Imitation - Knowledge

869: 892:. The goal of the experiment was to see what happens to toddlers when exposed to aggressive and non-aggressive adults, would the toddlers imitate the behavior of the adults and if so, which gender is more likely to imitate the aggressive adult. In the beginning of the experiment Bandura had several predictions that actually came true. Children exposed to violent adults will imitate the actions of that adult when the adult is not present, boys who had observed an adult of the opposite sex act aggressively are less likely to act violently than those who witnessed a male adult act violently. In fact "boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model behavior aggressively". One fascinating observation was that while boys are likely to imitate physical acts of violence, girls are likely to imitate verbal acts of violence. 973:', a game played with children where they are told to follow the commands given by the adult. In this game, the adult gives the commands and shows the actions; the commands given can either match the action to be done or it will not match the action. The children who imitate the adult who has given the command with the correct action will stay in the game. The children who imitate the command with the wrong action will go out of the game, and this is where the child's automatic imitation comes into play. Psychologically, the visual stimulus being looked upon by the child is being imitated faster than the imitation of the command. In addition, the response times were faster in compatible scenarios than in incompatible scenarios. 901:

This may mean that it is crucial for parents to be cautious as to how they act and behave around their toddlers. Imitation is the toddlers way of confirming and dis-conforming socially acceptable actions in society. Actions like washing dishes, cleaning up the house and doing chores are actions you want your toddlers to imitate. Imitating negative things is something that is never beyond young toddlers. If they are exposed to cursing and violence, it is going to be what the child views as the norm of their world, since imitation is the "mental activity that helps to formulate the conceptions of the world for toddlers". So it is important for parents to be careful what they say or do in front of their children.

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were tested to see if they were able to imitate a smile, a frown and a pout, and a wide-open mouth and eyes. An observer stood behind the experimenter (so he/she couldn't see what facial expressions were being made by the experimenter) and watched only the babies' facial expressions, recording their results. Just by looking only at the babies' faces, the observer was more often able to correctly guess what facial expression was being presented to the child by the experimenter. After the results were calculated, "the researchers concluded that...babies have an innate ability to compare an expression they see with their own sense of muscular feedback from making the movements to match that expression."

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other animals do tend to move with the sentinel form...ou unconsciously imitate . The same thing is also true of various other mannerisms...That is what we call 'imitation,' and what is curious is that there is practically no indication of such behavior on the part of lower forms. You can teach a sparrow to sing as a canary but you have to keep that sparrow constantly listening to a canary. It does not take place readily...in general the taking over of the processes of others is not natural to lower forms. Imitation seems to belong to the human form, where it has reached some sort of independent conscious existence.

799:, ran a series of tasks involving 14-month-old infants to imitate actions they perceived from adults. In this gathering he had concluded that the infants, before trying to reproduce the actions they wish to imitate, somehow revealed an understanding of the intended goal even though they failed to replicate the result wished to be imitated. These task implicated that the infants knew the goal intended. Gergely, Bekkering, and Király (2002) figured that infants not only understand the intended goal but also the intentions of the person they were trying to imitate engaging in "rational imitation", as described by 773:. Imitation serves as both a learning and a social function because new skills and knowledge are acquired, and communication skills are improved by interacting in social and emotional exchanges. It is shown, however, that "children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills." To help children with autism, reciprocal imitation training (RIT) is used. It is a naturalistic imitation intervention that helps teach the social benefits of imitation during play by increasing child responsiveness and by increasing imitative language. 2261: 489:, he looked into a study being done by Derek Lyons, focusing on human evolution, in which he studied a chimpanzee. He first started with showing the chimpanzee how to retrieve food from a box. The chimpanzee soon caught on and did exactly what the scientist just did. They wanted to see if the chimpanzee's brain functioned just like a human brain, so they replicated the experiment using 16 children, following the same procedure; once the children saw how it was done, they followed the same exact steps. 142: 977:

starts to imitate the mother by sweeping the floor. By the children imitating, they are really teaching themselves how to do things without instruction from the parent or guardian. Toddlers love to play the game of house. They picked up on this game of house by television, school or at home; they play the game how they see it. The kids imitate their parents or anybody in their family. In the article it says it is so easy for them to pick up on the things they see on an everyday basis.

