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that has benefited from community-based ecotourism is
Tortuguero, a turtle-nesting area surrounded by a national park with an impoverished community. Nearly the entire population of Tortuguero is working in the tourism industry, as community-based ecotourism is breeding entrepreneurs. Economically, the largest issue of Tortuguero is to maintain the community-based aspect of the tourism as they continue to resist institutionalization from the outside. Environmentally, conservation has been seen as a priority in order to motivate the ecotourism industry. However, because Tortuguero is only accessible by boat, there has been an increase in noise and pollution. Additionally, beach paths had to be inputted to avoid disturbing nesting turtles. In terms of the sociocultural aspect, training and education of the local community has become a priority to ensure their ability to continue as a community-based endeavor. The community has learned to become more organized and work together to build conservation efforts to support their community. There are now nonprofit organizations in Costa Rica that will train local small businesses to successfully run community ecotourism enterprises.
653:, community ecotourism has been especially beneficial after the apartheid because of a renewed attention towards local cultures that are selling traditional handicrafts and showing cultural tours. The community-based ecotourist is often more interested in engaging with the local community. This can also entail building relationships and decreasing the social gap. Specifically, engagement in nationalism, socioeconomic conditions, and similar age groups can help narrow the social gap and decrease stereotypes. This leads to a more positive cultural understanding on both sides. This effect can even go beyond the tourist's journey. After visiting such communities and learning about their livelihood, studies have found that people gain a newfound activism to contribute back to the community. This socio-cultural connection with the community can in return bring about greater resources to this community to help promote education, conservation, disease prevention, and other needs. It is through the sociocultural aspect that enhances the tourist's engagement with the economy and environment to maximize the overall community-based ecotourism experience.
724:, which successfully runs community-based ecotourism to address such issues. First, this program targets villages of low GDP for ecotourism to help provide jobs and education for these communities. The local people in the villages determine the tourism activities available with an emphasis on showing their local culture. In fact, Reimer and Walter have found that in Cambodia, populations have limited their logging and other harmful practices because ecotourism has given a more successful industry and greater awareness to the intrinsic value of the environment. By placing ecotourism in the hands of the local, the least amount of harm is assessed. However, it may limit financial trajectory because of mismanagement or lack of attraction. These concerns with ecotourism can be mitigated through education and careful implementation.
753:, and cross-cultural relationships, the end goals are often defined differently. Opening a reflexive dialogue that is understandable to all is essential. Overall, the success of smaller enterprises that have thrived under strong leadership and community efforts will help tourism be a tool for economic development. Community ecotourism also opens the discussion for the purpose of land usage and the difference of preservation now over usage in the future. Community ecotourism highlights the importance of seeing the community's usage of the land. It can bring a common goal for science and local populations alike. Community ecotourism offers an opportunity for the tourism industry to succeed in conservation efforts while enhancing tourism efforts through a grassroots network effort.
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for green marketing to attempt to have an ecotourism experience with minimal responsibilities as a tourist. Cox offers that small-scale, privatized ecotourism enterprises, such as community ecotourism, can avoid such downfalls of green washing. With community ecotourism, the host community has a greater involvement in trying to protect their environment to eliminate any harmful behavior to the environment. However, these low impact campaigns can cause harm to already vulnerable communities, amplifying the institutionalized poverty found in many of these locations. Effective community ecotourism must allow the community to define their environmental needs.
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inequities when considering the power in the host–guest relationship. Community ecotourism empowers the relationship of the host and guest so that both can learn from a different culture and how to maneuver such differences. When addressed properly, equitable relationships blossom in the national and global sphere. Unlike traditional tourism, this alternative tourism experience enables people to engage positively in the community's way of life and learn how they interact with the environment. Community ecotourism can act as a solution to social justice issues that arise with the tourism industry in respect to the economy, environment, and culture.
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national parks, guides must be with the tourists to ensure they stay on the paths and do not harm the environment during nature walks. One in particular sets tourists on projects to help with environmental restoration, economic development projects, and biodiversity conservation. These "travel philanthropists" are more involved tourists who want to appreciate the natural beauty of the destination from a completely different viewpoint. The ecotourism model on a community-based level enables conservation efforts to come from both the tourist and the community to maximize results.
