207:
379:. Two other notable sources from this time period are extant: a 185-page word list compiled by Antoine-Robert Le Boullenger with about 3,300 items, along with 42 pages of untranslated religious material, and an anonymous 672-page dictionary probably intended as a field lexicon. Despite representing Miami–Illinois as it was spoken more than three centuries ago, these sources are readily intelligible with a knowledge of modern Miami.
470:
advanced stages of attrition, as seen in
Herbert Bussard's notes on the speech of Ross Bundy (possibly the last speaker in Indiana). The grammatical complexity of Bundy's Miami was significantly reduced and analogised to English in comparison to "standard" (i.e. 19th-century and revitalised) Miami–Illinois. The language as a whole was moribund by the 1930s, and probably no longer natively spoken by the 1970s.
1337:'bead'. Many of these unexpectedly animate nouns have a special significance in traditional Miami–Illinois culture, and the gender assignment for some can be traced back to Proto-Algonquian. A handful of nouns can take either animate or inanimate gender. Categories with unpredictable internal gender assignments include body parts (
1007:'ten' is pronounced . Voiceless vowels, like vowel length and preaspiration, are transcribed irregularly in the Miami–Illinois literature; the French missionary sources usually indicate voiceless vowels, but later Anglo-American sources often ignore them, producing illusory consonant clusters foreign to Miami–Illinois phonology.
1324:
for inanimate nouns. This transparent representation of gender on the noun sets Miami–Illinois apart from many other
Algonquian languages, where deletion of word-final vowels has obscured gender marking. Gender is usually predictable from nature, but some nouns that would be expected to be inanimate
893:
pattern: beginning from the left, odd-numbered short syllables are "weak", while even-numbered syllables are "strong". A syllable with a long vowel is always strong, even at the beginning of a word, and resets the meter for all subsequent syllables. Thus a short vowel that immediately follows a long
382:
Probably obtained from the
Kaskaskia tribe, among whom the French had set up a mission, these documents doubtless approximate the lingua franca of the Illinois Confederation as a whole. Individual tribes within the Confederation, however, may well have spoken distinct dialects or other languages
469:
Due to a comparative lack of contemporary interest in the language, it is difficult to identify the last native speakers of Miami–Illinois in either
Indiana or Oklahoma, or the contexts in which the language last saw everyday use. The documentation of the 1950s and 1960s shows a language in the
318:
language, but that grouping denotes a geographic rather than genetic affiliation. A thorough genetic classification of
Central Algonquian languages has not yet been achieved, and so Miami–Illinois' closest relatives have not been conclusively established. Lexically, Miami–Illinois most closely
425:
The first migrations out of the original Miami–Illinois heartland took place at this time. By 1832, there were virtually no Miami–Illinois speakers in
Illinois; those who had survived the collapse of the previous decades had emigrated to Kansas via Missouri. The formerly diverse tribes of the
1026:
The process of accentuation (heightened syllable prominence) is independent of the strong syllable rule: weak syllables can be accented, and whereas the strong syllable rule applies from left to right, accentuation applies from right to left. The rules of accentuation are as follows:
355:
The history of the Miami–Illinois language prior to revitalization can be divided into three periods: the
Illinois Confederation and early contact, population decline and relocation to Oklahoma in the 19th century, and language loss leading to extinction in the 20th century.
1540:
markers are affixed to the verb instead, matching the subject of the verb with the proximate or obviative noun as necessary. Since most sentences only have a single nominal argument - always a proximate - the obviative is a marked case, unlike the
438:. The Miami proper, meanwhile, split in 1847 between those remaining in northern Indiana and those leaving for Kansas; the latter group moved to the Quapaw Agency in the 1870s, but did not assimilate to the Peoria, and are now incorporated as the
302:. The Myaamia (Miami) Nation of Oklahoma and the Miami Nation of Indians of the State of Indiana (a nonprofit organization) still practice and use their native heritage to teach young and old so they can keep their traditional language alive.
1062:'pipe (obviative)'. This rule is highly unusual, and in its specifics may be unique to Miami–Illinois. Costa (2003) describes it as "vowel retraction", since it pulls the accent one syllable back from its expected place under rule (3).
2568:
346:
of Miami–Illinois is difficult to reconstruct for any historical period, but by the end of the 19th century dialectal diversity was minimal, being limited to a modest three-way division between Peoria, Miami proper, and Wea.
500:, and has developed educational programs. Baldwin's children were raised as native speakers of Miami. Center staff develop language and culture resources using material that is often from translated missionary documents.