498: 324:" (the hierarchical model of action planning) is still valid. On studying the cerebral localization of function, Liepmann postulated that planned or commanded actions were prepared in the parietal lobe of the brain's dominant hemisphere, and also frontally. His most important pioneering work is when extensively studying patients with lesions in these brain areas, he discovered that the patients lost (among other things) the ability to imitate. He was the one who coined the term " 1007:

performance on a standard actions-on-objects task was consistent in one longitudinal study testing participants' ability to complete a target action, with high achievers at 9 months remaining so at 16 months. Gestural development at 9 months was also linked to productive language at 16 months. Researchers now believe that early deferred imitation ability is indicative of early declarative memory, also considered a predictor of productive language development.

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Instead of copying what is currently occurring, individuals repeat the action or behavior later on. It appears that infants show an improving ability for deferred imitation as they get older, especially by 24 months. By 24 months, infants are able to imitate action sequences after a delay of up to three months, meaning that "they're able to generalize knowledge they have gained from one test environment to another and from one test object to another."

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causally meaningful even when the child observes evidence that proves that its performance is unnecessary. It is suggested that over-imitation "may be critical to the transmission of human culture." Experiments done by Lyons et al. (2007) has shown that when there are obvious pedagogical cues, children tend to imitate step by step, including many unnecessary steps; without pedagogical cues, children will simply skip those useless steps.

43: 478:. There remains a problem with such tool (or apparatus) use studies: what animals might learn in such studies need not be the actual behavior patterns (i.e., the actions) that were observed. Instead they might learn about some effects in the environment (i.e., how the tool moves, or how the apparatus works). This type of observational learning, which focuses on results, not actions, has been dubbed emulation (see 783:, are used by people that children imitate to either promote or discontinue behavior. If a child imitates a certain type of behavior or action and the consequences are rewarding, the child is very likely to continue performing the same behavior or action. The behavior "has been reinforced (i.e. strengthened)". However, if the imitation is not accepted and approved by others, then the behavior will be weakened. 787:

McLeod, "these models provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate." Children imitate the behavior they have observed from others, regardless of the gender of the person and whether or not the behavior is gender appropriate. However, it has been proven that children will reproduce the behavior that "its society deems appropriate for its sex."

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demonstrations are all the same. However, in cases where one out of four adults showed a better technique, only 40% actually copied the extra step, as described by Evans, Carpenter and others. Children's imitation is selective, also known as "selective imitation". Studies have shown that children tend to imitate older, competitive, and trustworthy individuals.

826:, as well as imitating familiar gestures, such as clapping hands together or patting a doll's back. At around 18 months, infants will then begin to imitate simple actions they observe adults doing, such as taking a toy phone out of a purse and saying "hello", pretending to sweep with a child-sized broom, as well as imitating using a toy hammer. 458:"Viki." Their study was repeatedly criticized for its subjective interpretations of their subjects' responses. Replications of this study found much lower matching degrees between subjects and models. However, imitation research focusing on the copying fidelity got new momentum from a study by Voelkl and Huber. They analyzed the motion 885:

age differences when it comes to imitation. Research done to judge imitation in toddlers 2–3 years old shows that when faced with certain conditions "2-year-olds displayed more motor imitation than 3-year-olds, and 3-year-olds displayed more verbal-reality imitation than 2-year-olds. Boys displayed more motor imitation than girls."

501: 500: 505: 504: 499: 765:(a period which lasts up to the first two years of a child) begin to imitate observed actions. This is an important stage in the development of a child because the child is beginning to think symbolically, associating behaviors with actions, thus setting the child up for the development of further symbolic thinking. 506: 900:

Imitation plays a major role on how a toddler interprets the world. Much of a child's understanding is derived from imitation, due to a lack of verbal skill imitation in toddlers for communication. It is what connects them to the communicating world, as they continue to grow they begin to learn more.

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developmental psychologist Carol Eckerman did a study on toddlers imitating toddlers and found that at the age of 2 children involve themselves in imitation play to communicate with one another. This can be seen within a culture or across different cultures. 3 common imitative patterns Eckerman found

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However, the idea that imitation is an inborn ability has been recently challenged. A research group from the University of Queensland in Australia carried out the largest-ever longitudinal study of neonatal imitation in humans. One hundred and nine newborns were shown a variety of gestures including

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It has long been claimed that newborn humans imitate bodily gestures and facial expressions as soon as their first few days of life. For example, in a study conducted at the Mailman Centre for Child Development at the University of Miami Medical School, 74 newborn babies (with a mean age of 36 hours)

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is not enough to sustain as a being who can truly imitate. Thorpe defines true imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no instinctive tendency," which is highly debated for its portrayal of imitation as a mindless repeating

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he 'herding' instinct, if reduced down to something concrete in the action of the form itself...this may lead to a stampede in the herd. Something of that sort is involved in the so-called 'sentinel.' One animal, a little more sensitive than the others, lifts his head and starts to run away, and the

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and suggested that it arises out of the child's increasing ability to "form mental representations of behavior performed by others." Deferred imitation is also "the ability to reproduce a previously witnessed action or sequence of actions in the absence of current perceptual support for the action."

