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892:. The goal of the experiment was to see what happens to toddlers when exposed to aggressive and non-aggressive adults, would the toddlers imitate the behavior of the adults and if so, which gender is more likely to imitate the aggressive adult. In the beginning of the experiment Bandura had several predictions that actually came true. Children exposed to violent adults will imitate the actions of that adult when the adult is not present, boys who had observed an adult of the opposite sex act aggressively are less likely to act violently than those who witnessed a male adult act violently. In fact "boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model behavior aggressively". One fascinating observation was that while boys are likely to imitate physical acts of violence, girls are likely to imitate verbal acts of violence.
973:', a game played with children where they are told to follow the commands given by the adult. In this game, the adult gives the commands and shows the actions; the commands given can either match the action to be done or it will not match the action. The children who imitate the adult who has given the command with the correct action will stay in the game. The children who imitate the command with the wrong action will go out of the game, and this is where the child's automatic imitation comes into play. Psychologically, the visual stimulus being looked upon by the child is being imitated faster than the imitation of the command. In addition, the response times were faster in compatible scenarios than in incompatible scenarios.
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This may mean that it is crucial for parents to be cautious as to how they act and behave around their toddlers. Imitation is the toddlers way of confirming and dis-conforming socially acceptable actions in society. Actions like washing dishes, cleaning up the house and doing chores are actions you want your toddlers to imitate. Imitating negative things is something that is never beyond young toddlers. If they are exposed to cursing and violence, it is going to be what the child views as the norm of their world, since imitation is the "mental activity that helps to formulate the conceptions of the world for toddlers". So it is important for parents to be careful what they say or do in front of their children.
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were tested to see if they were able to imitate a smile, a frown and a pout, and a wide-open mouth and eyes. An observer stood behind the experimenter (so he/she couldn't see what facial expressions were being made by the experimenter) and watched only the babies' facial expressions, recording their results. Just by looking only at the babies' faces, the observer was more often able to correctly guess what facial expression was being presented to the child by the experimenter. After the results were calculated, "the researchers concluded that...babies have an innate ability to compare an expression they see with their own sense of muscular feedback from making the movements to match that expression."
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other animals do tend to move with the sentinel form...ou unconsciously imitate . The same thing is also true of various other mannerisms...That is what we call 'imitation,' and what is curious is that there is practically no indication of such behavior on the part of lower forms. You can teach a sparrow to sing as a canary but you have to keep that sparrow constantly listening to a canary. It does not take place readily...in general the taking over of the processes of others is not natural to lower forms. Imitation seems to belong to the human form, where it has reached some sort of independent conscious existence.
799:, ran a series of tasks involving 14-month-old infants to imitate actions they perceived from adults. In this gathering he had concluded that the infants, before trying to reproduce the actions they wish to imitate, somehow revealed an understanding of the intended goal even though they failed to replicate the result wished to be imitated. These task implicated that the infants knew the goal intended. Gergely, Bekkering, and Király (2002) figured that infants not only understand the intended goal but also the intentions of the person they were trying to imitate engaging in "rational imitation", as described by
773:. Imitation serves as both a learning and a social function because new skills and knowledge are acquired, and communication skills are improved by interacting in social and emotional exchanges. It is shown, however, that "children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills." To help children with autism, reciprocal imitation training (RIT) is used. It is a naturalistic imitation intervention that helps teach the social benefits of imitation during play by increasing child responsiveness and by increasing imitative language.
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489:, he looked into a study being done by Derek Lyons, focusing on human evolution, in which he studied a chimpanzee. He first started with showing the chimpanzee how to retrieve food from a box. The chimpanzee soon caught on and did exactly what the scientist just did. They wanted to see if the chimpanzee's brain functioned just like a human brain, so they replicated the experiment using 16 children, following the same procedure; once the children saw how it was done, they followed the same exact steps.
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starts to imitate the mother by sweeping the floor. By the children imitating, they are really teaching themselves how to do things without instruction from the parent or guardian. Toddlers love to play the game of house. They picked up on this game of house by television, school or at home; they play the game how they see it. The kids imitate their parents or anybody in their family. In the article it says it is so easy for them to pick up on the things they see on an everyday basis.
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324:" (the hierarchical model of action planning) is still valid. On studying the cerebral localization of function, Liepmann postulated that planned or commanded actions were prepared in the parietal lobe of the brain's dominant hemisphere, and also frontally. His most important pioneering work is when extensively studying patients with lesions in these brain areas, he discovered that the patients lost (among other things) the ability to imitate. He was the one who coined the term "
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performance on a standard actions-on-objects task was consistent in one longitudinal study testing participants' ability to complete a target action, with high achievers at 9 months remaining so at 16 months. Gestural development at 9 months was also linked to productive language at 16 months. Researchers now believe that early deferred imitation ability is indicative of early declarative memory, also considered a predictor of productive language development.
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Instead of copying what is currently occurring, individuals repeat the action or behavior later on. It appears that infants show an improving ability for deferred imitation as they get older, especially by 24 months. By 24 months, infants are able to imitate action sequences after a delay of up to three months, meaning that "they're able to generalize knowledge they have gained from one test environment to another and from one test object to another."
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causally meaningful even when the child observes evidence that proves that its performance is unnecessary. It is suggested that over-imitation "may be critical to the transmission of human culture." Experiments done by Lyons et al. (2007) has shown that when there are obvious pedagogical cues, children tend to imitate step by step, including many unnecessary steps; without pedagogical cues, children will simply skip those useless steps.
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478:. There remains a problem with such tool (or apparatus) use studies: what animals might learn in such studies need not be the actual behavior patterns (i.e., the actions) that were observed. Instead they might learn about some effects in the environment (i.e., how the tool moves, or how the apparatus works). This type of observational learning, which focuses on results, not actions, has been dubbed emulation (see
783:, are used by people that children imitate to either promote or discontinue behavior. If a child imitates a certain type of behavior or action and the consequences are rewarding, the child is very likely to continue performing the same behavior or action. The behavior "has been reinforced (i.e. strengthened)". However, if the imitation is not accepted and approved by others, then the behavior will be weakened.
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McLeod, "these models provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate." Children imitate the behavior they have observed from others, regardless of the gender of the person and whether or not the behavior is gender appropriate. However, it has been proven that children will reproduce the behavior that "its society deems appropriate for its sex."
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demonstrations are all the same. However, in cases where one out of four adults showed a better technique, only 40% actually copied the extra step, as described by Evans, Carpenter and others. Children's imitation is selective, also known as "selective imitation". Studies have shown that children tend to imitate older, competitive, and trustworthy individuals.
826:, as well as imitating familiar gestures, such as clapping hands together or patting a doll's back. At around 18 months, infants will then begin to imitate simple actions they observe adults doing, such as taking a toy phone out of a purse and saying "hello", pretending to sweep with a child-sized broom, as well as imitating using a toy hammer.