449:
The use of the Miami–Illinois language declined precipitously after the migration to
Oklahoma because of the concentration of various tribes, each with a different native language, in a single relatively small area (now
406:, and subsequent Anglo-American colonisation. In contrast to the French missionary literature, Anglo-American documentation of the language from this period varies widely in both extent and quality. The Miami chief
2021:, independent personal pronouns are used far less frequently than in English. Pronouns do not distinguish gender or case; instead, there are distinct forms to isolate a topic (e.g. "by myself") and to make a verb
1733:
co-occur with a possessive prefix or with an indefinite possessor suffix, but require no possessee suffix, while non-dependent nouns can occur without a possessive prefix but often must take the possessee suffix
1441:, homophonous with the animate singular; since plural form takes the same gender as its corresponding singular, the number of a gender-ambivalent noun can occasionally be ambiguous. Some inanimate nouns with a
2506:
Leonard, Wesley Y. (2008). "When is an 'Extinct
Language' not Extinct? Miami, a Formerly Sleeping Language", in Kendall A. King, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Lyn Fogle, Jia Jackie Lou, and Barbara Soukup (eds.),
1710:
nouns in Miami–Illinois. Costa describes the formation of diminutives as "extremely complex - much more irregular than that seen in its closest
Algonquian relatives". The most common diminutive suffix is
2544:
359:
The Miami–Illinois of the first period is recorded primarily by French Catholic missionaries in what is now Illinois, beginning with a collection of prayers, instruction, and catechisms written by
338:
denotes specifically the language common to the Illinois Confederation described in 17th- and 18th-century French missionary sources, and the subsequent dialect of the consolidated Peoria tribe;
342:
denotes the precontact dialects of the Miami, Wea, and Piankeshaw indigenous to Indiana. Due to the low quality of many records and the complex post-contact history of the groups concerned, the
3572:
2576:
371:
in the early 18th century. Based on an analysis of its handwriting, it appears to have been transcribed by his assistant, Jacques Largillier. Gravier's original dictionary is held by
1031:
A syllable with a voiceless vowel can never take an accent, so bisyllabic words with a short first vowel followed by a preaspirate are always accented on the second syllable:
1018:. The contextual rules behind vowel reduction are unclear, and since no other Miami–Illinois text indicates any similar process, it appears to be a case of English influence.
367:'s assistance) in Kaskaskia in the late 17th century. A much more extensive document – an Illinois-French dictionary of nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries – was compiled by
1575:'in the bucket'. Locative marking is mutually exclusive with gender and number marking, so the gender and number of a locative noun can also only be understood by context:
2611:
1545:. As in all Algonquian languages, the choice of which arguments to mark as proximate and which to mark as obviative is determined by complex discourse considerations.
1553:
The locative case marks a noun as characterizing the place at, on, or in which an action occurs. The precise type of position, which is disambiguated by different
513:
a compilation of traditional stories from the Miami and Peoria tribes, recorded in the early 20th century when the language's last native speakers were alive.
1316:
of the noun. It is used to mark either the agent or patient of a verb in sentences with only one expressed noun phrase. Its singular forms regularly end in
2334:
1122:
Miami–Illinois noun inflection distinguishes two genders (animate vs. inanimate), two numbers (singular vs. plural), and four cases (proximate, obviate,
994:'his palate' is pronounced . Since short vowels that follow a long vowel are always weak, these will always undergo devoicing before a preaspirate:
458:. Nonetheless, the Miami–Illinois of this period has left valuable documentation due to the work of trained linguists and ethnographers in the area.
434:, where they would be joined by the Piankeshaw and Wea simultaneously forced out of Indiana. The tribes subsequently amalgamated to form the modern
1765:
of the first person) is marked by a suffix. A representative, but by no means comprehensive, paradigm is illustrated below with the inanimate stem
2750:
Costa, David J. (2017) “Miami-Illinois Word Order: Basic Constituent Order.” Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 349–89. JSTOR,
2856:
2466:
1077:'whooping crane'. Because of rule (1), the accent cannot land on voiceless vowels, and appears simply to ignore them for metrical purposes. Thus
956:) with it before stops, but not before fricatives, which remain distinct from their simple counterparts (perhaps because of the assimilation of
3582:
466:
elicited grammatical material and stories. These relatively long documents are valuable for reconstructing speech patterns in Miami-Illinois.
426:
Illinois Confederation had consolidated, and identified simply as "Peoria" or "Kaskaskia". In 1867, these groups left Kansas and entered the
410:
visit to Philadelphia created some interest in his culture, leading to two word lists of reasonable quality - one apparently commissioned by
1671:, 'to, towards'. In locatives derived from full nouns and intransitive animate verbs, these suffixes must follow the locative suffix (e.g.
2803:(The paper uses the context of Miami language reclamation programmes to examine how gender roles are manifested, understood and promoted.)
3567:
217:
2913:
1130:). Gender is marked only in the proximate case. The endings of the noun, with common allomorphs, are detailed in the table below.
3562:
1725:
Personal possession is marked by prefixation. Nouns are either "dependent" or "nondependent", usually based on whether they are
3552:
2420:
1633:
Nouns, particles, and intransitive animate verbs can all take the locative. The last is a common way of forming place names:
873:
In this article, strong vowels are marked with bold type where relevant, whereas accented vowels carry an acute accent (e.g.
395:
1065:
Otherwise, the accent is placed on every other syllable starting from the end of the world, beginning with the penultimate:
1102:, with particularly complex inflection on the verb. Other characteristically Algonquian features are a distinction between
248:
889:
is in part determined by the "strong syllable rule", which marks the syllables of an underlying phonological word in an
485:
Many Miami members have described the language as "sleeping" rather than "extinct" since it was not irretrievably lost.