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Toddlers love to imitate their parents and help when they can; imitation helps toddlers learn, and through their experiences lasting impressions are made. 12- to 36-month-olds learn by doing, not by watching, and so it is often recommended to be a good role model and caretaker by showing them simple

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tongue protrusion, mouth opening, happy and sad facial expressions, at four time points between one week and 9 weeks of age. The results failed to reveal compelling evidence that newborns imitate: Infants were just as likely to produce matching and non-matching gestures in response to what they saw.

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Naturally, children are surrounded by many different types of people that influence their actions and behaviors, including parents, family members, teachers, peers, and even characters on television programs. These different types of individuals that are observed are called models. According to Saul

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animals, whether imitation is uniquely human, or whether humans do a complex version of what other animals do. The current controversy is partly definitional. Thorndike uses "learning to do an act from seeing it done." It has two major shortcomings: first, by using "seeing" it restricts imitation to

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system. This neuron system allows a person to observe and then recreate the actions of others. Mirror neurons are premotor and parietal cells in the macaque brain that fire when the animal performs a goal directed action and when it sees others performing the same action." Evidence suggests that the

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Children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills. It is unclear whether imitation is mediating these relationships directly, or whether they are due to some other developmental variable that is also reflected in

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will start to imitate their parents by pretending to get ready for work and school and saying the last word(s) of what an adult just said. For example, toddlers may say "bowl" or "a bowl" after they hear someone say, "That's a bowl." They may also imitate the way family members communicate by using

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Imitation and imitative behaviors do not manifest ubiquitously and evenly in all human individuals; some individuals rely more on imitated information than others. Although imitation is very useful when it comes to cognitive learning with toddlers, research has shown that there are some gender and

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An important agenda for infancy is the progressive imitation of higher levels of use of signs, until the ultimate achievement of symbols. The principal role played by parents in this process is their provision of salient models within the facilitating frames that channel the infant's attention and

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A child's deferred imitation ability "to form mental representations of actions occurring in everyday life and their knowledge of communicative gestures" has also been linked to earlier productive language development. Between 9 (preverbal period) and 16 months (verbal period), deferred imitation

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over many successive trials, in which adults' instinctive behavior plays as great a role as that of the infant. These writers assume that evolution would have selected imitative abilities as fit because those who were good at it had a wider arsenal of learned behavior at their disposal, including

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Children are surrounded by many different people, day by day. Their parents make a big impact on them, and usually what the children do is what they have seen their parent do. In this article they found that a child, simply watching its mother sweep the floor, right after soon picks up on it and

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approach, suggesting that reduced imitative capabilities do not affect abilities for expressive social behavior but only the understanding of said social behavior. Social communication is not negatively affected when said communication involves less or no imitation. Children with autism may have

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Over-imitation is "the tendency of young children to copy all of an adult model's actions, even components that are irrelevant for the task at hand." According to this human and cross-cultural phenomenon, a child has a strong tendency to automatically encode the deliberate action of an adult as

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Children with autism exhibit significant impairment in imitation skills. Imitation deficits have been reported on a variety of tasks including symbolic and non-symbolic body movements, symbolic and functional object use, vocalizations, and facial expressions. In contrast, typically-developing

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that pushed a lever in the same direction as their models, though later on they withdrew their claims due to methodological problems in their original setup. By trying to design a testing paradigm that is less arbitrary than pushing a lever to the left or to the right, Custance and co-workers

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However, another study suggests that children do not just "blindly follow the crowd" since they can also be just as discriminating as adults in choosing whether an unnecessary action should be copied or not. They may imitate additional but unnecessary steps to a novel process if the adult

503: 698:, or sometimes referred to as "contiguity", theories suggest that the information required to display certain behaviors does not come from within ourselves but solely from our surroundings and experiences. These theories have not yet provided testable predictions in the field of 856:'s "apprenticeship" theory of imitation rejected assumptions that other authors had made about its development. His research showed that there is no one simple imitation skill with its own course of development. What changes is the type of behavior imitated. 474:

introduced the "artificial fruit" paradigm, where a small object could be opened in different ways to retrieve food placed inside—not unlike a hard-shelled fruit. Using this paradigm, scientists reported evidence for imitation in monkeys and

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children can copy a broad range of novel (as well as familiar) rules from a very early age. Problems with imitation discriminate children with autism from those with other developmental disorders as early as age 2 and continue into

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tendency." This definition is favored by many scholars, though questions have been raised how strictly the term "novel" has to be interpreted and how exactly a performed act has to match the demonstration to count as a copy.

