42:
548:
452:
461:
1197:. In a buffer, a weak acid and its conjugate base (in the form of a salt), or a weak base and its conjugate acid, are used in order to limit the pH change during a titration process. Buffers have both organic and non-organic chemical applications. For example, besides buffers being used in lab processes, human blood acts as a buffer to maintain pH. The most important buffer in our bloodstream is the
687:
can be viewed in a before and after sense. The before is the reactant side of the equation, the after is the product side of the equation. The conjugate acid in the after side of an equation gains a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of the equation the compound that has one less hydrogen ion of the
489:
introduced the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which said that any compound that can give a proton to another compound is an acid, and the compound that receives the proton is a base. A proton is a subatomic particle in the nucleus with a unit positive electrical charge. It is represented by the symbol
541:, an acid and a base react to form a conjugate base and a conjugate acid respectively. The acid loses a proton and the base gains a proton. In diagrams which indicate this, the new bond formed between the base and the proton is shown by an arrow that starts on an
442:
600:. The strength of a conjugate base can be seen as its tendency to "pull" hydrogen protons towards itself. If a conjugate base is classified as strong, it will "hold on" to the hydrogen proton when dissolved and its acid will not split.
688:
conjugate acid is the base. The conjugate base in the after side of the equation lost a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of the equation, the compound that has one more hydrogen ion of the conjugate base is the acid.
1396:
41:
1615:
Below are several examples of acids and their corresponding conjugate bases; note how they differ by just one proton (H ion). Acid strength decreases and conjugate base strength increases down the table.
584:
in the reverse reaction. The terms "acid", "base", "conjugate acid", and "conjugate base" are not fixed for a certain chemical substance but can be swapped if the reaction taking place is reversed.
360:
559:
is the conjugate base for the acidic ammonium after ammonium has donated a hydrogen ion to produce the water molecule. Also, OH can be considered as the conjugate base of
2780:
2743:
663:
On the other hand, if a chemical is a weak acid its conjugate base will not necessarily be strong. Consider that ethanoate, the conjugate base of ethanoic acid, has a
1216:
2037:
In contrast, here is a table of bases and their conjugate acids. Similarly, base strength decreases and conjugate acid strength increases down the table.
1552:. Acetic acid, along with many other weak acids, serve as useful components of buffers in different lab settings, each useful within their own pH range.
1493:
A second common application with an organic compound would be the production of a buffer with acetic acid. If acetic acid, a weak acid with the formula
2334:
2167:
2114:
313:
234:
175:
295:
2966:
342:
is what remains after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a substance formed by the
1583:
is combined with sodium, calcium and potassium cations and chloride anions in distilled water which together form a fluid which is
551:
In this case, the water molecule is the conjugate acid of the basic hydroxide ion after the latter received the hydrogen ion from
1466:
675:, making it a weak base. In order for a species to have a strong conjugate base it has to be a very weak acid, like water.
2939:
2914:
596:. A stronger conjugate acid will split more easily into its products, "push" hydrogen protons away and have a higher
791:). The water molecule acts as a base because it receives the hydrogen cation (proton) and its conjugate acid is the
2985:
603:
If a chemical is a strong acid, its conjugate base will be weak. An example of this case would be the splitting of
2844:
437:{\displaystyle {\text{acid}}+{\text{base}}\;{\ce {<=>}}\;{\text{conjugate base}}+{\text{conjugate acid}}}
17:
1446:
288:
482:
469:
1555:
1198:
664:
66:
281:
131:
116:
111:
2753:
2714:
136:
1526:
in the form of a salt. The resulting mixture is called an acetate buffer, consisting of aqueous
254:
2609:
2463:
1942:
684:
538:
522:
61:
660:
instead of attached to Cl anions and the conjugate bases will be weaker than water molecules.