394:
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Miami–Illinois people experienced a rapid population decline due to
2835:
2816:
2771:
2741:
497:
473:
The revitalization effort is based on the work of linguist David Costa. Based on his extensive studies, he published
17:
529:
The phonology of Miami–Illinois is typical of a Central Algonquian language, and fairly conservative with regard to
3342:
798:
3223:
2529:
521:, which "pairs Miami-language plant names with elders' descriptions of traditional plant-gathering techniques."
492:. The Center seeks to "deepen Myaamia connections through research, education, and outreach." It is directed by
477:
in 1994 as his Ph.D. dissertation and as a book in 2003. The book reconstructs the structure of Miami–Illinois.
2880:
2342:
415:
2906:
2601:
919:
Initial short (i.e. weak) vowels are frequently deleted in modern Miami, hence the optional initial vowel of
454:). English served naturally as the lingua franca of the Quapaw Agency, and minority languages soon underwent
372:
978:'it is extinguished'. This helps to identify long vowels in texts that mark them irregularly or not at all.
510:
an audio CD set with vocabulary, phrases, conversation, and the Miami origin story and a companion text; and
3401:
3210:
3060:
2372:"Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research"
1554:
911:'raccoon'. The strong syllable rule is necessary to explain the processes of vowel deletion and devoicing.
315:
193:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1371:
1015:
969:
965:
961:
957:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
838:
826:
822:
818:
810:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
761:
753:
749:
742:
738:
731:
696:
672:
667:
662:
644:
639:
627:
620:
615:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
3423:
3310:
3305:
3095:
711:". The 18th-century Illinois recorded in the French mission period also permitted intervocalic clusters -
2292:
The name of the language (as opposed to that of the tribe) is normally not capitalized in written Miami.
1686:
The vocative case indicates the person or thing being addressed. It is formed regularly with the suffix
1536:
of two nominal arguments in a sentence, which is not necessarily either the subject or object. Explicit
414:. The most significant materials of the early 19th century are the linguistic and ethnographic notes of
825:. This segment bears no historical relation to the Proto-Algonquian consonant commonly represented as *
2458:
3505:
1043:'bear'. This proves that accent is determined after the syllable-strength processes described above.
821:; by the time of Gatschet's documentation (1895–1902), it appears to have replaced all instances of
3337:
2899:
3362:
3332:
3322:
3102:
2606:
2429:
2414:
451:
443:
439:
114:
2762:
King, Kendall A.; Schilling-Estes, Natalie; Fogle, Lyn; Lou, Jia Jackie; Souky, Barbara (2008).
2967:
1726:
1099:
459:
283:
97:
3577:
3109:
3082:
1581:
can mean both 'in the house' and 'in the houses'. The regular form of the locative suffix is
1509:. The allomorphy here is determined in the same way as the proximate plural; if a noun takes
886:
376:
3557:
3498:
3015:
3010:
2961:
2930:
1089:'his hair' are accented on the antepenultimate syllables as if the latter were penultimate.
1046:
If a word has a long vowel in the preantepenultimate syllable, the accent is placed on the
817:(1837), this consonant – written as <f> – is only found in the place of preaspirated
431:
403:
251:
139:
8:
3380:
3372:
3347:
3283:
3228:
3187:
3088:
3005:
2953:
2939:
2764:
Sustaining linguistic diversity: endangered and minority languages and language varieties
2509:
Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties
2371:
1011:
608:
360:
787:
and vice versa. Both of these alternations seem to occur more commonly before the vowel
771:
There are a small number of words in the Miami–Illinois language that alternate between
3473:
3417:
3407:
3300:
3180:
3133:
3036:
2751:
2710:
1313:
554:
455:
462:
recorded several examples of connected speech, including mythological narratives, and
185:
3480:
3412:
3352:
3327:
3316:
3269:
3234:
3217:
2870:
2831:
2812:
2782:
2767:
2737:
2714:
2391:
2356:
2022:
2018:
1537:
569:
559:
388:
334:
covers the language varieties spoken by several different groups throughout history.
271:
364:
3429:
3204:
3160:
3116:
3046:
2947:
2794:
2702:
2433:
2383:
728:
549:
530:
489:
463:
427:
411:
104:
727:- in modern Miami. In addition, many consonants and clusters can be followed by a
3517:
3292:
3279:
3144:
3138:
2922:
2886:
1542:
1010:
In the Peoria of Oklahoma resident Nancy Stand, recorded briefly in the 1930s by
700:
634:
564:
368:
324:
311:
134:
126:
2865:
2569:"Breath of Life conference to help California Indians save endangered languages"
198:
3533:
3525:
3456:
3450:
3357:
3151:
2409:
1743:
The primary allomorphs of the first, second, and third possessive prefixes are
576:
2312:
3546:
3262:
3076:
2987:
2978:
2395:
1663:
1653:
1646:
1127:
1123:
890:
708:
493:
435:
407:
295:
291:
57:
3257:
3249:
2437:
496:, who taught himself Miami from historic documents and studies held by the
343:
320:
275:
2798:
2706:
2521:
169:
657:
518:
384:
299:
2875:
2755:
2602:"No loss for words: Movement tries to preserve nearly extinct languages"
3041:
3020:
2783:"Reframing language reclamation programmes for everybody's empowerment"
2631:
2317:
1707:
1462:
1098:
Like all Algonquian languages, the grammar of Miami–Illinois is highly
746:
2387:
2995:
2851:
1762:
1677:'from town'), but most particles can take them without the locative (
1111:
1107:
894:
vowel must always be weak, and words beginning with a long vowel are
846:
693:
287:
178:
162:
952:'he is tall'. Initial vowel deletion appears to take preaspiration (
206:
399:
391:
mentions a Mitchigamea interpreter who understood little Illinois.