458:"Viki." Their study was repeatedly criticized for its subjective interpretations of their subjects' responses. Replications of this study found much lower matching degrees between subjects and models. However, imitation research focusing on the copying fidelity got new momentum from a study by Voelkl and Huber. They analyzed the motion
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age differences when it comes to imitation. Research done to judge imitation in toddlers 2–3 years old shows that when faced with certain conditions "2-year-olds displayed more motor imitation than 3-year-olds, and 3-year-olds displayed more verbal-reality imitation than 2-year-olds. Boys displayed more motor imitation than girls."
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765:(a period which lasts up to the first two years of a child) begin to imitate observed actions. This is an important stage in the development of a child because the child is beginning to think symbolically, associating behaviors with actions, thus setting the child up for the development of further symbolic thinking.
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Imitation plays a major role on how a toddler interprets the world. Much of a child's understanding is derived from imitation, due to a lack of verbal skill imitation in toddlers for communication. It is what connects them to the communicating world, as they continue to grow they begin to learn more.
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developmental psychologist Carol
Eckerman did a study on toddlers imitating toddlers and found that at the age of 2 children involve themselves in imitation play to communicate with one another. This can be seen within a culture or across different cultures. 3 common imitative patterns Eckerman found
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However, the idea that imitation is an inborn ability has been recently challenged. A research group from the
University of Queensland in Australia carried out the largest-ever longitudinal study of neonatal imitation in humans. One hundred and nine newborns were shown a variety of gestures including
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It has long been claimed that newborn humans imitate bodily gestures and facial expressions as soon as their first few days of life. For example, in a study conducted at the
Mailman Centre for Child Development at the University of Miami Medical School, 74 newborn babies (with a mean age of 36 hours)
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is not enough to sustain as a being who can truly imitate. Thorpe defines true imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no instinctive tendency," which is highly debated for its portrayal of imitation as a mindless repeating
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he 'herding' instinct, if reduced down to something concrete in the action of the form itself...this may lead to a stampede in the herd. Something of that sort is involved in the so-called 'sentinel.' One animal, a little more sensitive than the others, lifts his head and starts to run away, and the
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and suggested that it arises out of the child's increasing ability to "form mental representations of behavior performed by others." Deferred imitation is also "the ability to reproduce a previously witnessed action or sequence of actions in the absence of current perceptual support for the action."
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Toddlers love to imitate their parents and help when they can; imitation helps toddlers learn, and through their experiences lasting impressions are made. 12- to 36-month-olds learn by doing, not by watching, and so it is often recommended to be a good role model and caretaker by showing them simple
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tongue protrusion, mouth opening, happy and sad facial expressions, at four time points between one week and 9 weeks of age. The results failed to reveal compelling evidence that newborns imitate: Infants were just as likely to produce matching and non-matching gestures in response to what they saw.
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Naturally, children are surrounded by many different types of people that influence their actions and behaviors, including parents, family members, teachers, peers, and even characters on television programs. These different types of individuals that are observed are called models. According to Saul
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animals, whether imitation is uniquely human, or whether humans do a complex version of what other animals do. The current controversy is partly definitional. Thorndike uses "learning to do an act from seeing it done." It has two major shortcomings: first, by using "seeing" it restricts imitation to
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system. This neuron system allows a person to observe and then recreate the actions of others. Mirror neurons are premotor and parietal cells in the macaque brain that fire when the animal performs a goal directed action and when it sees others performing the same action." Evidence suggests that the
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Children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills. It is unclear whether imitation is mediating these relationships directly, or whether they are due to some other developmental variable that is also reflected in
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will start to imitate their parents by pretending to get ready for work and school and saying the last word(s) of what an adult just said. For example, toddlers may say "bowl" or "a bowl" after they hear someone say, "That's a bowl." They may also imitate the way family members communicate by using
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Imitation and imitative behaviors do not manifest ubiquitously and evenly in all human individuals; some individuals rely more on imitated information than others. Although imitation is very useful when it comes to cognitive learning with toddlers, research has shown that there are some gender and
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An important agenda for infancy is the progressive imitation of higher levels of use of signs, until the ultimate achievement of symbols. The principal role played by parents in this process is their provision of salient models within the facilitating frames that channel the infant's attention and
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A child's deferred imitation ability "to form mental representations of actions occurring in everyday life and their knowledge of communicative gestures" has also been linked to earlier productive language development. Between 9 (preverbal period) and 16 months (verbal period), deferred imitation
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over many successive trials, in which adults' instinctive behavior plays as great a role as that of the infant. These writers assume that evolution would have selected imitative abilities as fit because those who were good at it had a wider arsenal of learned behavior at their disposal, including
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Children are surrounded by many different people, day by day. Their parents make a big impact on them, and usually what the children do is what they have seen their parent do. In this article they found that a child, simply watching its mother sweep the floor, right after soon picks up on it and
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approach, suggesting that reduced imitative capabilities do not affect abilities for expressive social behavior but only the understanding of said social behavior. Social communication is not negatively affected when said communication involves less or no imitation. Children with autism may have
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Over-imitation is "the tendency of young children to copy all of an adult model's actions, even components that are irrelevant for the task at hand." According to this human and cross-cultural phenomenon, a child has a strong tendency to automatically encode the deliberate action of an adult as
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Children with autism exhibit significant impairment in imitation skills. Imitation deficits have been reported on a variety of tasks including symbolic and non-symbolic body movements, symbolic and functional object use, vocalizations, and facial expressions. In contrast, typically-developing
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that pushed a lever in the same direction as their models, though later on they withdrew their claims due to methodological problems in their original setup. By trying to design a testing paradigm that is less arbitrary than pushing a lever to the left or to the right, Custance and co-workers
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However, another study suggests that children do not just "blindly follow the crowd" since they can also be just as discriminating as adults in choosing whether an unnecessary action should be copied or not. They may imitate additional but unnecessary steps to a novel process if the adult
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698:, or sometimes referred to as "contiguity", theories suggest that the information required to display certain behaviors does not come from within ourselves but solely from our surroundings and experiences. These theories have not yet provided testable predictions in the field of
856:'s "apprenticeship" theory of imitation rejected assumptions that other authors had made about its development. His research showed that there is no one simple imitation skill with its own course of development. What changes is the type of behavior imitated.
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introduced the "artificial fruit" paradigm, where a small object could be opened in different ways to retrieve food placed inside—not unlike a hard-shelled fruit. Using this paradigm, scientists reported evidence for imitation in monkeys and
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children can copy a broad range of novel (as well as familiar) rules from a very early age. Problems with imitation discriminate children with autism from those with other developmental disorders as early as age 2 and continue into
953:, suggesting that they have no true impairments in observing the actions of others but may decide not to imitate them because they do not analytically understand them. A 2016 study has shown that involuntary, spontaneous facial
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tendency." This definition is favored by many scholars, though questions have been raised how strictly the term "novel" has to be interpreted and how exactly a performed act has to match the demonstration to count as a copy.
