989:
45:
1515:
1808:
1741:
301:
208:
1484:
1591:, the addition of stratospheric sulfur required to avoid 4 °C (7.2 °F) relative to now (and 5 °C (9.0 °F) relative to the preindustrial) would be effectively offset by the future controls on tropospheric sulfate pollution, and the amount required would be even less for less drastic warming scenarios. This spurred a detailed look at its costs and benefits, but even with hundreds of studies into the subject completed by the early 2020s, some notable uncertainties remain.
1530:
1400:
589:
1608:
58:
1304:
613:
1279:
1326:
67:
1349:
1392:, from 1970 to 2005, total emissions of the six principal air pollutants, including sulfates, dropped by 53% in the US. By 2010, this reduction in sulfate pollution led to estimated healthcare cost savings valued at $ 50 billion annually. Similar measures were taken in Europe, such as the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions under the
1311:
Subsequent research estimated an average reduction in sunlight striking the terrestrial surface of around 4–5% per decade over the late 1950s–1980s, and 2–3% per decade when 1990s were included. Notably, solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere did not vary by more than 0.1-0.3% in all that time,
704:
of the atoms. The discrepancy between the S−O bond length in the sulfate ion and the S−OH bond length in sulfuric acid is explained by donation of p-orbital electrons from the terminal S=O bonds in sulfuric acid into the antibonding S−OH orbitals, weakening them resulting in the longer bond length of
1453:
project decreases in particulates and this includes the scenarios where 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and 2 °C (3.6 °F) targets are met: their specific emission reduction targets assume the need to make up for lower dimming. Since models estimate that the cooling caused by sulfates is largely
3667:
Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.;
3994:
Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild,
1506:
formation: air laden with sand and mineral particles moves over the
Atlantic Ocean, where they block some of the sunlight from reaching the water surface, slightly cooling it and dampening the development of hurricanes. Likewise, it has been suggested since the early 2000s that since aerosols
1426:
due to air pollution had initially experienced cooling, in contradiction to the overall warming trend. The eastern United States was a prominent example: the temperatures there declined by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1970 and 1980, and by up to 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the
1464:
driving much of the recent growth, while air pollution is getting cleaned up aggressively. These trends are some of the main reasons why 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) warming is now expected around 2030, as opposed to the mid-2010s estimates where it would not occur until
693:) confirms a clear positive charge on sulfur (theoretically +2.45) and a low 3d occupancy. Therefore, the representation with four single bonds is the optimal Lewis structure rather than the one with two double bonds (thus the Lewis model, not the Pauling model).
1587:'s detailed 2006 proposal. Deploying in the stratosphere ensures that the aerosols are at their most effective, and that the progress of clean air measures would not be reversed: more recent research estimated that even under the highest-emission scenario
1307:
The observed trends of global dimming and brightening in four major geographic regions. The dimming was greater on the average cloud-free days (red line) than on the average of all days (purple line), strongly suggesting that sulfate aerosols were the
1549:
As the real world had shown the importance of sulfate aerosol concentrations to the global climate, research into the subject accelerated. Formation of the aerosols and their effects on the atmosphere can be studied in the lab, with methods like
1578:
was published in 2007. Many scientists also see the other side of this research, which is learning how to cause the same effect artificially. While discussed around the 1990s, if not earlier, stratospheric aerosol injection as a
1115:, some anaerobic microorganisms, such as those living in sediment or near deep sea thermal vents, use the reduction of sulfates coupled with the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen as an energy source for chemosynthesis.
708:
However, Pauling's representation for sulfate and other main group compounds with oxygen is still a common way of representing the bonding in many textbooks. The apparent contradiction can be clarified if one realizes that the
2929:
Stanhill, G.; Cohen, S. (2001). "Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences".
1441:
Since changes in aerosol concentrations already have an impact on the global climate, they would necessarily influence future projections as well. In fact, it is impossible to fully estimate the warming impact of all
4054:
Xie, Xiaoning; Myhre, Gunnar; Shindell, Drew; Faluvegi, Gregory; Takemura, Toshihiko; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Shi, Zhengguo; Li, Xinzhou; Xie, Xiaoxun; Liu, Heng; Liu, Xiaodong; Liu, Yangang (27 December 2022).
1329:
Sulfur dioxide in the world on April 15, 2017. Note that sulfur dioxide moves through the atmosphere with prevailing winds and thus local sulfur dioxide distributions vary day to day with weather patterns and
2362:
Lewis assigned to sulfur a negative charge of two, starting from six own valence electrons and ending up with eight electrons shared with the oxygen atoms. In fact, sulfur donates two electrons to the oxygen
3423:
Henneman, Lucas R.F.; Liu, Cong; Mulholland, James A.; Russell, Armistead G. (7 October 2016). "Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks".
4655:
Trisos, Christopher H.; Geden, Oliver; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Sugiyama, Masahiro; van Aalst, Maarten; Bala, Govindasamy; Mach, Katharine J.; Ginzburg, Veronika; de
Coninck, Heleen; Patt, Anthony (2021).
1320:
part of the spectrum. Further, the dimming had occurred even when the skies were clear, and it was in fact stronger than during the cloudy days, proving that it was not caused by changes in cloud cover
4319:
Palumbo, P.; A. Rotundi; V. Della Corte; A. Ciucci; L. Colangeli; F. Esposito; E. Mazzotta
Epifani; V. Mennella; J.R. Brucato; F.J.M. Rietmeijer; G. J. Flynn; J.-B. Renard; J.R. Stephens; E. Zona.
3872:
Lan X, Basu S, Schwietzke S, Bruhwiler LM, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Sherwood OA, Tans PP, Thoning K, Etiope G, Zhuang Q, Liu L, Oh Y, Miller JB, Pétron G, Vaughn BH, Crippa M (8 May 2021).
923:, to a solution containing sulfate ions, barium sulfate will precipitate out of solution as a whitish powder. This is a common laboratory test to determine if sulfate anions are present.
3668:
Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019).