259:
255:
239:
87:
79:
67:
2891:
853:
is usually phonetic , but may be pronounced as by some speakers.
1103:
895:
323:; its phonology and morphology, however, are more reminiscent of
263:
71:
813:
was frequently replaced with the interdental fricative . In the
756:, respectively, especially after front and word-initial vowels.
3521:
3000:
1630:. These rules do not predict all locative case forms, however.
981:
Weak vowels followed by a preaspirated consonant are devoiced:
214:
75:
1557:
in English, is in Miami–Illinois simply assumed from context:
2487:
2485:
2483:
3573:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
488:
The Myaamia Center is a joint venture between the tribe and
2761:
2693:
Costa, David (2016). "Diminutive Nouns in Miami–Illinois".
1374:) in the plural, along with or to the exclusion of regular
914:
737:
Obstruents are voiced after nasals. Preaspirated sibilants
310:
Miami–Illinois is an Algonquian language within the larger
267:
83:
2480:
1114:(whether or not the addressee "you" is included in "we").
2511:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 23–33.
279:
2860:(He speaks in the normal way): The Language of the Inoca
2545:"Smithsonian archives preserve lost and dying languages"
442:. The Miami who remained in Indiana now identify as the
972:). By contrast, initial long vowels are never deleted:
422:
written for Protestant missionaries in Kansas in 1837.
1761:
respectively. The number of the possessor (as well as
2459:"The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Volume 59"
1461:'sleds'. Historically, the latter descends from verb
398:, depredations by neighboring tribes (especially the
2625:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2205:
2193:
2186:
2174:
2164:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1640:
1634:
1617:
1607:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1410:. A handful of nouns, including all nouns ending in
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1106:
on both nouns and verbs and a syntactic category of
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1032:
995:
982:
973:
940:
930:
920:
899:
792:
232:
38:
2887:
Miami-Illinois Indigenous Languages Digital Archive
1626:. Both of the latter two allomorphs delete a final
759:
254:language spoken in the United States, primarily in
2632:"Historical Phonology of Miami Illinois Consonants
2413:
2370:Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010).
2359:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
2246:'nobody'. All conjugate for number and obviation:
541:Miami–Illinois distinguishes thirteen consonants:
503:Published language and culture resources include:
2415:"Review: Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary"
2402:
3544:
507:a children's book of Miami language and culture;
1706:There are several different patterns that form
1352:The regular animate proximate plural suffix is
517:A related project at Miami University concerns
498:Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives
213:Miami–Illinois is classified as Extinct by the
2866:OLAC resources in and about the Miami language
2766:. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
1548:
1014:, many vowels appear to be reduced to a schwa
2907:
2636:International Journal of American Linguistics
2595:
2593:
2369:
2286:
1645:'the place where it (the river) is straight;
1593:when the suffix falls on a weak vowel (as in
1050:syllable (the penultimate), if not devoiced:
1521:, it will take the corresponding forms with
1307:
350:
2496:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 30.
2335:"How the Miami Tribe got its language back"
1652:The locative case can be extended with the
868:
383:altogether. The linguistic affinity of the
2914:
2900:
2883:(audio report, The World in Words podcast)
2825:
2590:
2025:. The personal pronouns are listed below.
809:In the Wea dialect of Miami, the sibilant
480:
205:
2881:How the Miami Tribe got its language back
2736:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2542:
2412:(1 September 2004). Rees, Geraint (ed.).
2376:Language Documentation & Conservation
1437:The inanimate proximate plural suffix is
880:
797:, both meaning 'fawn' (Proto-Algonquian *
684:The intervocalic clusters permitted are -
387:in particular has been questioned, since
2830:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
2357:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1717:, which is followed by the case ending.
1587:, with the following common allomorphs:
1445:in the final syllable are suffixed with
915:Vowel deletion, devoicing, and reduction
446:, but lack federal recognition as such.
218:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
27:Algonquian language of the Midwestern US
2809:Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French dictionary
2806:
2780:
2614:from the original on September 20, 2023
2599:
2408:
14:
3545:
2828:Native American place names of Indiana
837:Miami–Illinois has four short vowels,
238:
3583:Languages extinct in the 20th century
2895:
2781:Leonard, Wesley Y. (September 2012).
2731:
2692:
2491:
2421:International Journal of Lexicography
2638:, 57(3):365–393, Retrieved 2011-11-6
857:occupies the non-high front range .
2921:
2522:"Myaamia Center - Miami University"
2017:Since Miami–Illinois is a robustly
1789:Locative ('in ... house / houses')
1532:The obviative case is used for the
1349:'your nose') and names for plants.
