. With the rise of tourism, authors argue that commodification is inevitable. There are both positive and negative sociocultural impacts of commodification on a culture. One positive

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Before TSAs were widely implemented, a gap existed in the available knowledge about tourism as an economic driver for GDP, employment, investment, and industry consumption; indicators were primarily approximations and therefore lacking in scientific and analytical viewpoints. This gap meant missed

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There are number of benefits for the host community as a result of tourism. This includes economic benefits such as opportunities for local businesses which allows for increased trade among the increased number of visitors and then develops a variety of local businesses. In addition, tourism also

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all the same. Indirect impacts of tourism are exemplified by the purchase and sale of intermediary items, like additional supplies for restaurants during the high tourism season, or widened sidewalks in busy downtown centres. Indirect economic impacts (the supply chain, investment, and government

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are among the fastest-growing sectors of the global travel industry. Over the past decade, cruise industry revenue grew to 37 billion U.S. dollars, and the demand for cruise travel has increased. Some argue that the profitability of mass tourism overshadows environmental and social concerns. For

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Through collection of more qualitative data and translating it into a more concise and effective form for tourism providers, TSAs are able to fill the previous knowledge gap. Information delivered and measured by a TSA includes tax revenues, economic impact on national balances, human resources,

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Tourism does not fit neatly into a statistical model; because it is not so much dependent on the physical movement of products and services, as it is on the position of the consumer. Therefore, TSAs were designed to standardize these many offerings for an international scale to facilitate better

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Employment, and both its availability and exclusivity, are subsets of economic impacts of tourism. Travel and tourism create 10.7 percent of the total available jobs worldwide, in both the direct and indirect tourism sectors. Direct tourism jobs, those that provide the visitor with their tourism

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are therefore increasingly resorting to visitor restrictions in order to be able to contain the flood of tourists. Conversely, tourism also has the effect that certain cultural assets become known and, in the event of war, parties to the conflict want to prevent their destruction with regard to

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The positive long-term health outcomes of tourism arrivals can be explained by the influence of positive experiences and social interactions with visitors on physical health and longevity. The literature suggests that diverse social relationships lead to lower risks for morbidity and premature

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On the other hand, some researchers argue that contact with the secular West leads to the destruction of pre-tourist cultures. In addition, the "development cure", the idea that increasing tourism will spur economic change while strengthening local culture, is claimed to lead to various social

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of the host community. On a more social level, tourism leads to intercultural interaction. Tourists often engage and learn from the locals. Tourism can also increase pride in locals. They want to show off their community that tourists have chosen to visit. The increase in people also leads to

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However, visitors are attracted to the less industrial scene of these islands, and according to a survey, over 80 percent of the people enjoyed the natural landscape when they visited, many commenting that they wanted to protect and save the wildlife in the area. Many tourists have turned to

561:, there are numerous points of contact between the marketing, mediation and preservation of cultural assets. Sensible use is usually the most effective protection of valuable goods. If cultural assets bring the population an economic advantage, they are also interested in their preservation. 109:

Induced spending, which is the re-circulation of a tourist dollar within a community, is another way that tourism indirectly has an impact on a community. For example, a foreign tourist injects money into the local economy when he spends a dollar on a souvenir made by a local at the tourism

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About 1.4 billion people visited another country in 2019, with tourist spending contributing about US$ 1.45 trillion to the global economy. Europe is by far the dominant origin and arrival region for tourists, accounting for 51 percent of arrivals and 48 percent of travelers in 2019.

890:. It has been argued that there is a positive and negative, direct and indirect, environmental impact caused by trophy hunting. There is a continued discussion at national and international government level as to the ethics of funding conservation efforts through hunting activities. 1102:

Tourism brings both positive and negative effects on the health of local people. The short-term negative effects are related to the density of tourist arrivals, traffic congestion, crowding, crime level, and other stressful factors. Inbound tourism also increases the spread of

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mortality. Since diverse interactions of local people with tourists provide positive experiences that could affect physical health, tourism development might positively influence the health of the local people in the long run through positive emotions and social interactions.

426:, creating funding for public services, such as health, the police and the fire department, as well as increasing the demand for public transport. Other public facilities, such as parks and benches are also well kept by the community for the tourists, improving the overall 240:

understanding of current tourism circumstances locally and abroad. The standardization includes concepts, classifications, and definitions, and is meant to enable researchers, industry professionals, and the average tourism business owner to view international comparisons.

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was introduced to tourism when the researchers were looking into the effects of social influences from tourism on local communities. The demonstration effect argues that local inhabitants copy the behavioral patterns of tourists. There are a number of social, economic and

41:: Interactions between people with differing cultural backgrounds, attitudes and behaviors, and relationships to material goods. Tourism can also have significant political impacts by influencing government policies and promoting diplomatic relations between countries. 712:

Facility impacts occur when a regional area evolves from "exploration" to "involvement" and then into the "development" stage of the tourist area life cycle. During latter phase, there can be both direct and indirect environmental impacts through the construction of

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or their weight makes carrying the bodies down extremely difficult. Notable in the cleanup endeavours have been the efforts of the Eco Everest Expeditions, the first of which was organized in 2008 to commemorate the death that January of Everest-climbing pioneer

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and needs to be protected by outside influences. In many cases, the demonstrative effect is seen as a negative consequence, but it is argued that "all cultures are in a continual process of change", therefore tourism should not be considered destructive.

