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892:"After I put my head on the ground and kiss the soil that your blessed feet step upon, my nation's sun and wealth my sultan, if you ask about me, your servant who has caught fire from the zeal of missing you, I am like the one whose liver (in this case, meaning heart) has been broiled; whose chest has been ruined; whose eyes are filled with tears, who cannot distinguish anymore between night and day; who has fallen into the sea of yearning; desperate, mad with your love; in a worse situation than Ferhat and Majnun, this passionate love of yours, your slave, is burning because I have been separated from you. Like a nightingale, whose sighs and cries for help do not cease, I am in such a state due to being away from you. I would pray to Allah to not afflict this pain even upon your enemies. My dearest sultan! As it has been one-and-a-half months since I last heard from you, Allah knows that I have been crying night and day waiting for you to come back home. While I was crying without knowing what to do, the one and only Allah allowed me to receive good news from you. Once I heard the news, Allah knows, I came to life once more since I had died while waiting for you.
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from the plague; however, it is not like the previous one. God willing, it will go away as soon as you return to the city. Our ancestors said that the plague goes away once the trees shed their leaves in autumn." Later, Hürrem became the first woman to remain in the sultan's court for the duration of her life. In the
Ottoman imperial family tradition, a sultan's consort was to remain in the harem only until her son came of age (around 16 or 17), after which he would be sent away from the capital to govern a faraway province, and his mother would follow him. This tradition was called
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the sultan felt for
Roxelana and the lack of her that he felt of her, her main political advisor and her great Haseki of her. Historical scholars note that, in the early stages of his reign, Suleiman relied on correspondence, not with Haseki, but with his mother, as Hürrem did not know the language well enough. In fact, the first letters to the sultan written by Hürrem contain bureaucratic language, which suggests that they were written with the help of the court scribe.
843:. This title, used for a century, reflected the great power of imperial consorts (most of them were former slaves) in the Ottoman court, elevating their status higher than Ottoman princesses. In this case, Suleiman not only broke the old custom, but began a new tradition for the future Ottoman sultans: to marry in a formal ceremony and to give their consorts significant influence on the court, especially in matters of succession. Hürrem's salary was 2,000
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In his 1551 letter to
Sigismund II concerning the embassy of Piotr Opaliński, Suleiman wrote that the Ambassador had seen "Your sister and my wife." Whether this phrase refers to a warm friendship between the Polish King and Ottoman Haseki, or whether it suggests a closer relation, the degree of their intimacy definitely points to a special link between the two states at the time.
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diplomats, observers, and travellers, are highly derivative and speculative in nature. Because none of these people – neither
Ottomans nor foreign visitors – were permitted into the inner circle of the imperial harem, which was surrounded by multiple walls, they largely relied on the testimony of the servants or courtiers or on the popular gossip circulating around Istanbul.
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1036:, repeatedly clashed over military leadership and positions during the Safavid war. These incidents launched a series of events which culminated in his execution in 1536 by Suleiman's order. It is believed that Hürrem's influence contributed to Suleiman's decision. After three other grand viziers in eight years, Suleiman selected Hürrem's son-in-law,
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sultan as saying, "with the old king we were like brothers, and if it pleases the All-Merciful God, with this king we will be as father and son." With this letter, Hurrem sent
Sigismund II the gift of two pairs of linen shirts and pants, some belts, six handkerchiefs, and a hand-towel, with a promise to send a special linen robe in the future.
952:. Hürrem Sultan was the most powerful Haseki Sultan, because she was the only one who obtained the role and power of a Valide Sultan when she legally married the Sultan. For this reason, she has become a controversial figure in Ottoman history — subject to allegations of plotting against and manipulating her political rivals.
1013:(1603–1617), any formal means of nominating a successor, successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions. In attempting to avoid the execution of her sons, Hürrem used her influence to eliminate those who supported Mustafa's accession to the throne.
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Mustafa was supported by
Ibrahim Pasha, who became Suleiman's grand vizier in 1523. Hürrem has usually been held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor. Although she was Suleiman's wife, she exercised no official public role. This did not, however, prevent Hürrem from
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Hürrem Sultan is known as the first woman in
Ottoman history to concern herself with state affairs. Hurrem Sultan was able to achieve what no concubine before her had achieved. She officially became Suleiman's wife, and although there were no laws at the time prohibiting marriages between sultans and
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in 1553, because of fear of rebellion, Suleiman ordered the execution of
Mustafa. According to a source he was executed that very year on charges of planning to dethrone his father; his guilt for the treason of which he was accused remains neither proven nor disproven. It is also rumored that Hürrem
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Thanks to her intelligence, she acted as
Suleiman's chief adviser on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon foreign policy and international politics. She frequently accompanied him as a political adviser. She imprinted her seal and watched the council meetings through a wire mesh
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There are reasons to believe that these two letters were more than just diplomatic gestures, and that
Suleiman's references to brotherly or fatherly feelings were not a mere tribute to political expediency. The letters also suggest Hürrem's strong desire to establish personal contact with the king.
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Hürrem's contemporaries describe her as a woman who was strikingly good-looking, and different from everybody else because of her red hair. Hürrem was also intelligent and had a pleasant personality. Her love of poetry is considered one of the reasons behind her being heavily favoured by Suleiman,
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Suleiman spent most of his time on military campaigns, consequently he needed someone reliable to provide him with information about the situation in the palace: he chose Hurrem Sultan. The letters written by Suleiman to Hürrem have been preserved; from these emerges the great feeling of love that
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After the death of Suleiman's mother, Hafsa Sultan, in 1534, Hürrem became the most trusted news source of Suleiman. In one of her letters to Suleiman, she informs him about the situation of the plague in the capital. She wrote, "My dearest Sultan! If you ask about Istanbul, the city still suffers
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Hürrem was allowed to give birth to more than one son which was a stark violation of the old imperial harem principle, "one concubine mother — one son," which was designed to prevent both the mother's influence over the sultan and the feuds of the blood brothers for the throne. She was to bear the
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Hürrem died on 15 April 1558 due to an unknown illness. In the last years of her life she was in very poor health. It is said that the Sultan, in order not to disturb the peace of his wife during the course of her illness, ordered all the musical instruments in the palace to be burned. He did not
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Although the stories about Hürrem's role in executions of Ibrahim, Mustafa, and Kara Ahmed are very popular, actually none of them are based on first-hand sources. All other depictions of Hürrem, starting with comments by sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman historians as well as by European
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a day, making her one of the highest-paid Ottoman Imperial womener the wedding, the idea circulated that the sultan had limited his autonomy and was dominated and controlled by his wife. Also, in Ottoman society, mothers played more influential roles in their sons' educations and in guiding their
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In her second letter to Sigismund Augustus, written in response to his letter, Hürrem expresses in superlative terms her joy at hearing that the king is in good health and that he sends assurances of his sincere friendliness and attachment towards Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. She quotes the
1098:) at Suleiman's court, the most extensive and objective first-hand Western source on Hürrem to date, were often filled with the authors’ own interpretations of the harem rumours. Most other sixteenth-century Western sources on Hürrem, which are considered highly authoritative today — such as
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describes Hürrem as "an intelligent, kind, understanding, openhearted, candid, talented, generous, emotional and grateful woman who cares about the soul rather than the body; who is not carried away with ordinary glimmers such as money, prone to science and art; in short, a perfect woman."