957:– which supposedly depends on the mirror neuron system – is intact in individuals with autism, contrasting with previous studies and suggesting that the mirror neuron system is not inherently broken in autistic individuals.
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from one of a few original cultures or several cultures whose influence overlaps geographically. Evolutionary diffusion theory holds that cultures influence one another, but that similar ideas can be developed in isolation.
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the visual domain and excludes, e.g., vocal imitation and, second, it would also include mechanisms such as priming, contagious behavior and social facilitation, which most scientist distinguish as separate forms of
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Whiten, Andrew; Custance, Deborah M.; Gomez, Juan-Carlos; Teixidor, Patricia; Bard, Kim A. (1996). "Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)".
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processes are only selected for when outnumbered or accompanied by asocial learning processes: an over-saturation of imitation and imitating individuals leads humans to collectively copy inefficient
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argues that the evolution of mirror neurons were important in the human acquisition of complex skills such as language and believes the discovery of mirror neurons to be a most important advance in
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Stoinski, Tara S.; Wrate, Joanna L.; Ure, Nicky; Whiten, Andrew (2001). "Imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task".
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Heyes, Cecilia M.; Ray, Elizabeth D. (2000). "What is the
Significance of Imitation in Animals?". In Slater, Peter J.B.; Rosenblatt, Jay S.; Snowdon, Charles T.; Roper, Timothy J. (eds.).
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studies, identifying factors in adoption and profiles of adopters of ideas. Imitation mechanisms play a central role in both analytical and empirical models of collective human behavior.
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is given to replicate. The imitation can match the commands with the visual stimulus (compatible) or it cannot match the commands with the visual stimulus (incompatible). For example: '
316:, behaviors, gestures, pantomimes, mimics, vocalizations, sounds, speech, etc. and that we have particular "imitation systems" in the brain is old neurological knowledge dating back to
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processes and observing these behaviors provides incentive to duplicate them. Meaning we already have the codes to recreate any behavior and observing it results in its replication.
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Paralleling these studies, comparative psychologists provided tools or apparatuses that could be handled in different ways. Heyes and co-workers reported evidence for imitation in
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Research has been conducted to locate where in the brain specific parts and neurological systems are activated when humans imitate behaviors and actions of others, discovering a
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Rogers, Sally J.; Hepburn, Susan L.; Stackhouse, Tracy; Wehner, Elizabeth (2003). "Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders".
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is observed in animals specifically how animals learn and adapt through imitation. Ethologists can classify imitation in animals by the learning of certain behaviors from
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Oostenbroek, Janine; Suddendorf, Thomas; Nielsen, Mark; Redshaw, Jonathan; Kennedy-Costantini, Siobhan; Davis, Jacqueline; Clark, Sally; Slaughter, Virginia (May 2016).
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Infants have the ability to reveal an understanding of certain outcomes before they occur, therefore in this sense they can somewhat imitate what they have perceived.
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Custance, Deborah M.; Whiten, Andrew; Bard, Kim A. (1995). "Can Young
Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Imitate Arbitrary Actions? Hayes & Hayes (1952) Revisited".
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Soulières, Isabelle; Dawson, Michelle; Samson, Fabienne; Barbeau, Elise B.; Sahyoun, Chérif P.; Strangman, Gary E.; Zeffiro, Thomas A.; Mottron, Laurent (2009).
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Galef, Bennett G. (1998). "Recent progress in studies of imitation and social learning in animals". In
Sabourin, Michel; Craik, Fergus; Robert, Michèle (eds.).
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have found imperative evidence that suggest true learning through imitation in animals. The third, population biologists and behavioral ecologists created
3927:"Intact mirror mechanisms for automatic facial emotions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Intact mirror mechanisms in Austism"
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Mead, George
Herbert (2015) . "PART II: MIND 8. Imitation and the Origin of Language". In Morris, Charles W.; Huebner, Daniel R.; Joas, Hans (eds.).
446:. Thorpe suggested defining imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no
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Schulte-Rüther, Martin; Otte, Ellen; Adigüzel, Kübra; Firk, Christine; Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate; Koch, Iring; Konrad, Kerstin (June 28, 2016).
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Custance, Deborah; Whiten, Andrew; Fredman, Tamar (1999). "Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)".
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Heyes, C.M.; Ray, E.D.; Mitchell, C.J.; Nokes, T. (2000). "Stimulus
Enhancement: Controls for Social Facilitation and Local Enhancement".
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4256:"Early declarative memory predicts productive language: A longitudinal study of deferred imitation and communication at 9 and 16months"
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Tomasello, Michael (2006). "Rational
Imitation in 12-Month-Old Infants Christiane Schwier, Catharine van Maanen, Malinda Carpenter".
540:. More specifically, these behaviors are usually unique to the species and can be complex in nature and can benefit the individual's
3305:"Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: Asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning"
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Tennie, Claudio; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael (2006). "Push or Pull: Imitation vs. Emulation in Great Apes and Human
Children".
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No other research is more controversial pertaining gender differences in toddler imitation than renowned psychologist, Bandura's,
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Geiger, Alexander; Bente, Gary; Lammers, Sebastian; Tepest, Ralf; Roth, Daniel; Bzdok, Danilo; Vogeley, Kai (November 15, 2019).
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Iacoboni, M.; Woods, RP; Brass, M; Bekkering, H; Mazziotta, JC; Rizzolatti, G (1999). "Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation".
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whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior. Imitation is also a form of that leads to the "development of
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Patrick, Karen; Richman, Charles L. (1985). "Imitation in Toddlers as a Function of Motor and Verbal Aspects of Modeling".
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the same gestures and words. For example, a toddler will say, "Mommy bye-bye" after the father says, "Mommy went bye-bye."
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also plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive and social communication behaviors, such as language, play, and
568:. Animal imitation can range from survival purpose; imitating as a function of surviving or adapting, to unknown possible
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significant problems understanding typical social communication not because of inherent social deficits, but because of
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Johnstone, R. A.; Dall, S. R. X.; Giraldeau, Luc–Alain; Valone, Thomas J.; Templeton, Jennifer J. (November 29, 2002).
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easily interact with one another by using a more analytically-centered communication approach rather than an imitative
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of exclusive behaviors. Imitation is not a simple reproduction of what one sees; rather it incorporates intention and
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Crompton, Catherine J.; Sharp, Martha; Axbey, Harriet; Fletcher-Watson, Sue; Flynn, Emma G.; Ropar, Danielle (2020).
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Krützen, Michael; Mann, Janet; Heithaus, Michael R.; Connor, Richard C.; Bejder, Lars; Sherwin, William B. (2005).
3764:"Enhanced Discrimination of Novel, Highly Similar Stimuli by Adults with Autism During a Perceptual Learning Task"
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Castellano, Claudio; Fortunato, Santo; Loreto, Vittorio (May 11, 2009). "Statistical physics of social dynamics".