593:
264:
239:
180:
146:
106:
96:
2856:
2634:
1927:
1819:
597:
141:
8:
2963:
1123:
911:
1506:, was made into a buffer solution, it would need to be combined with its conjugate base
1900:
1887:
518:
503:
326:
338:
added to it, as it loses a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. On the other hand, a
2935:
2910:
2840:
2661:
2432:
2005:
1851:
1664:
1656:
1588:
1116:
1049:
683:
To identify the conjugate acid, look for the pair of compounds that are related. The
604:
526:
354:
317:
151:
2811:
2591:
1770:
1754:
1700:
331:
224:
86:
76:
2970:
2958:
2796:
1801:
1596:
1194:
1161:
347:
126:
91:
51:
1193:
One use of conjugate acids and bases lies in buffering systems, which include a
2881:
1584:
495:
350:
can give multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic.
346:
from an acid, as it can gain a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. Because
2979:
2801:
2549:
2531:
1873:
1686:
896:
545:
from the base and ends at the hydrogen ion (proton) that will be transferred:
542:
343:
71:
2964:
The
Pharmaceutics and Compounding Laboratory - Buffers and Buffer Capacity.
2782:
2406:
1906:
1021:
486:
473:
335:
244:
195:
190:
185:
101:
547:
2816:
2806:
2565:
2506:
2142:
1832:
1716:
1604:
1559:
1433:
1420:
752:
451:
321:
249:
200:
81:
2264:
2080:
1649:
1592:
1391:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3^- + H+}}}
614:
is a strong acid (it splits up to a large extent), its conjugate base (
460:
215:
2704:
2472:
2448:
2023:
1988:
1743:
1035:
942:
792:
637:
269:
259:
210:
205:
156:
2652:
2423:
2371:
2231:
2202:
1959:
1857:
1670:
1147:
927:
552:
2745:
2582:
2300:
2186:
1969:
1842:
1785:
1730:
1600:
776:
556:
525:
is used. The simplest anion which can be a conjugate base is the
27:
Chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton to a base
2909:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 683.
1479:
510:
2680:
2483:
514:
2032:
1610:
1558:
is an example where the conjugate base of an organic acid,
499:
165:
56:
2959:
MCAT General
Chemistry Review - 10.4 Titration and Buffers
2934:(Fifth ed.). Kaplan Medical Test Prep. pp. 4–5.
2882:"Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases Chemistry Tutorial"
771:
because it donates a proton to the water molecule and its
2768:
1316:
1303:
1247:
1231:
678:
592:
The strength of a conjugate acid is proportional to its
2487:
1981:
121:
1340:
1274:
400:
2756:
2717:
1219:
363:
353:
In summary, this can be represented as the following
572:, since the water molecule donates a proton to give
2774:
2737:
1390:
436:
2874:
1348:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1282:
1281:
1264:
1263:
408:
407:
390:
389:
2977:
1400:Furthermore, here is a table of common buffers.
625:) will be weak. Therefore, in this system, most
2835:Zumdahl, Stephen S., & Zumdahl, Susan A.
529:whose conjugate acid is the atomic hydrogen.
289:
517:can be a conjugate base, depending on which
2923:
1587:in relation to human blood and is used for
691:Consider the following acid–base reaction:
420:
377:
296:
282:
1201:, which prevents drastic pH changes when
587:
2033:Table of bases and their conjugate acids
1611:Table of acids and their conjugate bases
2929:
1323:
1257:
1213:is introduced. This functions as such:
383:
14:
2978:
532:
679:Identifying conjugate acid–base pairs
334:—in other words, it is a base with a
2899:
2857:"Brønsted–Lowry theory | chemistry"
24:
2907:British national formulary: BNF 69
25:
2997:
2952:
2930:Pestana, Carlos (7 April 2020).