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European ambassadors of that period called her Roxelana, meaning "Ruthenian woman" or "the Ruthenian one" for her alleged Ruthenian origins. She is the sultan's consort with the most portraits in her name in the Ottoman Empire, though the portraits are imaginary depictions by painters.
698:, before she was taken to Istanbul. Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a Meccan religious figure, who visited Istanbul in late 1558, noted in his memoirs that she had been a servant in the household of Hançerli Hanzade Fatma Zeynep Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mahmud, son of Sultan
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Around 1533, Suleiman married Hürrem in a magnificent formal ceremony. Never before had a former slave been elevated to the status of the sultan's lawful spouse, a development which astonished observers in the palace and in the city. The wedding celebration took place in 1534.
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There have been novels written in other languages: in French, a fictionalized biography by Willy Sperco (1972); in German, a novel by Johannes Tralow (1944, reprinted many times); a very detailed novel in Serbo-Croatian by Radovan Samardzic (1987); one in Turkish by Ulku Cahit
997:(Ottoman princes): Mustafa, Mehmed, Selim, Abdüllah (died at three), Bayezid, and Cihangir. Of these, Mahidevran's son Mustafa was the eldest and preceded Hürrem's children in the order of succession. Traditionally, when a new sultan rose to power, he would order all of his
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Hürrem Sultan probably entered the harem around sixteen years of age. The precise year that she entered the harem is unknown, but it believe that she became Suleiman's concubine around the time he became sultan in 1520, because their first child was born in 1521.
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concubines, the entire Ottoman court was against the marriage. Suleiman had not respected traditions. The wedding probably took place in June 1533, although the exact date of this event is still unknown. Hürrem's position was unique, as was the title of Haseki.
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Journey to the Sublime Porte: the Arabic memoir of a Sharifian agent's diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the era of Suleyman the Magnificent; the relevant text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawāʼid al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa
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Although male European artists were denied access to Hürrem in the harem, there are many Renaissance paintings of the famous sultana. Scholars thus agree that European artists created a visual identity for Ottoman women that was largely imagined. The artists
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Her influence with Suleiman made her one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history and in the world at that time. Even as a consort, her power was comparable with the most powerful woman of the Imperial Harem, who by tradition was the sultan's mother or
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leave Hurrem's bed until the last day, when she died. The farewell dedications written by the Sultan to Haseki after her death, which have been preserved to the present day, demonstrated Suleiman's love for Hürrem. She was buried in a domed mausoleum (
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3107:"The Allure of the Oriental Other: Titian's Rossa Sultana and Lope de Vega's La santa Liga," Brave New Words. Studies in Spanish Golden Age Literature, eds. Edward H. Friedman and Catherine Larson. New Orleans: UP of the South, 1996: 191-208.
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exchanged letters with queens, there is no other example of a sultana who personally contacted a king other than Hürrem Sultan. She pleads with the King to trust her envoy Hassan Ağa who took another message from her by word of mouth.
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Hürrem's unprecedented rise from harem slave to Suleiman's legal wife attracted jealousy and disfavor not only from her rivals in the harem, but also from the general populace. She soon became Suleiman's most prominent consort beside
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of Sultan Suleiman. Breaking Ottoman tradition, he married Hürrem, making her his legal wife. Sultans had previously married only foreign free noble ladies. She was the first imperial consort to receive the title, created for her, to
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It is believed that Hürrem was a cunning, manipulative and stony-hearted woman who would execute anyone who stood in her way. However, her philanthropy is in contrast to this as she cared for the poor. Prominent Ukrainian writer
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The consorts were never to return to Istanbul unless their sons succeeded to the throne. In defiance of this age-old custom, Hürrem stayed behind in the harem, even after her sons went to govern the empire's remote provinces.
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after a fire destroyed the old harem. Some sources say she moved to Topkapı, not because of the fire, but as a result of her marriage to Suleiman. Either way, this was another significant break from established customs, as
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Mosque). He was sanjak-bey of Karaman, then of Manisa after Mehmed's death and later governor of Konya and Kütahya. Suleiman's only son that survived after him, he ascended to the throne on 7 September 1566 as Selim
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had specifically issued a decree to the effect that no women would be allowed to reside in the same building where government affairs were conducted. After Hürrem resided at Topkapı it became known as the New Palace
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318 pp. Illustrated. Contains important articles by Oleksander Halenko and others, as well as several translations of works about Roxelana from various European literatures, and an extensive bibliography.
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in 1534, Hürrem's influence in the palace increased, and she took over the ruling of the harem. Hürrem became the only partner of the ruler and received the title of Haseki, which means the favorite. When
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In her first short letter to Sigismund II, Hürrem expresses her highest joy and congratulations to the new king on the occasion of his ascension to the Polish throne after the death of his father
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Hürrem's influence in state affairs not only made her one of the most influential women, but also a controversial figure in Ottoman history, especially in her rivalry with Mahidevran and her son
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and in poor health, for this he was judged unfit as an heir and was therefore not assigned any province to govern. For the same reason, he was not allowed to have concubines or father children.
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However, some historians such as Salomé Woronzow-Daschkow posit that Roxelana's father, Simeon Alexander Lisowski, was not a priest but a farmer and that her mother, Leksandra Lisowska, was of
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by Romanian author Vintilă Corbul is a fictionalized account of the love story between Hürrem, whose origin is identified as Polish noblewoman Alexandra Lisowska, and Suleiman the Magnificent.
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in 1548. There was a seal on the back of the letter. For the first and only time in the Ottoman Empire, a female sultan exchanged letters with a king. After that, although Hürrem's successor
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were all influential in creating a visual representation of Hürrem. Images of the chief consort emphasized her beauty and wealth, and she is almost always depicted with elaborate headwear.
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tiles depicting the garden of paradise, perhaps in homage to her smiling and joyful nature. Her mausoleum is adjacent to Suleiman's, a more somber, domed structure, at the courtyard of the
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In 2019, a mention of a Russian origin for Hürrem was removed from the visitor panel near her tomb at the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul at the request of the Ukrainian embassy in Turkey.
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The Venetian painter Titian is reputed to have painted Hürrem in 1550. Although he never visited Istanbul, he either imagined her appearance or had a sketch of her. In a letter to
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Many years later, towards the end of Suleiman's long reign, the rivalry between his sons became evident. Mustafa was later accused of causing unrest. During the campaign against
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and their relationship was monogamous. While the exact dates for the births of her children are disputed, there is academic consensus that the births of her first five children —
490:. Hürrem remained in the sultan's court for the rest of her life, enjoying a close relationship with her husband, and having six children with him, including the future sultan,
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Hürrem is known to have been very generous to the poor. She built numerous mosques, madrasahs, hammams, and resting places for pilgrims travelling to the Islamic holy city of
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wrote in the 16th century that "the most beloved wife of the present Turkish emperor – mother of his first who will govern after him, was kidnapped from our land".
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1047:, to become the grand vizier. Scholars have wondered if Hürrem's alliance with Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha helped secure the throne for one of Hürrem's sons.
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1643:). He was governor of Karaman, Kütahya and later Amasya. He rebelled against his father for the throne and was, for this, executed by him, together with his sons.
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Hürrem is well-known both in modern Turkey and in the West, and is the subject of many artistic works. In 1561, three years after her death, the French author
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appears on stage at the Venetian Senate, and stating that he has just come from visiting the Sultan, displays his painting of Sultana Rossa or Roxelana.