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In contrast, indirect economic impacts of tourism can be found in investment spending surrounding a tourism offering from private and governmental interests. This investment may not explicitly be related to tourism, but benefits the tourist and local

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such as hotels, restaurants, and shops, and infrastructures such as roads and power supply. As the destination develops, more tourists seek out the experience. Their impacts increase accordingly. The requirement for water for washing,

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back to their homes. Venice also faced such problems, and the "Tourists go home" slogans appeared on the walls of the city. Moreover, several other countries, such as Japan and the Philippines, are having problems with overtourism.

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Road accidents are another negative outcome of tourism development since visitors are not aware of local rules, driving norms, and road conditions. Furthermore, alcohol-related crash rates are significantly higher for tourists.

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Acculturation is often seen by tourists as a method of modernizing a community. One argument against modernization is that it contributes to the "homogenization of cultural differences and the decline of traditional societies".

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is seen as a "cure" for poverty and leads to the improvement of transportation and development of telecommunications in an area. For the tourist, commodification creates an interest for traditional arts and social practices.

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Since 2009, there has been a steady yearly increase in the number of tourist arrivals worldwide of approximately 4.4 percent. In 2015, there were 1.186 billion tourist arrivals worldwide, of which 54 percent arrived by

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are considerably more likely to accidentally damage the reef. As the cost of underwater photography equipment has declined and its availability increased, it is inevitable that there will be an increase of direct damage to

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Tourism can be divided into subcategories into which impacts fall: spending from visitors on tourism experiences, like beach holidays and theme parks (domestic and international), business spending, and capital investment.

830:. Informal trails are created around the campsite in order to collect firewood and water, and trees and saplings can be trampled, damaged, or cut-down for fuel. The heat of campfires may damage tree-root systems. 54:

indirect effects, such as increased harvesting of natural resources to supply food, indirect air and water pollution (including from flights, transport and the manufacture of food and souvenirs for tourists).

901:. The most apparent is the damage caused by poorly skilled divers standing on the reef itself or by accidentally hitting the fragile coral with their fins. Studies have shown that naïve divers who engage in 564:

The increase in tourism can be a blessing and a curse at the same time, because social media and other new advertising channels often attract so many tourists to one place that it can lead to "overkill".

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Schaeffer, S. M.; Ziegler, S. E.; Belnap, J.; Evans, R. D. (2012). "Effects of Bromus tectorum invasion on microbial carbon and nitrogen cycling in two adjacent undisturbed arid grassland communities".

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There are many criticisms of the demonstration effect in tourism. First, tourism is seen as only one aspect of change in society. Local people also see examples of foreign lifestyles and consumption in

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reasons as to why the demonstration effect comes into play. One economic and social reason is that locals copy the consumption patterns of those higher up the social scale in order to improve their

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Moghimehfar, F., & Halpenny, E. A. (2016). "How do people negotiate through their constraints to engage in pro-environmental behavior? A study of front-country campers in Alberta, Canada".

2025: 231:(WTTC) tourism satellite account (TSA) is a system of measurement recognized by the United Nations to define the extent of an economic sector that is not so easily defined as industries like 3003:

Breaky, Noreen; Ruhanen, Lisa; Shakeela, Aishath (2004). "The Role of Employment in the Sustainable Development Paradigm—The Local Tourism Labor Market in Small Island Developing States".

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Roe, D., Leader-Williams, N., & Dalal-Clayton, D. B. (1997). "Take only photographs, leave only footprints: the environmental impacts of wildlife tourism", (No. 10). Iied.

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Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017). "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island".

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Lloret, Javier; Marín, Arnaldo; Marín-Guirao, Lázaro; Francisca Carreño, M. (2006). "An alternative approach for managing scuba diving in small marine protected areas".

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in an attempt to save the nature they enjoy in these locations, while some political entities try to enforce this in an attempt to keep tourism in their island afloat.

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Tourism impacts tourist destinations in both positive and negative ways, encompassing economic, political, socio-cultural, environmental, and psychological dimensions.

353:, magazines, television, and films, and therefore tourism is not the only influence on local culture. In addition, the demonstration effect implies that a culture is 174:

As the population increases so do the impacts: resources become unsustainable and exhausted, the carrying capacity for tourists at a destination site may be depleted.

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is the process of modifying an existing culture through borrowing from the more dominant cultures. Typically in tourism the local community is being acculturated as

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Twinning-Ward, Luoise; Butler, Richard (2002). "Implementing STD on a Small Island: Development and Use of Sustainable Tourism Development Indicators in Samoa".

826:. There are similar impacts on campsites, such as soil compaction, erosion and composition, loss of vegetation and foliage, and the additional issues regarding 3660: 195:

experience include, but are not limited to: accommodation (building, cleaning, managing), food and drink services, entertainment, manufacturing, and shopping

3856: 2189: 1012:, which is the equivalent of driving an average size family saloon car for a year, or the energy requirement of an average family home for nearly 17 years. 553:

Tourism and the protection of cultural property are two subject areas that often complement each other, but sometimes also face one another. In the case of

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Expeditions have removed supplies and equipment left by climbers on Everest's slopes, including hundreds of oxygen containers. A large quantity of the

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and garbage are also a result of the facilities. As more tourists arrive there is an increase in food and beverages consumed, which in turn creates

181:. Tourist destinations seem to discover that many of the negative impacts are found in the development stage of the tourism area life cycle (TALC). 2535: 157:

The local economy is stimulated and diversified, goods are manufactured more locally, and new markets open for local business owners to expand to.

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in the dynamics between the old and new generations. Tourism has also correlated to the rise of delinquent behaviors in local host communities.

385:. The local community will experiences dramatic shifts in social structure and world view. Societies adapt to acculturation in one of two ways. 3871: 3866: 3839: 525:

Excessive hordes of visitors (or of the wrong sort of visitors) can provoke backlashes from otherwise friendly hosts in popular destinations.