1199:carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
546:
513:can be a conjugate acid, and an
459:
450:
40:
1188:
314:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
2849:
2829:
1350:
1325:
1284:
1259:
410:
385:
13:
1:
2822:
2775:{\displaystyle {\ce {HNO2}}}
2738:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2-}}}
7:
2790:
527:free electron in a solution
10:
3002:
2839:. Houghton Mifflin, 2007,
483:Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
470:Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
1556:Ringer's lactate solution
132:Self-ionization of water
117:Hammett acidity function
2932:Pestana's Surgery Notes
2861:Encyclopedia Britannica
665:base splitting constant
2776:
2739:
1392:
588:Strength of conjugates
521:is involved and which
438:
2969:28 April 2021 at the
2777:
2740:
1393:
555:. On the other hand,
439:
147:Frustrated Lewis pair
107:Equilibrium chemistry
97:Dissociation constant
67:Acid–base homeostasis
2754:
2715:
2635:Dihydrogen phosphate
1928:Dihydrogen phosphate
1820:Dihydrogen phosphate
1217:
598:equilibrium constant
361:
320:formed when an acid
142:Lewis acid catalysis
2986:Acid–base chemistry
2886:www.ausetute.com.au
2770:
2733:
1589:fluid resuscitation
1373:
1336:
1318:
1305:
1270:
1249:
1233:
533:Acid–base reactions
494:because it has the
396:
344:removal of a proton
2772:
2758:
2735:
2719:
2610:Hydrogen phosphate
2464:Hydrogen phosphate
1943:Hydrogen phosphate
1901:Hydrosulfuric acid
1888:Hydrogen carbonate
1388:
1359:
1355:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1237:
1221:
685:acid–base reaction
594:splitting constant
539:acid–base reaction
434:
415:
62:Acid–base reaction
2788:
2787:
2761:
2722:
2662:Hydrogen chloride
2433:Hydrogen fluoride
2030:
2029:
2006:Hydrogencarbonate
1852:Hydrofluoric acid
1665:Hydrochloric acid
1657:Hydrogen fluoride
1491:
1490:
1380:
1362:
1357:
1309:
1296:
1291:
1252:
1240:
1224:
1186:
1185:
605:hydrochloric acid
432:
424:
417:
375:
367:
355:chemical reaction
318:chemical compound
306:
305:
152:Chiral Lewis acid
16:(Redirected from
2993:
2946:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2833:
2812:Salt (chemistry)
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2592:Hydrogen bromide
2590:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2040:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2004:
2003:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1926:
1925:
1886:
1885:
1818:
1817:
1784:
1783:
1771:Hydrogen sulfate
1769:
1768:
1729:
1728:
1701:Hydrogen sulfate
1699:
1698:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1619:
1618:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1425:3.13, 4.76, 6.40
1415:Useful pH range
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1360:
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1356:
1354:
1353:
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1335:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1003:
1002:
993:
989:
987:
986:
976:
975:
974:
961:
960:
959:
952:
951:
938:
937:
936:
923:
921:
920:
907:
906:
905:
893:
892:
891:
884:
883:
873:
872:
871:
861:
859:
858:
848:
847:
846:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
805:
804:
790:
789:
788:
766:
765:
764:
749:
748:
747:
737:
736:
735:
728:
727:
717:
715:
714:
704:
703:
702:
674:
672:
659:
658:
657:
650:
649:
635:
634:
633:
624:
623:
622:
613:
610:in water. Since
609:
583:
582:
581:
571:
569:
568:
550:
523:acid–base theory
493:
463:
454:
443:
441:
440:
435:
433:
430:
425:
422:
419:
418:
416:
414:
413:
406:
398:
397:
395:
388:
380:
376:
373:
368:
365:
329:
298:
291:
284:
265:Non-nucleophilic
92:Buffer solutions
77:Acidity function
44:
32:
31:
21:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2971:Wayback Machine
2955:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2797:Buffer solution
2793:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2700:
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2688:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2671:
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2668:
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2646:
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2642:
2630:
2627:
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2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
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2602:
2601:
2600:
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2588:
2578:
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2575:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
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2542:
2541:
2540:
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2527:
2524:
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2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2481:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