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has to be seen. Though mirror neurons were first discovered in macaques, their discovery also relates to humans.
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Iacoboni, Marco; Dapretto, Mirella (2006). "The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction".
1662:"Mirror Neurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind 'the great leap forward' in human evolution"
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Hayes and Hayes (1952) used the "do-as-I-do" procedure to demonstrate the imitative abilities of their trained
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Howard, Maureen; Keenen, Michael (Spring 1993). "Outline for a Functional Analysis of Imitation in Animals".
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429:. Of course, the higher the severity of the disease, the lower the activity in the mirror neuron system is.
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children, demonstrate reduced activity in the frontal mirror neuron system area when observing or imitating
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3565:"Neurotype-Matching, but Not Being Autistic, Influences Self and Observer Ratings of Interpersonal Rapport"
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Subiaul, Francys; Lurie, Herbert; Romansky, Kathryn; Klein, Tovah; Holmes, David; Terrace, Herbert (2007).
1310:"Rogers' Paradox Recast and Resolved: Population Structure and the Evolution of Social Learning Strategies"
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apraxia. It is in this basic and wider frame of classical neurological knowledge that the discovery of the
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4143:"Selective copying of the majority suggests children are broadly "optimal-" rather than "over-" imitators"
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Japanese monkeys have been seen to spontaneously begin washing potatoes after seeing humans washing them.
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Bugnyar, Thomas; Huber, Ludwig (1997). "Push or pull: An experimental study on imitation in marmosets".
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Some scientists believe true imitation is only produced by humans, arguing that simple learning though
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which are typically activated during imitation tasks. It has been suggested that these regions contain
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Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.
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At around eight months, infants will start to copy their child care providers' movements when playing
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603:. However the problem that lies is in the discrepancies between what is considered true imitation in
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have been proven difficult to conclude solid positive results for and poses a difficult question to
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374:. However, little evidence directly supports the theory that mirror neuron activity is involved in
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On the contrary, research from the early 21st century suggests that people affected with forms of
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of others. Problems of the mirror neuron system may be correlated with the social inadequacies of
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Heyes, C. "Transformational and Associative Theories of Imitation". MIT Press, 2002, p. 504-505.
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in novel environments and in situations where asocial learning is faster and more advantageous.
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Sundqvist, Annette; Nordqvist, Emelie; Koch, Felix-Sebastian; Heimann, Mikael (November 2016).
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572:, which vary between different animals and produce different results depending on the measured
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M. Metzmacher, 2016. Imitations et transmission culturelle dans le chant du Pinson des arbres
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Evans, Cara L.; Laland, Kevin N.; Carpenter, Malinda; Kendal, Rachel L. (December 17, 2017).
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2011:
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3465:"Cognitive imitation in typically-developing 3- and 4-year olds and individuals with autism"
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In the mid-20th century, social scientists began to study how and why people imitate ideas.
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3165:"Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans"
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Scientists debate whether animals can consciously imitate the unconscious incitement from
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3221:"Foundation: Imitation: California infant/toddler learning & development foundations"
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232:. However, this claim has been recently challenged by scientific research which observed
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172:(behaviors, customs, etc.) between individuals and down generations without the need for
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Whiten, Andrew; Horner, Victoria; Litchfield, Carla A.; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah (2004).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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Zentall, Thomas R. (2001). "Imitation in Animals: Evidence, Function, and Mechanisms".
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There have been three major developments in the field of animal imitation. The first,
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363:. However, it is not clear if macaques spontaneously imitate each other in the wild.
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2041:"Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals"
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Hayes, Keith J.; Hayes, Catherine (1952). "Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee".
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2007:
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Kaye, Kenneth; Marcus, Janet (1981). "Infant imitation: The sensory-motor agenda".
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880:, unconsciously repeats the gesture of his grandmother's hands, ca. 1948 – ca. 1955
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however have proven more advanced results in imitation, being able to remember and
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behaviors, thereby reducing flexibility to new environmental contexts that require
1906:"Distinct functional roles of the mirror neuron system and the mentalizing system"
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Moss, Ellen; Strayer, F. F. (1988). "Imitation is the Greatest form of Flattery".
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2321:"A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control"
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1517:"Evolution of mirror systems: a simple mechanism for complex cognitive functions"
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Zentall, Thomas R. (2006). "Imitation: Definitions, evidence, and mechanisms".
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Zentall, Thomas R. (2006). "Imitation: Definitions, evidence, and mechanisms".
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This article is about the behaviour in humans and animals. For other uses, see
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Carlson, Neil R.; Buskist, William; Enzle, Michael E.; Heth, C Donald (2005).
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Scholars as well as popular authors have argued that the role of imitation in
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3880:"AUTISM: A Window Onto the Development of the Social and the Analytic Brain"
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27:
Behaviour in which an individual observes and replicates another's behaviour
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Advances in psychological science, Vol. 2: Biological and cognitive aspects
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1980:
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1341:
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1156:"The Chameleon Effect: The Perception-Behavior Link and Social Interaction"
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that is required to display certain behavior is created internally through
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Dinstein, Ilan; Thomas, Cibu; Behrmann, Marlene; Heeger, David J. (2008).
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Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Craighero, Laila (2004). "The Mirror-Neuron System".
5190:
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4726:
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M. Metzmacher, 1995. La transmission du chant chez le Pinson des arbres (
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679:
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mirror neuron system also allows people to comprehend and understand the
287:. Research suggests imitative social learning hinders the acquisition of
260:
169:
2806:
2210:"Imitation as Faithful Copying of a Novel Technique in Marmoset Monkeys"
389:
employ imitation to learn hunting and other skills from other dolphins.
5111:
5081:
4859:
4666:
4169:
4161:
4048:
Lyons, Derek E.; Young, Andrew G.; Keil, Frank C. (December 11, 2007).
2785:
Zentall, Thomas R. (2003). "Imitation by animals: How do they do it?".
2611:
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2479:
Voelkl, Bernhard; Huber, Ludwig (2000). "True imitation in marmosets".
2194:
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823:
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723:
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284:
4393:) : phase sensible et rôle des tuteurs chez les oiseaux captifs.
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3730:
3715:"Enhanced visual processing contributes to matrix reasoning in autism"
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3985:
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Plaisted, Kate; O'Riordan, Michelle; Baron-Cohen, Simon (July 1998).
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288:
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Hay, Dennis C.; Young, Andrew W.; Ellis, Andrew W. (November 1991).
3303:
Toyokawa, Wataru; Saito, Yoshimatsu; Kameda, Tatsuya (May 1, 2017).
2867:
Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
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42:
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4551:
4487:
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3627:"On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem'"
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However, research also suggests that imitative behaviors and other
265:
185:
157:
1794:. WDCS, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from
1476:
1452:
Rogers, EM (2010). "Diffusion of innovations". Simon and Schuster.