957:– which supposedly depends on the mirror neuron system – is intact in individuals with autism, contrasting with previous studies and suggesting that the mirror neuron system is not inherently broken in autistic individuals. 220:

from one of a few original cultures or several cultures whose influence overlaps geographically. Evolutionary diffusion theory holds that cultures influence one another, but that similar ideas can be developed in isolation.

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the visual domain and excludes, e.g., vocal imitation and, second, it would also include mechanisms such as priming, contagious behavior and social facilitation, which most scientist distinguish as separate forms of

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Whiten, Andrew; Custance, Deborah M.; Gomez, Juan-Carlos; Teixidor, Patricia; Bard, Kim A. (1996). "Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)".

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processes are only selected for when outnumbered or accompanied by asocial learning processes: an over-saturation of imitation and imitating individuals leads humans to collectively copy inefficient

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argues that the evolution of mirror neurons were important in the human acquisition of complex skills such as language and believes the discovery of mirror neurons to be a most important advance in

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Stoinski, Tara S.; Wrate, Joanna L.; Ure, Nicky; Whiten, Andrew (2001). "Imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task".

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Heyes, Cecilia M.; Ray, Elizabeth D. (2000). "What is the Significance of Imitation in Animals?". In Slater, Peter J.B.; Rosenblatt, Jay S.; Snowdon, Charles T.; Roper, Timothy J. (eds.).

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studies, identifying factors in adoption and profiles of adopters of ideas. Imitation mechanisms play a central role in both analytical and empirical models of collective human behavior.

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is given to replicate. The imitation can match the commands with the visual stimulus (compatible) or it cannot match the commands with the visual stimulus (incompatible). For example: '

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processes and observing these behaviors provides incentive to duplicate them. Meaning we already have the codes to recreate any behavior and observing it results in its replication.

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Paralleling these studies, comparative psychologists provided tools or apparatuses that could be handled in different ways. Heyes and co-workers reported evidence for imitation in

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Research has been conducted to locate where in the brain specific parts and neurological systems are activated when humans imitate behaviors and actions of others, discovering a

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Rogers, Sally J.; Hepburn, Susan L.; Stackhouse, Tracy; Wehner, Elizabeth (2003). "Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders".

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is observed in animals specifically how animals learn and adapt through imitation. Ethologists can classify imitation in animals by the learning of certain behaviors from

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Oostenbroek, Janine; Suddendorf, Thomas; Nielsen, Mark; Redshaw, Jonathan; Kennedy-Costantini, Siobhan; Davis, Jacqueline; Clark, Sally; Slaughter, Virginia (May 2016).

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Infants have the ability to reveal an understanding of certain outcomes before they occur, therefore in this sense they can somewhat imitate what they have perceived.

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Custance, Deborah M.; Whiten, Andrew; Bard, Kim A. (1995). "Can Young Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Imitate Arbitrary Actions? Hayes & Hayes (1952) Revisited".

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Soulières, Isabelle; Dawson, Michelle; Samson, Fabienne; Barbeau, Elise B.; Sahyoun, Chérif P.; Strangman, Gary E.; Zeffiro, Thomas A.; Mottron, Laurent (2009).

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Galef, Bennett G. (1998). "Recent progress in studies of imitation and social learning in animals". In Sabourin, Michel; Craik, Fergus; Robert, Michèle (eds.).

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have found imperative evidence that suggest true learning through imitation in animals. The third, population biologists and behavioral ecologists created

3927:"Intact mirror mechanisms for automatic facial emotions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Intact mirror mechanisms in Austism" 4438: 2002:

Mead, George Herbert (2015) . "PART II: MIND 8. Imitation and the Origin of Language". In Morris, Charles W.; Huebner, Daniel R.; Joas, Hans (eds.).

446:. Thorpe suggested defining imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no 3925:

Schulte-Rüther, Martin; Otte, Ellen; Adigüzel, Kübra; Firk, Christine; Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate; Koch, Iring; Konrad, Kerstin (June 28, 2016).