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2389:
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2381:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2364:
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2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2046:Conjugate acid
2035:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1968:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1898:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1840:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1802:Phosphoric acid
1800:
1796:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1741:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1625:Conjugate base
1613:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1454:
1450:
1412:
1406:Buffering agent
1381:
1377:
1368:
1363:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1195:buffer solution
1191:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
981:
980:
978:
973:
971:
970:
969:
967:
958:
956:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
943:
935:
932:
931:
930:
928:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:
904:
901:
900:
899:
897:
890:
888:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
870:
867:
866:
865:
863:
857:
854:
853:
852:
850:
845:
842:
841:
840:
838:
833:Conjugate acid
811:
809:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
796:
787:
784:
783:
782:
780:
763:
760:
759:
758:
756:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
739:
734:
732:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
719:
713:
710:
709:
708:
706:
701:
698:
697:
696:
694:
681:
670:
668:
656:
654:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
641:
632:
630:
629:
628:
626:
621:
619:
618:
617:
615:
611:
607:
590:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
567:
564:
563:
562:
560:
535:
504:hydrogen cation
491:
480:
479:
478:
477:
466:
465:
464:
456:
455:
429:
421:
409:
402:
401:
399:
391:
384:
382:
381:
379:
378:
372:
364:
362:
359:
358:
325:
302:
127:Proton affinity
52:Acceptor number
35:Acids and bases
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2954:
2953:External links
2951:
2948:
2947:
2941:978-1506254340
2940:
2922:
2915:
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2873:
2848:
2827:
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2765:
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2410:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
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2347:
2339:
2338:
2335:Phenylammonium
2328:
2319:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2168:Methylammonium
2161:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
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2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1985:
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1937:
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1911:
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1626:
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1609:
1577:
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1407:
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1300:
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1279:
1268:
1261:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1207:
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1153:
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1076:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1000:
983:
972:
964:
963:
957:
948:
940:
933:
925:
917:
909:
902:
894:
889:
880:
868:
855:
843:
835:
834:
831:
830:Conjugate base
828:
825:
822:
810:
801:
785:
773:conjugate base
761:
744:
733:
724:
711:
699:
693:
680:
677:
667:(Kb) of about
655:
646:
631:
620:
589:
586:
578:
565:
534:
531:
498:of a hydrogen
468:
467:
458:
457:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
431:conjugate acid
428:
423:conjugate base
412:
405:
394:
387:
371:
340:conjugate base
322:gives a proton
310:conjugate acid
304:
303:
301:
300:
293:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
235:Brønsted–Lowry
229:
228:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
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183:
178:
176:Brønsted–Lowry
170:
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94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Conjugate acid
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2916:9780857111562
2912:
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2902:
2887:
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2858:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Deprotonation
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2729:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2553:
2551:
2550:Carbonate ion
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:Carbonic acid
2510:
2508:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2376:
2373:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2304:
2302:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2235:
2233:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2146:
2144:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:Ethylammonium
2084:
2082:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2013:
2010:
2009:(bicarbonate)
2007:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1948:
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1932:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1875:
1874:Carbonic acid
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
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1737:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1688:
1687:Sulfuric acid
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1487:8.25 - 10.25
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1343:
1332:
1311:
1298:
1277:
1266:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1144:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1020:
1006:
966:
965:
962:
941:
939:
926:
924:
910:
908:
895:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
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819:
816:
794:
778:
774:
770:
754:
692:
689:
686:
676:
666:
661:
639:
606:
601:
599:
595:
585:
558:
554:
549:
544:
543:electron pair
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
502:, that is, a
501:
497:
488:
484:
475:
471:
462:
453:
444:
426:
403:
392:
369:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:hydrogen ion
333:
328:
323:
319:
315:
312:, within the
311:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
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118:
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113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
72:Acid strength
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2836:
2831:
2783:Nitrous acid
2407:Benzoic acid
2036:
2008:
1907:Hydrosulfide
1704:
1614:
1554:
1539:and aqueous
1492:
1399:
1192:
1189:Applications
772:
768:
751:
690:
682:
662:
602:
591:
536:
508:
487:Martin Lowry
481:
474:Martin Lowry
352:
339:
309:
307:
102:Donor number
29:
2891:25 February
2866:25 February
2817:Carboxylate
2807:Protonation
2566:Bicarbonate
2507:Bicarbonate
2143:Methylamine
1833:Acetic acid
1717:Nitric acid
1605:burn injury
1560:lactic acid
1434:Acetic acid
1421:Citric acid
753:Nitric acid
472:(left) and
82:Amphoterism
2845:0618713700
2823:References
2486:(neutral,
2265:Pyridinium
2081:Ethylamine
1650:Fluoronium
1593:blood loss
1461:6.2 - 8.2
1441:3.8 - 5.8
1428:2.1 - 7.4
348:some acids
260:Superbases
206:Superacids
112:Extraction
2837:Chemistry
2730:−
2705:Hydronium
2473:Hydroxide
2449:Phosphate
2024:Carbonate
1989:Hydroxide
1980:O Water (
1744:Hydronium
1705:bisulfate
1474:8.3–10.3
1370:−
1351:⇀
1344:−
1333:−
1326:↽
1285:⇀
1278:−
1267:−
1260:↽
793:hydronium
638:hydronium
519:substance
411:⇀
404:−
393:−
386:↽
157:ECW model
137:Titration
2980:Category
2967:Archived
2791:See also
2653:Chloride
2424:Fluoride
2372:Benzoate
2232:Pyridine
2203:Ammonium
1960:Ammonium
1858:Fluoride
1671:Chloride
1585:isotonic
1573:CH(OH)CO
821:Equation
767:) is an
636:will be
553:ammonium
476:(right).
2746:Nitrite
2583:Bromide
2301:Aniline
2187:Ammonia
1970:Ammonia
1843:Acetate
1786:Sulfate
1731:Nitrate
1603:, or a
1601:surgery
1595:due to
777:nitrate
557:ammonia
496:nucleus
330:) to a
316:, is a
245:Organic
191:Organic
186:Mineral
2938:
2913:
2843:
1597:trauma
1591:after
1480:Borate
537:In an
511:cation
255:Strong
201:Strong
2681:Water
2484:Water
2043:Base
1831:COOH
1755:Water
1707:ion)
1703:ion (
1622:Acid
1550:COONa
795:ion (
640:ions
515:anion
250:Oxide
240:Lewis
227:types
216:Solid
196:Oxide
181:Lewis
168:types
2936:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2893:2020
2868:2020
2841:ISBN
2748:ion
2707:ion
2655:ion
2637:ion
2585:ion
2475:ion
2466:ion
2451:ion
2426:ion
2374:ion
2337:ion
2205:ion
2170:ion
2117:ion
2026:ion
2011:ion
1991:ion
1984:=7)
1962:ion
1945:ion
1930:ion
1909:ion
1890:ion
1860:ion
1845:ion
1841:COO
1822:ion
1788:ion
1773:ion
1746:ion
1733:ion
1673:ion
1663:HCl
1652:ion
1537:COOH
1504:COOH
1484:9.24
1467:CHES
1051:HClO
992:HClO
898:HClO
839:HClO
827:Base
824:Acid
769:acid
500:atom
485:and
374:base
366:acid
332:base
270:Weak
225:Base
211:Weak
166:Acid
87:Base
57:Acid
2760:HNO
2659:HCl
2599:HPO
2589:HBr
2555:HCO
2496:HCO
2490:7)
2471:OH
2454:HPO
1996:HCO
1987:OH
1933:HPO
1905:HS
1878:HCO
1850:HF
1761:HSO
1712:HNO
1691:HSO
1669:Cl
1655:HF
1517:COO
1471:9.3
1458:7.2
1438:4.8
1361:HCO
1118:HCl
1059:HCl
1023:ClO
968:ClO
929:ClO
864:ClO
815:).
