845:
63:
31:
2396:
2407:
761:
667:
391:
1510:
1480:
1450:
608:, at 36,000 km (22,000 mi), allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for
985:
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation
775:
by detecting changes in the Earth's vegetation, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing the current vegetation state to its long term average. For example, the 2002 oil spill off the
518:
In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company
803:
orbits. A Sun-synchronous orbit passes over each spot on the ground at the same time of day, so that observations from each pass can be more easily compared, since the Sun is in the same spot in each observation. A
530:
observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have significant
784:, which, though not a weather satellite, flies an instrument (ASAR) which can see changes in the sea surface. Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO
1407:
641:) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.
898:
information relating to the characteristics of the Earth and its natural phenomena, including data relating to the state of the environment, is obtained from passive or
593:
is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The
2112:
1133:
570:
spacecraft of
European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE,
1653:
503:, for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's
419:
1569:
1023:
1415:
372:
1282:
Kuznetsov, V.D.; Sinelnikov, V.M.; Alpert, S.N. (June 2015). "Yakov Alpert: Sputnik-1 and the first satellite ionospheric experiment".
567:
1118:
512:
1199:
2090:
1680:
629:
explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book,
2431:
1670:
1605:
1578:
1552:
ITU Radio
Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
1112:
859:
377:
597:
moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in
1159:
1470:
1440:
1690:
1500:
661:
1710:
1184:
539:
412:
367:
35:
17:
1000:
However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio
Regulations.
1144:
964:
1579:
The TIROS I and II Ground
Control Station where the first Earth Observing Satellite (TIROS I) sent it first photos
1357:
633:. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described
1865:
1382:
495:, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the
2240:
2102:
1685:
491:
The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite,
1806:
405:
2436:
2218:
2054:
1648:
96:
1154:
2441:
2290:
2059:
1732:
883:
765:
339:
1179:
2213:
2095:
1833:
1598:
1123:
119:
515:(TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.
2328:
1828:
1816:
1788:
1194:
813:
772:
504:
457:
294:
126:
106:
2332:
2268:
2047:
1949:
1860:
1764:
1737:
1638:
1566:
951:
945:
329:
91:
2380:
2342:
1776:
1695:
1633:
1174:
1138:
638:
485:
311:
298:
101:
81:
74:
733:
flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites.
2230:
2037:
1675:
875:
796:
598:
547:
1541:
earth exploration-satellite service / earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service
2399:
2300:
2283:
1920:
1855:
1848:
1705:
1591:
1317:
1291:
1005:
349:
151:
46:
1539:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.51, definition:
8:
2295:
2273:
2208:
1927:
1771:
1208:
891:
605:
499:. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite,
344:
334:
233:
1295:
844:
2410:
2193:
2119:
1974:
1870:
1722:
1259:
1234:
809:
621:
395:
190:
156:
146:
626:
2406:
2365:
2005:
1900:
1875:
1821:
1811:
1628:
1467:
1264:
1169:
1128:
655:
609:
583:
477:
445:
224:
136:
2278:
2107:
2064:
2030:
1995:
1932:
1885:
1727:
1299:
1254:
1246:
990:
primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
808:
orbit is the closest possible orbit to a circular orbit that is undisturbed by the
737:
258:
207:
62:
912:
such information may be distributed to earth stations within the system concerned;
2323:
2223:
2176:
2074:
2015:
2000:
1954:
1937:
1843:
1838:
1573:
1504:
1444:
1164:
579:
473:
306:
161:
1527:
996:
exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations
2370:
2357:
2250:
2181:
2171:
2156:
2134:
2124:
2020:
2010:
1959:
1880:
531:
481:
301:
1303:
2425:
2318:
2235:
2166:
2129:
1969:
1890:
1754:
1749:
1514:
1484:
1474:
1454:
1437:
1189:
938:
887:
726:
710:
674:
634:
453:
248:
243:
238:
166:
141:
1497:
2375:
2310:
1979:
1964:
1665:
1660:
1343:
1268:
805:
800:
594:
277:
736:
Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic ash cloud from
2203:
2069:
1759:
1742:
1614:
1468:
NOAA Satellites, Scientists
Monitor Mt. St. Helens for Possible Eruption.
590:
520:
465:
461:
202:
54:
30:
1344:"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?"
1250:
909:
similar information is collected from airborne or Earth-based platforms;
2337:
2245:
2188:
2148:
1942:
1643:
1528:
The use of multi-beam
Radarsat-1 satellite imagery for terrain mapping.
919:
This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation.