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Custance, Deborah; Whiten, Andrew; Fredman, Tamar (1999). "Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)".

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Heyes, C.M.; Ray, E.D.; Mitchell, C.J.; Nokes, T. (2000). "Stimulus Enhancement: Controls for Social Facilitation and Local Enhancement".

4116: 4256:"Early declarative memory predicts productive language: A longitudinal study of deferred imitation and communication at 9 and 16months" 4956: 3027:

Tomasello, Michael (2006). "Rational Imitation in 12-Month-Old Infants Christiane Schwier, Catharine van Maanen, Malinda Carpenter".

540:. More specifically, these behaviors are usually unique to the species and can be complex in nature and can benefit the individual's 3305:"Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: Asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning" 3137: 4824: 2634:

Tennie, Claudio; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael (2006). "Push or Pull: Imitation vs. Emulation in Great Apes and Human Children".

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No other research is more controversial pertaining gender differences in toddler imitation than renowned psychologist, Bandura's,

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Geiger, Alexander; Bente, Gary; Lammers, Sebastian; Tepest, Ralf; Roth, Daniel; Bzdok, Danilo; Vogeley, Kai (November 15, 2019).

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Iacoboni, M.; Woods, RP; Brass, M; Bekkering, H; Mazziotta, JC; Rizzolatti, G (1999). "Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation".

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whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior. Imitation is also a form of that leads to the "development of

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Patrick, Karen; Richman, Charles L. (1985). "Imitation in Toddlers as a Function of Motor and Verbal Aspects of Modeling".

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the same gestures and words. For example, a toddler will say, "Mommy bye-bye" after the father says, "Mommy went bye-bye."

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also plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive and social communication behaviors, such as language, play, and

568:. Animal imitation can range from survival purpose; imitating as a function of surviving or adapting, to unknown possible 5050: 5040: 930:

significant problems understanding typical social communication not because of inherent social deficits, but because of

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Johnstone, R. A.; Dall, S. R. X.; Giraldeau, Luc–Alain; Valone, Thomas J.; Templeton, Jennifer J. (November 29, 2002).

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easily interact with one another by using a more analytically-centered communication approach rather than an imitative

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of exclusive behaviors. Imitation is not a simple reproduction of what one sees; rather it incorporates intention and

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Crompton, Catherine J.; Sharp, Martha; Axbey, Harriet; Fletcher-Watson, Sue; Flynn, Emma G.; Ropar, Danielle (2020).

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Krützen, Michael; Mann, Janet; Heithaus, Michael R.; Connor, Richard C.; Bejder, Lars; Sherwin, William B. (2005).

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Castellano, Claudio; Fortunato, Santo; Loreto, Vittorio (May 11, 2009). "Statistical physics of social dynamics".

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has to be seen. Though mirror neurons were first discovered in macaques, their discovery also relates to humans.

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Iacoboni, Marco; Dapretto, Mirella (2006). "The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction".

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Hayes and Hayes (1952) used the "do-as-I-do" procedure to demonstrate the imitative abilities of their trained

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Howard, Maureen; Keenen, Michael (Spring 1993). "Outline for a Functional Analysis of Imitation in Animals".

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children, demonstrate reduced activity in the frontal mirror neuron system area when observing or imitating

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Subiaul, Francys; Lurie, Herbert; Romansky, Kathryn; Klein, Tovah; Holmes, David; Terrace, Herbert (2007).

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apraxia. It is in this basic and wider frame of classical neurological knowledge that the discovery of the

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Japanese monkeys have been seen to spontaneously begin washing potatoes after seeing humans washing them.

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Bugnyar, Thomas; Huber, Ludwig (1997). "Push or pull: An experimental study on imitation in marmosets".

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Some scientists believe true imitation is only produced by humans, arguing that simple learning though

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which are typically activated during imitation tasks. It has been suggested that these regions contain

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Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.

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At around eight months, infants will start to copy their child care providers' movements when playing

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have been proven difficult to conclude solid positive results for and poses a difficult question to

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On the contrary, research from the early 21st century suggests that people affected with forms of

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of others. Problems of the mirror neuron system may be correlated with the social inadequacies of

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Heyes, C. "Transformational and Associative Theories of Imitation". MIT Press, 2002, p. 504-505.

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in novel environments and in situations where asocial learning is faster and more advantageous.

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Sundqvist, Annette; Nordqvist, Emelie; Koch, Felix-Sebastian; Heimann, Mikael (November 2016).