775:is
757:HNO
695:HNO
669:5.6
612:HCl
608:HCl
2982::
2884:.
2859:.
2721:NO
2643:Cl
2624:PO
2573:Br
2539:CO
2521:CO
2488:pH
2482:O
2439:PO
2430:HF
2396:CO
2361:CO
2324:NH
2290:NH
2192:NH
2176:NH
2157:NH
2148:CH
2132:NH
2123:CH
2104:NH
2070:NH
2014:CO
1982:pH
1965:NH
1950:NH
1918:PO
1899:S
1869:CO
1856:F
1837:CH
1827:CH
1810:PO
1797:PO
1776:SO
1753:O
1742:O
1721:NO
1682:SO
1607:.
1599:,
1564:CH
1562:,
1541:CH
1528:CH
1508:CH
1495:CH
1451:PO
1447:KH
1409:pK
1308:CO
1223:CO
1203:CO
1172:PO
1149:Cl
1134:PO
1104:PO
1093:+
1084:Cl
1082:→
1072:PO
1061:+
1037:OH
996:OH
994:+
990:→
977:+
874:+
862:→
849:+
781:NO
740:NO
738:+
718:→
705:+
673:10
616:Cl
574:NH
509:A
506:.
357::
308:A
122:pH
2944:.
2919:.
2895:.
2870:.
2764:2
2725:2
2695:O
2691:3
2686:H
2678:O
2674:2
2669:H
2629:4
2620:2
2615:H
2604:4
2560:3
2544:3
2526:3
2517:2
2512:H
2501:3
2480:2
2478:H
2459:4
2444:4
2414:F
2401:2
2392:6
2387:H
2383:6
2378:C
2366:2
2357:5
2352:H
2348:6
2343:C
2329:3
2320:5
2315:H
2311:6
2306:C
2295:2
2286:5
2281:H
2277:6
2272:C
2255:N
2251:6
2246:H
2242:5
2237:C
2229:N
2225:5
2220:H
2216:5
2211:C
2197:4
2181:3
2162:3
2153:3
2137:2
2128:3
2109:3
2100:5
2095:H
2091:2
2086:C
2075:2
2066:5
2061:H
2057:2
2052:C
2019:3
2001:3
1978:2
1976:H
1967:3
1955:4
1938:4
1923:4
1916:2
1914:H
1897:2
1895:H
1883:3
1871:3
1867:2
1865:H
1839:3
1829:3
1815:4
1808:2
1806:H
1799:4
1795:3
1793:H
1781:4
1766:4
1751:2
1749:H
1740:3
1738:H
1726:3
1714:3
1696:4
1684:4
1680:2
1678:H
1640:F
1636:2
1631:H
1578:2
1569:3
1546:3
1533:3
1513:3
1500:3
1453:4
1449:2
1411:a
1383:+
1379:H
1375:+
1365:3
1312:3
1299:2
1295:H
1251:O
1243:2
1239:H
1235:+
1227:2
1208:2
1177:4
1168:3
1163:H
1139:4
1130:2
1125:H
1109:4
1100:3
1095:H
1077:4
1068:2
1063:H
1017:O
1013:2
1008:H
988:O
984:2
979:H
953:O
949:3
944:H
934:2
922:O
918:2
913:H
903:2
885:O
881:3
876:H
869:2
860:O
856:2
851:H
844:2
806:O
802:3
797:H
786:3
779:(
762:3
755:(
745:3
729:O
725:3
720:H
716:O
712:2
707:H
700:3
671:Ă—
651:O
647:3
642:H
627:H
579:4
570:O
566:2
561:H
492:H
427:+
370:+
327:H
324:(
297:e
290:t
283:v
20:)
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