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of Poland (reigned 1548–1572) have survived, and during her lifetime the Ottoman Empire generally had peaceful relations with the Polish state within a
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Serlevha (illuminated frontispiece) from the Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) pertaining to the architectural complex commissioned by Hürrem Sultan in the
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For Ukrainian language novels, see Osyp Nazaruk (1930) (English translation is available), Mykola Lazorsky (1965), Serhii Plachynda (1968), and
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in 1552, a public soup kitchen to feed the poor, which was said to have fed at least 500 people twice a day. She built a public soup kitchen in
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at the Porte between 1554 and 1562; the account of the murder of Şehzade Mustafa by Nicholas de Moffan; the historical chronicles on Turkey by
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1951:
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709:, mother of Suleiman, selected Hürrem as a gift for her son. Other versions claim that it was Suleiman's confidant and future Grand Vizier
1402:. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France. She has inspired paintings, musical works (including
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in 1521 (who died in 1543) and then to four more sons, destroying Mahidevran's status as the mother of the sultan's only surviving son.
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Chitchi, S. "Orientalist view on the Ottoman in the novel Roxalana (Hurrem Sultan) by Ukrainian author Pavlo Arhipovich Zahrebelniy".
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origins. Woronzow-Daschkow states that Roxelana's brother, Jan Lisowski, elevated the Lisowski family to noble status after moving to
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who acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions, although the identity of the kira is uncertain (it may have been
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640:(died 1661), who researched the subject in Turkey, Hürrem was seemingly born to a man named Hawrylo Lisovski, who was an
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Some of her embroideries , or at least made under her supervision, have come down to us, such as those given in 1547 to
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1377:. Her greatest philanthropical work was the Great Waqf of AlQuds, a large soup kitchen in Jerusalem that fed the poor.
1079:. After the death of Mustafa, Mahidevran lost her status in the palace as the mother of the heir apparent and moved to
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was born later, in 1531, but by that time Hürrem had given birth to enough healthy sons to secure the future of the
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Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı; Karal, Enver Ziya (1975). Osmanlı tarihi, Volume 2. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 401.
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Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World: Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa
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Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World: Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa
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942:. Hürrem's as so significant that rumors circulated around the Ottoman court that the sultan had been bewitched.
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Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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window. With many other revolutionary movements like these, she had started an era in Ottoman Empire called the
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She wrote many love letters to Suleiman when he was away for campaigns. In one of her letters, she wrote:
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1020:, Ibrahim eventually fell from grace after an imprudence committed during a campaign against the Persian
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2554:"Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter H - Ottoman Turkish history with pictures - Learn Turkish"
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3378:, LII, 10 (New York, 1995), 15–20. An illustrated popular-style article in English with a bibliography.
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494:. Hürrem is the ancestor of all following sultans and currently living members of the Ottoman dynasty.
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Minna Rozen: A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul, The Formative Years, 1453 – 1566 (2002).
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Waqf and Ottoman Welfare Policy, The Poor Kitchen of Hasseki Sultan in Eighteenth-Century Jerusalem
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Aside from her political concerns, Hürrem engaged in several major works of public buildings, from
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Hürrem acted as Suleiman's advisor on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon
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My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of mischief...
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from seasons one to three. For the series' last season, she is portrayed by Turkish actress
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of Poland . Esther Handali acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions.
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My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love.
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where her name was changed to Hürrem, rose through the ranks and became the favourite
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Extraordinary women of the Medieval and Renaissance world: a biographical dictionary
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My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this world...
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wielding powerful political influence. Since the empire lacked, until the reign of
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Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hürrem Sultan:
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Yermolenko, Galina (April 2005). "Roxolana: 'The Greatest Empresse of the East'".
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2280:[Genealogy of Sultan Suleiman I (the Magnificent)] (Report) (in Turkish).
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at
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3340:
3281:
Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire
3121:
2000:
1870:
1523:
1411:
1232:
918:
I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy."
783:
767:
641:
426:
323:
33:
4311:
4218:
3653:
3431:
2770:"A Message For The Sultan - Sample Activity (Women in World History Curriculum)"
2465:
1831:
1587:
1568:(1521, Old Palace, Istanbul – 7 November 1543, Manisa Palace, Manisa, buried in
1452:
1064:
1060:
1040:
863:
Moreover, remaining in Costantinople, she moved out of the harem located in the
4331:
4301:
4198:
4013:
3792:
3668:
3648:
3628:
3518:
2829:
1784:
1636:
1582:(1522, Old Palace, Istanbul – 25 January 1578, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum,
1508:
1395:
1165:
1142:
1051:
906:
My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf...
713:
who introduced Hürrem into his harem. Hürrem later managed to become the first
679:
469:
453:
193:
133:
95:
4336:
4228:
4070:
4371:
4326:
4288:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4150:
4115:
4028:
3978:
3658:
3643:
3638:
3508:
3499:
3276:
3254:
2654:
2281:
2264:
Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays
2128:
1814:
1462:
948:
839:
827:
715:
668:
648:
547:
546:. Among the Ottomans, she was known mainly as Haseki Hürrem Sultan or Hürrem
486:
91:
4183:
3603:
4356:
4193:
4178:
4140:
4110:
3998:
3618:
3593:
3578:
3573:
3326:
2285:
2246:"The Speech of Ibrahim at the Coronation of Maximilian II", Thomas Conley,
1725:
1597:
1512:
1422:
1403:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1255:
1118:
965:
818:
798:
706:
4135:
4055:
4003:
3167:"Before the Odalisque: Renaissance Representations of Elite Ottoman Women"
2422:
520:). She died in 1558, in Istanbul and was buried in a mausoleum within the
4120:
3973:
3598:
3353:
imagined Roxelana to be sister to its fiery-tempered female protagonist,
3073:
The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2432:
1271:
1264:
1208:
1001:
in order to ensure there was no power struggle. This practice was called
580:, which was the generic term used by the Ottomans to describe girls from
350:
3360:
David Chataignier, "Roxelane on the French Tragic Stage (1561-1681)" in
3191:
3183:
3166:
2716:"Hürrem Sultan: A beloved wife or master manipulator? | Ottoman History"
2489:
The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World
1231:, perhaps modelling her charitable foundations in part after the caliph
659:
with three of his brothers (Jerzy, Krzysztof, and Szczęsny). Jan's son,
4125:
4085:
3988:
3953:
3908:
3883:
3454:
1844:
1576:
of Manisa and presumptive heir to the throne from 1541 until his death.
1573:
1470:
1304:
1250:
864:
854:
806:
801:, partially suppressed the rivalry between the two women. According to
755:
699:
664:
37:
3079:
Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2427:. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 30.
1200:
993:
4047:
4023:
3993:
3983:
3968:
3958:
3938:
3918:
3903:
3858:
3354:
1920:
1325:
1228:
1185:
1121:; and the travel narrative by Luidgi Bassano — derived from hearsay.
1072:
691:
652:
2715:
2277:
1490:
790:
majority of Suleiman's children. Hürrem gave birth to her first son
4018:
3963:
3948:
3928:
3923:
3898:
3873:
3868:
1911:
1898:
1658:
1593:
1555:
1527:
1441:
1339:
1245:
1137:, congratulating him on his accession to the Polish throne in 1549.