783:occurring in the place of expected
24:
3568:Extinct languages of North America
2871:Miami-Illinois on Native Languages
2725:
2532:from the original on Mar 16, 2024.
2469:from the original on June 15, 2023
2306:
865:occupies the non-low back range .
804:
25:
3594:
2845:
1110:. First-person forms distinguish
305:
1312:The proximate case is the basic
861:occupies the high front space .
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2561:
2536:
2514:
1491:; the obviative plural ends in
1473:The obviative singular ends in
1325:are in fact marked as animate:
314:. It is usually described as a
3563:Languages of the United States
2634:, Chicago: David Costa, 1991,
2500:
2451:
2363:
2349:
2327:
2029:Independent personal pronouns
779:in their pronunciations, with
719:-, but these have merged with
13:
1:
2600:Shulman, Robin (2002-06-24).
2543:Gugliotta, Guy (2014-01-20).
2299:
1720:
1701:
707:- clusters are described as "
536:
282:as well as the tribes of the
270:and adjacent areas along the
3553:Central Algonquian languages
2826:McCafferty, Michael (2008).
2575:. 2014-05-26. Archived from
2103:3 ('he, him, she, her, it')
1468:
1465:rather than original nouns.
1134:Miami–Illinois noun endings
1104:animate and inanimate gender
849:variation in vowel quality.
692:-, where C is a non-glottal
524:
7:
3528:language •
3117:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
3096:Massachusett Pidgin English
2876:Miami (Myaamia) on Omniglot
2734:The Miami-Illinois language
2695:Anthropological Linguistics
2494:The Miami-Illinois Language
2012:
1549:Locative and vocative cases
475:The Miami-Illinois Language
10:
3599:
2811:. New York: Carl Masthay.
2656:Costa (2003), pp. 103-106.
2339:Public Radio International
1093:
321:Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo language
3515:
3490:
3465:
3442:
3393:
3371:
3291:
3278:
3248:
3197:
3170:
3126:
3068:
3059:
3029:
2986:
2977:
2938:
2929:
2201:
2182:
2170:
2131:
2128:
2102:
2076:
2050:
2047:
2033:
1985:Indefinite ('someone's')
1984:
1958:
1932:
1877:
1874:
1848:
1822:
1796:
1793:
1779:
1622:for most stems ending in
1308:Proximate case and gender
1200:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1021:
832:
745:frequently assimilate to
418:and an anonymous 42-page
351:History and documentation
204:
192:
176:
160:
155:
123:
113:
103:
93:
63:
53:
46:
37:
32:
3402:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
3343:North of Superior Ojibwa
2732:Costa, David J. (2003).
2279:
1729:or not. Dependent nouns
1529:in the obviative forms.
1416:'berry', pluralise with
1398:'ant' can become either
1117:
869:Suprasegmental processes
325:Ojibwe–Potawatomi–Ottawa
3250:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
2979:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
2607:San Francisco Chronicle
2430:Oxford University Press
2323:(subscription required)
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2222:The other pronouns are
2213:
2206:
2194:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1713:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1641:
1635:
1618:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1364:in the singular end in
1360:
1358:. Some nouns ending in
1354:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1039:
1033:
996:
983:
974:
941:
931:
921:
900:
845:. There is significant
793:
481:Language revitalization
452:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
444:Miami Nation of Indiana
440:Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
233:
39:
3224:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
2807:Masthay, Carl (2002).
1964:awiikawaawi ~ awiikawe
1320:for animate nouns and
881:Strong and weak vowels
841:and four long vowels,
699:and N is a homorganic
284:Illinois Confederation
98:Illinois Confederation
2799:10.1558/genl.v6i2.339
2707:10.1353/anl.2016.0036
2492:Costa, David (2003).
2410:Adelaar, Willem F. H.
2345:on December 14, 2023.
1727:inalienably possessed
760:Alternations between
377:Hartford, Connecticut
3069:Southern New England
2683:Costa (2003), p. 209
2674:Costa (2003), p. 114
2647:Costa (2003), p. 98.
2573:Imperial Valley News
2438:10.1093/ijl/17.3.325
1938:kiikawaawi ~ kiikawe
1692:in the singular and
1683:'from over there').
1612:for stems ending in
1370:(deleting the final
404:Northwest Indian War
3348:Northwestern Ojibwa
3311:Border Lakes Ojibwa
3306:Berens River Ojibwa
3211:Carolina Algonquian
3089:Massachusett Pidgin
2787:Gender and Language
2665:Costa (2003), p. 28
2549:The Washington Post
2463:moses.creighton.edu
2030:
1783:Singular ('house')
1776:
1775:Possessive affixes
1714:-ns ~ -nehs ~ -nihs
1639:'it is straight' ~
1135:
794:apeehsia ~ apeehšia
396:introduced diseases
361:Claude-Jean Allouez
3061:Eastern Algonquian
2862:, Parkland College
2028:
1786:Plural ('houses')
1774:
1740:- when possessed.