675:, tourists come to look exclusively at the nature bringing primarily economic benefit with arguably negative impact on sociocultural and environmental factors. As a result, the environmental capacity is exhausted and little attention is paid to the culture and environment. It has created a situation in which the environment is now degraded because of tourism and the economic returns are going to organizations outside of the local economy. Community-based ecotourism helps address this flaw through working more small-scale to not expend more resources than available.
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direction for the long-term impact of this organization in the local community. When looking at what makes a successful responsible tourism enterprise, research has found the focus on strong leadership, clear market orientation, and organizational culture to be essential. In community ecotourism, this requires appointing a leader or board that can focus on meeting the triple bottom line. Community ecotourism can redefine the tourism industry as sustainable travel continues to have high consumer demand and thwart the harms associated with mass tourism.
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to organize the community in implementing and running successful community-based ecotourism enterprises. Both financial and social capital is placed in the indigenous community, driving further enhancements of the community ecotourism program. This capital inflow can then be used to help the development of infrastructure, education, and health practices. Community-based ecotourism places an emphasis on local businesses and reinforces supporting local endeavors. Not only does the capital increase, the intrinsic value of the environment increases. In
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businesses to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts in all three parts of the community – social, economic, and environmental. Community ecotourism resolves one issue with ecotourism in particular, the input of the community hosting the tourism. Governments and outside agencies have pushed communities into hosting tourists which can sometimes cause more harm if the community is not prepared without relevant knowledge, leadership, or capacity. An example of such occurrence is in
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maintain it. In mass tourism, the average tourist holds little responsibility in the impact they have on the environment and often depletes resources. Community ecotourism gives the tourist a greater stake in conservation efforts because of their involvement in the local culture. Community ecotourism becomes a potential solution to bring social justice to those suffering from side effects of mass tourism in locations most vulnerable to climate change. The
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626:, the idea of ecotourism has enabled entrepreneurs to give tours of their home villages and use the revenue to support themselves as well as give back to the community. It has also helped development in conservational ways including increasing investment in solar energy. As a whole, community-based ecotourism can overall increase the economic value of a previously impoverished area through providing dignified jobs and capital into the local economy.
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574:, the world's largest industry of more than 10% of total employment and 11% of global GDP, is also a quickly growing industry as "total tourist trips are predicted to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020". In order to accommodate these rising needs in the tourism industry, there must be a shift within this industry. One in particular is the need to protect the environment and respect the local culture.
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accommodation units spread across numerous villages, including semi-cooperatives (Moshavim) and collectives (Kibbutzim). These accommodations range from basic converted buildings to luxurious log cabins equipped with modern amenities. This diversification has attracted a steady stream of domestic tourists, making rural tourism a substantial contributor to the local economy.
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political sphere and faced with limited resources. On top of that, they tend to be especially vulnerable to climate change. This brings greater attention to the need of conservation efforts. Through success of community ecotourism, the community can have a larger voice as they show successful development and become a greater participating member in the global sphere.
448:, emphasizing sustainable practices and community involvement. Many villages can facilitate tourism because of the hospitality and eagerness of villagers to welcome or host visitors. The mechanization of agriculture has reduced the need for manual labor, leading to economic pressures on some villages and prompting young people to migrate to
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and producing more waste than normal. It adds an overall stress to areas most vulnerable to global warming, such as coastlines. One tourism spot that has struggled to implement community ecotourism is
Tanzania. Tanzania practices a kind of ecotourism that focuses exclusively on the environment, also called nature tourism. In Tanzania's
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denied in five minutes. The lack of collusion among the local clans and the government created tension and failure for all parties. With community ecotourism, the community itself primarily sees the venture to success and receives the economic benefit, rather than government or third party organizations.
