Human uses of birds

1344: 1693: 1271: 1839: 323: 2427: 1144: 7012: 2046: 1789: 366: 22: 2322: 718: 837: 1078:. Such feelings, in turn, have stimulated the intention to conserve birds and their habitats. Around the same time as Grey was writing, the first conservation organisations were coming into being, starting in Britain, triggered by the rapid disappearance of familiar species as they were captured for their feathers or for food. A substantial folklore rich in symbolism has accrued around birds; it was documented early in the 20th century as something that was already fading from memory. For example, the 528: 2145: 913: 1451: 9047: 1957: 9071: 1585: 1042: 9083: 9059: 600: 1116:(1150–1450 AD), bright parrot and macaw feathers were traded from the Amazon rainforest to the mountains and the Pacific coast, while guano was collected as a fertiliser, and artists and craftsmen were inspired to create textiles, metal jewellery, and ceramics depicting condors, cormorants, ducks, hummingbirds, owls, vultures, and waders. Their religions, too, endowed birds with symbolic meaning. 361:

were eaten. Archaeologists have studied the return in terms of energy from captured food compared to the energy expended to capture it; birds provide a smaller return than larger game such as deer, but better than many plant materials. For example, waterfowl captured in a drive can yield a return of

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is an ancient spectator sport. It formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans. It continues to be practised in South America and across South and Southeast Asia, often combined with betting on the result. It is practised in religious ceremonies in Hindu temples in

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empires of South America, birds are depicted transgressing the boundaries between the earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a

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feathers in their hands and on their armbands, and imitate the bird's calls while they dance. It is performed on important occasions, carrying "special magic", and the performers are obliged to prepare for a week, avoiding certain foods, and undergoing a prolonged submergence in a cold stream to

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other species. Tierney argues that the similar motor constraints on human and avian song drive these to have similar song structures, including "arch-shaped and descending melodic contours in musical phrases", long notes at the ends of phrases, and typically small differences in pitch between

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In an 86-square-mile area blanketed by the Altamont wind facility, no eagles have nested for more than 20 years even though the area is prime habitat, Mr. Wiegand says. Overall, there has been an 80 percent population decline for the golden eagle in Southern California, he

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guides people in some parts of Africa to the nests of wild bees. A guiding bird attracts a person's attention with a chattering call, and flies in short bounds towards a bees' nest. When the human honey-hunter has taken their honey, the honeyguide eats what is left. The

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call on a cold winter's night. They argue that people feel the simple companionship of birds, are inspired by them to create art, let them mark the seasons and provide a sense of place, and use them "as symbols of joy and love". A former statesman,

1123:, reviewing the importance of birds in 2013, obtained statements from many people with differing perspectives. Among them, the society's science director, Gary Langham, noted that what is good for birds is also good for humans. The writer 990:

in some parts of the world threatens certain species with extinction, when birds are illegally captured in the wild. For example, in Indonesia, at least 13 species are close to extinction including the Indonesian national bird, the

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was a gigantic bird, the first to come into existence, and it nested on the tree of plant life that grew in the great ocean beside the tree of immortality. Its task was to shake the seeds of all the plants out of the tree.

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to return to their homes over a measured distance of between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (62 and 621 mi). The sport was popularised in Belgium in the 19th century, and is now competitive worldwide. Also in Belgium and

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Birds are important economically, providing substantial amounts of food, especially protein, largely but not exclusively from the domestic chicken; feathers and down are used for bedding, insulation, and other purposes.

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for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the

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has been associated with "sex and lechery" since ancient Egypt, where libidinousness was written with the sparrow hieroglyph. In the same vein, in the classical era the sparrow was sacred to the goddess of love,

1580:

Birds have been depicted throughout the arts from the earliest times to the present, including in painting and sculpture, in literature, in music, in theatre, in traditional dance and ballet, and in film.

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Enriquez, P.L.; Mikkola, H. (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". pp. 160–66 In: J.R. Duncan, D.H. Johnson, T.H. Nicholls, (Eds).

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More recently, birds have appeared in books illustrated by some exceptional artists, producing images that were accurate and beautiful, and that made use of the latest available printing techniques. The

1542:, on the other hand, the bird's cross-like pose is a travesty of Christ: "Then up he flew, and... Sat like a cormorant; yet not true life Thereby regained, but sat devising death To them who lived". 782:

plumes were a luxury commodity in Europe for centuries, leading to serious harm to wild ostrich populations, and subsequent establishment of ostrich farms. During the 19th and early 20th centuries,

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Birds have been seen as symbols, and used as such, though perceptions of bird species vary widely across cultures: some birds have a positive image in some regions, a negative image in others.

