Hydrogen vehicle - Knowledge

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platinum nano-particles are not coated over carbon which, in conventional hydrogen fuel cells, keeps the nano-particles in place but also causes the catalyst to become unstable and denatures it slowly, requiring even more platinum. The new technology uses durable nanowires instead of the nano-particles. "The next step for the researchers is to scale up their results so that the technology can be implemented in hydrogen vehicles."

691: 1005:, are exploring technologies to deliver costs low enough, and quantities great enough, to compete with traditional energy sources. The challenges facing the use of hydrogen in vehicles include its storage on board the vehicle. As of September 2023, hydrogen cost $ 36 per kilogram at public fueling stations in California, 14 times as much per mile for a Mirai as compared with a Tesla Model 3. 159: 1262:, which creates at least as much emission of carbon per mile as some of today's gasoline cars, and that if the hydrogen could be produced using renewable energy, "it would surely be easier simply to use this energy to charge the batteries of all-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles." Over their lifetimes, hydrogen vehicles will emit more carbon than gasoline vehicles. 1107: 391:

to stimulate the market for hydrogen-powered vehicles. By 2017, however, Daimler had abandoned hydrogen vehicle development, and most of the automobile companies developing hydrogen cars had switched their focus to battery electric vehicles. By 2020, all but three automobile companies had abandoned plans to manufacture hydrogen cars.

323:, which began leasing in 2008, was the world's first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle designed for mass production rather than adapting an existing model. Honda established the world's first fuel cell vehicle dealer network in 2008, and at the time was the only company able to lease hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to private customers. 1165:

investment in airport infrastructure for the storage and delivery of hydrogen. The IEA deems the infrastructure requirements for hydrogen in shipping more challenging, drawing attention to the "need for major investments and co‐ordinated efforts among fuel suppliers, ports, shipbuilders and shippers".

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estimated that Toyota would initially lose about $ 100,000 on each Mirai sold. In 2020, researchers at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry are developing a new type of catalyst that they hope will decrease the cost of fuel cells. This new catalyst uses far less platinum because the

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Most companies in Europe and the US do not use petroleum powered forklifts, as these vehicles work indoors where emissions must be controlled and instead use electric forklifts. Fuel-cell-powered forklifts can be refueled in 3 minutes. They can be used in refrigerated warehouses, as their performance

1447:. Unlike hydrogen vehicles, CNG vehicle technology has been available for many decades, and there is sufficient infrastructure in existing filling stations to provide both commercial and home refueling. Worldwide, there were 14.8 million natural gas vehicles by the end of 2011, mostly in the form of 732:

In 2020, Alles over Waterstof developed a 2-wheel hydrogen powered stand-up scooter. The stand-up scooter has a range of over 20 km on 15 grams of hydrogen. It uses a swappable 1 litre 200 bar hydrogen cylinder. In 2021 the company developed a hydrogen powered cargo-bike, using a static 3 litre

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In 2017, Pragma Industries of France developed a bicycle that was able to travel 100 km on a single hydrogen cylinder. In 2019, Pragma announced that the product, "Alpha Bike", has been improved to offer an electrically assisted pedalling range of 150 km, and the first 200 of the bikes are

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Overall, the delta-v of a hydrogen stage is typically not much different from that of a dense fuelled stage, but the weight of a hydrogen stage is much less, which makes it particularly effective for upper stages, since they are carried by the lower stages. For first stages, dense fuelled rockets in

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announced a collaboration on hydrogen technology development. In 2015, Toyota announced that it would offer all 5,680 patents related to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell charging station technology, which it has been researching for over 20 years, to its competitors free of charge

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Vehicles running on hydrogen technology benefit from a long range on a single refuelling, but are subject to several drawbacks including high carbon emissions when hydrogen is produced from natural gas, capital cost burden, high energy inputs in production and transportation, low energy content per

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The problems in early fuel-cell designs at low temperatures concerning range and cold start capabilities have been addressed so that they "cannot be seen as show-stoppers anymore". Users in 2014 said that their fuel cell vehicles continue to operate in temperatures below zero without significantly

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are not commercially available. In the light road vehicle segment, by the end of 2022, 70,200 fuel cell electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million plug-in electric vehicles. In 2023, 3,143 hydrogen cars were sold in the US compared with 380,000 BEVs. With the rapid rise of

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The rationale for hydrogen vehicles lies in their potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, associated greenhouse gas emissions and localised air pollution from transportation. This would require hydrogen to be produced cleanly, for use in sectors and applications where cheaper and more energy

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than other powertrain technologies ... very high fuel costs. ... Considering all the obstacles and requirements for new infrastructure (estimated to cost as much as $ 400 billion), fuel-cell vehicles seem likely to be a niche technology at best, with little impact on U.S. oil consumption. The US

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A record of 207.297 miles per hour (333.612 km/h) was set by a prototype Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 Fuel Cell Race Car at the Bonneville Salt Flats, in August 2007, using a large compressed oxygen tank to increase power. The land-speed record for a hydrogen-powered vehicle of 286.476 miles per

990:. It is produced from feedstocks such as natural gas and biomass or electrolyzed from water. A suggested benefit of large-scale deployment of hydrogen vehicles is that it could lead to decreased emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. However, as of 2014, 95% of hydrogen is made from 1075:

resources would not create such emissions, but the scale of renewable energy production would need to be expanded to be used in producing hydrogen for a significant part of transportation needs. In a few countries, renewable sources are being used more widely to produce energy and hydrogen. For

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responded to the announcement, asking "why … go through the trouble of using electricity to make hydrogen, only to turn it back into electricity to charge a battery to run the e-bike pick a fuel that needs an expensive filling station that can only handle 35 bikes a day, when you can charge a

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and also in selected markets in Europe, the UK, Germany and Denmark later in 2015. The car has a range of 312 mi (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refill its hydrogen tank. The initial sale price in Japan was about 7 million yen ($ 69,000). Former European Parliament President

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Volkswagen's Rudolf Krebs said in 2013: "Hydrogen mobility only makes sense if you use green energy", but ... you need to convert it first into hydrogen "with low efficiencies" where "you lose about 40 percent of the initial energy". You then must compress the hydrogen and store it under high

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and plants to convert the hydrogen into a more readily transportable commodity (and potentially back to hydrogen)". In particular, the IEA notes that refueling stations will be needed in locations that are suitable for long‐distance trucking such as industrial hubs and identifies the need for

664:’s 2022 Net Zero Emissions Scenario, hydrogen is forecast to account for 2% of rail energy demand in 2050, while 90% of rail travel is expected to be electrified by then (up from 45% today). Hydrogen’s role in rail would likely be focused on lines that prove difficult or costly to electrify. 244:

A disadvantage of LH2/LOX engines is the low density and low temperature of liquid hydrogen, which means bigger and insulated and thus heavier fuel tanks are needed compared to methane, although methane is more polluting. This increases the rocket's structural mass which reduces its delta-v

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pressure in tanks, which uses more energy. "And then you have to convert the hydrogen back to electricity in a fuel cell with another efficiency loss". Krebs continued: "in the end, from your original 100 percent of electric energy, you end up with 30 to 40 percent." A 2016 study in

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Hydrogen burns cleaner than fuels such as gasoline or methane but is more difficult to store and transport because of the small size of the molecule. As of the 2020s hydrogen light duty vehicles, including passenger cars, have been sold in small numbers due to competition with

1314:, and delivering hydrogen would require building a vast and expensive new infrastructure, while the remaining two "advantages of fuel cell vehicles – longer range and fast fueling times – are rapidly being eroded by improving battery and charging technology." A 2022 study in 1176:

lawsuit in California over the lack of availability of hydrogen available for fuel cell electric cars, alleging, among other things, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation as well as violations of California’s false advertising law and breaches of implied warranty.

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reducing range. Studies using neutron radiography on unassisted cold-start indicate ice formation in the cathode, three stages in cold start and Nafion ionic conductivity. A parameter, defined as coulomb of charge, was also defined to measure cold start capability.

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To enable the delivery of hydrogen fuel to transport end-users, a broad range of investments are needed, including, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the "construction and operation of new port infrastructure, buffer storage, pipelines, ships,

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Explosions at hydrogen filling stations have been reported. Hydrogen fuelling stations generally receive deliveries of hydrogen by truck from hydrogen suppliers. An interruption at a hydrogen supply facility can shut down multiple hydrogen fuelling stations.

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asked in 2009, "hy would you want to store energy in the form of hydrogen and then use that hydrogen to produce electricity for a motor, when electrical energy is already waiting to be sucked out of sockets all over America and stored in auto batteries"?

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are pursuing hydrogen as fuel for crewed and uncrewed aeroplanes. In February 2008 Boeing tested a crewed flight of a small aircraft powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. Uncrewed hydrogen planes have also been tested. For large passenger aeroplanes,

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The International Energy Agency's 2022 net-zero emissions scenario sees hydrogen meeting approximately 30% of heavy truck energy demand in 2050, mainly for long-distance heavy freight (with battery electric power accounting for around 60%).

4262: 756:, focuses on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Its SURUS (Silent Utility Rover Universal Superstructure) is a flexible fuel cell electric platform with autonomous capabilities. Since April 2017, the U.S. Army has been testing the commercial 4326: 1225:

Critics argue that implementing wide-scale use of hydrogen in cars is unlikely during at least the next several decades and that the hydrogen car is a dangerous distraction from more readily available solutions to reducing the use of

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at ambient conditions, compared with gasoline and other vehicle fuels. It must be stored in a vehicle either as a super-cooled liquid or as highly compressed gas, which require additional energy to accomplish. In 2018, researchers at

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at working efficiencies of 65–70%. Hydrogen can be made by chemical reduction using chemical hydrides or aluminum. Current technologies for manufacturing hydrogen use energy in various forms, totaling between 25 and 50 percent of the

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claimed it was the world's first mass-produced hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. However, due to high prices and a lack of charging infrastructure, sales fell far short of initial plans, with only 273 units sold by the end of May 2015.

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As of 2019 hydrogen fuel cells are not suitable for propulsion in large long-distance ships but are being considered as a range-extender for smaller, short-distance, low-speed electric vessels, such as ferries. Hydrogen in

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accordingly. Another disadvantage is the poor storability of LH2/LOX-powered rockets: Due to the constant hydrogen boil-off, the rocket must be fueled shortly before launch, which makes cryogenic engines unsuitable for

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has said: "A hydrogen car is one of the least efficient, most expensive ways to reduce greenhouse gases." He argued that the cost to build out a nationwide network of hydrogen refueling stations would be prohibitive.

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estimated that Toyota would initially lose about $ 100,000 on each Mirai sold. At the end of 2019, Toyota had sold over 10,000 Mirais. Many automobile companies introduced demonstration models in limited numbers (see

4827:, 21 October 2015. Quote: "Unlike gasoline, solar, or nuclear, hydrogen isn’t an energy source—just a method of energy storage. “Hydrogen is an energy carrier in the same sense that electricity is,” says David Keith" 1367:

is also a concern for the storage tank material, as well as the car parts surrounding the tank if chronic leakage is present. Hydrogen is odorless so leakages are not easily picked up without specialized detectors.

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in the US. As of 2024, approximately 50,000 hydrogen forklifts are in operation worldwide (the bulk of which are in the U.S.), as compared with 1.2 million battery electric forklifts that were purchased in 2021.

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Mishler, Jeff, Yun Wang, Partha P. Mukherjee, Rangachary Mukundan, and Rodney L. Borup, "Subfreezing operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Ice formation and cell performance loss",

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in Australia powered a Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo with hydrogen separated from ammonia using a membrane technology. Ammonia is easier to transport safely in tankers than pure hydrogen.

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reported that "Boeing said that hydrogen fuel cells were unlikely to power the engines of large passenger jet aeroplanes but could be used as backup or auxiliary power units onboard."

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Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) is used for hydrogen tank systems in vehicles, based on type IV carbon-composite technology.

787:. The Burgman received "whole vehicle type" approval in the EU. The Taiwanese company APFCT conducted a live street test with 80 fuel-cell scooters for Taiwan's Bureau of Energy. 260:

to run the fuel cells that power the electrical systems. The byproduct of the fuel cell is water, which is used for drinking and other applications that require water in space.

2535: 671:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell-powered tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. Tracks for the new vehicle have been built in seven Chinese cities. 572:, France, cancelled a contract to procure 51 buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells, when it found that "the cost of operation for hydrogen is 6 times the cost of electricity". 475:

Some publications project hydrogen may be used in shipping and jetplanes, while others predict that biofuels and batteries will have more commercial success. Companies such as

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of hydrogen is greater than any other fuel. LH2/LOX also yields the greatest efficiency in relation to the amount of propellant consumed, of any known rocket propellant.

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concluded that, even assuming local hydrogen production, "investing in all-electric battery vehicles is a more economical choice for reducing carbon dioxide emissions".

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around the world to dispense hydrogen. In addition, leaked hydrogen is an invisible, highly flammable gas and has a global warming effect 11.6 times stronger than CO₂.

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On this basis, hydrogen's energy density is poor (since it has such low density) although its energy to weight ratio is the best of all fuels (because it is so light).

