616:
2978:
Brinnel, Valery; Burruss, Rick; Cenko, S. Bradley; Coughlin, Michael W.; Cunningham, Virginia; Drake, Andrew; Farrar, Glennys R.; Feeney, Michael; Foley, Ryan J.; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Golkhou, V. Zach; Goobar, Ariel; Graham, Matthew J.; Hammerstein, Erica; Helou, George; Hung, Tiara; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Kong, Albert K. H.; Kupfer, Thomas; Laher, Russ R.; Mahabal, Ashish A.; Masci, Frank J.; Necker, Jannis; Nordin, Jakob; Perley, Daniel A.; Rigault, Mickael; Reusch, Simeon; Rodriguez, Hector; Rojas-Bravo, CĂŠsar; Rusholme, Ben; Shupe, David L.; Singer, Leo P.; Sollerman, Jesper; Soumagnac, Maayane T.; Stern, Daniel; Taggart, Kirsty; van Santen, Jakob; Ward, Charlotte; Woudt, Patrick; Yao, Yuhan (22 February 2021). "A tidal disruption event coincident with a high-energy neutrino".
1049:
607:
rays hitting the far side of the Earth; some unknown fraction may come from astronomical sources, and these neutrinos are the key to IceCube point source searches. Estimates predict the detection of about 75 upgoing neutrinos per day in the fully constructed IceCube detector. The arrival directions of these astrophysical neutrinos are the points with which the IceCube telescope maps the sky. To distinguish these two types of neutrinos statistically, the direction and energy of the incoming neutrino is estimated from its collision by-products. Unexpected excesses in energy or excesses from a given spatial direction indicate an extraterrestrial source.
175:
50:
66:
479:
304:
416:
182:
203:
1063:
955:(normal mass hierarchy), comparable to other results. The measurement was improved using more data in 2017, and in 2019 atmospheric tau neutrino appearance was measured. The latest measurement with improved detector calibration and data processing from 2023 has resulted in more precise values of the oscillation parameters, determining âm
569:
several times before losing enough energy to fall below the
Cherenkov threshold; this means that electron neutrino events cannot typically be used to point back to sources, but they are more likely to be fully contained in the detector, and thus they can be useful for energy studies. These events are
465:
PINGU (Precision IceCube Next
Generation Upgrade) is a proposed extension that will allow detection of low energy neutrinos (GeV energy scale), with uses including determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, precision measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillation (both tau neutrino appearance and muon
406:
As of 2024, plans for further upgrades to the array are in the federal approval process. If approved, the detectors for IceCube2 will each be eight times the size of those currently emplaced. The observatory will be able to detect more sources of particles, and discern their properties more finely at
3044:
Reusch, Simeon; Stein, Robert; Kowalski, Marek; van Velzen, Sjoert; Franckowiak, Anna; Lunardini, Cecilia; Murase, Kohta; Winter, Walter; Miller-Jones, James C. A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Gilfanov, Marat (3 June 2022). "Candidate Tidal
Disruption Event AT2019fdr Coincident with a High-Energy Neutrino".
779:
from atmospheric cosmic ray showers, over a baseline across the Earth. It is most sensitive at ~25 GeV, the energy range for which the DeepCore sub-array has been optimized. DeepCore consists of 6 strings deployed in the 2009â2010 austral summer with a closer horizontal and vertical spacing. In
540:
The signals from the PMTs are digitized and then sent to the surface of the glacier on a cable. These signals are collected in a surface counting house, and some of them are sent north via satellite for further analysis. Since 2014, hard drives rather than tape store the balance of the data which is
744:
with each other at a significant rate. The decay products of this annihilation could decay into neutrinos, which could be observed by IceCube as an excess of neutrinos from the direction of the Sun. This technique of looking for the decay products of WIMP annihilation is called indirect, as opposed
652:
Although IceCube is expected to detect very few neutrinos (relative to the number of photons detected by more traditional telescopes), it should have very high resolution with the ones that it does find. Over several years of operation, it could produce a flux map of the northern hemisphere similar
606:
above the detector. There are about 10 times more cosmic ray muons than neutrino-induced muons observed in IceCube. Most of these can be rejected using the fact that they are traveling downwards. Most of the remaining (up-going) events are from neutrinos, but most of these neutrinos are from cosmic
295:
from
November to February, when permanent sunlight allows for 24-hour drilling. Construction began in 2005, when the first IceCube string was deployed and sufficient data was collected to verify that the optical sensors functioned correctly. In the 2005â2006 season, an additional eight strings were
825:
expected from supernovae have energies well below the IceCube energy cutoff, IceCube could detect a local supernova. It would appear as a detector-wide, brief, correlated rise in noise rates. The supernova would have to be relatively close (within our galaxy) to get enough neutrinos before the 1/r
636:
are larger than the radius of the galaxy), so they are believed to come from extra-galactic sources. Astrophysical events which are cataclysmic enough to create such high energy particles would probably also create high energy neutrinos, which could travel to the Earth with very little deflection,
577:
Tau leptons can also create cascade events; but are short-lived and cannot travel very far before decaying, and are thus usually indistinguishable from electron cascades. A tau could be distinguished from an electron with a "double bang" event, where a cascade is seen both at the tau creation and
2977:
Stein, Robert; Velzen, Sjoert van; Kowalski, Marek; Franckowiak, Anna; Gezari, Suvi; Miller-Jones, James C. A.; Frederick, Sara; Sfaradi, Itai; Bietenholz, Michael F.; Horesh, Assaf; Fender, Rob; Garrappa, Simone; Ahumada, TomĂĄs; Andreoni, Igor; Belicki, Justin; Bellm, Eric C.; BĂśttcher, Markus;
648:
IceCube is more sensitive to point sources in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. It can observe astrophysical neutrino signals from any direction, but neutrinos coming from the direction of the southern hemisphere are swamped by the cosmic-ray muon background. Thus, early
590:
scale energies. Such searches are underway but have not so far isolated a double bang event from background events. Another way to detect lower energy tau neutrinos is through the "double pulse" signature, where a single DOM detect two distinct light arrival times corresponding to the neutrino
591:
interaction and tau decay vertices. One can also use machine learning (ML) techniques, such as
Convolutional Neural Networks, to distinguish the tau neutrino signal. In 2024 the IceCube collaboration published its findings of seven astrophysical tau neutrino candidates using such a technique.