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Rollins, R., Dearden, P. and Fennell, D. (2016). "Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas". In P. Dearden, R. Rollins and M. Needham (eds.),

35:: Increased tax revenue, personal income growth, enhanced The impacts of tourism , and the creation of additional employment opportunities. 589:, aptly summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, this would be completely impossible." 3824: 3772: 1115:, and other diseases that transmit from human to human, which recently led to closed borders, travel restrictions, canceled flights, etc. 3846: 3819: 3792: 3767: 1422:

Muchapondwa, E., & Stage, J. (2013). "The economic impacts of tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa: Is poverty subsiding?",

5452: 3255:"The Contribution of Tourists and Visitors to Road Traffic Accidents: A Preliminary Analysis of Trends and Issues for Central Scotland" 2816:

Ripple, W. J., Newsome, T. M., & Kerley, G. I. (2016). "Does Trophy Hunting Support Biodiversity? A Response to Di Minin, et al.".

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With regard to the protection of cultural assets in the event of armed conflict, there are numerous initiatives on this topic from the

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and claimed that stakeholders in tourism benefit from the TSA because it has a good and bd impact on animals classification employment

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Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1994) "The growth of coastal tourism in the Red Sea: present and future effects on coral reefs"

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Tourism can be beneficial for the host community as it provides the financial means and the incentive to preserve cultural histories,

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Baker, B. A. (2015). Tourism and the Health Effects of Infectious Diseases:: Are There Potential Risks for Tourists?. IJSSTH, (12), 3

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brings employment opportunities, enhances the economy of the region, and creates revenue for the local government. Tourists also use

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destination. That individual goes on to spend that dollar on lunch from a local vendor, and that vendor goes on to spend it locally.

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Queiroz, Rose (2014). "Demand of the tourists visiting protected areas in small oceanic islands: the Azores case-study (Portugal)".

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Sorice, M. G., Oh, C. O., & Ditton, R. B. (2007). "Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation".

2122: 5598: 5518: 4448: 4443: 4163: 3787: 2551: 2186:"UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly" 4438: 3782: 778:

and management controls can reduce the impact on coastal environments and ensure that investment into tourism products supports

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related to tourism include the manufacturing of aircraft, boats, and other transportation. Employment may also be generated in

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Marion, J. L., & Leung, Y. F. (2001). "Trail Resource Impacts and an Examination of Alternative Assessment Techniques".

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of many creatures. When power is supplied by diesel or gasoline generators there is additional noise and pollution. General

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Deery, Margaret; Jago, Leo; Fredline, Liz (2012). "Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda".

1284:"Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic" 4131: 3777: 3762: 3600:

Cabada, Miguel M.; Maldonado, Fernando; Bauer, Irmgard; Verdonck, Kristien; Seas, Carlos; Gotuzzo, Eduardo (1 May 2007).

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have been seen to rise with the increase of tourists. Crimes are typically those of rowdy behavior, alcohol and illegal

5039: 4228: 4042: 4032: 3953: 3876: 3602:"Sexual Behavior, Knowledge of STI Prevention, and Prevalence of Serum Markers for STI Among Tour Guides in Cuzco/Peru" 937:

attracts many tourist climbers wanting to summit the peak of the highest mountain in the world each year. Everest is a

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Canavan, B (2014). "Sustainable tourism: development, decline and de-growth. Management issues from the Isle of Man".

4486: 4453: 4062: 4047: 3881: 3829: 1920: 1878: 1357: 1185:"Health outcomes of tourism development: A longitudinal study of the impact of tourism arrivals on residents' health" 990: 2486:

Butler, R. W. (1980). "The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources".

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Small Islands often depend on tourism, as this industry makes up anywhere from 40 percent to 75 percent of the GDP (

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Zhang, J., Madsen, B., & Jensen-Butler, C. (2007) "Regional economic impacts of tourism: The case of Denmark".

665:. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research is needed to address how the tourism industry impacts waste and 228: 3093:

Mycoo, Michelle (2014). "Sustainable tourism, climate change and sea level rise adaptation policies in Barbados".

5560: 5340: 4243: 3992: 3970: 3928: 3898: 3851: 3734: 3717: 3700: 3676: 722:, and drinking increases. Rivers can be altered, excessively extracted, and polluted by the demands of tourists. 822:

As many hikers and trekkers take multi-day trips, a large number will camp overnight either in formal or random

5315: 4939: 4844: 3948: 3943: 2687:"The Role of Tourism and Recreation in the Spread of Non-Native Species: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2604:

J. L. Marion; D. N. Cole (1996). "Spatial and temporal variation in soil and vegetation impacts on campsites".

1126: 5401: 5325: 4114: 4052: 3396:"Positive Psychological Well-Being and Mortality: A Quantitative Review of Prospective Observational Studies" 2769:

Millspaugh, Joshua J.; Burke, Tarryne; Van Dyk, GUS; Slotow, ROB; Washburn, Brian E.; Woods, Rami J. (2007).

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is less adoption of a new culture and more the process of changing when the existing culture is superseded.

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Marion, J.L. (1998). "Recreation Ecology Research Findings: Implications for Wilderness and Park Managers"

1148: 446:. It also opens up the community to the wider world, new ideas, new experiences, and new ways of thinking. 4263: 2238: 819:

composition, problems with seed dispersion and germination, and degradation of soil nutrient composition.

5493: 4081: 3965: 3722: 2336:"A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services" 1893:

Biagi, Bianca, and Claudio Detotto. "Crime as tourism externality." Regional Studies 48.4 (2014): 693-709

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creating more social venues and experiences where locals and tourists can interact in. Entertainment and

973:. Those expeditions also have publicized ecological issues, in particular concerns about the effects of 681:, oil and natural gas regulation and ecosystem functions such as soil retention and nutrient recycling. 303:

is the creation of business and jobs for local craftsmen, who are able to sell their goods to tourists.