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M. Metzmacher, 2016. Imitations et transmission culturelle dans le chant du Pinson des arbres

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Evans, Cara L.; Laland, Kevin N.; Carpenter, Malinda; Kendal, Rachel L. (December 17, 2017).

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In the mid-20th century, social scientists began to study how and why people imitate ideas.

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Scientists debate whether animals can consciously imitate the unconscious incitement from

8: 5045: 4782: 4733: 4681: 3221:"Foundation: Imitation: California infant/toddler learning & development foundations" 2678: 1210: 1031: 232:. However, this claim has been recently challenged by scientific research which observed 173: 172:(behaviors, customs, etc.) between individuals and down generations without the need for 4065: 3480: 3180: 3096: 2647: 2593:

Whiten, Andrew; Horner, Victoria; Litchfield, Carla A.; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah (2004).

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

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Zentall, Thomas R. (2001). "Imitation in Animals: Evidence, Function, and Mechanisms".

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There have been three major developments in the field of animal imitation. The first,

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Hayes, Keith J.; Hayes, Catherine (1952). "Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee".

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Kaye, Kenneth; Marcus, Janet (1981). "Infant imitation: The sensory-motor agenda".

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however have proven more advanced results in imitation, being able to remember and

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behaviors, thereby reducing flexibility to new environmental contexts that require

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Moss, Ellen; Strayer, F. F. (1988). "Imitation is the Greatest form of Flattery".

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Zentall, Thomas R. (2006). "Imitation: Definitions, evidence, and mechanisms".

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This article is about the behaviour in humans and animals. For other uses, see

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Carlson, Neil R.; Buskist, William; Enzle, Michael E.; Heth, C Donald (2005).

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Scholars as well as popular authors have argued that the role of imitation in

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Behaviour in which an individual observes and replicates another's behaviour

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that is required to display certain behavior is created internally through

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Rizzolatti, Giacomo; Craighero, Laila (2004). "The Mirror-Neuron System".

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M. Metzmacher, 1995. La transmission du chant chez le Pinson des arbres (

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mirror neuron system also allows people to comprehend and understand the

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employ imitation to learn hunting and other skills from other dolphins.

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Lyons, Derek E.; Young, Andrew G.; Keil, Frank C. (December 11, 2007).

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Voelkl, Bernhard; Huber, Ludwig (2000). "True imitation in marmosets".

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Plaisted, Kate; O'Riordan, Michelle; Baron-Cohen, Simon (July 1998).

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However, research also suggests that imitative behaviors and other

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Rogers, EM (2010). "Diffusion of innovations". Simon and Schuster.

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were reciprocal imitation, follow-the-leader, and lead-follow.

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and found a high matching degree in their movement patterns.

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There is considerable evidence to support true imitation in

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Before Speech: The beginning of interpersonal communication

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noted that children in a developmental phase he called the

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Baron-Cohen, Simon; Belmonte, Matthew K. (July 21, 2005).

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Autistic individuals are also shown to possess increased

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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

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Das Krankheitsbild der Apraxie (motorische Asymbolie)

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in animals and have yet to conclude strong results.

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Humans are capable of imitating movements, actions,