1674:minooteen-ink-onci
1662:, 'from', and the
1133:
416:Charles Trowbridge
316:Central Algonquian
3540:
3539:
3534:extinct languages
3438:
3437:
3389:
3388:
3317:Broken Oghibbeway
3244:
3243:
3055:
3054:
2858:Il Parle Illinois
2321:(18th ed., 2015)
2220:
2219:
2019:pro-drop language
2010:
2009:
1343:'your cheek' but
1305:
1304:
875:⟨á⟩
791:. One example is
682:
681:
430:to settle in the
389:Jacques Marquette
272:Mississippi River
243:), also known as
240:[mjɑːmia]
226:
225:
18:Illinois language
16:(Redirected from
3590:
3506:Proto-Algonquian
3338:Nipissing Ojibwa
3289:
3288:
3066:
3065:
2984:
2983:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2841:
2822:
2802:
2777:
2747:
2719:
2718:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2526:Miami University
2518:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2341:. Archived from
2331:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2293:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2264:suffixes, while
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2240:'somebody', and
2239:
2233:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2168:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2031:
2027:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1434:'gooseberries'.
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1136:
1132:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1017:
1012:Charles Voegelin
1006:
993:
977:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
938:
928:
910:
876:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
840:
828:
824:
820:
812:
800:
796:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
763:
755:
751:
744:
740:
733:
698:
674:
669:
664:
646:
641:
629:
622:
617:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
544:
543:
531:Proto-Algonquian
490:Miami University
464:Truman Michelson
428:Indian Territory
412:Thomas Jefferson
286:, including the
242:
236:
220:
209:
188:
172:
165:
129:
119:500 users (2016)
42:
30:
29:
21:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3511:
3491:Proto-languages
3486:
3461:
3434:
3385:
3367:
3274:
3240:
3193:
3166:
3145:Pidgin Delaware
3122:
3051:
3025:
2973:
2925:
2923:Algic languages
2920:
2848:
2838:
2819:
2774:
2744:
2728:
2726:Further reading
2723:
2722:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2579:on June 1, 2014
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2418:. Book Review.
2407:
2403:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2015:
1849:3 ('his, her')
1723:
1704:
1698:in the plural.
1569:'on the hill',
1563:'at the door',
1560:ahkwaanteeminki
1551:
1471:
1386:'bear' becomes
1310:
1120:
1096:
1071:'he is a man',
1024:
917:
885:Miami–Illinois
883:
874:
871:
835:
807:
805:Wea interdental
769:
539:
527:
483:
460:Albert Gatschet
408:Little Turtle's
373:Trinity College
369:Jacques Gravier
363:(possibly with
353:
308:
298:, and possibly
222:
221:
212:
184:
168:
161:
151:
130:
127:Language family
125:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3538:
3537:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3424:Miami–Illinois
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:Western Ojibwa
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Eastern Ojibwa
3330:
3325:
3323:Central Ojibwa
3320:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3258:Mesquakie–Sauk
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3103:Mohegan–Pequot
3099:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2852:Myaamia Center
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2793:(2): 339–367.
2778:
2772:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2701:(4): 381–410.
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2624:
2589:
2560:
2535:
2513:
2499:
2479:
2450:
2401:
2362:
2348:
2326:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2051:1 ('I', 'me')
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1722:
1719:
1703:
1700:
1642:iihkipisinonki
1550:
1547:
1470:
1467:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1274:
1260:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1199:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1119:
1116:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1074:waapíkináahkwa
1063:
1044:
1023:
1020:
916:
913:
882:
879:
870:
867:
834:
831:
806:
803:
768:
758:
680:
679:
677:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
647:
642:
637:
631:
630:
625:
623:
618:
613:
611:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
515:
514:
511:
508:
482:
479:
365:Sébastien Rale
352:
349:
332:Miami–Illinois
319:resembles the
307:
306:Classification
304:
229:Miami–Illinois
224:
223:
211:
210:
202:
201:
199:Miami-Illinois
196:
190:
189:
182:
174:
173:
166:
158:
157:
156:Language codes
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
133:
131:
124:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3595:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:Nawathinehena
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2837:9780252032684
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2818:9780971911307
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2773:9781589011922
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:9780803215146
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2276:are regular.