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focuses on local history or historical events that occurred in the area, and tends to promote education.

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site. Over the years, carelessness and excessive consumption of resources by mountaineers, as well as

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by divers. Other direct impacts include over-fishing for "marine curios", sedimentation, and in-fill.

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sites, and customs. It stimulates interest in local crafts, traditional activities, songs, dance, and

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Pigram, J. J. (1993). "Planning for Tourism in Rural Areas: Bridging the Policy Implementation Gap".

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direct effects, including environmental damage, wildlife destruction, deforestation, water pollution;

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collective) account for 50.7 percent of the total GDP contribution from travel and tourism in 2014.

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There is a small but significant number of tourists who pay considerable sums of money in order to

774:. Coastal areas are often the first environments to experience the detrimental impacts of tourism. 685: 386: 3198:"Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research" 1871:

The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour: International Series in Experimental Social Psychology

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Tyrrell, T. J., & Johnston, R. J. (2006). "The Economic Impacts of Tourism: A Special Issue".

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going up. This can be problematic for locals looking to buy property or others on a fixed income.

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CAF Seminar on Africa and Global Tourism Prospects to the Year 2020: Challenges and Opportunities

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J.G Nelson, R. Butler, G. Wall. (1999). "Tourism and Sustainable Development; A Civic Approach".

1078:, leading to the disruption of ecosystems. Many other islands faced environmental damage such as 790: 627: 5538: 5370: 5310: 5079: 4578: 4346: 4173: 1055: 1021: 902: 696:

at popular locations, can be significant. The tourism sector accounts for about 5% of global CO

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18–21 April 1996, St. Louis, MO. Gaithersburg, MD: Izaak Walton League of America. pp. 188–196

5508: 5406: 4703: 4479: 3729: 2386:"Role of tourism development in environmental degradation: A step towards emission reduction" 2366: 1938:"Media and YouTube Appeal in Social Movement Mobilization: The Case of Anti-Tourism Incident" 1237:"Residents' impact perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development: a meta-analysis" 1138: 1048: 938: 731: 658: 168:

goods above the economic reach of local residents, effectively starving them out their homes.

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that directly affect the activity area. The most obvious is the erosion and compaction of

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are detrimental because they increase vulnerability, undermine system health, and reduce

566: 390: 102: 2935: 2702: 2442: 5262: 5154: 5099: 4698: 4511: 4408: 4366: 4361: 4321: 4273: 3933: 3809: 3527: 3480: 3431: 3376: 3302:"Accident risk of foreign drivers—the case of Russian drivers in South-Eastern Finland" 3282: 3230: 3197: 3178: 3140: 3072: 3030: 2985: 2790: 2721: 2686: 2667: 2631: 2495: 2462: 2103: 2064: 2047:

Hughes, Neil (2018). "'Tourists go home': anti-tourism industry protest in Barcelona".

1954: 1937: 1765: 1669: 1363: 1318: 1283: 1264: 1214: 855:, can lead to changes in animal behavior. The presence of humans tends to increase the 808: 499: 495: 389:

occurs when the local community adopts practices that were developed by another group.

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Rebuilding and restoring historic sites and encouraging the revitalization of cultures.

3317: 2771:"Stress Response of Working African Elephants to Transportation and Safari Adventures" 2384:

Liu, Zhen; Lan, Jing; Chien, Fengsheng; Sadiq, Muhammad; Nawaz, Muhammad Atif (2022).

2351: 405: 5431: 5287: 5249: 5214: 5139: 4971: 4899: 4889: 4765: 4760: 4745: 4676: 4627: 4593: 4283: 4158: 4104: 3903: 3888: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3601: 3582: 3574: 3535: 3519: 3500:"The Effects of Family Composition, Health, and Social Support Linkages on Mortality" 3472: 3423: 3415: 3380: 3368: 3329: 3321: 3286: 3274: 3235: 3217: 3182: 3144: 3076: 3034: 2989: 2975: 2859: 2726: 2454: 2407: 2316: 2126: 2107: 2083: 2068: 1916: 1874: 1769: 1497: 1367: 1353: 1323: 1305: 1268: 1256: 1218: 1206: 1143: 928: 743: 678: 662: 654: 615: 586: 558: 293: 2794: 2671: 2450: 1673: 924: 435:

facilities will allow for more opportunity to socialize and engage with each other.

69: 5624: 5578: 5199: 5144: 5124: 4854: 4849: 4740: 4686: 4681: 4639: 4622: 4588: 4573: 4561: 4556: 4516: 4472: 4238: 4233: 4208: 4007: 3980: 3613: 3566: 3511: 3462: 3435: 3407: 3360: 3348: 3313: 3301: 3266: 3225: 3209: 3170: 3132: 3102: 3064: 3020: 3012: 2967: 2851: 2782: 2716: 2706: 2659: 2621: 2613: 2491: 2466: 2446: 2399: 2347: 2306: 2296: 2095: 2056: 1949: 1817: 1757: 1725: 1661: 1345: 1313: 1295: 1248: 1236: 1196: 844: 834: 666: 646: 642: 611: 554: 321: 151: 3645: 3484: 3395: 3364: 3213: 2403: 2060: 1821: 1252: 661:. More research is needed to assess the impacts of tourism on natural capital and 5513: 5204: 5194: 5189: 5159: 5084: 4909: 4797: 4792: 4730: 4720: 4666: 4661: 4598: 4546: 4371: 4288: 4268: 4248: 4148: 3997: 3554: 3411: 3174: 3016: 2893: 2711: 2539: 1729: 961:

programs have been carried out by local communities and the Nepalese government.