637:
because neutrinos interact so rarely. IceCube could observe these neutrinos: its observable energy range is about 100 GeV to several PeV. The more energetic an event is, the larger volume IceCube may detect it in; in this sense, IceCube is more similar to
Cherenkov telescopes like the
461:. The Deep Core strings are deployed at the center (in the surface plane) of the larger array, deep in the clearest ice at the bottom of the array (between 1760 and 2450 m deep). There are no Deep Core DOMs between 1850 and 2107 m depth, as the ice is not as clear in those layers.
4316:
586:, a tau traveling at near the speed of light would require 20 TeV of energy for every meter traveled. Realistically, an experimenter would need more space than just one DOM to the next to distinguish two cascades, so double bang searches are centered at
4296:
842:
would be a distortion of the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos around 1 TeV, for which IceCube is uniquely positioned to search. This signature would arise from matter effects as atmospheric neutrinos interact with the matter of the Earth.
858:. These could leak into extra dimensions before returning, making them appear to travel faster than the speed of light. An experiment to test this may be possible in the near future. Furthermore, if high energy neutrinos create microscopic
4346:
578:
decay. This is only possible with very high energy taus. Hypothetically, to resolve a tau track, the tau would need to travel at least from one DOM to an adjacent DOM (17 m) before decaying. As the average lifetime of a tau is
4336:
4351:
4331:
2050:
Abbasi, R.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Agarwalla, S. K.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Alameddine, J. M.; Amin, N. M.; Andeen, K.; Anton, G.; ArgĂźelles, C.; Ashida, Y.; Athanasiadou, S.; Axani, S. N.; Bai, X. (20 July 2023).
1912:
Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Al
Samarai, I.; Altmann, D.; Andeen, K.; Anderson, T.; Ansseau, I.; Anton, G.; ArgĂźelles, C.; Auffenberg, J.; Axani, S. (13 February 2018).
4109:
1985:
Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Altmann, D.; Andeen, K.; Anderson, T.; Ansseau, I.; Anton, G.; ArgĂźelles, C.; Auffenberg, J.; Axani, S.; Backes, P. (15 February 2019).
2102:
Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Alispach, C.; Andeen, K.; Anderson, T.; Ansseau, I.; Anton, G.; ArgĂźelles, C.; Auffenberg, J.; Axani, S.; Backes, P. (January 2020).
1857:
Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Altmann, D.; Anderson, T.; Arguelles, C.; Arlen, T. C.; Auffenberg, J.; Bai, X.; Barwick, S. W.; Baum, V.; Bay, R. (7 April 2015).
4301:
556:
IceCube is more sensitive to muons than other charged leptons, because they are the most penetrating and thus have the longest tracks in the detector. Thus, of the neutrino flavors, IceCube is most sensitive to
716:
for this goal. IceCube has not observed any neutrinos in coincidence with gamma ray bursts, but is able to use this search to constrain neutrino flux to values less than those predicted by the current models.
799:
As more data is collected and IceCube measurements are refined further, it may be possible to observe the characteristic modification of the oscillation pattern at ~15 GeV that determines the neutrino
545:
parameters of the incoming neutrino. High-energy neutrinos may cause a large signal in the detector, pointing back to their origin. Clusters of such neutrino directions indicate point sources of neutrinos.
4642:
4271:
888:
A shadowing effect from the Moon has been observed. Cosmic ray protons are blocked by the Moon, creating a deficit of cosmic ray shower muons in the direction of the Moon. A small (under 1%) but robust
966:
In July 2018, the IceCube
Neutrino Observatory announced that they had traced an extremely-high-energy neutrino that hit their detector in September 2017 back to its point of origin in the
271:
DOMs are deployed on strings of 60 modules each at depths between 1,450 and 2,450 meters into holes melted in the ice using a hot water drill. IceCube is designed to look for point sources of
4864:
4038:
4135:
3751:
5037:
3560:
628:
A point source of neutrinos could help explain the mystery of the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. These cosmic rays have energies high enough that they cannot be contained by
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1495:
1387:
4889:
4783:
4778:
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268:(PMT) and a single-board data acquisition computer which sends digital data to the counting house on the surface above the array. IceCube was completed on 18 December 2010.
291:. Collaboration and funding are provided by numerous other universities and research institutions worldwide. Construction of IceCube was only possible during the Antarctic
4963:
4321:
1799:
R. Abbasi; et al. (IceCube
Collaboration) (2010). "Limits on a muon flux from Kaluza-Klein dark matter annihilations in the Sun from the IceCube 22-string detector".