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on May 27, 2008. It used a 2.0 litre, 43 kW (58 hp) diesel internal combustion engine converted to use hydrogen as a fuel with the use of a compressor and

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Assessments since 2020 have concluded that hydrogen vehicles are still only 38% efficient, while battery EVs are from 80% to 95% efficient. A 2021 assessment by

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Mishler, J., Y. Wang, R. Lujan, R. Mukundan, and R. L. Borup, "An Experimental Study of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Operation at Sub-Freezing Temperatures",

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introduced its Urbino 12 hydrogen electric buses in 2019. Several dozen were ordered. The first city in the U.S. to have a fleet of hydrogen powered buses was

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car. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do; the main difference is the exhaust product. Gasoline combustion results in

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and associated battery technology and infrastructure, the global scope for hydrogen's role in cars is shrinking relative to earlier expectations. John Max of

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concluded that the hydrogen needed to move a FCV a kilometer costs approximately 8 times as much as the electricity needed to move a BEV the same distance.

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to run on hydrogen. In 1970 Paul Dieges patented a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.

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Wang, Y, P. P. Mukherjee, J. Mishler, R. Mukundan, and R. L. Borup, “Cold start of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Three-stage startup characterization”,

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concluded that the best hydrogen-fuel-cell vehicles consume "more than three times more electricity per mile than an electric vehicle ... generate more

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Department of Energy agrees, for fuel produced by grid electricity via electrolysis, but not for most other pathways for generation. A 2019 video by

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In the light road vehicle segment, by 2023, 26 million battery electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, and there were 65,730 public

1172:(compared with 65,000 electric charging stations). By 2017, there were 91 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan. In 2024, Mirai owners filed a 6387: 5646: 5492: 5214: 5182: 3895: 3774: 3563: 3304: 3046: 2948: 2446: 838:

was formed as a racing organization for hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles. The organization sponsored the Hydrogen 500, a 500-mile race.

5268: 5047: 3961: 3670: 3364: 2072: 6609: 5730: 4790: 4652: 3519: 857: 847: 810:'s H-Due is a hydrogen-powered quad, capable of transporting 1-3 passengers. A concept for a hydrogen-powered tractor has been proposed. 741:

battery powered bike anywhere. you were a captive fleet operator, why just swap out batteries to get the range and the fast turnover?"

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ordered two New Flyer XHE60 articulated hydrogen fuel cell buses, with 10 more New Flyer XHE40 buses added in 2024. In 2022, the city of

319:, which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and the 292: 88: 5031: 2970: 7970: 2116: 911:. The advantage of using an internal combustion engine, like Wankel and piston engines, is the lower cost of retooling for production. 565: 5450: 4936: 2782: 4840: 3636: 3012: 2539: 1019:

The molecular hydrogen needed as an onboard fuel for hydrogen vehicles can be obtained through many thermochemical methods utilizing

784: 4426: 2581: 7991: 5670: 5567: 5247: 3167:"World's First Fuel Cell Heavy-Duty Truck, Hyundai XCIENT Fuel Cell, Heads to Europe for Commercial Use - Hyundai Motor Group TECH" 2762: 2599: 7825: 5323: 4471: 3576: 3137: 2846:"Sales, Production, and Export Results for March 2020 | Sales, Production, and Export Results | Profile | Company" 2101: 4814: 3841: 2825: 7963: 7068: 4205: 4158: 3326: 1048: 561: 4861: 1922: 8005: 7984: 7977: 5141: 3276: 2667: 1871: 542: 3720: 2744: 1898: 8019: 7998: 6273: 6175: 5578: 3077: 3385: 2649: 1997: 8026: 8012: 6822: 6011: 5700: 5168: 5008: 4635: 3926: 2918: 2563: 835: 760:

ZH2 on its U.S. bases to determine the viability of hydrogen-powered vehicles in military mission tactical environments.

581: 5985: 4911: 4052: 2870: 1071:, a consequence that would also result from the on-board reforming of methanol into hydrogen. Hydrogen production using 994:. It can be produced by thermochemical or pyrolitic means using renewable feedstocks, but that is an expensive process. 4491:, Dieges, Paul Bertrand, "Vaporization of exhaust products in hydrogen-oxygen engine", published 1974-10-29 2499: 1630: 997:

Renewable electricity can however be used to power the conversion of water into hydrogen: Integrated wind-to-hydrogen (

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Utgikar, Vivek P; Thiesen, Todd (2005). "Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles".

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300 bar refillable hydrogen cylinder. The HydroCargo bike has a range of up to 100 km on 80 grams of hydrogen.

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materials. The first production HICE forklift truck based on the Linde X39 Diesel was presented at an exposition in

8152: 6154: 3195: 2471: 5752: 4104: 2897: 2276:"Global Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Market Buoyed as OEMs Will Launch 17 Vehicle Models by 2027, IHS Says" 2029: 6989: 6431: 6168: 6076: 4987: 2814: 2716:"Euro NCAP Best in Class 2018 - new award for best performing hybrid & electric car of 2018 | Euro NCAP" 1487: 1482: 304:

believes that hydrogen may, however, be used directly, or as a feedstock for efuel, for vintage and muscle cars.

5773: 5556: 2328: 1326:, stated that ships are more likely to be powered by ammonia or methanol than hydrogen. Also in 2022, Germany's 885:, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, while the main exhaust product of hydrogen combustion is water vapor. 8157: 8126: 6890: 6815: 6345: 5804: 1613: 1284: 7883: 4295: 2422: 2166: 7779: 7255: 7041: 6735: 6446: 4868:. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. September 2009. Archived from 3619: 3108: 2196: 1929:. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. September 2009. Archived from 710: 350: 6340: 4235: 2221: 1060:

of the hydrogen fuel, used to produce, compress or liquefy, and transmit the hydrogen by pipeline or truck.

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unit volume at ambient conditions, production and compression of hydrogen, the investment required to build

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Hydrogen fuel cells are relatively expensive to produce, as their designs require rare substances, such as

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is not degraded by lower temperatures. The fuel cell units are often designed as drop-in replacements.