903:
833:
829:
741:
714:
575:
571:
500:
496:
289:
253:
179:
86:
1386:
1361:
764:
Composite satellite image of the Earth, showing its entire surface in
558:
are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The
2347:
2198:
1915:
1796:
1717:
1700:
828:
Terrain can be mapped from space with the use of satellites, such as
706:
682:
492:
441:
284:
197:
848:
817:
760:
745:
555:
666:
1513:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1483:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1453:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1149:
781:
690:
686:
563:
543:
535:
508:
2161:
2025:
730:
670:
1583:
1036:
401-402 MHz METEOROLOGICAL AIDS
1090:
Standard frequency and time signal-satellite (Earth-to-space)
978:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
899:
777:
698:
694:
559:
551:
527:
449:
894:, which may include links between space stations, in which:
749:
718:
702:
27:
Satellite specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit
1141:- a NASA program comprising a series of satellite missions
697:. These meteorological satellites, however, see more than
2042:
1281:
1233:
Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008).
722:
511:
spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's
744:. Smoke from fires in the western United States such as
456:
and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as
868:
Earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service
538:
maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites
1134:
Earth observation satellites transmission frequencies
986:
might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
993:
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
1385:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from
1360:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from
812:, gravitational attraction from the Sun and Moon,
2423:
1383:"DubaiSat-1, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE"
1358:"DubaiSat-2, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE"
34:Six Earth observation satellites comprising the
795:These types of satellites are almost always in
1014:
1599:
1235:"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites"
1232:
1050:EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
982:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
413:
839:
61:
755:
589:To get global coverage with a low orbit, a
1606:
1592:
771:Other environmental satellites can assist
740:and activity from other volcanoes such as
420:
406:
1258:
1119:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
1052:METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
513:Television Infrared Observation Satellite
1275:
1200:Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
1015:
843:
759:
665:
29:
2091:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1228:
1226:
1224:
973:
915:platform interrogation may be included.
14:
2424:
2113:Psychological and sociological effects
780:was watched carefully by the European
685:that is primarily used to monitor the
1587:
1430:
860:International Telecommunication Union
484:without forming pictures, such as in
468:and others. The most common type are
1324:. New Mexico Museum of Space History
1310:
1221:
1160:List of Earth observation satellites
1073:EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (active)
959:Earth exploration-satellite service
864:Earth exploration-satellite service
38:satellite constellation as of 2014.
24:
1822:Weather and environment monitoring
1414:. 2 September 2016. Archived from
852:Earth exploration-satellite system
662:Satellite temperature measurements
25:
2453:
1560:
1185:Radar earth observation satellite
1056:Mobile except aeronautical mobile
1048:SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth)
932:is classified in accordance with
923:
681:A weather satellite is a type of
637:satellites (first put forward by
480:; some EO satellites may perform
2405:
2395:
2394:
1508:
1478:
1448:
1145:First images of Earth from space
1071:13.4-13.75 GHz
965:Meteorological-satellite service
701:and cloud systems. City lights,
389:
1866:Space launch market competition
1613:
1545:
1533:
1520:
1490:
1180:Microwave radiometer#Spaceborne
644:
586:of various parts of the Earth.
2103:Health threat from cosmic rays
1460:
1400:
1375:
1350:
1336:
438:Earth remote sensing satellite
13:
1:
1214:
622:Remote sensing § History
534:, which makes frequent orbit
2432:Earth observation satellites
1113:Earth observation satellites
1021:
7:
2219:Self-replicating spacecraft
2055:International Space Station
1408:"Introduction to satellite"
1106:
854:in action around the Earth.
631:The Problem of Space Travel
582:(LEO) orbits and providing
434:Earth observation satellite
362:List of space organizations
10:
2458:
1733:Space Liability Convention
1284:Advances in Space Research
1110:
930:radiocommunication service
884:radiocommunication service
823:
766:equirectangular projection
752:have also been monitored.