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theory, ecotourism is a win-win for both the host and tourist. This is because there is an effort for conservation when jobs are available outside of activities such as logging that harm the environment and the intrinsic value of the environment is taken into consideration. Additionally, ecotourism
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as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." TIES is an example of a nonprofit organization dedicated to assisting companies in developing ecotourism practices and promoting sustainable community development. Ecotourism provides
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Generally, success is the benefits outweighing the costs. A more concrete measure of success for ecotourism is ensuring that the tourism industry operates within the location's capacity to handle such activities in the three areas of ecotourism – economy, environment, and culture. One such form of
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However, because ecotourism is most popular in vulnerable environments, it may unintentionally exploit the community causing a serious social justice issue. The idea of community ecotourism is placing the tourism activities in the hands of the local community. It addresses the needs of the tourism
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As the tourism industry continues to grow, it is imperative to continue developing more sustainable avenues to participate in such endeavors. One way is making travelers aware of the potential harm their activities may have on the host culture. A continuing theme is the importance of dialogue and
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The challenge of community ecotourism is that it is balancing market objectives with both social and environmental aims, whereas competitors that offer more luxuries have primarily financial objectives. In order to lead community ecotourism to success, there must be a clear sense of leadership and
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is the idea of using the "environmentally friendly" label on low impact conservation efforts. These certifications are often marketing tactics that can actually promote low impact projects in which the costs can be greater than the benefit. This idea is common with certain lodging as people look
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Compared to responsible tourism and voluntourism, there is an added importance on respect for the environment and being environmentally sustainable while traveling. By definition, travel inherently harms the environment by getting to the location, using more resources than the location is used to,
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In contrast with traditional tourism, community ecotourism is often a tool for economic development to promote both capital inflow and employment opportunities to the community. Thus, it is often targeting more impoverished areas where implemented. It encourages entrepreneurship for local members
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Community ecotourism becomes an issue of social justice. The communities that are becoming popular tourist sites are impoverished and are using ecotourism as a tool for economic development. These communities, especially when looking at indigenous tourism, are often lacking voices in the greater
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is known for its biodiversity with having 5% of the world's biodiversity on its 0.035% of earth's surface. In 2007, the government announced that it would support four types of tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, beach tourism, and rural community based tourism. A specific part of Costa Rica
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Along with economic value, community ecotourism enhances the value of the environment for both the host and the traveler. As a result, community ecotourism becomes an incentive for conservation. For the community, their environment becomes a showcase to the tourist and brings a greater desire to
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The sociocultural aspect of ecotourism is that the local tourist becomes more engaged in the community and their culture. This can be from learning a religious tradition or supporting a local handicraft. Tourism can at times force more injustices on the host community. It inculcates a sense of
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Rural tourism in Israel has experienced significant growth since the late 1980s, becoming an important economic activity in rural areas. Initially, this growth was driven by farmers seeking alternative sources of income due to declining agricultural profits. The industry now includes thousands of
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explains the need for planning and marketing rural communities, as well as weighing the pros and cons of the impacts of tourism. Local citizen participation is helpful and should be included in starting any kind of a tourism program. Being prepared when planning tourism can assist in a successful
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in which international organizations brought tourists to already westernized sites, which harmed this degraded environment. Another example is the case of Papua New Guinea's Crater
Mountain. Setting aside their ethnic tension, the clans planned a tourist lodge for two years that the government
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was one of the initial ecotourism destinations. As the programs have continued to evolve in combatting ecotourism issues, specifically maintaining cultural capacity, one of the main findings from community ecotourism are the programs associated with environmental conservation. When visiting
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As a whole, the rise in demand of tourism to exotic places as they become more accessible provides an opportunity for vulnerable and economically impoverished communities. In traditional tourism, these communities are often exploited and their resources depleted. It also includes the social
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According to the World
Tourism Organization, ecotourism is growing three times faster than the tourism industry. This implies the already changing phenomenon occurring in traveling. Similarly, the World Conservation Union goes one step further in defining ecotourism to include enjoying and
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in Kansas, based on 2000 data, shows that basic travel and tourism industries accounted for 3.6 percent of all U.S. employment. Even more telling, data from the Travel
Industry Association of America indicate that 1 out of every 18 people in the U.S. has a job directly resulting from travel
613:, such as along the coast. There is also the idea of cultural capacity in which the tourism industry remains authentic and can maintain local practices. With addressing these three capacity measures, many problems mass tourism places on the host community are resolved.