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As of 2024, there were 53 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in the US, 52 of which were

889: 8162: 7819: 6589: 5423: 3455: 1657: 1234: 96: 68: 5928: 4600: 7774: 7730: 7232: 6938: 6451: 6409: 6191: 5671:"VW's Krebs talks hydrogen, says 'most efficient way to convert energy to mobility is electricity'" 5028: 4969:, "Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy: A Critical Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Utilization" in 4179: 1603: 1560: 1542: 1495: 1471: 1381: 1356: 1295: 965: 430: 307:

The first road vehicle powered by a hydrogen fuel cell was the Chevrolet Electrovan, introduced by

123: 1337:(CICERO) estimated that leaked hydrogen has a global warming effect 11.6 times stronger than CO₂. 7855: 7830: 7449: 6900: 6870: 6671: 6630: 6436: 6399: 4937:"Chapter 3: Production of Hydrogen. Part 4: Production from electricity by means of electrolysis" 4447: 3532: 3475: 3300: 2689: 2250: 2052: 1795: 1677: 1641: 1491: 1416: 1259: 1135: 1028: 668: 501: 484: 339:, which succeeded the Tucson in 2018, was selected as the "safest SUV" by the Euro NCAP in 2018. 119: 7634: 6032: 5774:"Hydrogen cars won't overtake electric vehicles because they're hampered by the laws of science" 5496: 3356: 2956: 2826:"Bibendum 2014: Former EU President says Toyota could lose 100,000 euros per hydrogen FCV sedan" 8078: 7850: 7760: 7687: 7260: 6969: 6796: 6635: 6473: 6312: 6253: 4684:

Wang, Y. "Analysis of the Key Parameters in the Cold Start of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells",

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around the handle; this is because of the hydrogen gas expanding, causing the handle to freeze.

908: 557: 504:, powered by two Ford internal-combustion engines that have been converted to run on hydrogen. 198: 99:. As of 2021, there were two models of hydrogen cars publicly available in select markets: the 7176: 6102: 5722: 5005:"US Energy Information Administration, "World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970–2004"" 4786: 4345: 3958: 641: 7579: 7444: 7199: 6838: 6666: 6594: 6546: 6421: 5091: 2398:"'Hydrogen unlikely to play major role in road transport, even for heavy trucks': Fraunhofer" 2146: 1764: 1506:

and battery pack as in conventional hybrid vehicles. The PHEV concept augments the vehicle's

1420: 1194: 1145: 1002: 828: 820: 513: 415: 411: 127: 64: 6063: 5296:"Energy use for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles: higher than electrics, even hybrids (analysis)" 2124: 827:, which achieved a "flying-mile" speed of 280.007 miles per hour (450.628 km/h) at the 8073: 8037: 6984: 6974: 6915: 6853: 6791: 6375: 4944: 2558: 1593: 1057: 1036: 5345:"GSA's Transit Bus Program Awards Include First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Bus Offerings" 5231: 5226: 5199: 5194: 4892:"Hydrogen Cars Are Dead as Projects Are Scrapped and Refueling Prices Go Through the Roof" 4837: 4213: 3706: 3701: 3640: 3063: 3058: 1455:

which is the common way to produce hydrogen gas for use in electric cars with fuel cells.

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Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The

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studies may show a small advantage, due to the smaller vehicle size and lower air drag.

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Energy Department Launches Public-Private Partnership to Deploy Hydrogen Infrastructure

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L. Soler, J. Macanás, M. Muñoz, J. Casado. Journal of Power Sources 169 (2007) 144-149

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in North America, in addition to the availability of home and workplace charging via

612: 237:, a rocket with higher exhaust velocity uses less propellant to accelerate. Also the 175: 76: 6138: 5830:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 3865:"Hy-Cycle Is Australia's First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bicycle. Motorcycles Next, Maybe?" 1718:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 455: 7893: 7770: 7667: 7544: 7374: 6979: 6584: 6551: 6404: 6355: 6327: 6225: 5896: 1729: 1635: 1575: 1548: 1275: 1217:(NYSERDA) has created incentives for hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks and buses. 1190: 1161: 1106: 1101: 1081: 1072: 1068: 977: 467: 297: 7494: 5900: 4633:

RD&D cooperation for the development of fuel cell hybrid and electric vehicles

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College of the Desert, “Module 1, Hydrogen Properties”, Revision 0, December 2001

1998:"Honda Is Working On Hydrogen Technology That Will Generate Power Inside Your Car" 279:

As of 2021, there are two hydrogen cars publicly available in select markets: the

170:, is the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. 8083: 7908: 7898: 7888: 7519: 6781: 6771: 6661: 6297: 5759: 5677: 5653: 5628: 5608: 5585: 5574: 5563: 5474: 5454: 5430: 5369: 5302: 5275: 5251: 5164: 4991: 4918: 4844: 4818: 4659: 4639: 4475: 4430: 4424:"Emission Standards Reference Guide for On-road and Nonroad Vehicles and Engines" 4333: 4035: 3965: 3781: 3599: 3482: 3029:"Toyota sued over lack of hydrogen availability for fuel cell cars in California" 2977: 2952: 2904: 2877: 2832: 2821: 2769: 2517: 2230: 2153: 2097: 2036: 1951: 1905: 1878: 1820: 1652: 1647: 1507: 1452: 1448: 1352: 1346: 1186: 893: 873: 714: 450: 206: 72: 4079:"GM Outlines Possibilities for Flexible, Autonomous Fuel Cell Electric Platform" 2073:"First Honda FCX Fuel Cell Vehicles Delivered on Same Day in Japan and the U.S." 1310:

found that the vast majority of hydrogen was being produced was still polluting

345:

launched the world's first dedicated mass-produced fuel cell vehicle (FCV), the

268: 7834: 7624: 7599: 7584: 7489: 7436: 7118: 7007: 6925: 6880: 6691: 6681: 6599: 6463: 6394: 6332: 6148: 5632: 5557:"Tesla Trumps Toyota Part II: The Big Problem With Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles" 1733: 1571: 1556: 1530: 1503: 1444: 1440: 1360: 1248: 1118: 869: 824: 780: 749: 722: 655: 537: 480: 419: 331: 330:, a modified Tucson, was introduced to the market as a lease-only vehicle, and 308: 238: 131: 84: 24: 5579:"Tesla Trumps Toyota: Why Hydrogen Cars Can't Compete with Pure Electric Cars" 5568:"Tesla Trumps Toyota 3: Why Electric Vehicles Are Beating Hydrogen Cars Today" 5004: 4632: 8141: 8121: 8103: 7815: 7765: 7662: 7614: 7604: 7354: 7308: 7204: 7143: 6786: 6718: 6696: 6556: 6468: 6365: 6317: 6287: 6248: 6044: 5981: 5829: 5696: 5682: 5129: 5035: 4508:"MAZDA NEWSROOM｜ Mazda Starts Leasing Rotary Hydrogen Vehicles｜NEWS RELEASES" 4322: 2995: 1909: 1899:

Tesla Trumps Toyota: Why Hydrogen Cars Can’t Compete With Pure Electric Cars"

1741: 1522: 1515: 1322: 1311: 1254: 1243: 1064: 904: 796: 771:

develops electric motorcycles powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, including the

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concluded that hydrogen is unlikely to play a major role in road transport.

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Hydrogen vehicles compete with various proposed alternatives to the modern

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Hydrogen codes and standards, as well as codes and technical standards for

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and other rocket applications with the need for short launch preparations.