3217:
4286:
2842:"It came from a black hole, and landed in Antarctica - for the first time, astronomers followed cosmic neutrinos into the fire-spitting heart of a supermassive blazar"
2812:
900:
and among those a pair of high energy neutrinos in the peta-electron volt range, making them the highest energy neutrinos discovered to date. The pair were nicknamed
2365:
Abbasi, R.; et al. (IceCube
Collaboration) (2009). "Limits on a muon flux from neutralino annihilations in the Sun with the IceCube 22 string detector".
862:(as predicted by some aspects of string theory) it would create a shower of particles, resulting in an increase of "down" neutrinos while reducing "up" neutrinos.
4281:
4114:
619:
Top-view of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The IceCube-InIce strings and IceTop stations are separated by about 125 meters in a triangular grid pattern.
549:
Each of the above steps requires a certain minimum energy, and thus IceCube is sensitive mostly to high-energy neutrinos, in the range of 10 to about 10
4079:
2105:"Development of an analysis to probe the neutrino mass ordering with atmospheric neutrinos using three years of IceCube DeepCore data: IceCube Collaboration"
1403:
98:
2437:
1470:
Aartsen, M. G.; et al. (Icecube-Gen2 Collaboration) (18 December 2014). "IceCube-Gen2: A Vision for the Future of Neutrino Astronomy in Antarctica".
4326:
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4773:
854:. Many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, including string theory, propose a sterile neutrino; in string theory this is made from a
4725:
4222:
3988:
3631:
846:
The described detection strategy, along with its South Pole position, could allow the detector to provide the first robust experimental evidence of
4442:
3908:
2705:
Aartsen, Mark; et al. (13 July 2018). "Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A".
4291:
2758:
Aartsen, Mark; et al. (13 July 2018). "Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert".
2628:
Aartsen, M.G.; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2014). "Observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in three years of IceCube data".
1736:
R. Abbasi; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2011). "Limits on Neutrino Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the 40 String IceCube Detector".
4341:
174:
3728:
910:
TV show. Later in 2013 the number of detection increased to 37 candidates including a new high energy neutrino at 2000-TeV given the name of "
457:
The Deep Core Low-Energy Extension is a densely instrumented region of the IceCube array which extends the observable energies below 100
4382:
3958:
3832:
3600:
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to direct searches which look for dark matter interacting within a contained, instrumented volume. Solar WIMP searches are more sensitive to
206:
1502:
5057:
4859:
4637:
4462:
4437:
4215:
3407:
3242:
2539:
Aartsen, M.G.; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2013). "Evidence for high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos at the IceCube Detector".
3636:
1637:
R. Abbasi; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2009). "Extending the Search for Neutrino Point Sources with IceCube above the Horizon".
649:
IceCube point source searches focus on the northern hemisphere, and the extension to southern hemisphere point sources takes extra work.
2273:
Abbasi, R.; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2009). "First neutrino point-source results from the 22 string Icecube Detector".
5067:
3873:
1076:
428:
261:
494:, and only interact very rarely with matter through the weak force. When they do react with the molecules of water in the ice via the
3978:
3857:
3847:
3565:
1860:"Determining neutrino oscillation parameters from atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance with three years of IceCube DeepCore data"
615:
4611:
4069:
3335:
4571:
4555:
4533:
3736:
749:-dependent WIMP models than many direct searches, because the Sun is made of lighter elements than direct search detectors (e.g.
708:, indicating the elusive nature of their origin. Data from IceCube is being used in conjunction with gamma-ray satellites like
529:
The detector signatures of the three charged leptons are distinct, and as such it's possible to determine the neutrino flavor of
3953:
1220:
R. Abbasi; et al. (IceCube Collaboration) (2010). "Calibration and Characterization of the IceCube Photomultiplier Tube".
1121:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
4953:
4814:
4692:
4550:
4528:
4372:
3983:
3024:
2205:
1119:
Abbasi, R.; et al. (April 2009). "The IceCube data acquisition system: Signal capture, digitization, and timestamping".
447:
242:
84:
1562:
Meier, Maximilian; Soedingrekso, Jan (2019). "Search for Astrophysical Tau Neutrinos with an Improved Double Pulse Method".
1164:
918:
4884:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4008:
3837:
3626:
3430:
467:
1401:
Aartsen, M. G.; et al. (2013). "Measurement of South Pole ice transparency with the IceCube LED calibration system".
1011:(TDE) AT2019dsg was reported as candidate for a neutrino source and the TDE AT2019fdr as a second candidate in June 2022.
423:
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is composed of several sub-detectors which is also in addition to the main in-ice array.
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238:
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4145:
4064:
2691:
4561:
4140:
4099:
2924:
Aartsen, M. G.; et al. (11 March 2021). "Detection of a particle shower at the Glashow resonance with IceCube".
1709:
1352:
1222:
3163:
Abbasi, R.; et al. (4 November 2022). "Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068".
2603:
4849:
4074:
4003:
3718:
3457:
3400:
3371:
1613:
1326:
1048:
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5042:
4667:
796:. This measurement has since been improved with more data and improved detector calibration and data processing.
713:
2445:
1388:"Federal physics advisory panel recommends funding next-generation IceCube observatory, other major experiments"
4994:
4824:
4819:
4018:
3913:
3610:
827:
442:
on the surface of the glacier, with two detectors approximately above each IceCube string. IceTop is used as a
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1081:
709:
537:
instead, the final state contains no information of the neutrino flavor since no charged lepton was created.