1518:
In the United States, aerosols generally reduce both mean and extreme precipitation across all four seasons, which has cancelled out the increases caused by greenhouse gas warming
689:). However, in this description, despite there being some π character to the S−O bonds, the bond has significant ionic character. For sulfuric acid, computational analysis (with
5800:
713:
double bonds in the Lewis structure actually represent bonds that are strongly polarized by more than 90% towards the oxygen atom. On the other hand, in the structure with a
5487:
4402:
Zhang, Jie; Furtado, Kalli; Turnock, Steven T.; Mulcahy, Jane P.; Wilcox, Laura J.; Booth, Ben B.; Sexton, David; Wu, Tongwen; Zhang, Fang; Liu, Qianxia (22 December 2021).
5456:
1543:
5476:
6396:
6183:
6151:
6096:
5723:
5711:
3064:
6361:
6021:
6349:
6337:
6268:
6135:
6112:
5869:
5689:
5503:
4665:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3722:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
666:) in causing the shortening of the S−O bond. The outcome was a broad consensus that d orbitals play a role, but are not as significant as Pauling had believed.
6299:
6231:
6199:
6167:
5920:
5784:
3571:
3459:
Gulyurtlu, I.; Pinto, F.; Abelha, P.; Lopes, H.; Crujeira, A.T. (2013). "Pollutant emissions and their control in fluidised bed combustion and gasification".
6377:
6284:
6215:
5777:
5750:
5311:
5288:
1458:(and since methane is a relatively short-lived greenhouse gas), it is believed that simultaneous reductions in both would effectively cancel each other out.
815:
Although written with simple anhydrous formulas, these conversions generally are conducted in the presence of water. Consequently the product sulfates are
5765:
5743:
1393:
2438:
5823:
3122:
Wild, Martin; Wacker, Stephan; Yang, Su; Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo (1 February 2021). "Evidence for Clear-Sky
Dimming and Brightening in Central Europe".
5892:
4623:
5589:
490:
484:
4112:
Pan, Bowen; Wang, Yuan; Hu, Jiaxi; Lin, Yun; Hsieh, Jen-Shan; Logan, Timothy; Feng, Xidan; Jiang, Jonathan H.; Yung, Yuk L.; Zhang, Renyi (2018).
1460:
Yet, in the recent years, methane concentrations had been increasing at rates exceeding their previous period of peak growth in the 1980s, with
3358:
Lin, Cheng-Kuan; Lin, Ro-Ting; Chen, Pi-Cheng; Wang, Pu; De
Marcellis-Warin, Nathalie; Zigler, Corwin; Christiani, David C. (8 February 2018).
624:
in his groundbreaking paper of 1916 where he described the bonding in terms of electron octets around each atom, that is no double bonds and a
4733:
4707:
3501:
1418:
At the peak of global dimming, it was able to counteract the warming trend completely. By 1975, the continually increasing concentrations of
1364:
After 1990, the global dimming trend had clearly switched to global brightening. This followed measures taken to combat air pollution by the
1570:, as the necessity of accounting for aerosol cooling to truly understand the rate and evolution of warming had long been apparent, with the
3743:
1847:
350:
2372:
The prefix "bi" in "bisulfate" comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is twice as much sulfate (
648:
3597:
2622:
Stefan, Thorsten; Janoschek, Rudolf (Feb 2000). "How relevant are S=O and P=O Double Bonds for the
Description of the Acid Molecules H
2008:
467:. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are
4205:
Risser, Mark D.; Collins, William D.; Wehner, Michael F.; O'Brien, Travis A.; Huang, Huanping; Ullrich, Paul A. (22 February 2024).
3770:"Air quality improvements are projected to weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through radiative forcing effects"
2737:"Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the worlds cultural heritage"
4320:
4146:
4573:
Visioni, Daniele; Slessarev, Eric; MacMartin, Douglas G; Mahowald, Natalie M; Goodale, Christine L; Xia, Lili (1 September 2020).
4176:
3013:
Eddy, John A.; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Hoyt, Douglas V. (23 December 1982). "Changes in the solar constant and climatic effects".
1487:
Sulfate aerosols have decreased precipitation over most of Asia (red), but increased it over some parts of
Central Asia (blue).
4057:"Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol pollution in South and East Asia induces increased summer precipitation over arid Central Asia"
3497:
145:
3526:
3476:
2704:
6440:
4180:
1588:
1574:
being the first to include an estimate of their impact on climate, and every major model able to simulate them by the time
1511:
over the ocean and hence reduce evaporation from it, they would be "spinning down the hydrological cycle of the planet."
3175:
3074:
2932:
4767:
1678:
30:
This article is about the inorganic ion. For sulfate esters (commonly used in shampoo and personal care products), see
3557:
1822:
315:
3575:
1290:. The negative component identified as "sulfate" is associated with the aerosol emissions blamed for global dimming.
670:
4657:
1932:
428:
17:
4404:"The role of anthropogenic aerosols in the anomalous cooling from 1960 to 1990 in the CMIP6 Earth system models"
4371:
4346:
3049:
Spacecraft measurements have established that the total radiative output of the Sun varies at the 0.1−0.3% level
2884:
3937:"Tropical methane emissions explain large fraction of recent changes in global atmospheric methane growth rate"
2343:
2338:
926:
The sulfate ion can act as a ligand attaching either by one oxygen (monodentate) or by two oxygens as either a
655:
of 157 pm for S−OH. The double bonding was taken by
Pauling to account for the shortness of the S−O bond.
573:
2042:. In dilute solutions the hydrogensulfate ions also dissociate, forming more hydronium ions and sulfate ions (
5345:
1575:
1571:
1476:
1385:
1287:
993:
517:
arrangement. The symmetry of the isolated anion is the same as that of methane. The sulfur atom is in the +6
1411:. Such smoke is full of black carbon, which contributes to dimming trends but has an overall warming effect.