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from hunting for their plumes, used in fashion, has grown to have over a million members; it has been followed by similar societies in other countries. A more specialised organisation, the

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wrote "Birds remind us that there are angels." The forensic ornithologist Carla Dove noted that birds are biological indicators of habitat health, climate change, and the coming of spring.

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has since the nineteenth century become a major leisure activity. Millions of people around the world, amounting to nearly half of all households in some developed countries, put out

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of East Africa use a specific whistle, which doubles the encounter rate with honeyguides; they find that using a honeyguide reduces the time to find honey by two-thirds. The

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Pangau-Adam, Margaretha; Noske, Richard (2010). "Wildlife Hunting and Bird Trade in Northern Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia". In Tideman, Sonia; Gosler, Andrew (eds.).

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Morelli, F.; Kubicka, A.; Tryjanowski, P.; Nelson, N. (2015). "The vulture in the sky and the hominin on the land: three million years of human-vulture interaction".

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Feathers have been important and colourful items of clothing and fashion from before the birth of civilisation. Elaborate, brightly coloured headdresses containing

1924:

was a parable about the regenerative power of friendship in wartime; the goose symbolises both the hero, Rhayader, a wounded artist, and the world wounded by war.

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has been documented across all Inuit groups, although it was most common in the eastern and western Arctic, where larger animals like caribou were less available.

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and decorating elaborate hats and other items of ladies' clothing. Feathers in fashion were a status symbol well into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The

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Lukas, S.E.; Benedikt, R.; Mendelson, J.H.; Kouri, E.; Sholar, M.; Amass, L. (1992). "Marihuana attenuates the rise in plasma ethanol levels in human subjects".

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were common targets. Efforts to stop the decline in bird populations caused by these practices by early conservation groups led to the creation of the first

1343: 6295: 1886:

are among the most admired by art critics and by collectors: early editions fetch among the highest prices paid for any printed books. The ornithologist

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has influenced composers and musicians in several ways: they can be inspired by birdsong; they can intentionally imitate bird song in a composition, as

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Blackburn, T.; Cassey, P.; Duncan, R.; Evans, K.; Gaston, K. (24 September 2004). "Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introductions on Oceanic Islands".

5474: 2189:) is an acclaimed fantasy with effective mimicry of birds. The play's chorus consists of characters playing many identifiable species, including the 7959: 2452:, helping to mitigate the greatest threat to birds, climate change. Wind farms benefit birds; poorly sited ones result in the death of many avians 2353:, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of 689:

in 1865 was in part about which country had control of the territory containing valuable guano sources. Today, birds such as the chicken and the

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Birds, too, may symbolise human attributes such as stupidity or talkativeness. People have been called "birdbrain" or "cuckoo", among many other

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for sport, generally with guns. In other parts of the world, traditional subsistence hunting still continues, as in rural Northern Papua, where

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Bonser, R.H.C. & Dawson, C. (1999). "The structural mechanical properties of down feathers and biomimicking natural insulation materials".

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to provide meat and eggs since at least the time of ancient Egypt. Some species have been used, too, to help locate or to catch food, as with

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is celebrated in Papua New Guinea in a "beautiful" dance by two men who dress in grass skirts with the bird's plumes on the rump; they carry

1347:

Butterfly-shaped ivory vessel with the pattern of two birds facing the sun, which demonstrates the sacred primitive belief of Hemudu people.

810:. Classical 1930s Hollywood films used feathers in abundance, arguably as a metaphor for female sexuality. For example, in the 1935 musical 2097:

of Ghana, who were said to have been guided from Dahomey to Ghana by a bird, incorporate the flapping of the bird's wings in dances such as

1658:

include "A tangle of lines and small, colored ideograms suggesting birds, allegorical characters, stars, and animals". In modern sculpture,

1160: 1221:, sometimes commemorating a local family with a bird from their coat of arms, sometimes for other reasons. There are dozens of pubs named " 5885: 4074: 2226:, it tells the tale of sudden attacks on people by violent flocks of birds. A bird plays the role of an outlet for a person's feelings in 3856: 5845: 1942:, which references White's book, tells how her obsession with the same species as a falconer helped her through the loss of her father. 1635:, including in painting, woodblock printing, cloisonné, ceramics and indeed poetry from the 18th and 19th centuries. Print artists like 6862: 4208: 3585: 1071: 6729: 1911:

created an enduringly popular bird heroine. Other authors followed with many bird characters in books for children of different ages.

7432: 6793: 6707: 4789: 3398: 2877: 2497: 1104:

Studies have shown how important birds are to individual societies, touching on all aspects of life. In Andean societies such as the

1061:, reviewing people's love of birds, observe that people are touched by feelings for birds in a variety of ways, such as enjoying the 6194:

in 'The Oxford History of the Classical World'. Boardman, J.; Griffin, J.; Murray, O. (eds), Oxford University Press, 1986, page 178

2704: 4893: 3550:

Bourn, Aomar; Bonine, Michael (2015). "The elegant plume: ostrich feathers, African commercial networks, and European capitalism".