510:) corresponding to the flavor of the neutrino. These charged leptons can, if they are energetic enough, emit
4059:
896:
In November 2013 it was announced that IceCube had detected 28 neutrinos that likely originated outside the
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4417:
4407:
4276:
4196:
4028:
3938:
3888:
3416:
2053:"Measurement of atmospheric neutrino mixing with improved IceCube DeepCore calibration and data processing"
921:
in 2014, using three years of data taken May 2011 to April 2014, including DeepCore, determining
264:(AMANDA), IceCube consists of spherical optical sensors called Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), each with a
91:
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654:
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4544:
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1588:
1022:. It is the second detection by IceCube after TXS 0506+056, and only the fourth known source including
3271:
IceCube Collaboration (29 June 2023). "Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane".
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2151:
1096:
253:
experiment (RE10). Its thousands of sensors are located under the Antarctic ice, distributed over a
2503:
Abbasi, R.; Desiati, P.; DĂaz VĂŠlez, J.C. (2009). "Large scale cosmic ray anisotropy with IceCube".
2250:
Castelvecchi, Davide (8 August 2016). "Icy telescope throws cold water on sterile neutrino theory".
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4377:
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638:
629:
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801:
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2367:
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1639:
1015:
882:
700:. Potentially, the neutrino flux and the gamma ray flux may coincide in certain sources such as
403:
Construction was completed on 17 December 2010. The total cost of the project was $ 279 million.
17:
865:
In 2016, scientists at the IceCube detector did not find any evidence for the sterile neutrino.
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1008:
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annihilation in the Sun. A vision has been presented for a larger observatory, IceCube-Gen2.
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2009:
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sent north once a year via ship. Once the data reaches experimenters, they can reconstruct
265:
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31:
1589:"Scientists may have just caught 7 exotic "ghost particles" as they pierced through Earth"
641:(an array of Cherenkov detecting tanks) than it is to other neutrino experiments, such as
49:
8:
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In June 2023 IceCube identified as a galactic map the neutrino diffuse emission from the
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of a boat traveling faster than the waves it crosses. This light can then be detected by
511:
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2013:
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In November 2022, IceCube announced strong evidence of a neutrino source emitted by the
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1114:
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297:
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The IceCube collaboration has published flux limits for neutrinos from point sources,
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is observed going through IceTop, it cannot be from a neutrino interacting in the ice.
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2813:"Scientists trace high-energy cosmic neutrino to its birthplace | symmetry magazine"
2588:
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Boersma, D.; Gladstone, L.; Karle, A. (2009). "Moon shadow observation by IceCube".
2422:
2314:
2190:
1915:"Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations at 6â56 GeV with IceCube DeepCore"
1785:
1694:
1261:
1109:
4687:
4089:
4013:
3842:
3797:
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3713:
3605:
3300:
3218:"IceCube neutrinos give us first glimpse into the inner depths of an active galaxy"
3190:
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2017:
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839:
804:. This mechanism for determining the mass hierarchy only works as the mixing angle
595:
478:
432:
65:
4207:
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3340:
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701:
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514:. This happens when the charged particle travels through the ice faster than the
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4130:
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2869:"Neutrino that struck Antarctica traced to galaxy 3.7 bn light years away"
2837:
2146:
2022:
1987:
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1434:
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668:
IceCube scientists may have detected their first neutrinos on 29 January 2006.
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515:
292:
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2259:
1004:(formation of the W boson in antineutrino-electron collisions) was announced.
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had been used to locate an object in space, and indicated that a source of
897:
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550:
458:
276:
3140:
3115:
1988:"Measurement of atmospheric tau neutrino appearance with IceCube DeepCore"
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events. On the other hand if the neutrino scattered off the ice via the
287:
IceCube is part of a series of projects developed and supervised by the
215:
4933:
3923:
3827:
3667:
1959:
1564:
Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference â PoS(ICRC2019)
1330:
1019:
974:
890:
878:
859:
737:
633:
603:
566:
507:
415:
246:
3672:
2406:
2351:
1678:
3677:
2502:
2328:
Taboada, I. (2009). "Searches for neutrinos from GRBs with IceCube".
2233:"South Pole Neutrino Detector Could Yield Evidences of String Theory"
1714:
1001:
982:
754:
697:
519:
2232:
757:). IceCube has set better limits with the 22 string detector (about
598:
of muons created not by neutrinos from astrophysical sources but by
419:"Taklampa," one of the Digital Optical Modules of IceCube's hole #85
4672:
4160:
4033:
4023:
3756:
3570:
3415:
3287:
3177:
3059:
2992:
2938:
2901:
2772:
2719:
2069:
2004:
1931:
911:
499:
279:(TeV) range to explore the highest-energy astrophysical processes.
272:
2644:
2604:"Neutrinos from another galaxy have been discovered in Antarctica"
2555:
2516:
2480:
2381:
2289:
2165:
1876:
1815:
1752:
1653:
1476:
1417:
1236:
1133:
1093:, similar neutrino telescopes using deep-sea water instead of ice.
4869:
3998:
2466:
1023:
642:
1614:"IceCube identifies seven astrophysical tau neutrino candidates"
4879:
4191:
3973:
3933:
3918:
3852:
3792:
3766:
1090:
967:
681:
677:
662:
491:
202:
3025:"NASA's Swift Helps Tie Neutrino to Star-shredding Black Hole"
2976:
1353:"World's largest neutrino observatory completed at South Pole"
732:
could be gravitationally captured by massive objects like the
661:, which use particle terminology more like IceCube. Likewise,
3993:
3898:
3893:
3776:
3771:
3746:
3595:
3484:
3043:
2049:
1611:
750:
671:
3360:
2757:
2704:
2101:
1984:
1911:
1856:
1275:
740:. With a high enough density of these particles, they would
4755:
3692:
3687:
3162:
3029:
2923:
917:
IceCube measured 10â100 GeV atmospheric muon neutrino
881:
annihilation in the Sun, with implications for WIMPâproton
780:
2014, DeepCore data was used to determine the mixing angle
689:
685:
503:
451:
250:
134:
5038:
Astronomical telescopes and observatories in the Antarctic
3336:"A New Map of the Universe, Painted With Cosmic Neutrinos"
1118:
826:
distance dependence took over. IceCube is a member of the
3367:
733:
623:
526:
within the digital optical modules making up IceCube.