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Rajan, Brilliant, Vincy Mary
Varghese, and Anakkathil Purushothaman Pradeepkumar. "Beach Carrying Capacity Analysis for Sustainable Tourism Development in the South West Coast of India." Environmental Research, Engineering, and Management, 2013. 1(63):
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promote sustainable practices that benefit both hosts and tourists. Community ecotourism empowers local communities by involving them in tourism planning and operations, ensuring that economic, social, and environmental benefits are maximized.
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appreciating nature, have low negative visitor impact, and providing socio-economic involvement to the local populations. As ecotourism is growing, it is also focusing on especially vulnerable locations to climate change. In a
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While under the neoliberalism theory, ecotourism is an overall winning situation, there are many issues associated with ecotourism when poorly implemented. Community ecotourism is a solution to many of the flaws detailed.
463:, and seasonal events are prominent in rural areas. These tourism activities contribute to rural community development and provide economic benefits, including job creation and support for local businesses.
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inequality in the relationships if the tourist feels they have superior knowledge. Community-based ecotourism places more responsibility on the tourist to learn from the other culture. For example, in
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Coria, Jessica, Enrique
Calfucura. "Ecotourism and the Development of Indigenous Communities: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly." University of Gothenburg School of Business, Economics, and Law, 2011.
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Reimer, J. K. (Kila), and Pierre Walter. "How do You Know it when You See it? Community-Based
Ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of Southwestern Cambodia." Tourism Management 34.0 (2013): 122-32.
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Community ecotourism is a related concept that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of local people. Organizations like
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von, der Weppen, and Janet
Cochrane. "Social Enterprises in Tourism: An Exploratory Study of Operational Models and Success Factors." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20.3 (2012): 497-511.
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Chiu, Yen-Ting Helena, Wan-I Lee, and Tsung-Hsiung Chen. "Environmentally
Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Antecedents and Implications." Tourism Management 40.0 (2014): 321-9.
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capacity is economic capacity so that the tourism industry does not displace sustainable local economic activity already in place. Additionally, there is an environmental
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Pantea, Maria-Carmen. "Young People in Cross-National Volunteering: Perceptions of Unfairness." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.30 (August 2013): 564-681.
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an alternative form of travel to mass tourism. Mass tourism is the idea of visiting a place with minimal responsibility to the local community and environment.
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areas. However, a segment of the urban population is increasingly interested in visiting rural areas to experience and understand the rural lifestyle.
2002:
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Zeppel, Heather. Indigenous Ecotourism : Sustainable Development and Management. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, GBR: CABI Publishing, 2006. ebrary.
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Honey, Martha. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development : Who Owns Paradise? (2nd Edition). Washington DC, USA: Island Press, 2008. . ebrary.
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Honey, Martha. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development : Who Owns Paradise? (2nd Edition). Washington DC, USA: Island Press, 2008. ebrary.
609:, the limit at which the environment is not degraded from tourism. This is especially important as many ecotourism locations are in locations
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Woosnam, Kyle M., and Yoon Jung Lee. "Applying Social Distance to Voluntourism Research." Annals of Tourism Research 38.1 (2011): 309-13.
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818:"Economic Research: Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism." (2004). Travel Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
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West, Paige, James G. Carrier, 2004. Ecotourism and Authenticity: Getting Away from It All? Current Anthropology. 45(4): 483 – 498.
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Alomari, Thabit. Motivation and Socio-Cultural Sustainability of Voluntourism. M.A. University of Lethbridge (Canada), 2012 Canada.
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Jones, Samantha. "COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM: The Significance of Social Capital." Annals of Tourism Research 32.2 (2005): 303-24.
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Lindsay, Heather. "Ecotourism: the Promise and Perils of Environmentally-Oriented Travel." ProQuest. February 2003. Online.
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enhances social capital for both the host and tourist when engaging in social interaction and learning about other cultures.
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Moscardo, G. Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. Wallingford, Oxon, GBR: CABI Publishing, 2008. . ebrary.
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Stronza, Amanda, and Javier Gordillo. "Community Views of Ecotourism." Annals of Tourism Research 35.2 (2008): 448-68.