5200:
4519:
4201:"Trust in Testimony: Children's Use of True and False Statements"
3562:
3079:
Field, T.; Woodson, R; Greenberg, R; Cohen, D (October 8, 1982).
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1406:"Potential disadvantages of using socially acquired information"
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4919:
4874:
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3081:"Discrimination and imitation of facial expression by neonates"
873:
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were reciprocal imitation, follow-the-leader, and lead-follow.
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553:
248:
229:
213:
3924:
4253:
4199:
Koenig, M. A.; Clement, F.; Harris, P. L. (October 1, 2004).
3519:
2276:"Imitation in rats: Initial responding and transfer evidence"
2208:
Voelkl, Bernhard; Huber, Ludwig (2007). Ferrari, Pier (ed.).
1365:"Social transmission of maladaptive information in the guppy"
877:
640:
624:
608:
588:
557:
466:
and found a high matching degree in their movement patterns.
313:
256:
225:
3712:
2006:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–59.
1674:
1403:
579:
There is considerable evidence to support true imitation in
2521:
1571:
1269:
Before Speech: The beginning of interpersonal communication
761:
noted that children in a developmental phase he called the
631:. Studies have demonstrated far more positive results with
620:
584:
217:
4140:
3878:
Baron-Cohen, Simon; Belmonte, Matthew K. (July 21, 2005).
3829:
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A
3414:
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A
3078:
1734:"Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins"
3462:
1731:
1461:
1308:
Rendell, Luke; Fogarty, Laurel; Laland, Kevin N. (2010).
941:
Autistic individuals are also shown to possess increased
475:
470:
4930:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
3823:
O'Riordan, Michelle; Plaisted, Kate (November 1, 2001).
1903:
1809:
Boesch, Christophe; Tomasello, Michael (December 1998).
2996:
2994:
2992:
2925:(3rd ed.). Pearson Education Canada. p. 384.
2920:
2679:"Children Learn by Monkey See, Monkey Do. Chimps Don't"
2557:
4337:
Das Krankheitsbild der Apraxie (motorische Asymbolie)
3822:
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2408:
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347:(fMRI) revealed a network of regions in the inferior
4117:"Kids are selective imitators, not extreme copycats"
2989:
2897:. Hove, England: Psychology Press. pp. 275–99.
1856:
1854:
1307:
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1087:
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in animals and have yet to conclude strong results.
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Humans are capable of imitating movements, actions,
4198:
3877:
3302:
3138:"Newborns found able to imitate facial expressions"
3022:
3020:
2633:
2140:
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
2086:Heyes, Cecilia M.; Galef, Bennett G., eds. (1996).
1616:
203:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4015:Lyons, Derek E.; Keil, Frank C. (April 23, 2013).
2939:
2881:
2821:
2765:
2172:
2112:
1792:"Wild dolphins teaches others tail walking tricks"
729:in biologically important situations. The second,
4346:Über die Störungen des Handelns bei Gehirnkranken
3808:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2357:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2304:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1851:
1080:
552:act. True imitation is produced when behavioral,
417:. There have been many studies done showing that
5225:
3069:(4312), 75-78. DOI: 10.1126/science.198.4312.75
3017:
2325:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2280:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2273:
2088:Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture
1860:
843:tasks like putting on socks or holding a spoon.
525:Imitation in animals is a study in the field of
4054:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2274:Heyes, C. M.; Dawson, G. R.; Nokes, T. (1992).
2045:The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements
1808:
1738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
965:The automatic imitation comes very fast when a
694:" is one example of a transformational theory.
4047:
3972:Heyes, Cecilia (2011). "Automatic imitation".
3341:
3132:
3130:
2707:(2): 185 – via Business Source Complete.
1515:Bonini, Luca; Ferrari, Pier Francesco (2011).
1362:
670:There are two types of theories of imitation,
359:similar to the mirror neurons recorded in the
180:can be applied in many contexts, ranging from
4432:
4019:. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–149.
3407:
1514:
863:
678:. Transformational theories suggest that the
322:Das hierarchische Modell der Handlungsplanung
3410:"Routes through the Face Recognition System"
2711:
2698:
2435:
1784:
1725:
1163:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
595:have provided positive results to imitating
4446:
3259:"Studies shed light on toddler development"
3127:
2787:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2478:
2318:
2207:
1126:
560:imitation is achieved, not just the simple
4439:
4425:
3768:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
3522:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
3223:. California Department of Education. 2012
2916:
2914:
2137:
2085:
1521:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1363:Laland, Kevin N.; Williams, Kerry (1998).
1280:
4957:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
4271:
4091:
4073:
4025:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890712.003.0026
4014:
3738:
3689:
3598:
3580:
3496:
3244:"What Your Child Learns By Imitating You"
3188:
3026:
2972:
2954:
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2385:
2243:
2233:
2038:
1767:
1757:
1708:
1585:
1548:
1475:
1429:
1380:
1094:"Deferred imitation in children and apes"
237:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4825:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4260:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
3671:
3278:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
2957:"The Social Role of Imitation in Autism"
2832:
1659:
867:
496:
140:
4892:
4297:
4050:"The hidden structure of overimitation"
3456:
3241:
2911:
2784:
2726:
1958:
492:
395:
14:
5226:
3896:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144137
3674:"Revealing the Double Empathy Problem"
3621:
3513:
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3000:
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2110:
2012:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001
1631:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
1091:
960:
4891:
4813:
4687:High-context and low-context cultures
4458:
4420:
4114:
3971:
2892:
2694:
2692:
993:
918:the measurement of imitation skills.
895:
345:functional magnetic resonance imaging
259:depends on an interactive process of
5036:Computer processing of body language
4814:
3672:DeThorne, Laura S. (March 1, 2020).
3275:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
3271:
2923:Psychology: The Science of Behaviour
2319:Heyes, C. M.; Dawson, G. R. (1990).
2001:
1224:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
1057:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
752:
599:, demonstrating imitation of opaque
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
5051:List of facial expression databases
5041:Emotion recognition in conversation
4355:Drei Aufsätze aus dem Apraxiegebiet
3825:"Enhanced discrimination in autism"
3272:Kaye, Kenneth (1982). "Imitation".
1169:(6). New York University: 893–910.
705:
619:simply does as it sees. Studies on
24:
4291:
3376:
3321:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.11.001
2974:10.1097/01.IYC.0000314482.24087.14
2689:
2677:Zimmer, Carl (December 13, 2005).
932:differences in communication style
779:, both positive and negative, and
480:Emulation (observational learning)
432:
25:
5255:
4935:Childhood disintegrative disorder
4383:
3344:The Journal of Genetic Psychology
3003:"Bandura: Social learning theory"
2837:. Vol. 29. pp. 215–45.
2835:Advances in the Study of Behavior
2560:Journal of Comparative Psychology
2525:Journal of Comparative Psychology
2411:Journal of Comparative Psychology
1154:Chartrand, T.; Bargh, J. (1999).