1710:"Scientists find first neutrinos in 'IceCube' project"
1030:. OKS 1424+240 and GB9 are other possible candidates.
645:(with inward-facing PMTs fixing the fiducial volume).
3270:
1404:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
981:, the results had a statistical significance of 3-3.5
307:
IceCube drilling tower and hose reel in December 2009
1044:
665:
could complete the map for the southern hemisphere.
181:
4237:
574:"-like; muon neutrino events are more track-like.
1561:
1496:"IceCube: A Kilometer-Scale Neutrino Observatory"
482:Three dimensional layout of the neutrino detector
446:detector, for cosmic ray composition studies and
30:"IceCube" redirects here. For the satellite, see
5029:
720:
3417:Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities
1612:Pennsylvania State University (13 March 2024),
435:for IceCube. AMANDA was turned off in May 2009.
431:, was the first part built, and it served as a
2149:(2008). "The SuperNova Early Warning System".
767:of the full detector) than the AMANDA limits.
54:IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole
4223:
3401:
2627:
2538:
3264:
2897:"Source of cosmic 'ghost' particle revealed"
2830:
2601:
2249:
2145:
1707:
1630:
1302:
1586:
977:away in the direction of the constellation
466:neutrino disappearance), and searching for
4230:
4216:
4177:BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)
3408:
3394:
3241:
3023:Jeanette, Kazmierczak (22 February 2021).
2970:
1382:
1380:
1077:Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array
672:Gamma-ray bursts coincident with neutrinos
498:interaction, they create charged leptons (
429:Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array
262:Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array
64:
48:
3286:
3176:
3139:
3058:
2991:
2937:
2771:
2718:
2643:
2554:
2515:
2479:
2380:
2288:
2164:
2130:
2120:
2086:
2068:
2031:
2021:
2003:
1958:
1948:
1930:
1893:
1875:
1814:
1798:
1751:
1735:
1652:
1636:
1571:
1490:
1475:
1416:
1235:
1219:
1132:
963:) = 0.51 Âą 0.05 (normal mass hierarchy).
570:more spherical, or "cascade"-like, than "
473:
3113:
3022:
2203:
1457:"IceCube looks to the future with PINGU"
1305:"IceCube - One hole done, 79 more to go"
893:has been observed in cosmic ray muons.
770:
614:
477:
414:
302:
190:Location of IceCube Neutrino Observatory
2917:
2836:
2438:"APS 2009: The muon shadow of the Moon"
2327:
1484:
1469:
1400:
1377:
14:
5030:
3333:
2810:
2364:
2272:
816:
624:Point sources of high energy neutrinos
4815:Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
4693:Wisconsin School (diplomatic history)
4211:
3389:
3215:
2045:
2043:
1980:
1978:
1907:
1905:
1852:
1850:
1296:
610:
407:both lower and higher energy levels.
296:deployed, making IceCube the largest
4885:Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
4458:Space Science and Engineering Center
2435:
2206:"At last, a way to test time travel"
1327:"IceCube Neutrino Detector COMPLETE"
833:
3116:"Neutrinos from a Black Hole Snack"
2507:International Cosmic Ray Conference
2471:International Cosmic Ray Conference
1037:at the 4.5Ď level of significance.
726:Weakly interacting massive particle
27:Neutrino detector at the South Pole
24:
4900:Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery
2040:
1975:
1902:
1847:
653:to existing maps like that of the
25:
5084:
5068:2010 establishments in Antarctica
4302:Journalism and Mass Communication
4141:Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment
3352:
1708:K. Mizoguchi (17 February 2006).
1223:Nuclear Instruments and Methods A
985:. This was the first time that a
959:= (2.41 ¹ 0.07) à 10 eV and sin(θ
821:Despite the fact that individual
696:whereas neutral pions decay into
680:collide with one another or with
243:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
85:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
4850:Morgridge Institute for Research
2811:Jepsen, Kathryn (12 July 2018).
1303:K. Hutchison (24 October 2005).
1165:"Recognized Experiments at CERN"
1061:
1047:
561:. An electron resulting from an
438:The IceTop array is a series of
410:
260:Similar to its predecessor, the
201:
180:
173:
5058:University of WisconsinâMadison
4668:Teaching Assistants Association
4317:Library and Information Studies
4240:University of WisconsinâMadison
3334:Lewton, Thomas (29 June 2023).
3327:
3235:
3209:
3156:
3107:
3037:
3016:
2889:
2861:
2804:
2751:
2698:
2692:"Big Bird joins Bert and Ernie"
2684:
2621:
2595:
2532:
2496:
2460:
2429:
2358:
2321:
2266:
2243:
2225:
2197:
2139:
2109:The European Physical Journal C
2095:
1792:
1729:
1701:
1605:
1580:
1555:
1520:
1463:
1449:
1394:
1363:
1199:The CERN Experimental Programme
289:University of WisconsinâMadison
282:
239:University of WisconsinâMadison
4995:University of Wisconsin System
4825:History of Cartography Project
4820:Helically Symmetric Experiment
4272:Agricultural and Life Sciences
3114:Buchanan, Mark (3 June 2022).