1084:
601:
491:
465:
437:
261:
189:
160:
3749:
3381:
Galina Yermolenko, "Roxolana: The Greatest Empresse of the East,"
3362:
Fortune and Fatality: Performing the Tragic in Early Modern France
1349:
1320:
739:
4008:
3913:
3888:
3853:
3843:
1531:
1032:". Another conflict occurred when Ibrahim and his former mentor,
1021:
1010:
675:
625:
609:
581:
445:
318:
168:
156:
3374:
Thomas M. Prymak, "Roxolana: Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent,"
1691:
A portrait of Hürrem in the British Royal Collection, c. 1600–70
1417:
In early modern Spain, she appears or is alluded to in works by
1083:. She did not spend her last years in poverty, as Hürrem's son,
844:
667:, an early 17th-century irregular unit of the Polish–Lithuanian
429:, and as well a prominent figure during the period known as the
3259:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1704:
1650:
1632:
1504:
1430:
1374:
1291:
1275:
1240:
1224:
1029:
687:
197:
72:
50:
1679:
18th century portrait of Hürrem Sultan kept at Topkapı Palace.
826:
freed and married her, or in the years before, she became the
3848:
2794:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 305–306. ISBN 9781410324139
1907:
1894:
1640:
1444:, a port city in Ukraine opened a mosque to honour Roxelana.
1354:
1335:
1080:
1037:
900:"Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.
66:
2835:
Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924
2660:
Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924
1071:
seal and sent a letter seemingly written from his mouth to
960:
613:
2355:
Nahrawālī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad; Blackburn, Richard (2005).
2048:"2 Reasons Why Hurrem Sultan and Empress Ki were similar"
2695:
2693:
1817:
as young adult and adult Hürrem, and by Turkish actress
991:
Hürrem and Mahidevran had given birth to Suleiman's six
702:, who gifted her to Suleiman when he rose to the throne
3556:
2609:
2597:
1461:, Hürrem Sultan is portrayed by Turkish-German actress
1263:). It was the first complex constructed in Istanbul by
409:
1998:
1802:
The Hagia Sophia Hürrem Sultan Bathhouse built in 1556
1282:, to serve the community of worshippers in the nearby
1028:, when he awarded himself a title including the word "
3233:
3231:
2750:
2690:
2002:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culturea
1421:
and other writers as well as in a number of plays by
1267:
in his new position as the chief imperial architect.
837:
Hürrem became the first consort to receive the title
535:
has written that her birth name may have been either
3391:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
2678:
2220:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
2076:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
1957:
On the customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Moscovians
2710:
2708:
2621:
1561:With Suleiman, she had five sons and one daughter:
512:) and patronized major public works (including the
3446:
3228:
3165:
2354:
1759:16th century oil on wood painting of Hürrem Sultan
497:Hürrem eventually achieved power, influencing the
2360:. Orient-Institut. pp. 200, 201 and n. 546.
2275:
2155:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
1771:Tribute to Hürrem on 1997 Ukrainian postage stamp
1631:(1527, Old Palace, Istanbul – 25 September 1561,
910:My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia
600:Sources indicate that Hürrem was originally from
4369:
2705:
2548:
2546:
1649:(1531, Old Palace, Istanbul – 27 November 1553,
2901:. Ayasofya Hürrem Sultan Hamamı. Archived from
2248:Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric
2148:
2105:"Roxolana: "The Greatest Empresse of the East""
1572:, Istanbul). Hürrem's firstborn. He became the
1451:, she was played by Turkish actress and singer
414:), was the chief consort and legal wife of the
2958:
2938:Serving Up Charity: The Ottoman Public Kitchen
2638:
2636:
1967:
1965:
1821:as middle age Hürrem in the television series
1586:). Hürrem's only daughter. She was married to
1094:Even the reports of the Venetian ambassadors (
3765:
3542:
3313:(2012; Revised 2016); Barbara Chase Riboud's
2982:
2980:
2543:
1952:De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum
1703:A painting of Hürrem Sultan by a follower of
1059:with the help of her daughter and son-in-law
734:
686:. The Tatars may have first taken her to the
678:, which was some time between 1512 and 1520,
3014:The Journal of International Social Research
2463:
1813:She was portrayed by German–Turkish actress
4433:16th-century slaves from the Ottoman Empire
2856:
2633:
2584:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2276:Woronzow-Daschkow, Salomé (February 2017).
2031:Roxolana: The Greatest Empresse of the East
1962:
684:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
612:68 km (42 mi) southeast of Lwów (
3772:
3758:
3549:
3535:
3118:"Religious Information Service of Ukraine"
2977:
2529:. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press.
2393:
2217:Yermolenko, Galina I. (13 February 2010).
2216:
2102:
2072:
1219:Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamami (Turkish Bath)
65:
4418:Former Christians from the Ottoman Empire
3309:in English about Roxelana: P.J. Parker's
3034:Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 2008).
2872:
2870:
2868:
2491:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 62–63.
2298:
2258:
2256:
904:The most beautiful among the beautiful...
27:Haseki Sultan of Suleiman the Magnificent
4398:Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
4388:16th-century consorts of Ottoman sultans
3424:
3371:(Raider Publishing International, 2011).
3037:The Literature of the French Renaissance
3026:The Literature of the French Renaissance
2893:
2891:
2879:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2242:
2240:
2193:Mistresses: A History of the Other Woman
2005:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 275.
1843:She was portrayed by Australian actress
1545:
1489:
1314:
1214:
1199:
1128:
959:
738:
3452:
2486:
2278:Sultan I. Süleymân'ın (Kânûnî) Seceresi
2185:
2183:
2181:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1994:
1992:
1886:List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans
955:
14:
4370:
3275:
3253:
3237:
3214:The Paintings of Titian: The Portraits
3159:
3157:
3086:from the original on 20 September 2014
3054:from the original on 20 September 2014
3033:
3019:
2865:
2828:
2822:
2756:
2699:
2684:
2642:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2424:Ukraine, the Middle East, and the West
2420:
2253:
2190:Abbott, Elizabeth (1 September 2011).
2189:
2073:Yermolenko, Galina I. (8 April 2016).
1881:List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans
912:My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan
3753:
3530:
3442:from the original on 14 January 2017.
3163:
2888:
2803:
2522:
2505:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2237:
2019:from the original on 14 January 2017.
1830:She was portrayed by Turkish actress
1807:
1239:. Among her first foundations were a
390:1504 – 15 April 1558), also known as
369:
3459:. June 14, 2017) – via Amazon.
2250:, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 2002), 266.
2178:
2135:
2098:
2096:
1989:
1904:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
1005:, literally "fraternal massacring".
379:
307:
3779:
3154:
2348:
2326:
1494:Anon., published by Matteo Pagani,
1485:
1370:who was a great admirer of poetry.
1286:. In Jerusalem she established the
1075:, and then sent Shah's response to
563:
423:most powerful and influential women
24:
3299:
2899:"Historical Architectural Texture"
2374:
2037:, Volume 95, Issue 2, pp. 231–248.
1975:; see its history for attribution.
1789:Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
1621:, Old Palace, Istanbul, buried in
682:kidnapped her during one of their
54:, and there is no family name.
25:
4464:
4403:People from Ruthenian Voivodeship
3467:
2421:Prymak, Thomas M. (15 May 2021).