659:
653:
649:
619:
615:
2389:
2356:
2309:
2261:
2147:
2096:Space adaptation syndrome
2083:
1988:
1908:
1899:
1787:
1621:
1507:Retrieved on 4 July 2008
1477:Retrieved on 4 July 2008
1447:Retrieved on 4 July 2008
1304:10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.033
1124:Data collection satellite
1070:
1035:
840:International regulations
610:meteorological satellites
505:Van Allen radiation belts
1829:Communications satellite
1530:Retrieved on 4 July 2008
1195:Synthetic-aperture radar
936:(article 1) as follows:
814:solar radiation pressure
773:environmental monitoring
756:Environmental monitoring
470:Earth imaging satellites
458:environmental monitoring
2333:reusable launch systems
1950:Extravehicular activity
1861:Commercial use of space
1765:Militarisation of space
1738:Registration Convention
1654:Accidents and incidents
952:Inter-satellite service
946:Fixed-satellite service
810:oblateness of the Earth
725:mapping, boundaries of
92:Timeline of spaceflight
2381:Mission control center
2343:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1777:Billionaire space race
1503:19 August 2008 at the
1175:GNSS radio occultation
1139:Earth Observing System
1017:Allocation to services
921:
855:
768:
678:
639:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
599:Sun-synchronous orbits
486:GNSS radio occultation
396:Spaceflight portal
312:Non-rocket spacelaunch
82:History of spaceflight
66:
39:
2231:Spacecraft propulsion
1681:European Space Agency
934:ITU Radio Regulations
880:
876:ITU Radio Regulations
847:
763:
669:
548:European Space Agency
444:used or designed for
65:
33:
1856:Satellite navigation
1418:on 16 September 2016
1318:"James A. Van Allen"
1006:frequency allocation
974:Frequency allocation
870:) is – according to
715:sand and dust storms
2241:Electric propulsion
1928:Life-support system
1812:Imagery and mapping
1772:Private spaceflight
1567:EO Portal directory
1296:2015AdSpR..55.2833K
1251:10.1511/2008.74.390
1209:Satellite altimetry
878:(RR) – defined as:
776:northwest coast of
606:geostationary orbit
578:are also placed in
234:Apollo Lunar Module
2437:Satellites by type
2194:Robotic spacecraft
2120:Space and survival
1975:Space colonization
1871:Space architecture
1723:Outer Space Treaty
1572:2013-09-23 at the
1443:2008-07-04 at the
1239:American Scientist
1155:Imaging satellites
856:
769:
679:
677:weather satellite.
478:aerial photographs
191:Robotic spacecraft
67:
40:
2442:Satellite imagery
2419:
2418:
2366:Flight controller
2143:
2142:
1901:Human spaceflight
1876:Space exploration
1802:Earth observation
1346:. 18 August 2021.
1322:nmspacemuseum.org
1290:(12): 2833–2839.
1170:Satellite imagery
1129:Earth observation
1104:
1103:
858:According to the
656:Weather satellite
584:satellite imagery
446:Earth observation
430:
429:
324:Spaceflight types
268:
267:
225:Crewed spacecraft
217:
216:
132:Earth observation
18:Imaging satellite
16:(Redirected from
2449:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2108:Space psychology
1933:Animals in space
1906:
1905:
1886:Space technology
1728:Rescue Agreement
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1537:
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1404:
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1334:
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1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1230:
1013:
1012:
961:
890:and one or more
738:Mount St. Helens
580:Low Earth orbits
474:satellite images
422:
415:
408:
394:
393:
392:
219:
218:
208:Cargo spacecraft
185:
184:
42:
41:
21:
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2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2385:
2352:
2324:Escape velocity
2305:
2257:
2224:Space telescope
2177:Reentry capsule
2139:
2079:
1984:
1955:Overview effect
1938:Bioastronautics
1895:
1783:
1617:
1612:
1574:Wayback Machine
1563:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1509:
1505:Wayback Machine
1495:
1491:
1479:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:Wayback Machine
1435:
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1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1280:
1276:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1165:Space telescope
1115:
1111:Main category:
1109:
1089:
1087:
1075:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1037:
976:
957:
941:(article 1.20)
937:
926:
842:
826:
797:Sun-synchronous
791:
787:
758:
664:
658:
652:
647:
627:Herman PotoÄŤnik
624:
618:
550:as well as the
476:, analogous to
426:
390:
388:
383:
382:
363:
355:
354:
325:
317:
316:
307:Escape velocity
302:launch vehicles
280:
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227:
213:
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111:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2402:
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2387:
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2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Ground station
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:Ground segment
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2353:
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2340:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
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2298:
2293:
2291:Interplanetary
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:Geosynchronous
2281:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:Gravity assist
2248:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:Service module
2179:
2174:
2172:Orbital module
2164:
2159:
2157:Launch vehicle
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2135:Space sexology
2132:
2127:
2125:Space medicine
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Weightlessness
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1897:
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1888:
1883:
1881:Space research
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
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1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:Reconnaissance
1814:
1809:
1799:
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1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1768:
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1735:
1730:
1725:
1715:
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1713:
1708:
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1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:European Union
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
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1646:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1562:
1561:External links
1559:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1532:
1526:Grunsky, E.C.