980:
741:that demand animals to depend on
4362:Liepmann, H. (1920). "Apraxie".
4217:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00742.x
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2259:
2115:Learning and Instinct in Animals
1922:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116102
1541:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06002.x
1326:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00817.x
860:organize his imitative efforts.
204:Anthropology and social sciences
168:. It allows for the transfer of
41:
4247:
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4134:
4108:
4041:
4008:
3965:
3918:
3871:
3816:
3782:(inactive September 12, 2024).
3755:
3706:
3691:10.1044/leader.ftr2.25042020.58
3665:
3615:
3556:
3401:
3370:
3335:
3296:
3265:
3257:Malcom, Kelly (June 30, 2000).
3250:
3235:
3213:
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3072:
3055:
2872:
2859:
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2627:
2586:
2551:
2515:
2472:
2429:
2402:
2365:
2339:(inactive September 12, 2024).
2312:
2267:
2201:
2166:
2131:
2104:
2079:
2032:
1995:
1952:
1897:
1811:"Chimpanzee and Human Cultures"
1802:
1668:
1653:
1610:
1565:
1508:
1455:
1446:
1397:
1356:
1301:
305:
216:hold that all cultures imitate
188:. The term generally refers to
156:, "a copying, imitation") is a
52:needs additional citations for
4459:
3356:10.1080/00221325.1985.10532470
2599:Animal Learning & Behavior
2294:(inactive September 12, 2024).
2111:Thorpe, William Homan (1963).
1274:
1261:
1246:
1230:
1204:
1120:
1068:
385:Evidence is accumulating that
238:imitative abilities in animals
145:A toddler imitates his father.
13:
1:
4115:Bower, Bruce (May 15, 2018).
3884:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2843:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60106-0
2090:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2039:Thorndike, Edward L. (1898).
1619:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1596:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526
1077:, Online etymology dictionary
1062:
1027:Associative Sequence Learning
328:" and differentiated between
3643:10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
3489:10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.10.003
3309:Evolution and Human Behavior
2961:Infants & Young Children
2235:10.1371/journal.pone.0000611
517:of a local garbage truck in
427:facial emotional expressions
7:
4952:Nonverbal learning disorder
4530:Speech-independent gestures
4503:Facial Action Coding System
4348:. Berlin: S. Karger Verlag.
4017:Navigating the Social World
2572:10.1037/0735-7036.115.3.272
1863:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
1047:Identification (psychology)
1010:
829:
757:Developmental psychologist
718:found there to be adaptive
665:
583:. Experiments performed on
462:of both model and observer
421:with autism, compared with
247:showed that the ability of
10:
5260:
4692:Interpersonal relationship
4493:Body-to-body communication
4273:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.015
2955:Ingersoll, Brooke (2008).
2751:10.1080/019697201300001812
2423:10.1037/0735-7036.113.1.13
1295:10.1037/0012-1649.17.3.258
1175:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
1104:(4): 294–7. Archived from
864:Gender and age differences
790:
722:in behaviors in different
716:experimental psychologists
591:and more specifically the
382:or learning by imitation.
343:Human brain studies using
32:Imitation (disambiguation)
29:
5183:
5157:
5097:
5090:
5064:
5028:
4992:
4965:
4902:
4898:
4887:
4820:
4809:
4765:
4742:
4705:
4657:
4592:
4471:
4467:
4454:
4357:. Berlin: S. Karger Publ.
4339:. Berlin: S. Karger Publ.
4312:10.1007/s10071-006-0039-2
3780:10.1017/s0021963098002601
3582:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586171
3426:10.1080/14640749108400957
3190:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.047
3041:10.1207/s15327078in1003_6
2537:10.1037/0735-7036.110.1.3
2337:10.1080/14640749008401871
2292:10.1080/14640749208401018
1973:10.1007/s10071-006-0039-2
1701:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.004
1494:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.591
1464:Reviews of Modern Physics
1271:, Cambridge U. Press 1979
1092:Hopper, Lydia M. (2010).
1017:Appropriation (sociology)
904:
735:comparative psychologists
485:In an article written by
320:. Liepmann's model 1908 "
5107:Behavioral communication
3631:Disability & Society
2701:The Physiological Record
2004:Mind, Self & Society
1283:Developmental Psychology
1022:Articulation (sociology)
834:At around 30–36 months,
4547:Interpersonal synchrony
4448:Nonverbal communication
4075:10.1073/pnas.0704452104
3569:Frontiers in Psychology
3534:10.1111/1469-7610.00162
3242:Stiefel, Chana (2012).
3105:10.1126/science.7123230
2799:10.1111/1467-8721.01237
2729:Cybernetics and Systems
2374:Learning and Motivation
2187:10.1163/156853995X00036
2065:2027/njp.32101045694773
1759:10.1073/pnas.0500232102
1677:"A mirror up to nature"
1227:, U. Chicago Press 1982
1215:Mind, Self, and Society
998:Piaget coined the term
923:high-functioning autism
745:in certain manipulated
692:social cognitive theory
643:than any other type of
251:to match the sounds or
5234:Social learning theory
5144:Monastic sign lexicons
4835:Emotional intelligence
4398:, 63 : 123 – 134.
3974:Psychological Bulletin
3379:"Bobo Doll Experiment"
3001:McLeod, S. A. (2011).
2493:10.1006/anbe.2000.1457
2450:10.1006/anbe.1996.0497
2396:10.1006/lmot.1999.1041
1422:10.1098/rstb.2002.1065
1382:10.1093/beheco/9.5.493
1243:, Oxford U. Press 2007
1153:
881:
777:Reinforcement learning
522:
444:observational learning
146:
5134:Impression management
4353:Liepmann, H. (1908).
4344:Liepmann, H. (1905).
4335:Liepmann, H. (1900).
4205:Psychological Science
4150:Developmental Science
3469:Cognitive Development
1847:on February 26, 2019.
1258:, HarperCollins 1992.
890:bobo doll experiments
871:
712:behavioral ecologists
615:imitation, where the
509:
164:, and ultimately our
144:
5149:Verbal communication
5102:Animal communication
5020:Targeted advertising
4537:Haptic communication
4391:Fringilla c. coelebs
2869:Prentice-Hall, 1986.
1818:Current Anthropology
1798:on January 14, 2009.
1255:The Third Chimpanzee
515:vehicle motion alarm
493:Imitation in animals
423:typically-developing
396:Mirror neuron system
300:innovation diffusion
196:imitation is termed
61:improve this article
5158:Non-verbal language
5046:Gesture recognition
4893:Further information
4783:Emotion recognition
4734:Silent service code
4411:, 84 : 203-220
4066:2007PNAS..10419751L
4060:(50): 19751–19756.
3719:Human Brain Mapping
3625:(October 1, 2012).
3623:Milton, Damian E.M.
3481:1996CogD...11..491S
3246:. Parents Magazine.