2093:
1124:
871:) and permanently moved into the
4037:
3557:
3474:University of Calgary | Roxelana
3325:, Aileen Crawley (1981–83), and
2804:Akman, Mehmet (1 January 1997).
2408:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x
2121:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x
1795:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1734:
1712:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1639:, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe,
922:
3417:
3219:
3206:
3128:
3110:
3098:
3066:
3006:
3003:. Scarecrow Press, 2012. p. 272
2993:
2990:. Scarecrow Press, 2012. p. 271
2952:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2806:Osmanlı devletinde kardeş katli
2797:
2792:Encyclopedia of World Biography
2784:
2762:
2733:
2648:
2576:
2480:
2457:
2414:
2320:
2292:
2269:
1999:Dr Galina I Yermolenko (2013).
1943:
1850:Three Thousand Years of Longing
1476:Three Thousand Years of Longing
1278:. She commissioned a bath, the
1253:near the women's slave market (
507:
440:(then an eastern region of the
232:
3563:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans
3453:Nazaruk, Osyp (14 June 2017).
3394:(Farmham, UK: Ashgate, 2010).
3247:
2210:
2066:
2040:
2023:
1834:in the television mini-series
1723:by the German baroque painter
1364:
1270:She built mosque complexes in
809:beating Hürrem, which angered
622:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
608:. She was born in the town of
499:politics of the Ottoman Empire
13:
1:
4443:Concubines of Ottoman sultans
2963:. İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınevi.
2149:Bonnie G. Smith, ed. (2008).
1982:
1615:
1608:
1550:The son of Hürrem Sultan and
1455:. In the 2011–2014 TV series
1249:), a fountain, and a women's
1149:. Two of her letters to King
1133:A letter of Hürrem Sultan to
1026:Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)
916:I'll sing your praises always
604:, which was then part of the
460:and eventually taken via the
387:
149:
147:Aleksandra Anastazja Lisowska
109:
80:
1195:
1188:Shah of Iran and in 1549 to
452:family, she was captured by
7:
4029:Abdulmejid II (Caliph only)
3513:1533/1534? – 15 April 1558
3261:. Oxford University Press.
2774:www.womeninworldhistory.com
2223:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2157:. Oxford University Press.
2103:Yermolenko, Galina (2005).
1864:
1447:In the 2003 TV miniseries,
410:
10:
4469:
4423:Mothers of Ottoman sultans
4131:Mehmed Abdülaziz Osmanoğlu
3343:; and pulp fiction author
2079:. Routledge. p. 272.
2029:Galina Yermolenko (2005).
1665:
1207:designed by the architect
735:Relationship with Suleiman
632:, the precursor to modern
628:. Her native language was
448:, Ukraine) to a Ruthenian
355:Eastern Orthodox Christian
31:
4287:
4164:
4046:
4035:
3830:
3787:
3569:
3515:
3506:
3493:
3486:
3388:Galina Yermolenko (ed.),
3350:The Shadow of the Vulture
3333:, the fourth book of the
2790:Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2017).
2487:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
2233:– via Google Books.
1949:The title of his book is
1614:, Old Palace, Istanbul –
1469:. Hürrem is portrayed by
1389:
1353:) decorated in exquisite
1055:Sultan conspired against
756:Gülbahar Mahidevran Hatun
663:, was the founder of the
661:Aleksander Józef Lisowski
595:
399:
346:
338:
330:
317:
294:
289:
285:
242:
217:
204:
175:
143:
139:
129:
119:
105:
90:
64:
59:
4413:Suleiman the Magnificent
4146:Ertuğrul Osman Osmanoğlu
3800:Family tree (simplified)
3283:. New York Basic Books.
3216:, Phaidon, 1971, p. 275.
2558:www.practicalturkish.com
2266:, (Brill, 2002), p. 756.
1936:
1926:Suleiman the Magnificent
1721:Süleyman the Magnificent
1552:Suleiman the Magnificent
1541:
1310:
980:, and the grand viziers
968:of Hürrem Sultan titled
744:Suleiman the Magnificent
694:, a major centre of the
527:
421:. She became one of the
419:Suleiman the Magnificent
371:[hyɾˈɾæmsuɫˈtan]
4151:Osman Bayezid Osmanoğlu
3432:"Roxelana and Suleyman"
3164:Madar, Heather (2011).
3016:Vol. 7, Issue 33, p. 64
2959:Öztuna, Yılmaz (1978).
2314:Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz
1657:, Istanbul). Born with
1398:wrote a tragedy titled
1280:Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
1243:, two Quranic schools (
1155:Polish–Ottoman alliance
1016:A skilled commander of
972:(Rosa, Süleyman's Wife)
616:), a major city of the
572:" in Persian. The name
518:Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
4141:Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu
3807:Family tree (detailed)
3376:Nashe zhyttia/Our Life
3030:Arthur Augustus Tilley
2523:Levin, Carole (2011).
1558:
1499:
1343:
1220:
1212:
1147:international politics
1138:
1110:, the Emissary of the
973:
920:
746:
721:Ottoman imperial harem
367:Turkish pronunciation:
299:
4121:Ahmed Nihad Osmanoğlu
3664:Saliha Dilaşub Sultan
3369:Roxelana and Suleyman
3311:Roxelana and Suleyman
3105:Frederick A. de Armas
2464:Robert Lewis (1999).
1891:Haseki Sultan Complex
1744:Johann Theodor de Bry
1549:
1493:
1425:. In a play entitled
1318:
1261:Haseki Sultan Complex
1218:
1205:Haseki Sultan Complex
1203:
1190:Sigismund II Augustus
1151:Sigismund II Augustus
1135:Sigismund II Augustus
1132:
982:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
963:
898:
742:
657:Sigismund II Augustus
644:of Ruthenian origin.
618:Ruthenian Voivodeship
514:Haseki Sultan Complex
503:Sigismund II Augustus
4156:Dündar Ali Osmanoğlu
4126:Osman Fuad Osmanoğlu
3501:position established
3479:Hürrem Sultan's tomb
3331:Pawn in Frankincense
3317:(1986); Alum Bati's
3212:Harold Edwin Wethey
3124:on 22 December 2012.
2840:St. Martin's Griffin
2665:St. Martin's Griffin
2582:Selçuk Aksin Somel:
2433:10.2307/j.ctv1m0khf0
1917:Haseki Sultan Imaret
1496:Portrait of Roxelana
1330:of Hürrem Sultan at
1288:Haseki Sultan Imaret
956:Controversial figure
878:Mehmed the Conqueror
674:During the reign of
655:during the reign of
124:position established
4408:People from Rohatyn
4136:Ali Vâsıb Osmanoğlu
3184:10.1086/EMW23617325
2905:on 20 November 2015
2334:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
2312:] (in Polish).
2054:. 13 September 2022
1876:Ottoman family tree
1858:Roxelana şi Soliman
1787:of Istanbul. 1540.
1229:Jerusalem (Al-Quds)
1162:Sigismund I the Old
1104:The Turkish Letters
970:Rosa Solymanni Vxor
964:16th century Latin
797:Suleiman's mother,
696:Ottoman slave trade
462:Crimean slave trade
4438:Sultanate of Women
4269:Pertevniyal Sultan
3814:Line of succession
3719:Pertevniyal Sultan
3202:– via JSTOR.