727: 723: 464: 299: 232: 3570: 758:

areas are experiencing particular pressure from growing numbers of tourists and

549:

for the protection of tourist cultural property in Libya during the war in 2011.

5545: 5462: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5149: 4996: 4976: 4894: 4824: 4775: 4715: 4671: 4531: 4398: 4293: 4193: 4121: 3908: 3254: 2685:

Anderson, Lucy G.; Rocliffe, Steve; Haddaway, Neal R.; Dunn, Alison M. (2015).

2243: 1936:

Karyotakis, Minos-Athanasios; Kiourexidou, Matina; Antonopoulos, Nikos (2019).

1665: 1201: 1184: 1044: 1009: 1001: 978: 974: 970: 875: 856: 763: 759: 719: 714: 638: 607: 518: 443: 439: 423: 414: 264:

is an instrument for designing economic policies related to tourism development

208: 204: 3555:"Understanding sexual relationships between tourists and locals in Cuzco/Peru" 3270: 3136: 3068: 2663: 770:

are limited in extent consisting of only a narrow strip along the edge of the

177:

Often, when negative impacts occur, it is too late to impose restrictions and

5613: 5350: 5209: 5184: 5134: 5044: 4991: 4954: 4834: 4812: 4807: 4787: 4770: 4649: 4605: 4551: 4381: 4336: 4316: 4138: 3913: 3627: 3578: 3523: 3476: 3467: 3450: 3419: 3372: 3347:

Bellos, Vasileios; Ziakopoulos, Apostolos; Yannis, George (15 January 2019).

3325: 3278: 3221: 2863: 2320: 2099: 1761: 1309: 1300: 1260: 1210: 958: 934: 919: 812: 739: 674: 510: 477: 378: 342: 304: 255:

provides credible data on the impact of tourism and the associated employment

196: 134:

Positive impacts on residents and destination, as well as tourists themselves

123: 3106: 2385: 5164: 5089: 5054: 5029: 4986: 4914: 4871: 4839: 4802: 4735: 4725: 4617: 4583: 4074: 4069: 4057: 4017: 4002: 3690: 3635: 3586: 3427: 3239: 2971: 2730: 2458: 2411: 1349: 1327: 1075: 1008:(23.7 million). A seven-hour flight on a Boeing 747 produces 220 tonnes of 954: 950: 946: 894: 838: 684:

Negative environmental consequences related to tourism activities, such as

472: 200: 130:

Tourism can economically impact the local people positively or negatively.

73: 16:

Effects of tourism on the environment. destination communities, and economy

3539: 3333: 5477: 5467: 5219: 5006: 4924: 4919: 4904: 4755: 4632: 4521: 4188: 4143: 4012: 3985: 1235:

Gursoy, Dogan; Ouyang, Zhe; Nunkoo, Robin; Wei, Wei (17 September 2018).

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in increased traffic which can hinder daily life of the local residents.

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Shepherd, Robert (August 2002). "Commodification, culture and tourism".

5426: 5392: 5277: 5257: 5129: 5119: 5064: 5013: 5001: 4780: 4693: 4644: 4566: 4541: 4253: 3531: 3499: 3025: 2966:. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. pp. 198, 234. 2635: 2626: 2427:"Advances and challenges in sustainable tourism toward a green economy" 2311: 1558:

Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges. Routledge, London, 156–174.

1091: 1000:(640 million), 39 percent (462 million) by motor vehicle, 5 percent by 997: 816: 689: 623: 603: 489: 460: 432: 427: 317: 313: 171:

Damage to social and cultural area, as well as the natural environment.

81: 77: 261:

is an international standard endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission

118: 5174: 5104: 5074: 5059: 5049: 4376: 4022: 2786: 2021:"What's happening in Boracay, the island paradise ruined by tourism?" 1577:

University of Waterloo and Department of Geography Publication Series

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Turtle riding was a popular tourist activity in the 1920s and 1930s.

316:, crime, pollution, prostitution, social instability, and growth of 275:

employment, and "tourism's contribution to gross domestic product".

113: 5335: 5234: 5114: 5094: 4934: 4929: 2334:

de Groot, Rudolf S; Wilson, Matthew A; Boumans, Roelof M.J (2002).

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provides data on tourism's impact on a nation's balance of payments

5069: 4495: 4203: 4153: 1935: 1547:. Venture Publishing. State College, Pennsylvania. Chapters 01-03 957:, and scores of bird species. To counteract past abuses, various 897:. There are many negative direct environmental impacts caused by 883: 868: 860: 799: 755: 212: 1788:"Tourism as Acculturation Process and a Modern Leisure Activity" 5179: 5169: 4981: 4944: 4859: 4027: 2248: 965: 864: 848: 807:

systems, migration of trampled vegetation, and introduction of

693: 578: 2925:

You Sustain www.yousustain.com 2016 Retrieved 26 November 2016

536: 270:

provides information on tourism human resource characteristics

5421: 5360: 4966: 4949: 1079: 1063: 907: 879: 867:

have learnt to track tourist safari vehicles to lead them to

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has the capacity to disturb wildlife and alter behavior, and

505: 410: 3599: 2768: 2684: 2214:. United Nations peacekeeping. 12 April 2019. Archived from 1716:

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Tourism is associated with the export of contraband such as

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are also often transferred between visitors and residents.

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Tourism Management Dynamics: Trends, Management, and Tools

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is a framework for organizing statistical data on tourism

3349:"Investigation of the effect of tourism on road crashes" 2212:"Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict" 1873:. Vol. 3 (revised ed.). Elsevier. p. 69. 1429: 798:

There are a range of impacts from hiking, trekking, and

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Yarnal, Careen Mackay; Kerstetter, Deborah (May 2005).