3181:2016CBio...26.1334O
3097:1982Sci...218..179F
3005:. Simply Psychology
2648:2006Ethol.112.1159T
2226:2007PLoSO...2..611V
2119:. London: Methuen.
1750:2005PNAS..102.8939K
1693:2008CBio...18..R13D
1660:Ramachandran, V.S.
1533:2011NYASA1225..166B
1486:2009RvMP...81..591C
1416:(1427): 1559–1566.
1267:In M. Bullowa, ed.
1211:George Herbert Mead
1032:Cognitive imitation
961:Automatic imitation
662:on why that is so.
647:. Imitation in non-
387:bottlenose dolphins
279:and evolutionarily
174:genetic inheritance
5184:Art and literature
5139:Meta-communication
5127:Passive-aggressive
5056:Sentiment analysis
4757:Non-verbal leakage
4162:10.1111/desc.12637
3144:. October 12, 1982
3142:The New York Times
2683:The New York Times
2612:10.3758/BF03196005
2595:"How do apes ape?"
1664:. Edge Foundation.
1369:Behavioral Ecology
1000:deferred imitation
994:Deferred imitation
896:Negative imitation
882:
797:Andrew N. Meltzoff
767:Imitative learning
763:sensorimotor stage
611:have demonstrated
523:
378:functions such as
368:V. S. Ramachandran
318:Hugo Karl Liepmann
147:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
4915:Asperger syndrome
4883:
4882:
4865:Social competence
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4607:Emotional prosody
4513:Subtle expression
4498:Facial expression
4404:Fringilla coelebs
3841:10.1080/713756000
3731:10.1002/hbm.20831
3725:(12): 4082–4107.
3289:978-0-226-42848-2
3175:(10): 1334–1338.
3091:(4568): 179–181.
2932:978-0-205-40386-8
2904:978-0-86377-471-3
2852:978-0-12-004529-7
2097:978-0-08-054131-0
2021:978-0-226-11273-2
1108:on August 3, 2014
951:visual processing
753:Child development
507:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
5251:
5095:
5094:
5072:Ray Birdwhistell
4900:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4815:Broader concepts
4811:
4810:
4788:First impression
4469:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4379:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4300:Animal Cognition
4286:
4285:
4275:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4147:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4077:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3986:10.1037/a0022288
3969:
3963:
3962:
3943:10.1002/aur.1654
3922:
3916:
3915:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3584:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3389:on March 5, 2016
3385:. Archived from
3377:Cherry, Kendra.
3374:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3192:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3076:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2952:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2890:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2782:
2763:
2762:
2744:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2481:Animal Behaviour
2476:
2470:
2469:
2438:Animal Behaviour
2433:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2152:10.1037/h0053609
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2057:10.1037/h0092987
2036:
2030:
2029:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1961:Animal Cognition
1956:
1950:
1949:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1840:. Archived from
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1580:(5449): 2526–8.
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1241:The Meme Machine
1234:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1089:
1078:
1072:
706:New developments
672:transformational
508:
264:tool-making and
228:is unique among
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5205:
5196:Mimoplastic art
5179:
5170:Tactile signing
5153:
5086:
5060:
5024:
4988:
4961:
4894:
4879:
4855:Social behavior
4816:
4797:
4761:
4752:Microexpression
4738:
4722:One-bit message
4701:
4653:
4588:
4508:Microexpression
4463:
4450:
4445:
4386:
4294:
4292:Further reading
4289:
4252:
4248:
4211:(10): 694–698.
4197:
4193:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4113:
4109:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4013:
4009:
3970:
3966:
3931:Autism Research
3923:
3919:
3876:
3872:
3821:
3817:
3801:
3800:
3760:
3756:
3711:
3707:
3678:The ASHA Leader
3670:
3666:
3620:
3616:
3561:
3557:
3518:
3514:
3461:
3457:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3371:
3340:
3336:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3270:
3266:
3255:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3169:Current Biology
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3077:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3025:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2953:
2940:
2933:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2891:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2831:
2822:
2783:
2766:
2725:
2712:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2642:(12): 1159–69.
2632:
2628:
2591:
2587:
2556:
2552:
2520:
2516:
2477:
2473:
2434:
2430:
2407:
2403:
2387:10.1.1.520.2135
2370:
2366:
2350:
2349:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2296:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2206:
2202:
2171:
2167:
2136:
2132:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2037:
2033:
2022:
2000:
1996:
1957:
1953:
1902:
1898:
1875:10.1038/nrn2024
1859:
1852:
1844:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1744:(25): 8939–43.
1730:
1726:
1681:Current Biology
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1615:
1611:
1587:10.1.1.555.8075
1570:
1566:
1513:
1509:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1402:
1398:
1361:
1357:
1306:
1302:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1252:Jared Diamond,
1251:
1247:
1237:Susan Blackmore
1235:
1231:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1135:(11): 970–971.
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1042:Copycat suicide
1013:
996:
983:
963:
938:understanding.
907:
898:
872:A small boy of
866:
832:
793:
771:joint attention
755:
743:social learning
708:
700:social learning
668:
627:from what they
576:of the animal.
527:social learning
497:
495:
435:
433:Animal behavior
398:
353:parietal cortex
310:
273:social learning
234:social learning
206:
182:animal training
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:Charles Darwin
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Affect display
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4659:Social context
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4567:Pupil dilation
4564:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4400:
4385:
4384:External links
4382:
4381:
4380:
4364:Ergebn Ges Med
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4246:
4191:
4133:
4107:
4040:
4033:
4007:
3964:
3937:(2): 298–310.
3917:
3890:(1): 109–126.
3870:
3835:(4): 961–979.
3815:
3774:(5): 765–775.
3754:
3705:
3664:
3637:(6): 883–887.
3614:
3555:
3512:
3455:
3420:(4): 761–791.
3400:
3369:
3334:
3315:(3): 325–333.
3295:
3288:
3264:
3249:
3234:
3212:
3155:
3126:
3071:
3054:
3016:
2988:
2938:
2931:
2910:
2903:
2880:
2871:
2858:
2851:
2820:
2764:
2742:10.1.1.459.375
2735:(1–2): 53–96.
2710:
2688:
2669:
2626:
2585:
2550:
2514:
2487:(2): 195–202.
2471:
2428:
2401:
2364:
2311:
2266:
2200:
2181:(11): 837–59.
2165:
2130:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2031:
2020:
1994:
1951:
1896:
1869:(12): 942–51.
1850:
1830:10.1086/204785
1824:(5): 591–614.
1801:
1783:
1724:
1667:
1652:
1609:
1564:
1527:(1): 166–175.
1507:
1470:(2): 591–646.
1454:
1445:
1396:
1375:(5): 493–499.
1355:
1320:(2): 534–548.