788:"Rural Tourism" (February 2008). USDA Cooperative State, Education and Extension Service. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
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Rural tourism in Israel includes accommodations ranging from basic converted buildings to luxurious log cabins (
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Li, Yiping. "Situated Learning, Responsible Tourism, and Global Peace." Peace Research 30.4 (1998): 83-100.
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Wilkerson, Chad (2003). "Travel and Tourism: An Overlooked Industry in the U.S. and Tenth District."
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defining the ideals for each party. While stakeholders want the same idea of economic improvement,
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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In developed nations, rural tourism can play a significant role in local economies. In the
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863:"Rural Tourism: Development, Public Intervention And Lessons from the Israeli Experience"
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The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management
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Government support has been crucial to the development of rural tourism in Israel. The
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began its support in the early 1990s, and today, both the Ministry of Tourism and the
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Charnley, Susan. "From Nature to Ecotourism." Human Organization. 2005. 64(1):75-88.
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John, Patricia LaCaille (2008). Promoting Tourism in Rural America.
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Cox, Rachel S. "Ecotourism." CQ Researcher 16.37 (2006): 865-88.
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Tchetchik, Anat; Fleischer, Aliza; Finkelshtain, Israel (2006).
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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events, tourism can be a viable economic component in
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MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
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Portal of rural tourism for whole southeastern Europe
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The International Ecotourism Society. 2014. Online.
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The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines
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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
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2003:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
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484:Many niche tourism programs are located in
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720:One example in particular is southwestern
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2053:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
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74:Learn how and when to remove this message
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807:in Kansas. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
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1998:American Hotel and Lodging Association
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768:Community-based tourism in Myanmar
522:Promoting Tourism in Rural America
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1100:"Why rural tourism is no picnic?"
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600:Benefits of community ecotourism
541:) equipped with modern amenities
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1115:"Small and Home based Business"
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2013:Caribbean Tourism Organization
1637:Hospitality management studies
1542:Visiting friends and relatives
1158:. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
475:Relevance in developed nations
1:
2099:Akwaaba African Travel Market
2023:Historical Archive on Tourism
1145:National Agricultural Library
846:National Agricultural Library
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2170:Tourism improvement district
751:environmental sustainability
673:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
611:vulnerable to climate change
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506:rural community development
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2063:World Tourism Organization
2018:European Travel Commission
1151:Rural tourism of Catalonia
1141:"Rural Tourism Resources."
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1983:
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1117:. csrees. October 8, 2007
892:http://www.ecotourism.org
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508:. According to the USDA,
2145:Heritage commodification
1993:American Bus Association
1102:. BBC. October 11, 2004
555:Ministry of Agriculture
2068:World Tourism rankings
2008:BEST Education Network
1143:(September 22, 2008).
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54:by rewriting it in an
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2104:Arabian Travel Market