3172:Early Modern Women
1931:Sultanate of Women
1808:In popular culture
1623:Yavuz Selim Mosque
1584:Süleymaniye Mosque
1559:
1520:Philip II of Spain
1500:
1473:in the 2022 movie
1359:Süleymaniye Mosque
1344:
1332:Süleymaniye Mosque
1221:
1213:
1168:and her successor
1139:
1112:Holy Roman Emperor
1100:Turcicae epistolae
1024:empire during the
974:
939:Sultanate of Women
747:
588:who were taken in
522:Süleymaniye Mosque
431:Sultanate of Women
342:Leksandra Lisowska
210:Süleymaniye Mosque
100:(Imperial Consort)
4365:
4364:
4254:Sineperver Sultan
3747:
3746:
3704:Sineperver Sultan
3525:
3524:
3516:Succeeded by
3407:Pavlo Zahrebelnyi
3336:Lymond Chronicles
3307:historical novels
3290:978-0-4650-3251-8
3268:978-0-1950-8677-5
3142:. 26 January 2019
2849:978-0-312-18708-8
2815:978-975-7622-65-9
2745:978-0-333-61386-3
2673:978-0-312-18708-8
2645:, pp. 9, 101
2618:, pp. 58–61.
2536:978-0-313-30659-4
2442:978-0-2280-0771-5
2367:978-3-899-13441-4
2300:Niesiecki, Kasper
2262:Kemal H. Karpat,
2203:978-1-59020-876-2
2086:978-1-317-06118-2
2052:Hyped For History
2012:978-1-409-47611-5
1973:tr :Hürrem Sultan
803:Bernardo Navagero
638:Samuel Twardowski
624:, in what is now
442:Kingdom of Poland
408:
360:
359:
313:
312:
183:(aged 53–54)
165:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
4460:
4448:Royal favourites
4393:Ruthenian people
4264:Bezmiâlem Sultan
4041:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3729:Tirimüjgan Kadın
3714:Bezmiâlem Sultan
3561:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3484:
3483:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3436:www.facebook.com
3428:
3383:The Muslim World
3345:Robert E. Howard
3294:
3272:
3241:
3235:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3169:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3140:Interfax-Ukraine
3132:
3126:
3125:
3120:. Archived from
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3040:. BiblioBazaar.
3023:
3017:
3010:
3004:
2999:Talhami, Ghada.
2997:
2991:
2986:Talhami, Ghada.
2984:
2975:
2974:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2776:. Archived from
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2720:ottoman.ahya.net
2712:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:, p. 59-60.
2601:
2595:
2586:, Oxford, 2003,
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2560:. Archived from
2550:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2503:
2502:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2396:The Muslim World
2391:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2327:Baltacı, Cahit.
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:Polish Armorials
2296:
2290:
2289:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2151:"Hürrem, Sultan"
2146:
2133:
2132:
2109:The Muslim World
2100:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1996:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1947:
1799:
1785:Aksaray district
1780:
1768:
1756:
1738:
1716:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1647:Şehzade Cihangir
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1605:Şehzade Abdullah
1486:Visual tradition
1383:Pavlo Zahrebelny
1108:Ogier de Busbecq
986:Kara Ahmed Pasha
780:Şehzade Cihangir
772:Şehzade Abdullah
725:Michalo Lituanus
567:
533:Leslie P. Peirce
511:
510: 1548–1572
509:
475:She entered the
413:
403:
401:
389:
381:
373:
368:
334:Hawryło Lisowski
309:
287:
286:
277:Şehzade Cihangir
267:Şehzade Abdullah
236:
234:
182:
154:
151:
114:
111:
101:
85:
82:
77:La Sultana Rossa
69:
57:
56:
36:style name, the
21:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4283:
4259:Nakşidil Sultan
4249:Mihrişah Sultan
4244:Şehsuvar Sultan
4160:
4106:Şehzade Bayezid
4101:Şehzade Mustafa
4061:Süleyman Çelebi
4042:
4033:
3826:
3821:List of mothers
3783:
3781:Ottoman Dynasty
3778:
3748:
3743:
3709:Nakşidil Sultan
3699:Mihrişah Sultan
3684:Şehsuvar Sultan
3565:
3555:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3488:Ottoman royalty
3470:
3465:
3464:
3451:
3447:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3341:Dorothy Dunnett
3305:There are many
3302:
3300:Further reading
3291:
3269:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2961:Şehzade Mustafa
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2830:Mansel, Phillip
2827:
2823:
2816:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2780:on 8 June 2007.
2768:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2521:
2506:
2499:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2443:
2419:
2415:
2392:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2329:"Hürrem Sultan"
2325:
2321:
2297:
2293:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2147:
2136:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2013:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1871:Ottoman dynasty
1867:
1824:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
1810:
1803:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1717:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1629:Şehzade Bayezid
1618:
1611:
1580:Mihrimah Sultan
1544:
1536:Mihrimah Sultan
1524:Ringling Museum
1509:Melchior Lorich
1488:
1458:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
1427:The Holy League
1412:Denys Sichynsky
1410:), an opera by
1408:Symphony No. 63
1392:
1367:
1313:
1259:) in Istanbul (
1233:Harun al-Rashid
1198:
1127:
1034:İskender Çelebi
1018:Suleiman's army
1003:kardeş katliamı
999:brothers killed
978:Şehzade Mustafa
958:
925:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
784:Ottoman dynasty
776:Şehzade Bayezid
764:Mihrimah Sultan
737:
642:Orthodox priest
598:
530:
506:
427:Ottoman history
376:Ottoman Turkish
366:
304:Ottoman Turkish
302:
281:
272:Şehzade Bayezid
257:Mihrimah Sultan
238:
235: 1533)
230:
226:
213:
184:
180:
155:
152:
148:
115:– 15 April 1558
112:
99:
98:
86:
83:
55:
34:Ottoman Turkish
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Şivekar Sultan
4344:
4342:Hümaşah Sultan
4339:
4334:
4332:Muazzez Sultan
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:Nurbanu Sultan
4299:
4293:
4291:
4289:Haseki Sultans
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4274:Şevkefza Kadın
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Nurbanu Sultan
4196:
4191:
4189:Gülbahar Hatun
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4166:Valide sultans
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Şehzade Korkut
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Mustafa Çelebi
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Abdul Hamid II
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3793:Ottoman Empire
3788:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3734:Gülcemal Kadın
3731:
3726:
3724:Şevkefza Kadın
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Mihrişah Kadın
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Muazzez Sultan
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Mahfiruz Hatun
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Nurbanu Sultan
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Gülbahar Hatun
3611:
3609:Gülbahar Hatun
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:Gülçiçek Hatun
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3519:Nurbanu Sultan
3517:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3468:External links
3466:
3463:
3462:
3445:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3367:Parker, P. J.
3365:
3358:
3323:Colin Falconer
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3277:Peirce, Leslie
3273:
3267:
3255:Peirce, Leslie
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3227:
3218:
3205:
3153:
3127:
3109:
3097:
3065:
3046:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2976:
2969:
2951:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2887:
2878:
2864:
2855:
2848:
2842:. p. 84.
2821:
2814:
2796:
2783:
2761:
2759:, p. 119.
2749:
2732:
2704:
2702:, p. 109.
2689:
2677:
2655:Mansel, Philip
2647:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2575:
2564:on 1 June 2008
2542:
2535:
2504:
2497:
2479:
2456:
2441:
2413:
2402:(2): 231–248.