1300:
1273:
1260:
1245:
1229:
1203:
1146:
1141:10.1037/026218
1119:
1079:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
995:
992:
982:
981:Over-imitation
979:
962:
959:
906:
903:
897:
894:
865:
862:
831:
828:
792:
789:
754:
751:
731:primatologists
707:
704:
688:Albert Bandura
667:
664:
593:Japanese quail
513:imitating the
494:
491:
434:
431:
397:
394:
361:macaque monkey
357:mirror neurons
349:frontal cortex
309:
304:
296:Everett Rogers
205:
202:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
5245:
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5232:
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5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
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5186:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Sign language
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Freudian slip
5008:
5006:
5005:Lie detection
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4984:Mirror neuron
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:Limbic system
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4940:Rett syndrome
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Social skills
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:People skills
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Communication
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4812:
4808:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:Multi-faceted
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Display rules
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4647:Voice quality
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:Body language
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4306:(4): 335–53.
4305:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:(1): e12637.
4155:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4034:9780199890712
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3980:(3): 463–83.
3979:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:(5): 763–81.
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:(4): 507–18.
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:(3): 303–11.
3034:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2967:(2): 107–19.
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:(3): 272–81.
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:(4): 817–31.
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2286:(3): 229–40.
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:(4): 335–53.
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1196:September 28,
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:PsycCRITIQUES
1123:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Copycat crime
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1001:
991:
987:
978:
974:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
934:which affect
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
913:
902:
893:
891:
886:
879:
875:
870:
861:
857:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:imitation in
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
520:
516:
512:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
449:
445:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
402:mirror neuron
393:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
351:and inferior
350:
346:
341:
339:
338:mirror neuron
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:Psychologist
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5000:Cold reading
4993:Applications
4967:Neuroanatomy
4612:Paralanguage
4541:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4367:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4303:
4299:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4153:
4149:
4136:
4124:. Retrieved
4121:Science News
4120:
4110:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4016:
4010:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3804:cite journal
3771:
3767:
3757:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3684:(3): 58–65.
3681:
3677:
3667:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3393:November 20,
3391:. Retrieved
3387:the original
3372:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3274:
3267:
3252:
3237:
3227:November 10,
3225:. Retrieved
3215:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3148:November 14,
3146:. Retrieved
3141:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3032:
3028:
3009:November 10,
3007:. Retrieved
2964:
2960:
2922:
2894:
2874:
2866:
2865:Bandura, A.
2861:
2834:
2790:
2786:
2732:
2728:
2704:
2700:
2682:
2672:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2605:(1): 36–52.
2602:
2598:
2588:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2380:(2): 83–98.
2377:
2373:
2367:
2353:cite journal
2331:(1): 59–71.
2328:
2324:
2314:
2300:cite journal
2283:
2279:
2269:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2146:(5): 450–9.
2143:
2139:
2133:
2114:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2051:(4): i–109.
2048:
2044:
2034:
2025:
2003:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1866:
1862:
1842:the original
1821:
1817:
1804:
1796:the original
1786:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1687:(1): R13–8.
1684:
1680:
1670:
1655:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1222:
1219:Kenneth Kaye
1214:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1166:
1162:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:the original
1101:
1098:Psychologist
1097:
1070:
1005:
999:
997:
988:
984:
975:
964:
940:
920:
916:
908:
899:
887:
883:
858:
854:Kenneth Kaye
852:
845:
841:
833:
817:
813:
809:
807:and others
794:
785:
775:
756:
747:environments
709:
669:
578:
574:intelligence
562:reproduction
546:
538:conspecifics
524:
484:
468:
460:trajectories
453:
438:
436:
399:
391:
384:
372:neuroscience
366:Neurologist
365:
342:
321:
311:
307:Neuroscience
293:
270:
245:Kenneth Kaye
242:
223:
210:anthropology
207:
194:subconscious
177:
176:." The word
153:
152:(from Latin
149:
148:
138:
123:
117:October 2018
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5239:Behaviorism
4979:Limbic lobe
4744:Unconscious
4727:Missed call
4697:Social norm
4672:Conventions
4562:Eye contact
4376:10008100327
4266:: 109–119.
4170:10023/16702
2793:(3): 91–5.
2531:(1): 3–14.
2220:(7): e611.
759:Jean Piaget
739:experiments
696:Associative
680:information
676:associative
487:Carl Zimmer
448:instinctive
281:maladaptive
261:turn-taking
170:information
76:"Imitation"
5228:Categories
5112:Aggressive
5082:Paul Ekman
5065:Key people
5029:Technology
5015:Poker tell
4860:Social cue
4667:Chronemics
4617:Intonation
4461:Modalities
4370:: 516–43.
3475:(2): 230.
1916:: 116102.
1910:NeuroImage
1625:: 169–92.
1289:(3): 258.
1063:References
971:Simon Says
943:analytical
936:reciprocal
824:peek-a-boo
820:pat-a-cake
781:punishment
724:vertebrate
660:scientists
654:and other
633:behavioral
456:chimpanzee
407:intentions
330:ideational
298:pioneered
285:adaptation
277:strategies
192:behavior;
162:traditions
87:newspapers
18:Imitations
5117:Assertive
4925:Fragile X
4910:Aprosodia
4903:Disorders
4850:Semiotics
4778:Deception
4584:Proxemics
4574:Olfaction
4557:Oculesics
4542:Imitation
4225:0956-7976
4178:1363-755X
4084:0027-8424
3904:0147-006X
3865:144120552
3849:0272-4987
3788:0021-9630
3700:216359201
3651:0968-7599
3591:1664-1078
3434:0272-4987
3383:About.com
3329:1090-5138
3113:0036-8075
2815:145596513
2737:CiteSeerX
2417:: 13–23.
2382:CiteSeerX
2175:Behaviour
2073:143644299
1946:201125892
1930:1053-8119
1582:CiteSeerX
1502:118376889
1477:0710.3256
1391:1045-2249
1334:1558-5646
1314:Evolution
1075:imitation
947:cognitive
927:cue-based
912:adulthood
805:Carpenter
801:Tomasello
684:cognitive
570:curiosity
521:, Sweden.
511:Blackbird
376:cognitive
334:ideomotor
289:knowledge
198:mirroring
190:conscious
178:imitation
150:Imitation
4947:Dyssemia
4793:Intimacy
4713:Emoticon
4622:Loudness
4552:Laughter
4488:Kinesics
4479:Blushing
4472:Physical
4406: ?
4328:16183221
4320:17024510
4282:26925719
4233:15447641
4186:29250871
4102:18056814
3994:21280938
3951:27349835
3912:16033325
3857:11765744
3749:19530215
3659:54047060
3609:33192918
3575:: 2961.
3550:17936792
3542:12831120
3507:20148122
3450:36149305
3199:27161497
3049:41793867
2983:10001799
2807:20182847
2759:30219876
2664:56228726
2636:Ethology
2621:15161139
2580:11594496
2509:31623649
2501:10973721
2466:40005662
2254:17622356
2214:PLOS ONE
2160:13000013
1989:16183221
1981:17024510
1938:31446128
1883:17115076
1838:55562574
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