3077:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.221101
2662:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.101101
2602:Devorsky, G. (26 April 2013).
2399:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.201302
2122:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7555-0
1950:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.071801
1770:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.141101
1671:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.221102
1345:
1319:
1282:
1276:"IceCube Neutrino Observatory"
1268:
1213:
1187:
1169:The CERN Scientific Committees
1157:
1082:Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment
828:Supernova Early Warning System
249:. The project is a recognized
13:
1:
3458:LedermanâSchwartzâSteinberger
2276:Astrophysical Journal Letters
1587:Lea, Robert (14 March 2024),
1307:(Press release). SpaceRef.com
1195:"RE10/ICECUBE : IceCube"
1102:
721:Indirect dark matter searches
4830:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
4597:University Ridge Golf Course
4483:Synchrotron Radiation Center
4408:DeLuca Biochemistry Building
4197:List of neutrino experiments
1371:"Frequently Asked Questions"
904:, after characters from the
688:. Charged pions decay into
227:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
43:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
7:
4855:Pegasus Toroidal Experiment
2442:blogs.nature.com/news/blog/
2307:10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/L47
2088:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.012014
1040:
655:cosmic microwave background
518:in the ice, similar to the
10:
5089:
4964:Undergraduate Projects Lab
4895:Wisconsin Energy Institute
4322:Medicine and Public Health
3010:10.1038/s41550-020-01295-8
2956:10.1038/s41586-021-03256-1
2331:AIP Conference Proceedings
2023:10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032007
1895:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.072004
1833:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.057101
1435:10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.054
1254:10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102
1151:10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.001
868:
29:
5011:
4987:
4908:
4860:UW Hospital & Clinics
4792:
4774:Alumni, faculty and staff
4764:
4701:
4625:
4511:
4428:Lakeshore Nature Preserve
4360:
4262:
4247:
4169:
4123:
4047:
3866:
3810:
3785:
3727:
3706:
3650:
3619:
3541:
3526:
3423:
3216:Staff (3 November 2022).
2260:10.1038/nature.2016.20382
2152:Astronomische Nachrichten
996:In 2020, evidence of the
973:located 5.7 billion
212:
199:
168:
154:
150:
145:
129:
90:
80:
72:
59:
47:
4865:University Research Park
4378:Allen Centennial Gardens
2817:www.symmetrymagazine.org
2505:Proceedings of the 31st
2469:Proceedings of the 31st
2204:M. Chown (22 May 2006).
1097:Multimessenger astronomy
684:, the result is usually
639:Pierre Auger Observatory
630:galactic magnetic fields
207:Related media on Commons
4974:Wisconsin Film Festival
4840:Madison Symmetric Torus
4653:Single-grain experiment
4503:Wisconsin Union Theater
3305:10.1126/science.adc9818
3195:10.1126/science.abg3395
3047:Physical Review Letters
2790:10.1126/science.aat2890
2737:10.1126/science.aat1378
2631:Physical Review Letters
2573:10.1126/science.1242856
2436:Hand, E. (3 May 2009).
2368:Physical Review Letters
1919:Physical Review Letters
1739:Physical Review Letters
1640:Physical Review Letters
1016:active galactic nucleus
241:and constructed at the
5063:Cosmic-ray experiments
5043:Neutrino observatories
4743:The Wisconsin Engineer
4683:Wisconsin Idea Theatre
4453:Pine Bluff Observatory
2183:10.1002/asna.200710934
1537:) Ă average lifetime (
1171:. CERN. Archived from
1009:tidal disruption event
1007:In February 2021, the
736:and accumulate in the
620:
483:
474:Experimental mechanism
420:
308:
60:Alternative names
4805:Carbone Cancer Center
4663:Sterling Hall bombing
4648:Sifting and winnowing
4297:International Studies
3141:10.1103/Physics.15.77
993:had been identified.
777:neutrino oscillations
771:Neutrino oscillations
618:
524:photomultiplier tubes
481:
418:
306:
114:89.99000°S 63.45306°W
76:IceCube collaboration
5053:Particle experiments
4810:Center for Limnology
4750:Wisconsin Law Review
4726:Scandinavian Studies
4638:Experimental College
4493:Washburn Observatory
4398:Chazen Museum of Art
3512:Neutrino oscillation
923:neutrino oscillation
775:IceCube can observe
659:gamma ray telescopes
266:photomultiplier tube
235:neutrino observatory
119:-89.99000; -63.45306
32:IceCube (spacecraft)
4939:Iron Shield Society
4919:Fundamentally Sound
4352:Veterinary Medicine
4312:Letters and Science
4182:Kamioka Observatory
3297:2023Sci...380.1338I
3281:(6652): 1338â1343.
3187:2022Sci...378..538I
3132:2022PhyOJ..15...77B
3069:2022PhRvL.128v1101R
3002:2021NatAs...5..510S
2948:2021Natur.591..220I
2782:2018Sci...361..147I
2729:2018Sci...361.1378I
2694:. 27 November 2013.
2654:2014PhRvL.113j1101A
2565:2013Sci...342E...1I
2526:2009arXiv0907.0498A
2490:2010arXiv1002.4900B
2391:2009PhRvL.102t1302A
2344:2009AIPC.1133..431T
2299:2009ApJ...701L..47A
2175:2008AN....329..337S
2079:2023PhRvD.108a2014A
2014:2019PhRvD..99c2007A
1941:2018PhRvL.120g1801A
1886:2015PhRvD..91g2004A
1825:2010PhRvD..81e7101A
1762:2011PhRvL.106n1101A
1663:2009PhRvL.103v1102A
1573:10.22323/1.358.0960
1508:on 9 September 2006
1459:. 30 December 2013.