2274:
2273:moohci aweeya
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2243:moohci aweeya
2238:
2232:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:(unattested)
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1647:Peru, Indiana
1643:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1392:'bears', but
1390:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:citation form
1300:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:agglutinative
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
991:
987:
979:
976:
955:
950:
949:
945:
937:
935:
927:
925:
912:
909:
907:
903:
897:
892:
888:
878:
866:
848:
830:
816:
802:
795:
757:
748:
735:
730:
729:tautosyllabic
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
691:
687:
678:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
650:
648:
643:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
624:
619:
614:
612:
610:
607:
606:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:
542:
534:
532:
522:
520:
512:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
499:
495:
494:Daryl Baldwin
491:
486:
478:
476:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Quapaw Agency
429:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
235:
230:
219:
216:
208:
203:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
164:
159:
154:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
132:
128:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
58:United States
56:
52:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3578:Peoria tribe
3529:
3504:
3497:
3479:
3472:
3449:
3422:
3400:
3315:
3233:
3216:
3209:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3115:
3110:Narragansett
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3083:Massachusett
3075:
2966:
2952:
2857:
2827:
2808:
2790:
2786:
2763:
2733:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2605:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2572:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2525:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2471:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2425:
2419:
2404:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2351:
2343:the original
2338:
2329:
2316:
2308:
2288:
2221:
2147:niiloonaahka
2016:
2004:awiikamaanki
1978:awiikawaanki
1959:3 ('their')
1742:
1730:
1724:
1705:
1685:
1651:
1636:iihkipisinki
1632:
1600:
1596:
1578:wiikiaaminki
1555:prepositions
1552:
1534:less salient
1533:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1472:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1431:kaayominiiki
1351:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1288:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1246:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1192:
1185:
1121:
1097:
1083:'louse' and
1059:ahpwaakánali
1047:
1025:
1009:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
980:
953:
947:
943:
933:
923:
918:
905:
901:
884:
872:
836:
814:
808:
770:
736:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:preaspirated
704:
689:
685:
683:
540:
528:
516:
502:
487:
484:
474:
472:
468:
448:
436:Peoria tribe
424:
419:
393:
381:
358:
354:
344:dialectology
339:
335:
331:
329:
312:Algic family
309:
244:
228:
227:
177:
144:
3558:Miami tribe
3499:Proto-Algic
3172:Nanticockan
3016:Swampy Cree
3011:Plains Cree
2962:Gros Ventre
2443:25 November
2432:: 325–327.
2382:: 269–293.
2202:3 ('they')
2176:kiiyoonaani
2154:niiyoonaani
1952:kiikawaanki
1933:2 ('your')
1926:kiikinaanki
1900:niikinaanki
1823:2 ('your')
1463:participles
1068:illíniiwíta
1056:'raccoon',
939:'tobacco',
658:Approximant
519:ethnobotany
385:Mitchigamea
300:Mitchigamea
3547:Categories
3381:Potawatomi
3373:Potawatomi
3284:Potawatomi
3188:Piscataway
3042:Innu-aimun
3021:Woods Cree
3006:Moose Cree
2954:Besawunena
2931:Algonquian
2618:2010-02-20
2583:2014-06-01
2554:2014-02-27
2473:2022-01-18
2388:10125/4482
2318:Ethnologue
2300:References
2183:2 ('you')
2161:Inclusive
2135:Exclusive
2115:awiilaahka
2077:2 ('you')
2043:Reflexive
1919:kiikinaana
1912:kiikinaani
1907:Inclusive
1893:niikinaana
1886:niikinaani
1881:Exclusive
1878:1 ('our')
1780:Possessor
1721:Possession
1708:diminutive
1702:Diminutive
1606:'house'),
1572:ahkihkonki
1543:absolutive
1158:Inanimate
1141:Proximate
1048:subsequent
847:allophonic
843:/iːeːaːoː/
815:Wea Primer
537:Consonants
420:Wea Primer
266:, western
252:Algonquian
249:indigenous
231:(endonym:
140:Algonquian
3532:indicate
3474:Nansemond
3466:Uncertain
3418:Menominee
3408:Blackfoot
3301:Algonquin
3181:Nanticoke
3127:Delawaran
3037:Atikamekw
2996:East Cree