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Sustainable Tourism: Principles, Contexts and Practices

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generate seasonal employment opportunities for locals.

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Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2015)

2554:. Australian National Maritime Museum. 10 August 2013. 1344:. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 28 August 2019. 4736:

MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)

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Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism

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Proceedings of the National Outdoor Ethics Conference

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Tourism and Society; A guide to problems and issues

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Effects of climate change on small island countries

533:to a clash of identity and people's individualism. 5361:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers 5306:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute 2019: 1418: 1416: 1414: 449: 400: 222: 3394:Chida, Yoichi; Steptoe, Andrew (September 2008). 2888: 2886: 1807: 1282:Zhang, Yingfei; Ma, Zheng Feei (20 August 2020). 1241:Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 1189:Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 700:emissions with aviation contributing to 40% of CO 599:Environmental impacts of tourism in the Caribbean 114:Positive and negative economic impacts of tourism 5611: 3448: 2383: 811:. Indirect impacts on trails include changes in 246:The Economic Impacts of Tourism: A Special Issue 3353:Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1411: 3156: 3154: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2883: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1438:Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. B. (2007). 1393:Travel and Tourism: Economic Impact 2015 World 984: 4480: 3661: 3253:Walker, Linda; Page, Stephen J. (June 2004). 3118: 3116: 2959: 2749:University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institution 2579:Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2533:Australian Sustainable Coastal Tourism Policy 2488:The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 1847:Long, V. H. (1999). "Techniques for socially 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1342:International Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition 704:emissions related to tourist transportation. 283: 3393: 3088: 3086: 1445: 977:in the region through observations that the 3151: 3057:Environment, Development and Sustainability 3041: 2592:Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management 2188:. UNESCO. 13 September 2017. Archived from 1609: 1607: 1605: 1517: 1440:Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies 945:by livestock, have damaged the habitats of 537:Tourism and protection of cultural property 5453:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism 4487: 4473: 3668: 3654: 3299: 3252: 3113: 2996: 2239:"Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" 1853:Department of Geography Publication Series 1627: 1625: 1623: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1573:Heritage Resource Centre Joint Publication 1398: 1374: 1288:International Journal of Social Psychiatry 506:Tourism fatigue and anti-tourism sentiment 480:may impact both tourists and their hosts. 361: 5556:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 5356:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 4179:Environmental issues in the United States 3617: 3466: 3229: 3083: 3024: 2960:Fennell, David A.; Cooper, Chris (2020). 2830:AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 2720: 2710: 2625: 2367:"Why Tourism Should Die—and Why It Won't" 2310: 2300: 2282: 1994: 1953: 1567: 1565: 1317: 1299: 1200: 4164:Effects of climate change on agriculture 2364: 1836:Recreational tourism: Demand and impacts 1651: 1490:Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management 1482: 1480: 1043: 1022:Cruise ship § Environmental impacts 923: 893:Another tourism destination activity is 789: 592: 540: 509: 404: 287: 278: 117: 68: 20: 3160: 3054: 2127:Apollo – The International Art Magazine 1968: 1620: 1582: 1281: 1033: 327: 5612: 5301:American Hotel and Lodging Association 4169:Effects of climate change on livestock 3559:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 3497: 3195: 2745:"Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)" 2283:Pueyo-Ros, Josep (18 September 2018). 2081: 2046: 2017: 1864: 1855:, University of Waterloo, 52, 193–212. 1715: 1562: 1537: 5346:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation 4468: 3649: 3552: 3504:Journal of Health and Social Behavior 3196:Sigala, Marianna (1 September 2020). 3092: 2120: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1781: 1779: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1631:Buhalis, D., & Costa, C. (2006). 1486: 1477: 785: 641:focuses on the overall viability and 5584: 4423: 4279:Tropical cyclones and climate change 2236: 2151: 2028:from the original on 10 January 2022 1997:"Tourist Sites Tackle "Overtourism"" 1828: 1230: 1228: 1178: 1176: 1174: 5594: 4312:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 2953: 2508:"Sustainable Coastal Tourism Paper" 2424: 2391:Journal of Environmental Management 2365:Thompson, Chuck (24 January 2020). 1995:Mochizuki, Mami (10 October 2019). 1851:development: lessons from Mexico". 1838:(Vol. 11) Channel View Publications 1785: 1579:, Number 52. University of Waterloo 707: 618:take place in environments such as 211:is needed to accommodate tourists. 64: 13: 5040:Destination marketing organization 3306:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2496:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x 2425:Pan, Shu-Yuan (1 September 2018). 2018:Morris, Hugh (13 September 2018). 1794: 1776: 1736: 1702: 1638: 749: 409:Façade of the Palazzo Pubblico in 14: 5636: 5524:Convention and exhibition centers 3959:pharmaceuticals and personal care 3553:Bauer, Irmgard (September 2007). 2237:Matz, Christoph (28 April 2019). 1334: 1275: 1225: 1171: 1097: 991:Environmental impact of transport 5593: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5519:Cities by international visitors 5378:World Travel and Tourism Council 4434: 4433: 4422: 4110:decline in amphibian populations 3815:Deforestation and climate change 3619:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00110.x 3300:Leviäkangs, Pekka (March 1998). 2431:Science of the Total Environment 2121:Stone, Peter (2 February 2015). 