1427:2013NIMPA.711...73A
1333:on 25 December 2010
1278:. 20 December 2023.
1246:2010NIMPA.618..139A
1143:2009NIMPA.601..294A
817:Galactic supernovae
789:and mass splitting
512:Cherenkov radiation
440:Cherenkov detectors
110: /
63:IceCube Laboratory
44:
5048:Neutrino astronomy
5004:(1979 documentary)
4845:McArdle Laboratory
4719:The Daily Cardinal
4255:Madison, Wisconsin
3085:20.500.11937/90027
2847:The New York Times
2239:. 26 January 2006.
1390:. 8 December 2023.
1290:"Institution List"
902:"Bert" and "Ernie"
706:supernova remnants
621:
611:Experimental goals
484:
421:
317:Strings Installed
309:
298:neutrino telescope
42:
5025:
5024:
4712:The Badger Herald
4612:Paul Bunyan's Axe
4205:
4204:
3939:Heidelberg-Moscow
3806:
3805:
3663:ICARUS (Fermilab)
3377:IceCube expermint
3171:(6619): 538â543.
2932:(7849): 220â224.
2766:(6398): 147â151.
2549:(6161): 1242856.
2352:10.1063/1.3155942
2057:Physical Review D
1992:Physical Review D
1864:Physical Review D
1802:Physical Review D
998:Glashow resonance
987:neutrino detector
940:à 10 eV and sin(θ
840:sterile neutrinos
834:Sterile neutrinos
594:There is a large
563:electron neutrino
444:cosmic ray shower
401:
400:
237:developed by the
223:
222:
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
5080:
5073:CERN experiments
4767:
4688:Wisconsin school
4643:Past Chancellors
4617:Heartland Trophy
4515:
4373:Agriculture Hall
4256:
4241:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4090:Neutrino Factory
3843:Hyper-Kamiokande
3606:Super-Kamiokande
3539:
3538:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3364:
3363:
3361:Official website
3346:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3290:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3247:"AAS 240: Day 3"
3245:(16 June 2022).
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3062:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2995:
2980:Nature Astronomy
2974:
2968:
2967:
2941:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2840:(12 July 2018).
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2647:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2558:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2510:. ĹĂłdĹş, Poland.
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2474:. ĹĂłdĹş, Poland.
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2444:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2426:
2384:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2292:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2168:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2072:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2007:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1934:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1879:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1818:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1755:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1656:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1526:Speed of light (
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1420:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1329:. Archived from
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1239:
1230:(1â3): 139â152.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1116:
1071:
1069:Astronomy portal
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1051:
954:
953:
952:
939:
938:
937:
875:gamma-ray bursts
848:extra dimensions
766:
765:
761:
702:gamma-ray bursts
585:
583:
565:event typically
448:coincident event
433:proof-of-concept
311:
310:
277:teraelectronvolt
216:edit on Wikidata
205:
184:
183:
177:
152:
151:
141:
138:
136:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
68:
52:
45:
41:
21:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5007:
5001:The War at Home
4983:
4979:Wisconsin Union
4904:
4875:WIYN Consortium
4788:
4765:
4760:
4703:
4697:
4621:
4513:
4507:
4418:Heating Station
4393:Chamberlin Hall
4368:Abraham's Woods
4356:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4206:
4201:
4165:
4119:
4043:
3862:
3802:
3781:
3723:
3702:
3646:
3615:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3419:
3414:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3341:Quanta Magazine
3332:
3328:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3214:
3210:
3161:
3157:
3112:
3108:
3042:
3038:
3021:
3017:
2975:
2971:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2838:Overbye, Dennis
2835:
2831:
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2809:
2805:
2756:
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2703:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
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2600:
2596:
2537:
2533:
2501:
2497:
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2359:
2326:
2322:
2271:
2267:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2144:
2140:
2100:
2096:
2048:
2041:
2033:1721.1/132130.2
1983:
1976:
1910:
1903:
1855:
1848:
1797:
1793:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1706:
1702:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1566:. p. 960.
1560:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1455:
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1450:
1399:
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1378:
1369:
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1364:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
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1301:
1297:
1288:
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1274:
1273:
1269:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1175:on 13 June 2019
1163:
1162:
1158:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1028:solar neutrinos
962:
958:
950:
948:
947:
945:
943:
935:
933:
932:
930:
928:
871:
838:A signature of
836:
819:
811:
795:
787:
773:
763:
759:
758:
738:core of the Sun
723:
674:
626:
613:
581:
579:
535:neutral current
531:charged current
496:charged current
476:
413:
285:
255:cubic kilometer
219:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
133:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
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96:
55:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5086:
5076:
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5070:
5065:
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5055:
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5045:
5040:
5023:
5022:
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5019:
5012:
5009:
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5006:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4959:On, Wisconsin!
4956:
4951:
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4906:
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4707:
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4678:Wisconsin Idea
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4509:
4508:
4506:
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4500:
4498:Weinert Center
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Stock Pavilion
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Memorial Union
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Geology Museum
4410:
4405:
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4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
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4349:
4344:
4342:Public Affairs
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
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4151:NESTOR Project
4148:
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4133:
4131:DUMAND Project
4127:
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3568:
3563:
3558:
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3545:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:neutrino burst
3514:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3455:
3447:
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3427:
3425:
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3405:
3398:
3390:
3384:
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3365:
3354:
3353:External links
3351:
3348:
3347:
3326:
3263:
3234:
3208:
3155:
3106:
3053:(22): 221101.