673:. In this model, fully occupied p orbitals on oxygen overlap with empty sulfur d orbitals (principally the d
4630:
3717:
2976:
2885:"Means and trends of shortwave irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive data"
1965:
1736:
647:
involving d orbitals. His reasoning was that the charge on sulfur was thus reduced, in accordance with his
258:
203:
4266:"Development of a novel particle mass spectrometer for online measurements of refractory sulfate aerosols"
1422:
have overcome the masking effect and dominated ever since. Even then, regions with high concentrations of
1786:
1312:
strongly suggesting that the reasons for the dimming were on Earth. Additionally, only visible light and
279:
1384:. In the United States, sulfate aerosols have declined significantly since 1970 with the passage of the
4345:
Myhre, Gunnar; Stordal, Frode; Berglen, Tore F.; Sundet, Jostein K.; Isaksen, Ivar S. A. (2004-03-01).
3069:
6465:
6064:
5399:
3360:"A Global Perspective on Sulfur Oxide Controls in Coal-Fired Power Plants and Cardiovascular Disease"
2969:"Observed Reductions in Surface Solar Radiation in the United States and Worldwide from 1961 to 1990"
1461:
1251:
1112:
598:
215:
4534:"Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?"
3097:
1983:). Sulfuric acid is classified as a strong acid; in aqueous solutions it ionizes completely to form
5670:
4968:
4150:
1803:
1381:
1369:
988:
816:
663:
296:
4724:
4698:
4999:
4745:
4461:
4113:
1450:
4443:
3262:
Pinker; Zhang, B; Dutton, EG (2005). "Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?".
6247:
6080:
4760:
1262:
1062:
2789:"Disentangling Aerosol and Cloud Effects on Dimming and Brightening in Observations and CMIP6"
6460:
5531:
5444:
5250:
5234:
5204:
5115:
5063:
4984:
4211:
3941:
2968:
2696:
1620:
1240:
1057:
975:
ligand. The metal–oxygen bonds in sulfate complexes can have significant covalent character.
640:
85:
2838:
Stanhill, G.; Moreshet, S. (6 November 2004). "Global radiation climate changes in Israel".
669:
A widely accepted description involving pπ – dπ bonding was initially proposed by
6128:
5927:
5904:
5515:
5227:
5197:
4672:
4586:
4545:
4496:
4415:
4358:
4277:
4220:
4068:
4008:
3950:
3889:
3781:
3631:
3371:
3273:
3220:
3131:
3024:
2985:
2941:
2901:
2849:
2800:
2532:
1718:
1654:
1580:
1544:
Stratospheric aerosol injection § Pollution controls and the discovery of radiative effects
916:
690:
267:
121:
3340:
185:
8:
6314:
6037:
5858:
5850:
5566:
5155:
4575:"What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario"
3724:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32,
2016:
1644:
1455:
1373:
1127:, glassy, were so-called because they were some of the first transparent crystals known.
636:
521:
while the four oxygen atoms are each in the −2 state. The sulfate ion carries an overall
111:
4676:
4590:
4549:
4500:
4419:
4362:
4281:
4241:
4224:
4206:
4154:
4072:
4012:
3954:
3893:
3785:
3635:
3375:
3277:
3224:
3135:
3028:
2989:
2945:
2905:
2853:
2804:
2536:
1807:
1740:
1698:
1341:
300:
207:
165:
6052:
5839:
5550:
5327:
5304:
5281:
4384:
4301:
4089:
4056:
4036:
3971:
3936:
3935:
Feng, Liang; Palmer, Paul I.; Zhu, Sihong; Parker, Robert J.; Liu, Yi (16 March 2022).
3912:
3873:
3799:
3694:
3669:
3400:
3359:
3297:
3244:
3157:
3040:
2892:
2865:
2761:
2736:
2663:
2601:
2548:
2459:
1551:
1514:
1296:
1248:
1040:, a common form of iron in mineral supplements for humans, animals, and soil for plants
1026:
959:
835:
4184:
3206:
2953:
2787:
Julsrud, I. R.; Storelvmo, T.; Schulz, M.; Moseid, K. O.; Wild, M. (20 October 2022).
6455:
5635:
5418:
5334:
5265:
5144:
5082:
5048:
5040:
4951:
4914:
4846:
4753:
4604:
4514:
4403:
4376:
4305:
4293:
4246:
4094:
4040:
3996:
3976:
3917:
3850:
3845:
3803:
3699:
3649:
3619:
3472:
3441:
3405:
3387:
3289:
3264:
3236:
3211:
3161:
2869:
2766:
2700:
2503:
2443:
2089:
1555:
1365:
1043:
892:
701:
453:
4388:
4321:"The DUSTER experiment: collection and analysis of aerosol in the high stratosphere"
3301:
3248:
3207:"From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface"
2667:
2463:
5885:
5816:
5601:
5406:
5383:
5258:
5173:
5134:
5032:
5011:
4991:
4934:
4680:
4594:
4553:
4504:
4423:
4366:
4285:
4236:
4228:
4125:
4084:
4076:
4026:
4016:
3966:
3958:
3907:
3897:
3789:
3725:
3689:
3681:
3639:
3505:
3464:
3433:
3395:
3379:
3281:
3228:
3147:
3139:
3044:
3032:
3015:
2993:
2949:
2909:
2857:
2818:
2808:
2756:
2748:
2688:
2655:
2597:
2576:
2552:
2540:
2523:
2495:
2451:
2434:
2385:
2032:
1870:
1053:
1037:
896:
621:
565:
522:
468:
373:
4289:
3744:"Explainer: Will global warming 'stop' as soon as net-zero emissions are reached?"