1519:
1489:
1473:2012-09-10 at
1459:
1429:
1399:
1374:
1349:
1335:
1309:
1274:
1245:(5): 390–398.
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:SPACE RESEARCH
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
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1019:
1011:
1010:
1008:
998:
997:
994:
991:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:(article 1.52)
955:
954:(article 1.22)
949:
948:(article 1.21)
925:
924:Classification
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900:active sensors
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654:Main article:
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482:remote sensing
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2311:Space launch
2296:Interstellar
2262:Destinations
2031:Apollo–Soyuz
1980:Space diving
1965:Space toilet
1801:
1789:Applications
1706:Soviet Union
1666:Space policy
1661:Space launch
1551:
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1540:
1535:
1522:
1492:
1462:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
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1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
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1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
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872:Article 1.51
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770:
735:
680:
645:Applications
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625:
603:
595:ground track
588:
540:ERS-1, ERS-2
525:
517:
490:
472:, that take
469:
452:, including
437:
433:
431:
373:Space forces
345:Interstellar
278:Space launch
131:
120:Applications
97:Space probes
2269:Sub-orbital
2204:Space probe
2070:New Shepard
2048:Shuttle–Mir
1807:Archaeology
1760:Space force
1743:Moon Treaty
1615:Spaceflight
1438:Satellites.
1004:Example of
591:polar orbit
521:Planet Labs
466:cartography
462:meteorology
330:Sub-orbital
254:Spaceplanes
203:Space probe
137:Exploration
55:Spaceflight
2426:Categories
2338:Launch pad
2329:Expendable
2279:Geocentric
2246:Solar sail
2189:Spaceplane
2149:Spacecraft
1943:Space suit
1921:commercial
1849:Television
1644:Space Race
1393:2016-07-04
1368:2016-07-04
1215:References
904:satellites
834:TerraSAR-X
830:Radarsat-1
742:Mount Etna
660:See also:
620:See also:
576:DubaiSat-2
572:DubaiSat-1
501:Explorer 1
497:ionosphere
448:(EO) from
295:Expendable
290:Launch pad
180:Spacecraft
162:Telescopes
157:Settlement
152:Navigation
87:Space Race
2348:Spaceport
2199:Satellite
1916:Astronaut
1844:Telephone
1797:Astronomy
1718:Space law
1671:Australia
1031:Region 3
980:Article 5
707:pollution
683:satellite
493:Sputnik 1
442:satellite
378:Companies
285:Spaceport
198:Satellite
142:Espionage
2400:Category
2065:Tiangong
2060:Shenzhou
1989:Programs
1834:Internet
1639:Timeline
1570:Archived
1501:Archived
1498:Drought.
1471:Archived
1441:Archived
1436:NESDIS,
1422:19 April
1269:19498953
1107:See also
1028:Region 2
1024:Region 1
886:between
849:RapidEye
818:air drag
806:"frozen"
801:"frozen"
746:Colorado
556:EUMETSAT
532:air-drag
299:reusable
147:Military
47:a series
45:Part of
2274:Orbital
2075:Artemis
2006:Voskhod
2001:Mercury
1909:General
1649:Records
1634:History
1622:General
1292:Bibcode
1260:2690060
1150:Phi Lab
874:of the
866:(also:
862:(ITU),
824:Mapping
782:ENVISAT
721:cover,
711:auroras
693:of the
691:climate
687:weather
650:Weather
616:History
564:Proba-2
560:Proba-1
544:Envisat
536:reboost
509:TIROS-1
335:Orbital
167:Tourism
75:History
36:A-train
2411:Portal
2404:
2393:
2209:Lander
2162:Rocket
2026:Skylab
2021:Apollo
2011:Gemini
1996:Vostok
1701:Russia
1496:NASA,
1466:NOAA,
1328:14 May
1267:
1257:
1054:Fixed
816:, and
788:and SO
731:energy
699:clouds
671:GOES-8
574:&
507:. The
259:Vostok
2214:Rover
2016:Soyuz
1839:Radio
1696:Japan
1691:India
1676:China
928:This
778:Spain
703:fires
695:Earth
552:MetOp
528:Earth
526:Most
450:orbit
440:is a
2376:Pass
2331:and
1424:2017
1330:2018
1265:PMID
832:and
799:and
750:Utah
748:and
719:snow
689:and
673:, a
568:SMOS
566:and
542:and
297:and
2043:Mir
1300:doi
1255:PMC
1247:doi
902:on
723:ice
546:of
436:or
432:An
2428::
1410:.
1320:.
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1253:.
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1223:^
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