3036:
3015:
2986:(5): 510â518.
2969:
2916:
2905:. 12 July 2018
2888:
2877:. 12 July 2018
2860:
2829:
2803:
2750:
2697:
2683:
2638:(10): 101101.
2620:
2594:
2531:
2495:
2459:
2448:on 14 May 2009
2428:
2375:(20): 201302.
2357:
2320:
2283:(1): L47âL51.
2265:
2242:
2224:
2196:
2159:(3): 337â339.
2138:
2094:
2039:
1974:
1901:
1846:
1791:
1746:(14): 141101.
1728:
1700:
1647:(22): 221102.
1629:
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1393:
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1212:
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1156:
1127:(3): 294â316.
1107:
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1101:
1100:
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1058:
1055:Physics portal
1042:
1039:
1035:Galactic plane
960:
956:
941:
926:
870:
867:
835:
832:
818:
815:
809:
802:mass hierarchy
793:
785:
772:
769:
722:
719:
694:muon neutrinos
673:
670:
625:
622:
612:
609:
602:impacting the
559:muon neutrinos
516:speed of light
486:Neutrinos are
475:
472:
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455:
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329:
326:
322:
321:
320:Total Strings
318:
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300:in the world.
293:austral summer
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4954:Marching Band
4952:
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4835:Law in Action
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4658:Slab of Bacon
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4292:Human Ecology
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3431:CowanâReines
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283:Construction
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4582:Field House
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4388:Bascom Hill
4347:Social Work
4287:Engineering
4265:and schools
3752:KamLAND-Zen
3651:Accelerator
3529:(divided by
3424:Discoveries
3381:INSPIRE-HEP
3256:23 November
3227:23 November
2613:29 December
2338:: 431â433.
2237:PhysOrg.com
1960:2440/111549
991:cosmic rays
975:light-years
860:black holes
730:dark matter
600:cosmic rays
543:kinematical
229:(or simply
117: /
92:Coordinates
39:Observatory
5032:Categories
4949:MadHatters
4934:Humorology
4572:Volleyball
4448:North Hall
4403:Dairy Barn
4250:Located in
3969:Kamiokande
3924:Gargamelle
3828:Baikal-GVD
3683:NA61/SHINE
3668:MicroBooNE
3379:record on
3288:2307.04427
3243:Astrobites
3178:2211.09972
3060:2111.09390
2993:2005.05340
2939:2110.15051
2773:1807.08794
2720:1807.08816
2452:15 October
2407:2440/76774
2217:15 October
2070:2304.12236
2005:1901.05366
1932:1707.07081
1721:15 October
1679:2440/76771
1512:15 October
1311:15 October
1205:21 January
1179:21 January
1103:References
1020:Messier 77
891:anisotropy
879:neutralino
813:is large.
742:annihilate
698:gamma rays
604:atmosphere
596:background
380:2009â2010
369:2008â2009
358:2007â2008
347:2006â2007
336:2005â2006
247:Antarctica
146:Telescopes
105:63°27â˛11âłW
102:89°59â˛24âłS
4915:Forensics
4784:Athletics
4779:Academics
4702:Media and
4514:Athletics
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4282:Education
4124:Cancelled
3944:Homestake
3894:Cuoricino
3858:SuperNEMO
3678:MiniBooNE
3527:Operating
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3150:251078776
3101:244345574
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2645:1405.5303
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2382:0902.2460
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2166:0803.0531
1877:1410.7227
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1753:1101.1448
1715:USA Today
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1593:Space.com
1551:10 m
1543:10 s
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1477:1412.5106
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1418:1301.5361
1337:9 January
1237:1002.2442
1134:0810.4930
830:(SNEWS).
823:neutrinos
755:germanium
634:gyroradii
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520:bow shock
500:electrons
273:neutrinos
155:Telescope
4793:Research
4737:UW Press
4567:Softball
4545:Football
4523:Baseball
4337:Pharmacy
4277:Business
4263:Colleges
4170:See also
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4065:JEM-EUSO
4048:Proposed
4034:Soudan 2
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3571:Borexino
3533:neutrino
3313:37384687
3251:AAS Nova
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2822:17 April
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1618:phys.org
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1041:See also
912:Big Bird
567:scatters
490:neutral
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4969:Varsity
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4870:Viaspan
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4626:History
4463:Red Gym
4332:Nursing
4095:Nucifer
3914:EXO-200
3867:Retired
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3673:MINERνA
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3620:Reactor
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3293:Bibcode
3274:Science
3222:IceCube
3183:Bibcode
3165:Science
3128:Bibcode
3120:Physics
3065:Bibcode
2998:Bibcode
2944:Bibcode
2909:12 July
2881:12 July
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2778:Bibcode
2760:Science
2725:Bibcode
2707:Science
2650:Bibcode
2608:i09.com
2561:Bibcode
2542:Science
2522:Bibcode
2486:Bibcode
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2340:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
2171:Bibcode
2075:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1937:Bibcode
1882:Bibcode
1841:2111669
1821:Bibcode
1758:Bibcode
1659:Bibcode
1423:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1087:ANTARES
1024:SN1987A
869:Results
762:⁄
728:(WIMP)
682:photons
678:protons
643:Super-K
632:(their
492:leptons
314:Season
275:in the
233:) is a
231:IceCube
135:icecube
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951:â0.12
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710:Swift
690:muons
686:pions
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657:, or
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504:muons
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325:2005
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4009:NEMO
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