3534:
3437:
1774:
733:
are prepared by treating metal oxides, metal carbonates, or the metal itself with
5659:
5582:
5558:
5428:
5361:
5219:
5189:
5163:
5126:
5104:
4921:
4832:
2840:
2151:
1749:
1508:
1423:
1008:
936:
920:
908:
888:
850:
518:
494:
413:
247:
4265:
3997:"Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing"
3468:
2914:
1483:
6325:
5950:
5678:
5646:
5620:
5539:
5021:
4879:
4599:
4574:
4232:
4080:
4031:
3962:
3794:
3769:
3644:
3383:
3183:
3152:
2396:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1443:
1419:
1357:
1018:
912:
904:
900:
526:
449:
422:
408:
4684:
4558:
4533:
4428:
4021:
3846:"Scientists raise alarm over 'dangerously fast' growth in atmospheric methane"
3729:
1495:, in a manner similar to some natural processes. One example is the impact of
6449:
4890:
4856:
4807:
4608:
4380:
4297:
4130:
3461:
Fluidized Bed Technologies for Near-Zero Emission Combustion and Gasification
3391:
3315:
2752:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2319:
2223:
2012:
1969:
1907:
1729:
1567:
1283:
1278:
1267:
1255:
1168:
1128:
734:
730:
710:
652:
632:
625:
561:
557:
472:
196:
31:
4648:
3618:
Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Victor, David G. (5 December 2018).
3285:
3232:
1399:
915:
is the most insoluble sulfate known. The barium derivative is useful in the
658:
Pauling's use of d orbitals provoked a debate on the relative importance of
44:
5353:
4566:
4518:
4509:
4484:
4250:
4098:
3980:
3921:
3747:
3703:
3653:
3445:
3409:
3293:
3240:
2770:
2566:
Mitchell, K. A. R. (1969). "Use of outer d orbitals in bonding".
2507:
1584:
1559:
1377:
1148:
820:
714:
577:
4525:
4207:"Anthropogenic aerosols mask increases in US rainfall by greenhouse gases"
1123:
Some sulfates were known to alchemists. The vitriol salts, from the Latin
1015:. About 100 million tonnes per year are used by the construction industry.
4872:
3902:
3685:
3556:
Moses, Elizabeth; Cardenas, Beatriz; Seddon, Jessica (25 February 2020).
3143:
2998:
2813:
2788:
2499:
2411:
2295:
2271:
2175:
1492:
1404:
1356:
around the world steadily declined (red line) since the 1991 eruption of
1317:
1232:
1228:
1047:
651:. The S−O bond length of 149 pm is shorter than the bond lengths in
588:
514:
4318:
3817:
3613:
3611:
2580:
2455:
879:
There are numerous examples of ionic sulfates, many of which are highly
3874:"Improved Constraints on Global Methane Emissions and Sinks Using δC-CH
2861:
2823:
2659:
2568:
2247:
2199:
1892:
1709:
1408:
1303:
1100:
1072:
880:
697:
612:
606:
395:
216:
176:
4462:"Stratospheric Injections Could Help Cool Earth, Computer Model Shows"
3721:
2544:
919:
of sulfate: if one adds a solution of most barium salts, for instance
3608:
3036:
2333:
1984:
1563:
1529:
1503:
1244:
1192:
1188:
1066:
1022:
972:
718:
1925:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1325:
421:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4338:
1607:
1534:
1432:
1428:
1353:
1313:
951:
66:
27:
Oxyanion with a central atom of sulfur surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms
4775:
1677:
1449:
Regardless of the current strength of aerosol cooling, all future
1348:
144:
4621:
4572:
3572:"Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction"
2521:
Coulson, C. A. (1969). "d Electrons and Molecular Bonding".
2127:
1761:
1446:
without accounting for the counteracting cooling from aerosols.
1236:
1012:
927:
868:
659:
644:
234:
57:
4485:"Global and Arctic climate engineering: numerical model studies"
4347:"Uncertainties in the Radiative Forcing Due to Sulfate Aerosols"
3558:"The Most Successful Air Pollution Treaty You've Never Heard Of"
1000:
Sulfates are widely used industrially. Major compounds include:
3341:"Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists"
1496:
1152:
1004:
932:
510:
506:
4726:
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005
4700:
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005
4654:
4204:
3768:
Hassan, Taufiq; Allen, Robert J.; et al. (27 June 2022).
3670:"Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change"
3121:
2782:
2780:
1689:
1667:
884:
569:
156:
134:
3995:
Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022).
3666:
3422:
2786:
1791:
1403:
Satellite photo showing a thick pall of smoke and haze from
1388:, which was strengthened in 1977 and 1990. According to the
620:
The first description of the bonding in modern terms was by
284:
4658:"Cross-Working Group Box SRM: Solar Radiation Modification"
4624:"Costs and benefits of geo-engineering in the Stratosphere"
4447:
4372:
10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0485:UITRFD>2.0.CO;2
4264:
Kobayashi, Yuya; Ide, Yu; Takegawa, Nobuyuki (2021-04-03).
4177:"Could Reducing Global Dimming Mean a Hotter, Dryer World?"
3822:
3710:
3660:
3601:
3598:""Warming Hole" Over the Eastern U.S. Due to Air Pollution"
3344:
2922:
2831:
1499:
1491:
On regional and global scale, air pollution can affect the
1184:
1132:
4401:
3871:
2960:
2777:
1566:
were also used for observation. This data is fed into the
4482:
4344:
4198:
4114:"Sahara dust may make you cough, but it's a storm killer"
3761:
3530:
3458:
3255:
3168:
3059:
3057:
2876:
1389:
4053:
3987:
3519:
3498:"Air Emissions Trends – Continued Progress Through 2005"
3065:"Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming"
3333:
3198:
3006:
2007:) ions. In other words, the sulfuric acid behaves as a
1219:, figured in the development of the chemical industry.
4047:
3054:
1558:
Samples of actual particles can be recovered from the
992:
Knapsack sprayer used to apply sulfate to vegetables.
3993:
3735:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3426:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
700:
and the charge distribution is in agreement with the
628:
of +2 on the sulfur atom and -1 on each oxygen atom.