213:

as an oxidizer (LH2/LOX). An advantage of hydrogen rocket fuel is the high

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The Hype about Hydrogen, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate

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began testing of a hydrogen powered delivery vehicle in 2017. In 2020,

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Fuel Cell Today - Market-based intelligence on the fuel cell industry

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Sandia Corporation – Hydrogen internal combustion engine description

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Toyota says freezing temps pose zero problems for fuel cell vehicles

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concept vehicles have been built by Mahindra HyAlfa and Bajaj Auto.

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Eberle, Ulrich; Mueller, Bernd; von Helmolt, Rittmar (2012-07-15).

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Hydrogen does not exist in convenient reservoirs or deposits like

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Energy Victory: Winning the War on Terror by Breaking Free of Oil

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Schultz, M.G., Thomas Diehl, Guy P. Brasseur, and Werner Zittel.

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Annual update on the global transition to electric vehicles: 2022

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has argued that there may not be enough land to produce enough

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trucks were placed into use to transport zinc from Sun Metals'

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The refueling of a Hydrogen-powered vehicle. The vehicle is a

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Environmental consequences of the production of hydrogen from

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China rolls out its first hydrogen fuel cell hybrid locomotive

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Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research

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that can be plugged into the electric grid to recharge the

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is a slightly modified version of the traditional gasoline

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trains were placed into service; excess power is stored in

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hydrogen bicycle. In 2014, Australian scientists from the

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New Holland Wins Gold for Energy Independent Farm Concept

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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

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In northern Germany in 2018 the first fuel-cell powered

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Comparison with other types of alternative fuel vehicle

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of fuel cells is comparable to that of other vehicles.

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Why Japan wants to transform into a 'hydrogen society'

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Hydrogen-powered tractor in an Energy Independent Farm

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by having the internal combustion engine (typically a

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In 2007, Pearl Hydrogen Power Source Technology Co of

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Fuel Cell Demonstrator powered by a hydrogen fuel cell

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the first hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine

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List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles

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According to the 215:effective exhaust velocity 189: 173: 105:fuel cell electric vehicle 8112: 8036: 7956:(engine / drive) 7950: 7922: 7869: 7721: 7643: 7435: 7373: 7332: 7279: 7246: 7218: 7190: 7152: 7101: 7092: 7031: 6998: 6924: 6861: 6852: 6845: 6759: 6743:What Is the Electric Car? 6727: 6654: 6618: 6590:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 6570: 6494: 6326: 6296: 6239: 6216: 6198: 6192:Alternative fuel vehicles 5751:Ruffo, Gustavo Henrique. 5320:"DOE codes and standards" 5216:World Energy Outlook 2022 5184:World Energy Outlook 2022 5099:U.S. Department of Energy 5050:. Retrieved 17-July-2007. 5038:. 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H-Due" 3423:Transportenvironment.org 3301:"Ion tiger hydrogen UAV" 3107:Ryu, Jung (2020-07-07). 2664:"Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell" 2427:www.hydrogenfuelnews.com 2421:Max, John (2022-11-14). 1604:Fuel gas-powered scooter 1543:Battery electric vehicle 1492:hybrid electric vehicles 1472:Plug-in electric vehicle 1382:Alternative fuel vehicle 1357:autoignition temperature 1296:greenhouse gas emissions 764:Motorcycles and scooters 705:, China, demonstrated a 526: 507: 378:, and a group formed by 293:Hydrogen combustion cars 126:. It can be produced by 8153:Automotive technologies 7856:Liquified petroleum gas 7668:Driverless (autonomous) 6901:Pulse detonation engine 6871:Adaptive compliant wing 6672:Hybrid electric vehicle 6636:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 6631:Hybrid electric vehicle 6437:Hybrid electric vehicle 6400:Electric platform truck 5457:Dvice TV, July 31, 2008 5322:. Hydrogen.energy.gov. 4675:, 65 (2012) pp. 127–133 2156:. Retrieved 2015-10-05. 1796:The Wall Street Journal 1642:The Hype about Hydrogen 1136:Hydrogen infrastructure 1039:), by a process called 1029:liquefied petroleum gas 890:François Isaac de Rivaz 558:Solaris Bus & Coach 485:German Aerospace Center 205:Many large rockets use 120:steam methane reforming 7761:Compressed natural gas 7688:Personal rapid transit 6970:Personal rapid transit 6891:High-altitude platform 6797:Zero-emissions vehicle 6313:Compressed-air vehicle 6254:Solar-powered aircraft 3667:GrafTech International 3637:"Fuel cell technology" 3142:Hyundai Media Newsroom 2359:Global EV Outlook 2023 2201:WHA International, Inc 2035:July 15, 2014, at the 1409:compressed natural gas 1365:Hydrogen embrittlement 1156: 1111: 909:Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE 698: 545: 472: 464: 276: 202: 199:Centaur (rocket stage) 171: 138:means using renewable 87:or, less commonly, by 28: 8158:Hydrogen technologies 8027:Dual motor-four-wheel 7625:Town (Coupé de Ville) 6839:Emerging technologies 6667:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6595:Hydrogen-powered ship 6547:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6422:Electric kick scooter 5889:Technology in Society 5600:Wrigglesworth, Phil. 5518:Romm, Joseph (2004). 5400:. MIT. 1 March 2007. 5398:MIT Technology Review 5092:"Hydrogen Properties" 4973:(2004), 126: 249–257. 4238:. February 21, 2012. 3625:on February 17, 2013. 2566:on 30 September 2022. 1496:on-board battery pack 1195:hydrogen technologies 1170:located in California 1143: 1134:Further information: 1109: 1100:Further information: 1013:Further information: 1003:electrolysis of water 976:Further information: 919:Further information: 829:Bonneville Salt Flats 821:Ohio State University 752:' military division, 693: 680:lithium-ion batteries 548:Fuel-cell buses were 540: 514:Hydrogen-powered ship 470: 458: 412:United Parcel Service 271: 197: 181:Rationale and context 174:Further information: 161: 128:electrolysis of water 22: 8038:Engine configuration 6985:Transit Elevated Bus 6916:Supersonic transport 6792:Wind-powered vehicle 6376:Battery electric bus 5466:Squatriglia, Chuck. 4898:, September 20, 2023 4686:J. Electrochem. Soc. 4008:Alles over Waterstof 3983:Alles over Waterstof 3840:. November 9, 2007. 3788:, September 17, 2018 2923:technologyreview.com 2559:The Washington Times 2051:Bjørnæs, Christian. 2002:The Business Insider 1594:Alternative fuel car 1425:natural gas vehicles 1333:A 2023 study by the 1328:Fraunhofer Institute 1058:higher heating value 1037:biomass gasification 903:Mazda has developed 471:Hydrogen projections 124:emits carbon dioxide 116:hydrogen is produced 8044:internal combustion 7846:Internal combustion 7653:All-terrain vehicle 7575:Retractable hardtop 7008:Pneumatic transport 6951:Ground-effect train 6876:Backpack helicopter 6641:Natural gas vehicle 5727:www.afdc.energy.gov 5686:, November 20, 2013 5669:Blanco, Sebastian. 5660:, November 23, 2013 5394:"Hell and Hydrogen" 4947:on 7 February 2007. 4925:, November 17, 2009 4699:Electrochimica Acta 4673:Electrochimica Acta 4512:Mazda News Releases 2999:, September 1, 2017 2502:on 29 January 2023. 2147:Hydrogen Properties 2121:Stanford University 1620:Hell and High Water 1614:Formic acid vehicle 1609:Carbon-neutral fuel 1403:Natural gas vehicle 1281:Stanford University 1265:The Washington Post 1191:storage of hydrogen 1181:Codes and standards 1015:Hydrogen production 947:Freezing conditions 609:fuel cell forklifts 328:Hyundai Tucson FCEV 114:As of 2019, 98% of 6308:Compressed-air car 6274:List of prototypes 5917:, NASA, April 2016 5835:Nature Electronics 5758:2020-10-26 at the 5676:2013-11-25 at the 5652:2013-11-26 at the 5627:2010-01-06 at the 5607:2017-05-20 at the 5584:2014-08-21 at the 5573:2015-04-08 at the 5562:2014-08-21 at the 5473:2014-03-27 at the 5453:2014-06-19 at the 5429:2011-07-25 at the 5422:Meyers, Jeremy P. 5351:. 21 December 2021 5301:2021-03-02 at the 5274:2016-03-12 at the 5250:2016-03-15 at the 5163:2019-06-10 at the 4990:2008-07-24 at the 4917:2011-06-04 at the 4890:Agatie, Cristian. 4843:2007-08-28 at the 4824:Fortune (magazine) 4817:2016-04-04 at the 4810:David Z. 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March 25, 2015. 3673:on 6 December 2010 3643:on 3 December 2013 3598:2014-11-29 at the 3575:Barnard, Michael. 3481:2020-06-26 at the 3228:www.emsa.europa.eu 3202:. 10 November 2021 2976:2017-04-06 at the 2917:LaMonica, Martin. 2903:2016-03-06 at the 2884:, October 17, 2009 2876:2017-02-26 at the 2869:Whoriskey, Peter. 2831:2014-11-24 at the 2820:2015-01-03 at the 2768:2021-03-02 at the 2646:Yonhap News Agency 2524:on 7 January 2019. 2229:2013-01-02 at the 2152:2017-07-01 at the 1971:The New York Times 1950:2014-06-07 at the 1904:2014-08-21 at the 1877:2019-11-05 at the 1722:Nature Electronics 1626:Hydrogen transport 1525:) as an auxiliary 1317:Nature Electronics 1162:refueling stations 1157: 1112: 803:Quads and tractors 758:Chevrolet Colorado 699: 546: 473: 465: 439:Port of Townsville 380:Ford Motor Company 302:Hydrogen Fuel News 277: 203: 172: 29: 8148:Hydrogen vehicles 8135: 8134: 7431: 7430: 7200:Compact executive 7051: 7050: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 6805: 6804: 6714:Electric aircraft 6580:Fuel cell vehicle 6427:Fuel cell vehicle 6351:Electric aircraft 6283:Electric aircraft 6208:Fuel cell vehicle 6101:Ritchie, Hannah. 5913:Lee, Jonathan A. 5636:, January 1, 2010 5307:Green Car Reports 5143:978-1-59102-591-7 4872:on 26 August 2009 4628:Telias, Gabriela 4216:on 1 January 2013 4042:, August 14, 2019 3900:ebiketips.road.cc 3869:autoevolution.com 3723:. 21 March 2015. 3583:, January 2, 2024 3011:Morris, Charles. 2989:Williams, Keith. 1933:on 26 August 2009 1912:, August 5, 2014. 1885:, 11 October 2019 1549:charging stations 1510:by allowing more 1341:Safety and supply 1292:Green Car Reports 1279:by scientists at 1069:greenhouse gasses 745:Military vehicles 652: 651: 648:, 28 January 2021 613:material handling 543:Bolechowo, Poland 321:Honda FCX Clarity 298:electric vehicles 176:Fuel cell vehicle 166:, along with the 77:mechanical energy 8170: 8163:Hydrogen economy 8047: 8006:Front-four-wheel 7957: 7820:direct injection 7731:Alternative fuel 7545:Multi-stop truck 7099: 7098: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7039: 7038: 6980:Self-driving car 6944:Hydrogen vehicle 6859: 6858: 6850: 6849: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6605:Hydrogen vehicle 6585:Hydrogen economy 6552:Methanol economy 6405:Electric vehicle 6356:Electric bicycle 6328:Electric battery 6226:Electric bicycle 6185: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5845: 5839: 5828:Plötz, Patrick. 