2373:
2366:
2347:
2319:
2316:. p. 142.
2305:Herbarz Polski
2291:
2268:
2252:
2236:
2229:
2209:
2202:
2177:
2163:
2134:
2115:(2): 231–248.
2092:
2085:
2065:
2039:
2022:
2011:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1961:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1707:, 16th century
1702:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:Şehzade Mosque
1644:
1637:Safavid Empire
1626:
1602:
1591:
1577:
1570:Şehzade Mosque
1566:Şehzade Mehmed
1543:
1540:
1487:
1484:
1396:Gabriel Bounin
1391:
1388:
1366:
1363:
1312:
1309:
1197:
1194:
1166:Nurbanu Sultan
1143:foreign policy
1126:
1125:Foreign policy
1123:
1073:Shah Tahmasb I
1052:Safavid Persia
957:
954:
924:
921:
894:
893:
873:Topkapı Palace
855:Sancak Beyliği
760:Şehzade Mehmed
736:
733:
680:Crimean Tatars
597:
594:
570:the joyful one
529:
526:
477:Imperial Harem
454:Crimean Tatars
416:Ottoman Sultan
384:the joyful one
358:
357:
348:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
321:
315:
314:
311:
310:
292:
291:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
252:Şehzade Mehmed
248:
246:
240:
239:
228:
222:
221:
219:
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
201:
194:Ottoman Empire
186:Topkapı Palace
177:
173:
172:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
134:Nurbanu Sultan
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
107:
103:
102:
96:Ottoman Empire
88:
87:
70:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4465:
4454:
4453:Haseki Sultan
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Gülnuş Sultan
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Turhan Sultan
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Safiye Sultan
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Hürrem Sultan
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4279:Perestu Kadın
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Saliha Sultan
4237:
4235:
4234:Gülnuş Sultan
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Turhan Sultan
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Halime Sultan
4212:
4210:
4209:Handan Sultan
4207:
4205:
4204:Safiye Sultan
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Nilüfer Hatun
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Abdulmejid II
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Şehzade Ahmet
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Küçük Mustafa
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Abdul Hamid I
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3740:
3739:Gülistu Kadın
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Saliha Sultan
3677:
3675:
3674:Gülnuş Sultan
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Turhan Sultan
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Halime Sultan
3642:
3640:
3639:Handan Sultan
3637:
3635:
3634:Safiye Sultan
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Hürrem Sultan
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Nilüfer Hatun
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3509:Haseki Sultan
3503:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:9780754667612
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:Harem Secrets
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
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3047:9780559890888
3043:
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3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
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2983:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2939:
2936:Singer, Amy.
2933:
2926:
2920:
2904:
2900:
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2753:
2746:
2742:
2736:
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2717:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2687:, p. 91.
2686:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
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2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2629:
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2605:
2600:
2593:
2592:0-8108-4332-3
2589:
2585:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
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2500:
2498:9781788318723
2494:
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2307:
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2283:
2282:San Francisco
2279:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2230:9781409403746
2226:
2222:
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2199:
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2186:
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2166:
2164:9780195148909
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2053:
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2043:
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2026:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
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1900:
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1879:
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1869:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:in the movie
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:Hürrem Sultan
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:Vahide Perçin
1816:
1815:Meryem Uzerli
1812:
1811:
1798:
1793:
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1741:Engraving by
1737:
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1467:Vahide Perçin
1464:
1463:Meryem Uzerli
1460:
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1449:Hürrem Sultan
1445:
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1217:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:Safiye Sultan
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:had engraved
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1043:, husband of
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
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1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
971:
967:
962:
953:
951:
950:
949:valide sultan
943:
941:
940:
933:
929:
923:State affairs
919:
897:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
883:saray-ı jedid
879:
874:
870:
866:
861:
858:
856:
849:
846:
842:
841:
840:Haseki Sultan
835:
831:
829:
828:Haseki Sultan
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
745:
741:
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:
716:Haseki Sultan
712:
711:Ibrahim Pasha
708:
705:In Istanbul,
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
669:light cavalry
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:derives from
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Haseki Sultan
545:
542:
538:
534:
525:
523:
519:
515:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:
487:Haseki Sultan
482:
478:
473:
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467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
412:
406:
397:
393:
385:
377:
372:
364:
363:Hürrem Sultan
356:
353:, previously
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:(by marriage)
325:
322:
320:
316:
305:
301:
300:Hürrem Sultan
297:
293:
288:
284:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
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250:
249:
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241:
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216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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179:15 April 1558
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
108:
104:
97:
93:
92:Haseki Sultan
89:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:Hürrem Sultan
58:
53:
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Hurrem Sultan
4428:Women slaves
4357:Rabia Sultan
4312:Kösem Sultan
4296:
4219:Kösem Sultan
4194:Hafsa Sultan
4179:Devlet Hatun
4111:Sultan Yahya
3999:Abdulmejid I
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3654:Kösem Sultan
3623:
3619:Hafsa Sultan
3594:Devlet Hatun
3579:Malhun Hatun
3574:Halime Hatun
3507:
3500:
3494:
3455:
3448:
3435:
3426:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3327:Louis Gardel
3318:
3314:
3310:
3280:
3258:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3175:
3171:
3144:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3122:the original
3112:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3072:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3036:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2923:Peri, Oded.
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2881:
2858:
2838:. New York:
2833:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:the original
2773:
2764:
2752:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2680:
2663:. New York:
2658:
2650:
2630:, p. 5.
2623:
2611:
2599:
2583:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:the original
2557:
2525:
2488:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2468:. Britannica
2459:
2423:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2356:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2332:
2322:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2288:. p. 3.
2271:
2263:
2247:
2219:
2212:
2196:. Overlook.
2192:
2168:. Retrieved
2154:
2112:
2108:
2075:
2068:
2058:19 September
2056:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2035:Muslim World
2034:
2025:
2001:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1857:
1848:
1835:
1832:Gülben Ergen
1822:
1742:
1726:Anton Hickel
1724:
1653:, buried in
1598:Hagia Sophia
1588:Rüstem Pasha
1560:
1517:
1513:Sebald Beham
1501:
1495:
1481:
1474:
1456:
1453:Gülben Ergen
1448:
1446:
1435:
1426:
1423:Lope de Vega
1416:
1404:Joseph Haydn
1399:
1393:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1348:
1345:
1323:
1298:
1296:
1284:Hagia Sophia
1269:
1256:Avret Pazary
1254:
1244:
1222:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1140:
1119:Paolo Giovio
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1065:Rustem Pasha
1061:Rustem Pasha
1049:
1041:Rüstem Pasha
1015:
1007:
1002:
992:
990:
975:
969:
966:oil painting
947:
944:
937:
934:
930:
926:
899:
895:
887:
882:
868:
862:
853:
850:
838:
836:
832:
819:Hafsa Sultan
799:Hafsa Sultan
796:
788:
752:
748:
729:
714:
707:Hafsa Sultan
704:
673:
646:
606:Polish Crown
599:
577:
573:
569:
555:
551:
543:
540:
536:
531:
496:
485:
474:
458:a slave raid
435:
391:
383:
362:
361:
181:(1558-04-15)
123:
76:
71:Portrait by
49:
41:
29:
4383:1558 deaths
4378:1504 births
4337:Aşub Sultan
4322:Ayşe Sultan
4317:Ayşe Sultan
4229:Aşub Sultan
4071:Musa Çelebi
3974:Mustafa III
3944:Suleiman II
3864:Interregnum
3694:Şermi Kadın
3599:Emine Hatun
3248:Works cited
3238:Peirce 2017
2909:19 November
2885:Mansel, 89.