1750:Tourism and Hospitality Research 1058:) for various islands including 913: 373: 229:World Travel and Tourism Council 5561:World Heritage Sites by country 5341:Pacific Asia Travel Association 4244:Land surface effects on climate 3701:Environmental impact assessment 3677:Human impact on the environment 3593: 3546: 3491: 3442: 3387: 3340: 3293: 3246: 3189: 2928: 2919: 2907: 2870: 2835: 2822: 2818:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2810: 2801: 2762: 2737: 2678: 2642: 2597: 2584: 2571: 2558: 2544: 2526: 2500: 2480: 2451:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.134 2418: 2377: 2358: 2327: 2276: 2263: 2230: 2204: 2178: 2145: 2114: 2075: 2040: 2011: 1988: 1962: 1929: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1858: 1841: 1680: 1550: 1127:Sexually transmitted infections 1015: 1004:(59 million), and 2 percent by 859:of wild animals. Additionally, 467:, and loud noise. In addition, 450:Negative socio-cultural impacts 401:Positive socio-cultural impacts 223:Tourism satellite account (TSA) 5316:Caribbean Tourism Organization 4940:Hospitality management studies 4845:Visiting friends and relatives 3163:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3125:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2936:"Statista Research Department" 2775:Journal of Wildlife Management 871:kills, which they then steal. 1: 5402:Akwaaba African Travel Market 5326:Historical Archive on Tourism 4115:decline in insect populations 3365:10.1080/19439962.2018.1545715 3318:10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00077-8 3214:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015 2914:UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2016 2404:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114078 2352:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7 2061:10.1080/14742837.2018.1468244 1822:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.026 1253:10.1080/19368623.2018.1516589 1164: 483: 189: 5473:Tourism improvement district 3412:10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ba 3202:Journal of Business Research 3175:10.1080/09669582.2013.819876 3017:10.1080/15332845.2011.588493 2712:10.1371/journal.pone.0140833 2154:"When War Destroys Identity" 2152:Baig, Mehroz (12 May 2014). 1969:Fairall, Amy (2 July 2018). 1955:10.15655/mw/2019/v10i3/49691 1730:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.001 1149:Impacts of poverty on health 730:can disrupt the feeding and 643:health of ecological systems 7: 5620:Economy and the environment 4494: 3571:10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.06.004 3498:Rogers, Richard G. (1996). 2247:(in German). Archived from 1132: 985:Effects from transportation 780:sustainable coastal tourism 145:Increased income and wealth 10: 5641: 5366:World Tourism Organization 5321:European Travel Commission 3606:Journal of Travel Medicine 3455:Journal of Travel Research 2916:Retrieved 28 November 2016 1865:Pearce, Philip L. 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The New Republic. 2302:10.3390/land7030111 2159:The Huffington Post 2084:"Who is a tourist?" 1849:sustainable tourism 1391:Turner, R. (2015). 1159:Sustainable tourism 1088:sustainable tourism 899:recreational diving 851:in the savannas of 391:Cultural adaptation 139:More jobs available 5551:Passenger airlines 5458:Impacts of tourism 5288:Trade associations 5263:Outdoor literature 5155:Tourist attraction 5100:Perpetual traveler 4409:Waste minimization 4367:Mitigation banking 4362:Industrial ecology 4322:Cleaner production 4274:Resource depletion 3810:Corporate behavior 3768:animal agriculture 2271:Tourism Management 1810:Tourism Management 1052: 932: 809:non-native species 796: 786:Tourist activities 663:ecosystem services 551: 523: 500:cultural artifacts 496:endangered species 419: 312:problems, such as 297: 128: 86: 27: 25:Impacts of tourism 5607: 5606: 5432:World Tourism Day 5250:Travel literature 5215:Travel technology 5140:Tourism geography 4900:Convention center 4890:Bed and breakfast 4751:Recreational drug 4462: 4461: 4284:Water degradation 4159:Ecological crisis 4105:biodiversity loss 3904:Industrialisation 3889:Genetic pollution 3735:Impact assessment 2981:978-1-84541-767-3 2832:, 36(4), 316–322. 2024:. The Telegraph. 1834:Ryan, C. (2003). 1534:, 24(3), 592–608. 1144:Broaden-and-build 929:Everest Base Camp 760:rising sea levels 744:non-biodegradable 679:genetic resources 677:, raw materials, 616:adventure tourism 587:Karl von Habsburg 559:adventure tourism 294:Tourism in Mexico 292:Day of the Dead, 122:Crowded beach in 5632: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5273:Travel magazines 5268:Tourism journals 5200:Travel insurance 5145:Tourism minister 5125:Tour bus service 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4259:Phosphorus cycle 4239:Land consumption 4234:Land degradation 4209:Freshwater cycle 4008:Overexploitation 3981:marine pollution 3788:cocoa production 3670: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3621: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3470: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3233: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3063:(5): 1119–1135. 3052: 3039: 3038: 3028: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2890: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2787:10.2193/2006-015 2781:(4): 1257–1260. 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2724: 2714: 2697:(10): e0140833. 2682: 2676: 2675: 2658:(1–3): 427–441. 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2510:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2304: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2162:. Archived from 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2129:. Archived from 2118: 2112: 2111: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2023: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1862: 1856: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1745: 1734: 1733: 1713: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1690:. english.gov.cn 1684: 1678: 1677: 1649: 1636: 1629: 1618: 1611: 1580: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1495: 1484: 1475: 1468: 1443: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1409: 1408:, 41(6), 839–854 1406:Regional Studies 1402: 1396: 1389: 1372: 1371: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1321: 1303: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1204: 1180: 845:Wildlife viewing 835:invasive species 708:Facility impacts 647:Natural resource 612:wildlife tourism 555:cultural tourism 322:consumer culture 162:Negative impacts 152:Heritage tourism 65:Economic impacts 33:Economic effects 5640: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5565: 5482: 5436: 5387: 5282: 5244: 5205:Travel medicine 5195:Travel document 5190:Travel behavior 5160:Tourist gateway 5085:Journey planner 5018: 4910:Destination spa 4876: 4547:Bicycle touring 4498: 4493: 4463: 4458: 4413: 4372:Organic farming 4298: 4289:Water pollution 4269:Ozone depletion 4249:Loss and damage 4149:Desertification 4086: 3998:Overconsumption 3919:cleaning agents 3820:Energy industry 3783:meat production 3749: 3679: 3674: 3644: 3643: 3598: 3594: 3551: 3547: 3516:10.2307/2137260 3496: 3492: 3447: 3443: 3392: 3388: 3345: 3341: 3298: 3294: 3251: 3247: 3194: 3190: 3159: 3152: 3121: 3114: 3091: 3084: 3053: 3042: 3001: 2997: 2982: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2856:10.1002/aqc.734 2840: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2683: 2679: 2652:Biogeochemistry 2647: 2643: 2618:10.2307/2269388 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2540:Wayback Machine 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2490:, 24(1), 5–12. 