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Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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DOI: 10.1126/science.198.4312.75 3017: 2325:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2280:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2273: 2088:Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture 1860: 843:tasks like putting on socks or holding a spoon. 525:Imitation in animals is a study in the field of 4054:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2274:Heyes, C. M.; Dawson, G. R.; Nokes, T. (1992). 2045:The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements 1808: 1738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 965:The automatic imitation comes very fast when a 694:" is one example of a transformational theory. 4047: 3972:Heyes, Cecilia (2011). 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Experiments performed on 462:of both model and observer 421:with autism, compared with 247:showed that the ability of 10: 5260: 4692:Interpersonal relationship 4493:Body-to-body communication 4273:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.015 2955:Ingersoll, Brooke (2008). 2751:10.1080/019697201300001812 2423:10.1037/0735-7036.113.1.13 1295:10.1037/0012-1649.17.3.258 1175:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 1104:(4): 294–7. Archived from 864:Gender and age differences 790: 722:in behaviors in different 716:experimental psychologists 591:and more specifically the 382:or learning by imitation. 343:Human brain studies using 32:Imitation (disambiguation) 29: 5183: 5157: 5097: 5090: 5064: 5028: 4992: 4965: 4902: 4898: 4887: 4820: 4809: 4765: 4742: 4705: 4657: 4592: 4471: 4467: 4454: 4357:. Berlin: S. Karger Publ. 4339:. Berlin: S. 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Chicago Press 1982 1215:Mind, Self, and Society 998:Piaget coined the term 923:high-functioning autism 745:in certain manipulated 692:social cognitive theory 643:than any other type of 251:to match the sounds or 5234:Social learning theory 5144:Monastic sign lexicons 4835:Emotional intelligence 4398:, 63 : 123 – 134. 3974:Psychological Bulletin 3379:"Bobo Doll Experiment" 3001:McLeod, S. A. (2011). 2493:10.1006/anbe.2000.1457 2450:10.1006/anbe.1996.0497 2396:10.1006/lmot.1999.1041 1422:10.1098/rstb.2002.1065 1382:10.1093/beheco/9.5.493 1243:, Oxford U. Press 2007 1153: 881: 777:Reinforcement learning 522: 444:observational learning 146: 5134:Impression management 4353:Liepmann, H. (1908). 4344:Liepmann, H. (1905). 4335:Liepmann, H. 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Meltzoff 767:Imitative learning 763:sensorimotor stage 611:have demonstrated 523: 378:functions such as 368:V. S. Ramachandran 318:Hugo Karl Liepmann 147: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 4915:Asperger syndrome 4883: 4882: 4865:Social competence 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4607:Emotional prosody 4513:Subtle expression 4498:Facial expression 4404:Fringilla coelebs 3841:10.1080/713756000 3731:10.1002/hbm.20831 3725:(12): 4082–4107. 3289:978-0-226-42848-2 3175:(10): 1334–1338. 3091:(4568): 179–181. 2932:978-0-205-40386-8 2904:978-0-86377-471-3 2852:978-0-12-004529-7 2097:978-0-08-054131-0 2021:978-0-226-11273-2 1108:on August 3, 2014 951:visual processing 753:Child development 507: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5251: 5095: 5094: 5072:Ray Birdwhistell 4900: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4815:Broader concepts 4811: 4810: 4788:First impression 4469: 4468: 4456: 4455: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4379: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4300:Animal Cognition 4286: 4285: 4275: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4077: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3986:10.1037/a0022288 3969: 3963: 3962: 3943:10.1002/aur.1654 3922: 3916: 3915: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3584: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3389:on March 5, 2016 3385:. Archived from 3377:Cherry, Kendra. 3374: 3368: 3367: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3192: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3076: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2998: 2987: 2986: 2976: 2952: 2937: 2936: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2890: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2830: 2819: 2818: 2782: 2763: 2762: 2744: 2724: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2614: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2481:Animal Behaviour 2476: 2470: 2469: 2438:Animal Behaviour 2433: 2427: 2426: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2152:10.1037/h0053609 2135: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2057:10.1037/h0092987 2036: 2030: 2029: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1961:Animal Cognition 1956: 1950: 1949: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1840:. Archived from 1815: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1761: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1589: 1580:(5449): 2526–8. 1569: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1479: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1250: 1244: 1241:The Meme Machine 1234: 1228: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1160: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1089: 1078: 1072: 706:New developments 672:transformational 508: 264:tool-making and 228:is unique among 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5205: 5196:Mimoplastic art 5179: 5170:Tactile signing 5153: 5086: 5060: 5024: 4988: 4961: 4894: 4879: 4855:Social behavior 4816: 4797: 4761: 4752:Microexpression 4738: 4722:One-bit message 4701: 4653: 4588: 4508:Microexpression 4463: 4450: 4445: 4386: 4294: 4292:Further reading 4289: 4252: 4248: 4211:(10): 694–698. 4197: 4193: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4113: 4109: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4013: 4009: 3970: 3966: 3931:Autism Research 3923: 3919: 3876: 3872: 3821: 3817: 3801: 3800: 3760: 3756: 3711: 3707: 3678:The ASHA Leader 3670: 3666: 3620: 3616: 3561: 3557: 3518: 3514: 3461: 3457: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3375: 3371: 3340: 3336: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3169:Current Biology 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3077: 3073: 3060: 3056: 3025: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2953: 2940: 2933: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2891: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2831: 2822: 2783: 2766: 2725: 2712: 2697: 2690: 2675: 2671: 2642:(12): 1159–69. 