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5778:The Conversation 5769: 5763: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5687: 5667: 5661: 5643: 5637: 5618: 5612: 5598: 5589: 5553: 5547: 5537: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5488: 5482: 5464: 5458: 5446:White, Charlie. 5444: 5438: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5316: 5310: 5294:Voelcker, John. 5292: 5283: 5265: 5259: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5178: 5172: 5171:, August 8, 2018 5156:Mealey, Rachel. 5154: 5148: 5147: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5001: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4932: 4926: 4908: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4858: 4852: 4834: 4828: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4342: 4336: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3795: 3789: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3669:. 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Long distance 1537:Battery electric 1466:Plug-in electric 1449:bi-fuel vehicles 1301:Real Engineering 1246:, the author of 1206:U.S. initiatives 1201:Official support 1102:Hydrogen storage 1082:geothermal power 1073:renewable energy 1001:) plants, using 978:Hydrogen economy 884: 831:in August 2008. 825:Buckeye Bullet 2 697:hydrogen bicycle 640: 639: 628: 627: 624:Trams and trains 602:direct injection 556:Lublin in 2017. 351:Los Angeles area 107:(FCEV), and the 33:hydrogen vehicle 8178: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8108: 8079:Single-cylinder 8041: 8040: 8032: 8020:Rear-four-wheel 7971:Front mid-front 7955: 7954: 7946: 7924:Engine position 7918: 7865: 7851:Liquid nitrogen 7717: 7645: 7639: 7427: 7369: 7328: 7275: 7261:Crossover (CUV) 7242: 7214: 7186: 7148: 7088: 7082: 7052: 7047: 7019: 6994: 6920: 6841: 6836: 6806: 6801: 6782:Wave power ship 6772:Ram air turbine 6755: 6723: 6662:Bi-fuel vehicle 6650: 6614: 6566: 6490: 6330: 6322: 6299: 6298:Compressed-air 6292: 6235: 6212: 6194: 6189: 6125: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6047: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5885: 5881: 5865: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5846: 5842: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5770: 5766: 5760:Wayback Machine 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5678:Wayback Machine 5668: 5664: 5658:The Motley Fool 5654:Wayback Machine 5645:Chatsko, Maxx. 5644: 5640: 5629:Wayback Machine 5619: 5615: 5609:Wayback Machine 5599: 5592: 5586:Wayback Machine 5575:Wayback Machine 5564:Wayback Machine 5554: 5550: 5534: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5475:Wayback Machine 5465: 5461: 5455:Wayback Machine 5445: 5441: 5431:Wayback Machine 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5376: 5374:afdc.energy.gov 5368: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303:Wayback Machine 5293: 5286: 5276:Wayback Machine 5267:Jones, Nicola. 5266: 5262: 5252:Wayback Machine 5243: 5239: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5165:Wayback Machine 5155: 5151: 5144: 5127: 5123: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5012: 5007:. Eia.doe.gov. 5003: 5002: 4998: 4992:Wayback Machine 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4933: 4929: 4923:Washington Post 4919:Wayback Machine 4909: 4902: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845:Wayback Machine 4835: 4831: 4819:Wayback Machine 4809: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4666: 4660:Wayback Machine 4650: 4646: 4640:Wayback Machine 4627: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4519: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4476:Wayback Machine 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4431:Wayback Machine 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4334:Wayback Machine 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036:Wayback Machine 4026: 4022: 4013: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3966:Wayback Machine 3957:Coxworth, Ben. 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3796: 3792: 3782:Wayback Machine 3773: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3600:Wayback Machine 3591: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3518:Hanley, Steve. 3517: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3483:Wayback Machine 3474: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3390:Ship Technology 3384: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3113:The Chosun Ilbo 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035:, July 15, 2024 3027:Martin, Polly. 3026: 3019: 3010: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2978:Wayback Machine 2968: 2964: 2959:on 7 July 2022. 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2915: 2911: 2905:Wayback Machine 2892: 2888: 2882:Washington Post 2878:Wayback Machine 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2833:Wayback Machine 2822:Wayback Machine 2812: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2770:Wayback Machine 2760: 2756: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2602:on 6 July 2022. 2594: 2593: 2589: 2584:on 21 May 2022. 2576: 2575: 2571: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2518:The Japan Times 2512: 2511: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2387: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2308:. June 16, 2021 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2231:Wayback Machine 2219: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2154:Wayback Machine 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2109: 2098:The Japan Times 2092: 2091: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2050: 2043: 2037:Wayback Machine 2027: 2020: 2011: 2009: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1952:Wayback Machine 1936: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906:Wayback Machine 1896: 1889: 1879:Wayback Machine 1870: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1827:on 6 July 2015. 1821:The Japan Times 1815: 1814: 1807: 1802:on 26 May 2018. 1790: 1789: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1714: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1653:World Green Car 1648:Tribrid vehicle 1599:Bivalent engine 1584: 1569: 1557:electric trucks 1545: 1539: 1508:fuel efficiency 1485: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1453:steam reforming 1431:harvested from 1405: 1399: 1384: 1378: 1353:ignition energy 1349: 1347:Hydrogen safety 1343: 1223: 1208: 1203: 1187:hydrogen safety 1183: 1138: 1132: 1104: 1098: 1017: 1011: 980: 974: 958: 949: 928: 923: 917: 883: 877: 874:carbon monoxide 854: 846:Main articles: 844: 816: 808:Autostudi S.r.l 805: 793: 766: 747: 736:Lloyd Alter of 715:Canyon Bicycles 688: 667:In March 2015, 658: 637: 631:External videos 626: 578: 535: 529: 516: 510: 453: 451:Hydrogen planes 447: 405: 266: 207:liquid hydrogen 192: 183: 178: 156: 85:electric motors 75:of hydrogen to 73:chemical energy 17: 12: 11: 5: 8176: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8013:Mid-four-wheel 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7958: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7828: 7823: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7783: 7777: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7600:Shooting brake 7597: 7592: 7590:Saloon / Sedan 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7096: 7094:Classification 7090: 7089: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6881:Delivery drone 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6692:Plug-in hybrid 6689: 6684: 6682:Hybrid vehicle 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6600:Hydrogen train 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6397: 6395:Electric truck 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6123:External links 6121: 6119: 6118: 6093: 6068: 6056: 6024: 5999: 5973: 5946: 5919: 5906: 5895:(3): 315–320. 5879: 5840: 5821: 5795: 5764: 5744: 5714: 5688: 5662: 5638: 5633:Digital Trends 5613: 5590: 5555:Romm, Joseph. 5548: 5532: 5510: 5483: 5481:, May 12, 2008 5459: 5439: 5415: 5385: 5361: 5336: 5311: 5284: 5260: 5237: 5205: 5173: 5149: 5142: 5130:Zubrin, Robert 5121: 5082: 5052: 5040: 5034:2012-07-24 at 5021: 4996: 4975: 4959: 4950: 4927: 4910:Suplee, Curt. 4900: 4896:Auto Evolution 4883: 4853: 4829: 4803: 4778: 4747: 4716: 4703: 4690: 4677: 4664: 4644: 4621: 4591: 4561: 4528: 4514:. 