2940:Arapahoan
2715:148619527
2396:1934-5275
2214:awiiyoowe
2132:1 ('we')
2089:kiilaahka
2063:niilaahka
2048:Singular
2023:reflexive
1868:awiikinki
1797:1 ('my')
1794:Singular
1771:'house'.
1763:clusivity
1680:alik-onci
1469:Obviative
1458:ciimwikia
1449:instead:
1425:ahsapiiki
1407:eelikwaki
1401:eelikooki
1346:kihkiwani
1340:kiloonkwa
1163:Singular
1150:Vocative
1147:Locative
1112:clusivity
1108:obviation
1086:awíilihsa
1080:wáapihkwa
1053:eehsípana
1037:'field',
929:'stump',
799:/apeˑhs-/
697:/pttʃksʃ/
694:obstruent
609:Fricative
525:Phonology
456:attrition
330:The term
288:Kaskaskia
179:Glottolog
163:ISO 639-3
94:Ethnicity
40:Irenweewa
3481:Pamunkey
3413:Cheyenne
3353:Oji-Cree
3328:Chippewa
3270:Kickapoo
3235:Powhatan
3218:Etchemin
3134:Delaware
2756:26559035
2612:Archived
2530:Archived
2467:Archived
2234:'what',
2195:kiiyoowe
2166:kiiloona
2140:niiloona
2122:awiiyawi
2040:"Alone"
2013:Pronouns
1997:awiikima
1990:awiikime
1971:awiikawa
1842:kiikinki
1816:niikinki
1664:allative
1654:ablative
1566:aciyonki
1455:becomes
1452:ciimwiki
1428:'nets',
1389:mahkooki
1331:'hail',
1328:misihkwa
1155:Animate
1144:Obviate
1128:vocative
1124:locative
975:aahteeki
896:trochaic
747:geminate
555:Alveolar
400:Iroquois
336:Illinois
260:Missouri
256:Illinois
247:, is an
186:miam1252
88:Oklahoma
80:Michigan
68:Illinois
3530:Italics
3430:Shawnee
3229:Mi'kmaq
3205:Abenaki
3161:Mahican
3047:Naskapi
2948:Arapaho
2313:Irenwee
2228:'who',
2207:awiilwa
2129:Plural
2096:kiiyawi
2070:niiyawi
2034:Person
1945:kiikawa
1875:Plural
1656:suffix
1395:eelikwa
1334:apikana
1238:Plural
1094:Grammar
942:(is/ih)
887:prosody
723:- and -
715:- and -
570:Glottal
560:Palatal
402:), the
296:Tamaroa
274:by the
264:Indiana
245:Irenwee
234:myaamia
145:Irenwee
115:Revival
105:Extinct
72:Indiana
33:Irenwee
3522:Pidgin
3518:Creole
3443:Others
3394:Others
3358:Ottawa
3293:Ojibwa
3280:Ojibwa
3198:Others
3139:Munsee
3030:Others
3001:Michif
2834:
2815:
2770:
2754:
2740:
2713:
2394:
2267:aweeya
2255:keetwi
2249:aweena
2237:aweeya
2231:keetwi
2225:aweena
2188:kiilwa
2108:awiila
2037:Plain
1861:awiika
1854:awiiki
1755:, and
1619:-yonki
1616:, and
1383:mahkwa
1223:-yonki
1126:, and
1040:mahkwá
1022:Accent
891:iambic
839:/ieao/
833:Vowels
688:- and
550:Labial
292:Peoria
215:UNESCO
76:Kansas
64:Region
3526:Mixed
3457:Yurok
3451:Wiyot
3152:Unami
2752:JSTOR
2711:S2CID
2428:(3).
2280:Notes
2258:take
2082:kiila
2056:niila
1835:kiika
1828:kiiki
1809:niika
1802:niiki
1768:-iik-
1695:-enka
1659:-onci
1609:-onki
1590:-inki
1584:-enki
1518:-iiki
1512:-ooki
1506:-iihi
1503:, or
1500:-oohi
1488:-iili
1485:, or
1482:-ooli
1419:-iiki
1413:-mina
1377:-waki
1367:-ooki
1299:-enka
1291:-iihi
1284:-oohi
1256:-iiki
1249:-ooki
1216:-onki
1209:-inki
1203:-enki
1195:-iili
1188:-ooli
1118:Nouns
701:nasal
635:Nasal
565:Velar
340:Miami
276:Miami
135:Algic
109:1960s
3263:Sauk
3077:Loup
2988:Cree
2832:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2445:2020
2392:ISSN
2270:and
2261:-ii-
2252:and
1731:must
1668:-iši
1624:/Vw/
1614:/Cw/
1538:role
1527:-ii-
1523:-oo-
1494:-ahi
1476:-ali
1361:-Cwa
1355:-aki
1278:-ahi
1243:-aki
1182:-ali
1034:ahkí
1003:hswi
990:hkwi
970:/ʃː/
968:and
966:/sː/
962:/hš/
960:and
958:/hs/
934:hsee
922:(ah)
819:/hs/
775:and
764:and
754:/ʃː/
752:and
750:/sː/
743:/hš/
741:and
739:/hs/
577:Stop
278:and
268:Ohio
84:Ohio
2795:doi
2703:doi
2434:doi
2384:hdl
2315:at
1752:ki-
1746:ni-
1737:-em
1649:'.
1628:/w/
1603:m-i
1597:wii
1525:or
1515:or
1447:-ia
1443:-k-
1404:or
1372:/w/
1270:-ia
1016:/ə/
999:taa
964:to
954:-h-
932:(a)
926:kwi
904:hsi
877:).
863:/o/
859:/i/
855:/e/
851:/a/
827:/θ/
823:/s/
811:/s/
801:).
789:/i/
785:/s/
781:/ʃ/
777:/ʃ/
773:/s/
766:/ʃ/
762:/s/
732:/w/
721:-hp
703:. -
690:-NC
375:in
280:Wea
194:ELP
170:mia
3549::
2789:.
2785:.
2709:.
2699:58
2697:.
2610:.
2604:.
2592:^
2571:.
2547:.
2528:.
2524:.
2482:^
2465:.
2461:.
2426:17
2424:.
2390:.
2378:.
2374:.
2337:.
1758:a-
1749:,
1689:-e
1601:aa
1599:ki
1497:,
1479:.
1439:-a
1422::
1380::
1322:-i
1318:-a
1264:-a
1231:-e
1175:-i
1168:-a
1001:ti
997:ma
988:ka
986:la
948:wa
946:si
944:pe
936:ma
924:ci
908:na
906:pa
902:ee
898::
829:.
734:.
725:hk
717:sk
713:sp
705:hC
686:hC
592:tʃ
533:.
327:.
294:,
290:,
262:,
258:,
237:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
3524:/
3520:/
3282:–
2915:e
2908:t
2901:v
2840:.
2821:.
2801:.
2797::
2791:6
2776:.
2758:.
2746:.
2717:.
2705::
2621:.
2586:.
2557:.
2476:.
2447:.
2436::
2398:.
2386::
2380:4
984:a
673:j
668:l
663:w
645:n
640:m
628:h
621:ʃ
616:s
602:ʔ
597:k
587:t
582:p
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