805:Federal Reserve Board
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514:Federal Reserve Board
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2114:Festival del Viaggio
2080:World Travel Monitor
1732:Convention (meeting)
1579:Hospitality industry
561:Community ecotourism
288:Types of communities
2191:Adjectival tourisms
2109:Cruise of the Kings
2028:Life Beyond Tourism
1807:Roadside attraction
740:Future Implications
715:Mondulkiri province
2248:Passenger airlines
2155:Impacts of tourism
1985:Trade associations
1960:Outdoor literature
1852:Tourist attraction
1797:Perpetual traveler
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691:Economic downfalls
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202:Indigenous peoples
56:encyclopedic style
43:is written like a
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2129:World Tourism Day
1947:Travel literature
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1837:Tourism geography
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835:on 2008-12-18
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641:
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630:Environmental
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584:
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580:neoliberalism
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480:United States
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457:United States
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440:is a form of
439:
438:Rural tourism
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390:Via Campesina
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318:United States
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41:This article
39:
30:
29:
23:
18:
2226:Cruise lines
2201:Bibliography
1862:Tourist trap
1787:Package tour
1752:Factory tour
1727:College tour
1484:
1406:Volunteering
1354:Experiential
1119:. Retrieved
1104:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
994:
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955:
946:
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886:
874:. Retrieved
869:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
823:
812:
800:
793:
782:
747:
743:
731:
719:
713:Tourists in
700:Case studies
694:
684:Greenwashing
682:
679:Greenwashing
669:
660:
651:South Africa
647:
633:
620:
603:
594:
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521:
519:
483:
465:
454:
437:
436:
340:Agricultural
281:Agricultural
275:
224:Smallholders
207:Pastoralists
70:
61:
42:
2296:WikiProject
2196:Attractions
2175:Tourist tax
2165:Overtourism
2090:Trade fairs
1917:Travel visa
1720:Terminology
1622:Guest ranch
1617:Guest house
1602:Cruise ship
1527:Sustainable
1308:Pop-culture
1234:Backpacking
1224:Alternative
1219:Agritourism
763:Agritourism
589:Montego Bay
498:agritourism
494:eco-tourism
486:rural areas
461:agritourism
363:Agrarianism
155:Reservation
118:Development
2311:Categories
2124:ITB Berlin
2092:and events
1975:Wikivoyage
1955:Guide book
1827:Tour guide
1817:Staycation
1762:Grand Tour
1711:Restaurant
1612:Front desk
1478:Pilgrimage
1396:Industrial
1391:Geotourism
1342:Ecotourism
1264:Enotourism
1239:Beachgoing
1209:Accessible
1121:2007-11-07
1106:2007-11-07
839:2008-12-30
774:References
733:Costa Rica
728:Costa Rica
657:Criticisms
567:ecotourism
490:wine tours
446:ecotourism
380:Parliament
298:By Country
190:Farmworker
90:Rural area
1872:Transport
1802:Road trip
1772:Honeymoon
1757:Gift shop
1747:Excursion
1463:Christian
1458:Religious
1443:Orphanage
1374:Genealogy
1325:Holocaust
1291:Bookstore
1214:Adventure
368:Socialism
266:Diversity
99:Economics
64:June 2024
24:, Brazil.
2276:Category
2033:Musement
1932:Vacation
1812:Souvenir
1792:Passport
1632:Homestay
1627:Heuhotel
1552:Wildlife
1547:Wellness
1438:Nautical
1384:Identity
1379:Heritage
1337:Domestic
1320:Disaster
1286:Literary
1271:Cultural
1259:Culinary
1254:Business
757:See also
722:Cambodia
705:Cambodia
624:Zanzibar
617:Economic
502:seasonal
357:Politics
345:Regional
293:Rurality
256:Agrarian
133:Internet
2286:Commons
2236:Largest
2211:Casinos
1767:Holiday
1694:Seaside
1669:Pension
1652:Manager
1537:Virtual
1495:Sensory
1490:Science
1428:Medical
1418:Justice
1364:Fashion
1359:Extreme
1296:Tolkien
1193:Tourism
876:28 July
572:Tourism
539:Zimmers
488:. From
442:tourism
333:History
276:Tourism
261:Country
249:Society
219:Peasant
150:Poverty
143:Housing
50:Please
2243:Motels
2231:Hotels
2138:Issues
1877:Travel
1867:Touron
1689:Island
1679:Resort
1642:Hostel
1557:Safari
1522:Sports
1473:Kosher
1413:Jungle
1369:Garden
1229:Atomic
918:67-73.
529:Israel
303:Canada
271:Flight
212:Herder
195:Tenant
180:Farmer
174:People
160:Ghetto
138:Health
106:Crafts
22:Paraná
2184:Lists
2119:FITUR
1684:Hotel
1664:Motel
1647:Hotel
1562:Scuba
1532:Urban
1515:Lunar
1510:Space
1505:Smart
1485:Rural
1468:Halal
1347:Shark
1303:Music
1249:Birth
1201:Types
866:(PDF)
496:, to
450:urban
308:China
229:Women
111:India
1704:Town
1569:Yoga
1500:Slum
1423:LGBT
1315:Dark
1281:Film
878:2024
500:and
492:and
468:TIES
313:Laos
1699:Ski
1659:Inn
1453:Red
1330:War
2313::
1083:^
1053:^
1003:^
964:^
923:^
910:^
898:^
868:.
853:^
803:.
1185:e
1178:t
1171:v
1124:.
1109:.
880:.
842:.
426:e
419:t
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77:)
71:(
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62:(
58:.
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