4263:
4174:
1394:
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
1056:, produced on both plates during the discharge of a
4147:"Aerosol Pollution Could Drain Earth's Water Cycle"
3934:
3555:
2015:to form hydrogensulfate ion. Hydrogensulfate has a
1334:
1282:This figure shows the level of agreement between a
3617:
3485:
4444:"Aerosols and Incoming Sunlight (Direct Effects)"
3620:"Global warming will happen faster than we think"
3590:
3261:
3012:
2687:
485:American and British English spelling differences
6447:
2882:
2837:
2339:Sulfation and desulfation of lead–acid batteries
1773:
246:
6441:Current global map of aerosol optical thickness
2621:
2596:
1653:
120:
3357:
2734:
1595:
1477:Global dimming § Relationship with water cycle
4761:
2928:
1239:combustion. They increase the acidity of the
4144:
4111:
2793:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2356:
3767:
3316:"Global Dimming may have a brighter future"
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
1831:InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-1
1034:) is used for galvanic cells as electrolyte
493:, but "sulphate" was traditionally used in
324:InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-2
4768:
4754:
3741:
2019:of 1. An example of a salt containing the
1806:
1739:
1717:
1273:
983:
334:InChI=1/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-2
299:
206:
184:
4622:Andrew Charlton-Perez; Eleanor Highwood.
4598:
4557:
4508:
4427:
4370:
4240:
4129:
4088:
4030:
4020:
3970:
3911:
3901:
3843:
3793:
3693:
3643:
3463:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 435–480.
3399:
3151:
2997:
2913:
2883:Gilgen, H.; Wild, M.; Ohmura, A. (1998).
2822:
2812:
2760:
2057:
1227:Sulfates occur as microscopic particles (
545:, which is in turn the conjugate base of
489:"Sulfate" is the spelling recommended by
266:
4175:Kostel, Ken; Oh, Clare (14 April 2006).
2674:
2617:
2615:
2592:
2590:
2565:
1528:
1513:
1482:
1398:
1347:
1324:
1302:
1277:
1222:
987:
871:can be oxidized to give metal sulfates.
611:
587:
505:The sulfate anion consists of a central
4531:
3204:
2966:
2520:
2477:
1802:
1562:using balloons or aircraft, and remote
1524:
1316:radiation were dimmed, rather than the
1107:
1007:, the natural mineral form of hydrated
930:or a bridge. An example is the complex
696:In this model, the structure obeys the
295:
14:
6448:
4821:
4061:Communications Earth & Environment
3774:Communications Earth & Environment
2719:
1730:
978:
576:of the sulfate ion is as predicted by
475:and many are prepared from that acid.
197:
6010:
4749:
3527:"Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health"
3180:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
2612:
2587:
2433:
1834:Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M
1697:
1469:
971:where the sulfate ion is acting as a
639:to propose that the most significant
327:Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L
164:
4483:Launder B.; J.M.T. Thompson (1996).
3502:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3095:
2608:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
1533:Proposed tethered balloon to inject
1454:equivalent to the warming caused by
4351:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2933:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
2722:Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry
1764:
1360:, according to satellite estimates.
509:atom surrounded by four equivalent
337:Key: QAOWNCQODCNURD-NUQVWONBAM
237:
24:
3742:Hausfather, Zeke (29 April 2021).
3073:. 18 February 2021. Archived from
2724:(6th ed.). William Heinemann.
1396:, and with similar improvements.
65:
56:
25:
6477:
6434:
4464:. ScienceDaily. 15 September 2006
4408:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
4001:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
4181:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
4145:Cat Lazaroff (7 December 2001).
3096:Adam, David (18 December 2003).
1606:
1542:This section is an excerpt from
1475:This section is an excerpt from
1340:This section is an excerpt from
1335:Reversal and accelerated warming
1295:This section is an excerpt from
1270:that often tarnishes buildings.
671:Durward William John Cruickshank
43:
4739:from the original on 2017-05-18
4717:
4713:from the original on 2017-05-18
4691:
4615:
4476:
4454:
4436:
4395:
4312:
4257:
4168:
4138:
4105:
3928:
3865:
3844:Tollefson J (8 February 2022).
3837:
3818:"Trends in Atmospheric Methane"
3810:
3564:
3549:
3452:
3416:
3351:
3308:
3115:
3089:
2728:
2410:) and other sulfates. See also
2366:
1929:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1583:method is best associated with
1286:driven by five factors and the
717:, the charge is localized as a
425:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4579:Environmental Research Letters
4270:Aerosol Science and Technology
2713:
2559:
2514:
2483:"The modern theory of valency"
2471:
2427:
2344:Sulfate-reducing microorganism
1171:is zinc sulfate heptahydrate,
724:
649:principle of electroneutrality
592:Two models of the sulfate ion.
574:tetrahedral molecular geometry
13:
1:
4290:10.1080/02786826.2020.1852168
3533:. 2 June 2006. Archived from
3504:. 8 July 2014. Archived from
3438:10.1080/10962247.2016.1242518
2967:Liepert, B. G. (2 May 2002).
2954:10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0
2421:
2395:) and other bisulfates as in
1576:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
1572:IPCC Second Assessment Report
1288:historical temperature record
994:Valencian Museum of Ethnology
949:or the neutral metal complex
874:
568:, are covalent compounds and
4325:Societa Astronomica Italiana
3882:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
3124:Geophysical Research Letters
2977:Geophysical Research Letters
2720:Taylor, F. Sherwood (1942).
2606:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
1050:), used in therapeutic baths
911:, which are poorly soluble.
500:
7:
3469:10.1533/9780857098801.2.435
2915:10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.2042
2735:Andrea Rinaldi (Nov 2006).
2439:"The Atom and the Molecule"
2327:
1596:Hydrogensulfate (bisulfate)
1155:(II) sulfate pentahydrate,
1135:(II) sulfate heptahydrate,
478:
52:
10:
6482:
6012:
4233:10.1038/s41467-024-45504-8
4081:10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x
3963:10.1038/s41467-022-28989-z
3795:10.1038/s43247-022-00476-9
3645:10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5
3384:10.1038/s41598-018-20404-2
3070:American Geophysical Union
1897:97.071 g/mol
1541:
1474:
1339:
1294:
1118:
583:
533:(or hydrogensulfate) ion,
482:
29:
4823:
4799:
4776:Compounds containing the
4685:10.1017/9781009157896.007
4559:10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y
4429:10.5194/acp-21-18609-2021
4022:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022
3730:10.1017/9781009157896.001
2693:Chemistry of the Elements
2691:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1923:
1863:
1843:
1818:
1637:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1462:wetland methane emissions
1342:Global dimming § Reversal
1252:sulfate-reducing bacteria
1113:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
419:
366:
346:
311:
104:
94:
84:
79:
51:
42:
4600:10.1088/1748-9326/ab94eb
4151:Environment News Service
4131:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0776.1
3718:Summary for Policymakers
2753:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844
2349:
1451:climate change scenarios
1382:fluidized bed combustion
1370:flue-gas desulfurization
1297:Global dimming § History
1025:, the more stable form (
664:electrostatic attraction
4532:Crutzen, P. J. (2006).