2632: 2628: 2591: 2587: 2556: 2552: 2520: 2516: 2477: 2473: 2434: 2430: 2407: 2403: 2387:10.1.1.520.2135 2370: 2366: 2350: 2349: 2317: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2206: 2202: 2171: 2167: 2136: 2132: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2084: 2080: 2037: 2033: 2022: 2000: 1996: 1957: 1953: 1902: 1898: 1875:10.1038/nrn2024 1859: 1852: 1844: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1744:(25): 8939–43. 1730: 1726: 1681:Current Biology 1673: 1669: 1658: 1654: 1615: 1611: 1587:10.1.1.555.8075 1570: 1566: 1513: 1509: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1402: 1398: 1361: 1357: 1306: 1302: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1252:Jared Diamond, 1251: 1247: 1237:Susan Blackmore 1235: 1231: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1193: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1135:(11): 970–971. 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1090: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1042:Copycat suicide 1013: 996: 983: 963: 938:understanding. 907: 898: 872:A small boy of 866: 832: 793: 771:joint attention 755: 743:social learning 708: 700:social learning 668: 627:from what they 576:of the animal. 527:social learning 497: 495: 435: 433:Animal behavior 398: 353:parietal cortex 310: 273:social learning 234:social learning 206: 182:animal training 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5257: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5077:Charles Darwin 5074: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4906: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Affect display 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4659:Social context 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4567:Pupil dilation 4564: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4400: 4385: 4384:External links 4382: 4381: 4380: 4364:Ergebn Ges Med 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4246: 4191: 4133: 4107: 4040: 4033: 4007: 3964: 3937:(2): 298–310. 3917: 3890:(1): 109–126. 3870: 3835:(4): 961–979. 3815: 3774:(5): 765–775. 3754: 3705: 3664: 3637:(6): 883–887. 3614: 3555: 3512: 3455: 3420:(4): 761–791. 3400: 3369: 3334: 3315:(3): 325–333. 3295: 3288: 3264: 3249: 3234: 3212: 3155: 3126: 3071: 3054: 3016: 2988: 2938: 2931: 2910: 2903: 2880: 2871: 2858: 2851: 2820: 2764: 2742:10.1.1.459.375 2735:(1–2): 53–96. 2710: 2688: 2669: 2626: 2585: 2550: 2514: 2487:(2): 195–202. 2471: 2428: 2401: 2364: 2311: 2266: 2200: 2181:(11): 837–59. 2165: 2130: 2103: 2096: 2078: 2031: 2020: 1994: 1951: 1896: 1869:(12): 942–51. 1850: 1830:10.1086/204785 1824:(5): 591–614. 1801: 1783: 1724: 1667: 1652: 1609: 1564: 1527:(1): 166–175. 1507: 1470:(2): 591–646. 1454: 1445: 1396: 1375:(5): 493–499. 1355: 1320:(2): 534–548. 1300: 1273: 1260: 1245: 1229: 1203: 1146: 1141:10.1037/026218 1119: 1079: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1009: 995: 992: 982: 981:Over-imitation 979: 962: 959: 906: 903: 897: 894: 865: 862: 831: 828: 792: 789: 754: 751: 731:primatologists 707: 704: 688:Albert Bandura 667: 664: 593:Japanese quail 513:imitating the 494: 491: 434: 431: 397: 394: 361:macaque monkey 357:mirror neurons 349:frontal cortex 309: 304: 296:Everett Rogers 205: 202: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5256: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Sign language 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Freudian slip 5008: 5006: 5005:Lie detection 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4984:Mirror neuron 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975:Limbic system 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4940:Rett syndrome 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870:Social skills 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:People skills 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830:Communication 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766:Multi-faceted 4764: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4677:Display rules 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4647:Voice quality 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484:Body language 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306:(4): 335–53. 4305: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156:(1): e12637. 4155: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4034:9780199890712 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980:(3): 463–83. 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528:(5): 763–81. 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350:(4): 507–18. 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035:(3): 303–11. 3034: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2967:(2): 107–19. 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566:(3): 272–81. 2565: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:(4): 817–31. 2443: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2286:(3): 229–40. 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1967:(4): 335–53. 1966: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1196:September 28, 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:PsycCRITIQUES 1123: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1037:Copycat crime 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1001: 991: 987: 978: 974: 972: 968: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 934:which affect 933: 928: 924: 919: 915: 913: 902: 893: 891: 886: 879: 875: 870: 861: 857: 855: 851: 848: 844: 840: 837: 827: 825: 821: 816: 812: 808: 806: 802: 798: 788: 784: 782: 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 638: 635:imitation in 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 532: 528: 520: 516: 512: 490: 488: 483: 481: 477: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 452: 449: 445: 440: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 402:mirror neuron 393: 390: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 351:and inferior 350: 346: 341: 339: 338:mirror neuron 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