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2423: 2419: 2382: 2378: 2363: 2359: 2332: 2328: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2115: 2088:Tourist Studies 2080: 2076: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1867:Argyle, Michael 1863: 1859: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1806: 1795: 1784: 1777: 1746: 1737: 1714: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1654:Tourist Studies 1650: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1583: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1493: 1485: 1478: 1469: 1446: 1437: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1375: 1360: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1280: 1276: 1233: 1226: 1181: 1172: 1167: 1135: 1100: 1042: 1036: 1024: 1018: 993: 987: 922: 916: 857:stress hormones 788: 752: 750:Coastal tourism 728:light pollution 724:Noise pollution 710: 703: 699: 622:, high alpine, 601: 595: 539: 508: 492: 486: 452: 424:public services 403: 376: 364: 330: 300:Commodification 286: 281: 251: 225: 205:superstructures 192: 116: 67: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5591: 5581: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Leakage effect 5460: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5240:Visitor center 5237: 5232: 5230:Travel website 5227: 5225:Travel warning 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5150:Tourism region 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4977:Referral chain 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4895:Boutique hotel 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4581: 4579:Archaeological 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4430: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Sustainability 4396: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4294:Water scarcity 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:Nitrogen cycle 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4194:Forest dieback 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4122:Climate change 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939:nanotechnology 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3723:on marine life 3715: 3714: 3713: 3711:list of issues 3703: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3612:(3): 151–157. 3592: 3565:(5): 287–294. 3545: 3510:(4): 326–338. 3490: 3461:(4): 368–379. 3441: 3406:(7): 741–756. 3386: 3359:(6): 782–799. 3339: 3312:(2): 245–254. 3292: 3265:(3): 217–241. 3245: 3188: 3169:(1): 127–147. 3150: 3131:(5): 363–387. 3112: 3082: 3040: 3011:(4): 331–353. 2995: 2980: 2952: 2927: 2918: 2906: 2882: 2869: 2850:(6): 579–591. 2834: 2821: 2809: 2800: 2761: 2736: 2677: 2641: 2612:(2): 520–530. 2596: 2583: 2581:, 19(3), 17–37 2570: 2557: 2543: 2525: 2499: 2479: 2417: 2376: 2371:Chuck Thompson 2357: 2346:(3): 393–408. 2326: 2275: 2273:, 57, 362–372. 2262: 2251:on 26 May 2020 2244:Kronen Zeitung 2229: 2218:on 27 May 2020 2203: 2192:on 26 May 2020 2177: 2166:on 26 May 2020 2144: 2133:on 26 May 2020 2113: 2074: 2039: 2010: 1987: 1961: 1948:(3): 687–701. 1928: 1921: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1879: 1857: 1840: 1827: 1793: 1775: 1756:(2): 123–134. 1735: 1724:(2): 428–446. 1701: 1679: 1660:(2): 183–201. 1637: 1619: 1581: 1561: 1549: 1536: 1516: 1502: 1476: 1444: 1428: 1426:, 37(2), 80–89 1410: 1397: 1373: 1358: 1333: 1294:(4): 344–350. 1274: 1247:(3): 306–333. 1224: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1131: 1099: 1098:Health impacts 1096: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 1017: 1014: 1010:carbon dioxide 1002:ship transport 989:Main article: 986: 983: 979:Khumbu Icefall 975:climate change 971:Edmund Hillary 918:Main article: 915: 912: 837:, such as the 787: 784: 764:climate change 751: 748: 720:waste disposal 715:superstructure 709: 706: 701: 697: 639:sustainability 637:Environmental 608:nature tourism 594: 591: 538: 535: 519:Trevi Fountain 507: 504: 488:Main article: 485: 482: 451: 448: 444:oral histories 440:local heritage 402: 399: 375: 372: 363: 360: 329: 326: 285: 282: 280: 277: 272: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 224: 221: 209:infrastructure 191: 188: 187: 186: 182: 175: 172: 169: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 149: 146: 143: 140: 136: 135: 115: 112: 66: 63: 59:Health effects 56: 55: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5637: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Casino hotels 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351:Tourism Radio 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210:Travel survey 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Travel agency 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:Tour operator 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5080:Hypermobility 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Escorted tour 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4704:International 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382:Reforestation 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Cultured meat 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317:Birth control 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139:Deforestation 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3914:Manufacturing 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3862:nuclear power 3860: 3858: 3857:fracking (US) 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451:"Casting Off" 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2880:23(8) 503–508 2879: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2027: 2022: 2014: 1998: 1991: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1924: 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