3286:10.1126/science.1103159
3272:(6 May 2005): 850–854.
3233:10.1126/science.1103215
3219:(2005–05–06): 847–850.
1995:) and hydrogensulfate (
1274:Main effects on climate
1069:in shampoo formulations
984:Commercial applications
4732:, IUPAC, p. 129,
4706:, IUPAC, p. 129,
4510:10.1098/rsta.2008.0132
4489:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
2058:Other sulfur oxyanions
1538:
1537:into the stratosphere.
1519:
1488:
1412:
1361:
1331:
1309:
1291:
1187:, a double sulfate of
1063:Sodium laureth sulfate
997:
617:
609:
572:of sulfuric acid. The
70:
61:
4212:Nature Communications
3942:Nature Communications
3674:Reviews of Geophysics
2799:(21): e2021JD035476.
2697:Butterworth-Heinemann
2689:Greenwood, Norman N.
1532:
1517:
1486:
1402:
1351:
1328:
1306:
1281:
1266:can remove the black
1223:Environmental effects
1011:, is used to produce
991:
887:. Exceptions include
691:natural bond orbitals
615:
591:
483:Further information:
99:Tetraoxidosulfate(VI)
69:
60:
4183:News. Archived from
3903:10.1029/2021GB007000
3888:(6): e2021GB007000.
3686:10.1029/2019RG000660
3680:(1): e2019RG000660.
3186:on 16 September 2012
3144:10.1029/2020GL092216
2999:10.1029/2002GL014910
2814:10.1029/2021JD035476
2500:10.1039/JR9480001461
1581:solar geoengineering
1525:Solar geoengineering
1374:thermal power plants
1368:, typically through
1108:Occurrence in nature
1065:, or SLES, a common
917:gravimetric analysis
641:resonance canonicals
525:of −2 and it is the
4677:2021AGUFM.U13B..05K
4591:2020ERL....15i4063V
4550:2006ClCh...77..211C
4501:2008RSPTA.366.4039C
4420:2021ACP....2118609Z
4363:2004JAtS...61..485M
4282:2021AerST..55..371K
4225:2024NatCo..15.1318R
4073:2022ComEE...3..328X
4032:20.500.11850/572791
4013:2022ACP....2212221Q
4007:(18): 12221–12239.
3955:2022NatCo..13.1378F
3894:2021GBioC..3507000L
3786:2022ComEE...3..149H
3636:2018Natur.564...30X
3376:2018NatSR...8.2611L
3278:2005Sci...308..850P
3225:2005Sci...308..847W
3176:"Earth lightens up"
3153:20.500.11850/477374
3136:2021GeoRL..4892216W
3029:1982Natur.300..689E
2990:2002GeoRL..29.1421L
2946:2001AgFM..107..255S
2906:1998JCli...11.2042G
2854:1992ClCh...22..121S
2805:2022JGRD..12735476J
2602:Wilkinson, Geoffrey
2581:10.1021/cr60258a001
2537:1969Natur.221.1106C
2456:10.1021/ja02261a002
2064:
2009:Brønsted–Lowry acid
1960:), also called the
1602:
1456:atmospheric methane
1046:(commonly known as
979:Uses and occurrence
819:, corresponding to
662:and bond polarity (
637:valence bond theory
403: g·mol
97:Tetraoxosulfate(VI)
39:
4636:on 14 January 2017
4450:. 2 November 2010.
4414:(4): 18609–18627.
4118:Journal of Climate
3537:on 18 January 2008
3364:Scientific Reports
3098:"Goodbye sunshine"
2893:Journal of Climate
2862:10.1007/BF00142962
2660:10.1007/PL00010730
2646:, respectively?".
2068:Molecular formula
2062:
1933:Infobox references
1600:
1552:ion-chromatography
1539:
1520:
1489:
1470:Hydrological cycle
1413:
1362:
1332:
1310:
1292:
998:
836:copper(II) sulfate
618:
610:
429:Infobox references
71:
62:
37:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6424:
4495:(1882): 4039–56.
4124:(18): 7621–7644.
3478:978-0-85709-541-1
3023:(5894): 689–693.
2984:(12): 61–1–61–4.
2747:(11): 1075–1079.
2706:978-0-08-037941-8
2598:Cotton, F. Albert
2545:10.1038/2211106a0
2444:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2435:Lewis, Gilbert N.
2325:
2324:
2090:Peroxomonosulfate
2063:Sulfur oxyanions
1941:Chemical compound
1939:
1938:
1787:CompTox Dashboard
1679:Interactive image
1556:mass spectrometry
1372:installations at
1366:developed nations
1231:) resulting from
1195:with the formula
1058:lead–acid battery
1044:Magnesium sulfate
893:strontium sulfate
702:electronegativity
454:empirical formula
437:Chemical compound
435:
434:
280:CompTox Dashboard
146:Interactive image
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
6473:
6466:Sulfur oxyanions
5102:
5100:
5099:
5096:
4982:
4965:
4948:
4912:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4870:
4852:
4842:
4817:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4662:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4629:. Archived from
4628:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4544:(3–4): 211–220.
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4374:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4153:. Archived from
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4024:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3574:. Archived from
3568:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3483:
3482:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:. 15 March 2007.
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3205:Wild, M (2005).