5 May 2019. 4499: 4480: 4461: 4435: 4416: 4386: 4361: 4337: 4321:2012-07-28 at 4308: 4283: 4253: 4227: 4197: 4171: 4146: 4121: 4096: 4070: 4044: 4027:Alter, Lloyd. 4020: 3995: 3970: 3950: 3917: 3886: 3855: 3823: 3790: 3767: 3738: 3712: 3684: 3654: 3628: 3604: 3585: 3568: 3556: 3545: 3524: 3511: 3487: 3468: 3452:"Ursus Lublin" 3443: 3406: 3392:. 2019-03-07. 3377: 3363:. 2010-07-13. 3348: 3317: 3292: 3267: 3257:. 24 June 2021 3255:www.airbus.com 3239: 3212: 3187: 3158: 3129: 3099: 3069: 3037: 3017: 3001: 2982: 2962: 2940: 2909: 2886: 2862: 2837: 2803: 2789:. 2014-06-25. 2774: 2754: 2736: 2707: 2681: 2655: 2630: 2605: 2587: 2569: 2545: 2527: 2505: 2487: 2463: 2438: 2413: 2385: 2372: 2346: 2319: 2297: 2267: 2242: 2213: 2188: 2158: 2138: 2107: 2082: 2061: 2041: 2018: 1988: 1956: 1914: 1897:Romm, Joseph. 1887: 1859: 1848:on 16 May 2022 1830: 1805: 1780: 1755: 1705: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1572:Hannah Ritchie 1568: 1565: 1541:Main article: 1538: 1535: 1531:range extender 1504:electric motor 1481:Main article: 1478: 1477:Plug-in hybrid 1475: 1470:Main article: 1467: 1464: 1445:carbon neutral 1441:energy density 1401:Main article: 1398: 1395: 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1361:molecular size 1345:Main article: 1342: 1339: 1249:Energy Victory 1222: 1219: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1182: 1179: 1131: 1130:Infrastructure 1128: 1119:energy density 1097: 1094: 1010: 1007: 973: 970: 957: 954: 948: 945: 927: 926:Fuel cell cost 924: 916: 913: 905:Wankel engines 879: 870:carbon dioxide 843: 840: 815: 812: 804: 801: 792: 791:Auto rickshaws 789: 765: 762: 750:General Motors 746: 743: 723:45th G7 summit 687: 684: 656:Hydrogen train 654:Main article: 650: 649: 633: 632: 625: 622: 577: 574: 531:Main article: 528: 525: 512:Main article: 509: 506: 481:Lange Aviation 449:Main article: 446: 443: 404: 401: 332:Hyundai Motors 309:General Motors 265: 262: 239:energy density 209:as fuel, with 191: 188: 182: 179: 155: 152: 132:thermochemical 25:Delta IV Heavy 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8175: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Reciprocating 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7992:Rear mid-rear 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7605:Station wagon 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Coupé utility 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7309:Sport compact 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7220:Minivan / MPV 7217: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7044: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 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6502: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6469:Solar vehicle 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6366:Electric boat 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6318:Tesla turbine 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6288:Electric boat 6286: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6249:Solar vehicle 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6014:on 2012-02-20 6013: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5685: 5684: 5683:AutoblogGreen 5679: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5544:1-55963-703-X 5541: 5535: 5533:1-55963-703-X 5529: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5499:on 1 May 2009 5498: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5309:, May 4, 2017 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5036:archive.today 5033: 5030: 5025: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4982:Bossel, Ulf. 4979: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4733: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651:LeSage, Jon. 4648: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4376:on 2010-12-09 4375: 4371: 4365: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323:archive.today 4320: 4317: 4312: 4298:on 2012-12-09 4297: 4293: 4287: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4246:September 21, 4241: 4237: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4161:on 2009-06-04 4160: 4156: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3751:Bloomberg.com 3748: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3581:CleanTechnica 3578: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3282: 3281:CleanTechnica 3278: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3118: 3114: 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1473: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1323:Recharge News 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312:grey hydrogen 1309: 1308:CleanTechnica 1304: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255:The Economist 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244:Robert Zubrin 1240: 1236: 1231: 1230:in vehicles. 1229: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:fossil energy 1061: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 979: 969: 967: 963: 953: 944: 941: 937: 933: 922: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 882: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 853: 849: 839: 837: 834:In 2007, the 832: 830: 826: 822: 811: 809: 800: 798: 797:auto rickshaw 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 761: 759: 755: 751: 742: 739: 734: 730: 728: 724: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 692: 683: 681: 677: 676:Coradia iLint 672: 670: 665: 663: 657: 647: 643: 634: 629: 621: 617: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 544: 539: 534: 533:Fuel cell bus 524: 522: 515: 505: 503: 500: 495: 493: 492: 486: 482: 478: 469: 462: 457: 452: 442: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 400: 397: 392: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 357: 352: 348: 344: 340: 338: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 311:in 1966. The 310: 305: 303: 299: 294: 290: 289:Honda Clarity 286: 282: 275: 270: 261: 259: 258:Space Shuttle 254: 250: 248: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:liquid oxygen 208: 200: 196: 187: 177: 169: 165: 160: 151: 149: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57:space rockets 54: 53:rail vehicles 50: 49:road vehicles 46: 42: 38: 34: 26: 21: 7914:Twelve-wheel 7871:Drive wheels 7840: 7644:Specialized 7565:Pickup truck 7470:Cabrio coach 7314:Sports sedan 7289:Grand tourer 7040: 6965:Maglev train 6943: 6934:Airless tire 6748: 6741: 6734: 6677:Hybrid train 6604: 6542:Ethanol fuel 6522:Butanol fuel 6507:Alcohol fuel 6442:Hybrid train 6383:Electric car 6371:Electric bus 6110:. Retrieved 6106: 6096: 6085:. Retrieved 6083:. 2021-09-30 6081:EENewsEurope 6080: 6071: 6059: 6048:. Retrieved 6036: 6027: 6016:. Retrieved 6012:the original 6002: 5990:. Retrieved 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5958:. ABC news. 5949: 5937:. 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Retrieved 1684: 1672: 1640: 1618: 1570: 1546: 1490:(PHEVs) are 1486: 1457: 1427:(NGVs), use 1406: 1385: 1370: 1350: 1332: 1321: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1291: 1289: 1274: 1271: 1263: 1253: 1247: 1232: 1228:fossil fuels 1224: 1212: 1209: 1184: 1174:class action 1167: 1158: 1153:condensation 1116: 1113: 1062: 1053:electrolysis 1018: 999:power to gas 996: 984:fossil fuels 981: 962:service life 959: 956:Service life 950: 929: 902: 887: 880: 855: 833: 817: 806: 794: 767: 748: 735: 731: 719: 700: 673: 666: 659: 645: 618: 606: 594:transporting 584:(or "HICE") 579: 547: 517: 496: 489: 474: 437:mine to the 428: 410: 406: 403:Heavy trucks 396:class action 393: 369: 341: 337:Hyundai Nexo 325: 306: 301: 285:Hyundai Nexo 281:Toyota Mirai 278: 274:Toyota Mirai 255: 251: 243: 217:compared to 204: 184: 144: 113: 109:Hyundai Nexo 101:Toyota Mirai 93: 32: 30: 8064:Four-stroke 7964:Front-front 7904:Eight-wheel 7879:Front-wheel 7811:Natural gas 7796:Fossil fuel 7751:Biogasoline 7437:Body styles 7365:Vintage car 6527:Biogasoline 6241:Solar power 6218:Human power 5931:. EV Talk. 5707:16 November 5349:www.gsa.gov 4605:EurekAlert! 4089:October 16, 4063:October 16, 2894:Riversimple 2700:18 November 2674:18 November 2666:. Hyundai. 1943:. See also 1728:(1): 8–10. 1460:rocket fuel 1433:natural gas 1397:Natural gas 1388:fossil fuel 1239:Joseph Romm 1151:. 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