2876:Peirce, 55.
2862:Mansel, 87.
2757:Peirce 1993
2700:Peirce 1993
2685:Peirce 1993
2643:Peirce 2017
2628:Peirce 2017
2616:Peirce 1993
2604:Peirce 1993
1719:Hürrem and
1619: 1528
1612: 1525
1365:Personality
1272:Adrianopole
1265:Mimar Sinan
1235:'s consort
1209:Mimar Sinan
1115:Ferdinand I
590:slave raids
505:of Poland (
351:Sunni Islam
153: 1504
120:Predecessor
113: 1533
84: 1550
4372:Categories
4184:Hüma Hatun
4086:Sultan Cem
4066:İsa Çelebi
3989:Mustafa IV
3954:Mustafa II
3909:Mehmed III
3894:Suleiman I
3884:Bayezid II
3604:Hüma Hatun
3418:References
3146:28 January
2970:9754371415
2466:"Roxelana"
2358:al-Rūmīyah
1983:References
1856:The novel
1845:Megan Gale
1574:sanjak-bey
1471:Megan Gale
1400:La Soltane
1305:Strongilah
1297:She had a
1102:(English:
869:Eski Saray
865:Old Palace
817:'s mother
807:Mahidevran
700:Bayezid II
665:Lisowczyks
578:Roksolanes
537:Aleksandra
380:خرّم سلطان
224:Suleiman I
212:, Istanbul
44:, the
38:given name
4056:Savcı Bey
4048:Claimants
4024:Mehmed VI
4004:Abdulaziz
3994:Mahmud II
3984:Selim III
3969:Osman III
3959:Ahmed III
3939:Mehmed IV
3919:Mustafa I
3904:Murad III
3879:Mehmed II
3859:Bayezid I
3495:New title
3355:Red Sonja
3200:164805076
2472:9 October
2451:242150028
2129:0027-4909
1921:Jerusalem
1436:In 2007,
1326:mausoleum
1196:Charities
1186:Tahmasp I
1069:Mustafa's
848:careers.
653:Lithuania
634:Ukrainian
630:Ruthenian
568:) means "
541:Anastazja
524:complex.
481:concubine
472:capital.
411:Roksolana
405:romanized
400:Роксолана
396:Ukrainian
308:خرم سلطان
130:Successor
4019:Mehmed V
3964:Mahmud I
3949:Ahmed II
3929:Murad IV
3924:Osman II
3899:Selim II
3874:Murad II
3869:Mehmed I
3456:Roxelana
3440:Archived
3329:(2003);
3321:(2008);
3279:(2017).
3257:(1993).
3192:23617325
3084:Archived
3082:. 1838.
3052:Archived
2940:, pg 486
2927:, pg 169
2832:(1998).
2808:. Eren.
2747:. p, 90.
2725:26 April
2675:. p, 86.
2657:(1998).
2594:, p. 123
2340:22 April
2302:(1841).
2286:Academia
2017:Archived
1912:Istanbul
1899:Istanbul
1865:See also
1747:, (1596)
1729:, (1780)
1659:kyphosis
1594:Selim II
1556:Selim II
1528:Sarasota
1442:Mariupol
1340:Istanbul
1251:hospital
1246:madrassa
1085:Selim II
1077:Suleiman
1045:Mihrimah
994:şehzades
824:Suleiman
815:Suleiman
811:Suleiman
768:Selim II
690:city of
602:Ruthenia
574:Roxalane
544:Lisowska
516:and the
492:Selim II
466:Istanbul
450:Orthodox
438:Ruthenia
436:Born in
392:Roxelana
347:Religion
262:Selim II
190:Istanbul
161:Ruthenia
32:In this
4009:Murad V
3934:Ibrahim
3914:Ahmed I
3889:Selim I
3854:Murad I
3844:Osman I
3836:Caliphs
3832:Sultans
3413:(2001).
3409:(1980).
3032:, p.87
1666:Gallery
1532:Florida
1438:Muslims
1419:Quevedo
1237:Zubaida
1145:and on
1057:Mustafa
1022:Safavid
1011:Ahmed I
719:of the
688:Crimean
676:Selim I
626:Ukraine
620:of the
610:Rohatyn
586:Galicia
582:Podolia
560:Persian
556:Khurrem
470:Ottoman
456:during
446:Rohatyn
407::
324:Ottoman
319:Dynasty
296:Turkish
237:
229:
169:Ukraine
157:Rohatyn
94:of the
75:titled
3398:
3315:Valide
3287:
3265:
3198:
3190:
3178:: 11.
3090:1 July
3075:p.418
3058:1 July
3044:
2967:
2846:
2812:
2743:
2671:
2590:
2568:25 May
2533:
2495:
2449:
2439:
2364:
2227:
2200:
2170:29 May
2161:
2127:
2083:
2009:
1705:Titian
1651:Aleppo
1633:Qazvin
1505:Titian
1431:Titian
1390:Legacy
1375:Makkah
1292:Makkah
1276:Ankara
1241:mosque
1225:Makkah
1030:Sultan
792:Mehmed
649:Polish
596:Origin
552:Hürrem
468:, the
444:, now
339:Mother
331:Father
218:Spouse
205:Burial
198:Turkey
106:Tenure
73:Titian
51:Sultan
42:Hürrem
3849:Orhan
3196:S2CID
3188:JSTOR
2447:S2CID
2308:[
1937:Notes
1908:Fatih
1895:Fatih
1641:Sivas
1542:Issue
1355:Iznik
1350:türbe
1336:Fatih
1321:türbe
1311:Death
1106:) of
1096:baili
1081:Bursa
1038:Damat
692:Kaffa
528:Names
290:Names
244:Issue
231:(
227:
196:(now
167:(now
46:title
3396:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3148:2019
3092:2015
3060:2015
3042:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2911:2015
2844:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2727:2021
2669:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2570:2013
2531:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2474:2022
2437:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2342:2021
2225:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2172:2017
2159:ISBN
2125:ISSN
2081:ISBN
2060:2022
2007:ISBN
1511:and
1319:The
1307:.).
1300:Kira
1274:and
984:and
845:akçe
774:and
614:Lviv
584:and
176:Died
144:Born
3347:in
3339:by
3180:doi
3028:by
2429:doi
2404:doi
2117:doi
1955:or
1601:II.
1526:in
1440:in
1406:'s
1334:in
1227:to
885:).
671:.
565:خرم
554:or
539:or
464:to
425:in
386:";
382:; "
48:is
40:is
4374::
3834:/
3438:.
3434:.
3230:^
3194:.
3186:.
3174:.
3170:.
3156:^
3138:.
3050:.
2979:^
2890:^
2867:^
2772:.
2718:.
2707:^
2692:^
2667:.
2635:^
2556:.
2545:^
2507:^
2445:.
2435:.
2400:95
2398:.
2376:^
2331:.
2284::
2255:^
2239:^
2180:^
2153:.
2137:^
2123:.
2113:95
2111:.
2107:.
2095:^
2050:.
2033:.
2015:.
1991:^
1964:^
1919:,
1910:,
1906:,
1897:,
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