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3182:. Archived from
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3077:on 27 March 2023
3061:
3052:
3051:
3037:10.1038/300689a0
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2900:(8): 2042–2061.
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2695:(2nd ed.).
2685:
2672:
2671:
2648:J. Mol. Modeling
2619:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2431:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2386:sodium bisulfate
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2041:
2033:sodium bisulfate
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1982:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1871:Chemical formula
1811:
1810:
1795:
1793:
1777:
1766:
1750:Gmelin Reference
1743:
1732:
1721:
1701:
1681:
1657:
1610:
1603:
1601:Hydrogensulfate
1599:
1444:greenhouse gases
1424:sulfate aerosols
1420:greenhouse gases
1218:
1182:
1166:
1146:
1098:
1054:Lead(II) sulfate
1038:Iron(II) sulfate
1032:
970:
948:
897:lead(II) sulfate
863:
848:
833:
811:
783:
758:
566:dimethyl sulfate
555:
544:
543:
542:
539:
466:
465:
464:
461:
450:polyatomic anion
402:
389:
388:
387:
384:
374:Chemical formula
304:
303:
288:
286:
270:
250:
239:
218:
210:
199:
188:
168:
148:
124:
53:
47:
40:
36:
21:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6446:
6445:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6025:
5954:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5387:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4795:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4744:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4660:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4571:
4567:
4538:Climatic Change
4530:
4526:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4400:
4396:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4317:
4313:
4262:
4258:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4139:
4110:
4106:
4052:
4048:
3992:
3988:
3933:
3929:
3877:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3736:
3715:
3711:
3665:
3661:
3630:(7734): 30–32.
3616:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3479:
3457:
3453:
3421:
3417:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3260:
3256:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3011:
3007:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2927:
2923:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2841:Climatic Change
2836:
2832:
2785:
2778:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2686:
2675:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2595:
2588:
2564:
2560:
2519:
2515:
2476:
2472:
2468:(See page 778.)
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2330:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:Peroxydisulfate
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1946:hydrogensulfate
1942:
1935:
1930:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1767:
1752:
1724:
1704:
1684:
1671:
1660:
1647:
1633:
1625:
1624:Hydrogensulfate
1598:
1593:
1592:
1547:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1509:solar radiation
1480:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1437:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1345:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1300:
1276:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1121:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1031:
1027:
1009:calcium sulfate
986:
981:
968:
963:
957:
950:
946:
942:
931:
921:barium chloride
909:mercury sulfate
889:calcium sulfate
877:
861:
857:
853:
851:cadmium sulfate
846:
842:
838:
831:
827:
823:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
727:
721:on the oxygen.
688:
678:
593:
586:
554:
550:
546:
540:
537:
536:
534:
519:oxidation state
503:
495:British English
487:
481:
462:
459:
458:
456:
438:
431:
426:
414:Hydrogensulfate
400:
385:
382:
381:
379:
376:
362:
359:
354:
353:
342:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
307:
289:
282:
273:
253:
240:
228:
191:
171:
151:
138:
127:
114:
100:
98:
90:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hydrogensulfate
15:
12:
11:
5:
6479:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6435:External links
6433:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6316:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4743:
4742:
4716:
4690:
4647:
4614:
4565:
4524:
4475:
4453:
4435:
4394:
4357:(5): 485–498.
4337:
4311:
4276:(4): 371–386.
4256:
4197:
4167:
4137:
4104:
4046:
3986:
3927:
3875:
3864:
3836:
3809:
3760:
3734:
3709:
3659:
3607:
3604:. 18 May 2012.
3589:
3563:
3548:
3518:
3484:
3477:
3451:
3432:(2): 144–172.
3415:
3350:
3332:
3307:
3254:
3197:
3167:
3114:
3088:
3053:
3005:
2959:
2940:(4): 255–278.
2921:
2875:
2848:(2): 121–138.
2830:
2776:
2727:
2712:
2705:
2673:
2654:(2): 282–288.
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2586:
2558:
2531:(5186): 1106.
2513:
2479:Pauling, Linus
2470:
2450:(4): 762–785.
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2397:sodium sulfate
2391:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2038:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1966:conjugate base
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:standard state
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:Conjugate base
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:Conjugate acid
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1799:
1797:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1594:
1568:climate models
1548:
1540:
1526:
1523:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1439:
1438:
1417:
1416:
1358:Mount Pinatubo
1346:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1301:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1019:Copper sulfate
1016:
985:
982:
980:
977:
966:
961:
955:
944:
940:
913:Radium sulfate
905:silver sulfate
901:barium sulfate
876:
873:
859:
855:
844:
840:
829:
825:
813:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
731:metal sulfates
726:
723:
680:
674:
616:Six resonances
599:polar covalent
585:
582:
562:sulfate esters
552:
548:
527:conjugate base
502:
499:
480:
477:
436:
433:
432:
427:
423:standard state
420:
417:
416:
411:
409:Conjugate acid
405:
404:
398:
392:
391:
377:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
361:
360:
357:
349:
348:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
330:
326:
323:
322:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
306:
305:
292:
290:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
263:
261:
255:
254:
252:
251:
243:
241:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
222:
220:
212:
211:
201:
193:
192:
190:
189:
181:
179:
173:
172:
170:
169:
161:
159:
153:
152:
150:
149:
141:
139:
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
117:
115:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
63:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6478:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6409:
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4585:(9): 094063.
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4187:on 2016-03-03
4186:
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4157:on 2016-06-03
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3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3578:on 2006-06-14
3577:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3508:on 2007-03-17
3507:
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3322:. 15 May 2005
3321:
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2525:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:: 1461–1467.
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:J. Chem. Soc.
2484:
2480:
2474:
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2457:
2453:
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2369:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2320:Tetrathionate
2318:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:Metabisulfite
2222:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2133:
2132:
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2112:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1986:
1971:
1970:sulfuric acid
1967:
1963:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:Sulfuric acid
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
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1804:DTXSID3042425
1801:
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1798:
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1783:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
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1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1731:ECHA InfoCard
1728:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
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1676:
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1673:
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1463:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1409:Eastern China
1406:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Clean Air Act
1383:
1379:
1378:wet scrubbers
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1352:Sun-blocking
1350:
1343:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1284:climate model
1280:
1271:
1269:
1268:sulfate crust
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:desulfuricans
1257:
1256:Desulfovibrio
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1169:white vitriol
1154:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1129:Green vitriol
1126:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1020:
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1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
990:
976:
974:
964:
953:
938:
934:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
852:
837:
822:
818:
785:
760:
740:
739:
738:
736:
735:sulfuric acid
732:
722:
720:
716:
712:
706:
703:
699:
694:
692:
687:
683:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:sulfuric acid
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Linus Pauling
629:
627:
626:formal charge
623:
622:Gilbert Lewis
614:
608:
604:
600:
596:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:sulfuric acid
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
486:
476:
474:
473:sulfuric acid
470:
455:
451:
447:
443:
430:
424:
418:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
399:
397:
394:
393:
378:
375:
371:
370:
365:
356:
355:
352:
345:
331:
321:
320:
317:
310:
302:
298:
297:DTXSID3042425
294:
293:
291:
281:
277:
276:
269:
265:
264:
262:
260:
257:
256:
249:
245:
244:
242:
236:
232:
231:
224:
223:
221:
219:
214:
213:
209:
205:
202:
200:
198:ECHA InfoCard
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
180:
178:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
160:
158:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
140:
136:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
93:
87:
83:
78:
68:
64:
59:
55:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
32:Organosulfate
19:
6461:Particulates
5091:
4777:
4725:
4719:
4699:
4693:
4668:
4664:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4631:the original
4617:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4456:
4438:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:
4314:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4216:
4210:
4200:
4189:. Retrieved
4185:the original
4170:
4159:. Retrieved
4155:the original
4140:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4064:
4060:
4049:
4004:
4000:
3989:
3946:
3940:
3930:
3885:
3881:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3821:
3812:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3748:Carbon Brief
3737:
3716:IPCC, 2021:
3712:
3677:
3673:
3662:
3627:
3623:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:the original
3566:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3521:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3460:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3335:
3324:. Retrieved
3319:
3310:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3216:
3210:
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3179:
3170:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3102:The Guardian
3101:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3075:the original
3068:
3048:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2981:
2975:
2962:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2897:
2891:
2878:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2796:
2792:
2744:
2741:EMBO Reports
2740:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2692:
2651:
2647:
2605:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2491:
2486:
2473:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2368:
2358:
2013:deprotonated
1964:ion, is the
1961:
1945:
1943:
1638:Identifiers
1630:Other names
1585:Paul Crutzen
1560:stratosphere
1490:
1448:
1440:
1405:forest fires
1363:
1330:seasonality.
1261:
1254:
1226:
1149:blue vitriol
1124:
1122:
1111:
999:
925:
878:
866:
821:zinc sulfate
814:
728:
715:dipolar bond
707:
705:the latter.
695:
685:
681:
675:
668:
657:
630:
619:
602:
601:bonds only;
594:
578:VSEPR theory
530:
504:
488:
445:
441:
439:
105:Identifiers
95:Other names
4640:17 February
4468:19 February
4330:19 February
4219:(1): 1318.
3949:(1): 1378.
3541:2 September
3370:(1): 2611.
3320:RealClimate
3081:18 December
2824:10852/97300
2412:bicarbonate
2296:Trithionate
2272:Thiosulfate
2176:Pyrosulfate
1864:Properties
1737:100.108.048
1699:CHEBI:45696
1493:water cycle
1318:ultraviolet
1263:D. vulgaris
1233:fossil fuel
1048:Epsom salts
1021:, a common
867:Some metal
725:Preparation
515:tetrahedral
513:atoms in a
367:Properties
358:S(=O)(=O)()
204:100.108.048
166:CHEBI:16189
6450:Categories
4191:2006-06-12
4161:2007-03-24
4067:(1): 328.
3857:14 October
3829:14 October
3780:(3): 149.
3512:2007-03-17
3326:2006-06-12
2575:(2): 157.
2569:Chem. Rev.
2422:References
2248:Dithionite
2200:Dithionate
1893:Molar mass
1710:ChemSpider
1666:3D model (
1655:14996-02-2
1645:CAS Number
1621:IUPAC name
1564:satellites
1376:, such as
1241:atmosphere
1101:fertiliser
1099:, used as
1073:Polyhalite
875:Properties
729:Typically
698:octet rule
660:pi bonding
607:ionic bond
564:, such as
560:. Organic
396:Molar mass
268:7IS9N8KPMG
177:ChemSpider
133:3D model (
122:14808-79-8
112:CAS Number
86:IUPAC name
4609:1748-9326
4381:0022-4928
4306:229506768
4298:0278-6826
4041:252446168
3804:250077615
3392:2045-2322
3162:233645438
3107:26 August
2870:154006620
2334:Sulfonate
1985:hydronium
1962:bisulfate
1855:O(=O)(=O)
1632:Bisulfate
1507:decrease
1504:hurricane
1249:anaerobic
1245:acid rain
1243:and form
1213:·24H
1193:aluminium
1189:potassium
1125:vitreolum
1067:detergent
1023:algaecide
973:bidentate
719:lone pair
531:bisulfate
501:Structure
452:with the
448:ion is a
225:233-334-2
217:EC Number
6456:Sulfates
4734:archived
4708:archived
4671:: 1238.
4519:18757275
4389:55623817
4251:38388495
4242:10884021
4099:36588543
3981:35297408
3922:34219915
3704:32734279
3654:30518902
3446:27715473
3410:29422539
3302:10644227
3294:15879215
3249:13124021
3241:15879214
2771:17077862
2668:96291857
2604:(1966).
2508:18893624
2481:(1948).
2464:95865413
2437:(1916).
2328:See also
2109:Sulfate
1919:Sulfate
1535:aerosols
1433:Missouri
1429:Arkansas
1354:aerosols
1314:infrared
1229:aerosols
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