393:. It appears to have been domesticated by 5000 BC in northeastern China, likely for cockfighting, and only later used for food. In 1692: 7954: 6235: 807: 3661: 3643: 6463:

Brothers, N. P. (1991). "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean".

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Isack, H. A.; Reyer, H.-U. (1989). "Honeyguides and honey gatherers: interspecific communication in a symbiotic relationship".

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from the wild has at times had a serious effect on some species. It is now forbidden in many countries, such as by the British

986:. Among reasons for their popularity is that they can be kept in homes too small or otherwise unsuitable for dogs or cats. The 6814: 5956: 3733: 635:, and winter clothing as they have high "loft", trapping a large amount of air for their weight. Feathers were used also for 6647: 6447: 6373: 6216: 6147: 5607: 5580: 5453: 5168: 5145: 5121: 5094: 5013: 4952: 4875: 4461: 3507: 3470: 2929: 2790: 2685: 2658: 4692: 4648: 52:

have, for thousands of years, included both economic uses such as food, and symbolic uses such as art, music, and religion.

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did, along with many later composers; they can incorporate recordings of birds into their works, first seen in the work of

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Wurster, C. F.; Wurster, D. H.; Strickland, W. N. (1965). "Bird Mortality after Spraying for Dutch Elm Disease with DDT".

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have been hunted for food, formerly with sufficient intensity to threaten many populations and to make some, such as the

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danced "Cheek to Cheek" covered in white plumes that emphasised her movements. Late twentieth century designers such as

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around 2,000 kcal/hour, whereas an antelope can yield as much as 31,000 kcal/hour, and wild rye around 1,000 kcal/hour.

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covers physical expressions such as technology, architecture and art, whereas immaterial culture includes principles of

6114: 5040: 4922: 2550: 1920: 751:

bird feathers were major trade items, used to decorate high quality mats in Samoa and Tonga. The use of bird skins for

733: 515:, extinct. Seabird hunting continues at more moderate levels today, for instance with the traditional Māori harvest of 2578: 7241: 6348: 6278: 5939: 5864: 5828: 5529: 5067: 4983: 4841: 4395: 4192: 4146: 3910:"Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consuming supplementary food" 3840: 3815: 3767: 3276: 3225: 3200: 3118: 3078: 2760: 2739: 2420: 2308: 6703: 6089: 4865: 3428:

Barnes, Shawn S.; Hunt, Terry L. (September 2005). "Sāmoa's Pre-Contact Connections In West Polynesia And Beyond".

322: 6498:

Wurster, D.; Wurster, C.; Strickland, W. (July 1965). "Bird Mortality Following DDT Spray for Dutch Elm Disease".

5302: 4831: 4767: 1505:. In Greek iconography, Athena is often shown accompanied by an owl and the owl was used as a symbol of Athens on 400:

Chicken now provides some 20% of the animal protein eaten by the world's human population in the form of meat and

7498: 7304: 4101: 1838: 1270: 161:, too, has grown to become a major leisure activity. Birds feature in a wide variety of art forms, including in 7455: 7299: 7161: 6855: 3615:

Dirix, Emmanuelle (1 March 2014). "Birds of paradise: Feathers, fetishism and costume in classical Hollywood".

2521: 1907: 1018:, adopted the hobby himself, and made use of the wide variation between breeds as an argument for the power of 5353:"Developing The Knowledge Economy: How Cities Help National Programs In Three Eu Accession And An Eca Country" 1898:(1840–1848) with 600 plates, related directly to his research, were both beautiful and scientifically useful. 1604:

Birds have been depicted in paintings, sculptures and other art objects from the earliest times, including in

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Krech III, Shepherd (2005). "Birds and Eskimos". In King, J.C.H.; Pauksztat, Birgit; Storrie, Robert (eds.).

1474: 821: 129:. Birds have often been seen as symbols, whether bringing bad luck and death, being sacred, or being used in 9124: 7437: 6818: 2505: 2070: 1872:

brought affordable illustrations to the public for the first time, and the book formed in effect the first

1513:, who absorbed this association with doves from Inanna-Ishtar. Aphrodite frequently appears with doves in 9129: 9119: 9087: 7944: 7173: 7125: 6204: 6090:"Goldie's Bird of Paradise: Display, Natural History and Traditional Relationships of People to the Bird" 1737: 1697: 1390:, interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" watched their activities to foretell events. In the 1265: 412:; this facilitates production but has been criticised on animal welfare grounds. Other species including 4891:

The Enduring Symbolism of Doves, From Ancient Icon to Biblical Mainstay by Dorothy D. Resig BAR Magazine

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in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, including the

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forms one of the three major subjects (the others being landscapes and figures), from the time of the

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Birdwatcher's Daily Companion: 365 Days of Advice, Insight, and Information for Enthusiastic Birders

2285:. The species involved are not always discernible, though Woody has been claimed to be based on the 7967: 7949: 7072: 1933: 1616: 1592: 1379: 1261: 803: 198: 6314: 5649: 3687: 2045: 2020:

has a similar structure to music. Baptista and Keister argue that the way birds use variations of

7972: 7084: 6340: 5886:"H is for Hawk review – Helen Macdonald's taming of a goshawk called Mabel reads like a thriller" 4451: 3499: 2606: 2457: 2201:; birds feature as messengers and dancers, and several Athenians are compared to specific birds. 1882: 1851: 1842: 1575: 778:, for their skins and quills in the 18th and 19th centuries; the skins were then sent to Europe. 767: 7646: 3540:

In Eighteenth-century naturalists of Hudson Bay. Montreal, Que: McGill-Queen's University Press.

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is somewhat musical, perhaps because some birds exploit variation in song to avoid monotony, or

397:, poultry including ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and then bred in captivity. 9063: 7939: 7751: 7701: 7427: 7367: 6989: 6393: 6239: 5738: 5493: 4330:

Dupree, N. (1974). "An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic".

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Birds featured in medieval poetry, for example forming the characters of the 1177 Persian poem

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to attract birds to their gardens or windowsills, at a cost of billions of dollars each year.

9114: 7776: 6137: 5111: 5030: 2675: 2453: 2312: 2242: 1821: 1765: 1436: 4736: 4305:

Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190

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describes the author's "monstrous and often cruel battles" to train his bird of prey, while

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Birds are hunted in many countries around the world. In the developed world, ducks such as

342: 95: 5327: 3406: 3357:"Selecting the right bird model in experimental studies on endocrine disrupting chemicals" 2329:

once numbered only 22 birds, but conservation measures have raised that to over 300 today.

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prepare their minds. The dance is preceded by a "magic chant" to the bird of paradise. In

1914:

In books for adults, birds may have symbolic or psychological significance. For instance,

1901:

Birds are popular characters in children's books, which are often handsomely illustrated.

1532:'s "wing-drying" pose represents the Christian cross, and hence is a figure of Christ. In 8: 7934: 7766: 7711: 7491: 7382: 7276: 6969: 5981:

Baptista, Luis Felipe; Keister, Robin A. (2005). "Why Birdsong is Sometimes Like Music".

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Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric: An Ethnography and Archaeology of Andean Camelid Herding

3102: 2708: 2381: 2316: 2290: 2083: 2054: 425: 280: 232: 6600: 6547: 6511: 6476: 6416: 6389: 6041: 4890: 3925: 3316:"Emergence of the Chicken as a Model Organism: Implications for Agriculture and Biology" 3292: 3023: 2016:

and Robin A. Keister in 2005, and Adam Tierney and colleagues in 2011, have argued that

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are significant economically around the world. Less commonly raised species such as the

8717: 7781: 7741: 7706: 7397: 7340: 6620: 6567: 6523: 6060: 6025: 6006: 5597: 5441: 5423: 5212: 5204: 4836:. Vol. VI. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 35–36. 4585: 4529: 4494: 4411: 4347: 3996: 3988: 3942: 3909: 3789: 3567: 3457: 3437: 3245: 3151: 3067: 3043: 2962: 2846: 2629: 2366: 1877: 1846: 1702: 1408: 1404: 1372: 1226: 1128: 1124: 1019: 936: 686: 573: 532: 268: 68: 6243: 5719: 5230: 4760:"Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions" 3315: 1233:" (heraldic), and "Falcon" (heraldic, or falconry), while over 600 pubs are named for 9070: 8843: 8790: 8740: 7883: 7873: 7816: 7616: 7611: 7551: 7309: 7167: 7094: 6999: 6984: 6911: 6643: 6612: 6587: 6559: 6484: 6443: 6369: 6344: 6274: 6212: 6143: 6065: 5998: 5935: 5824: 5665: 5623: 5603: 5576: 5525: 5449: 5216: 5164: 5141: 5117: 5090: 5063: 5036: 5009: 4979: 4971: 4948: 4918: 4871: 4837: 4737: 4732: 4630: 4612: 4457: 4391: 4227: 4188: 4142: 4000: 3947: 3836: 3811: 3805: 3763: 3571: 3503: 3476: 3466: 3337: 3272: 3221: 3196: 3155: 3114: 3074: 3035: 2966: 2925: 2807: 2786: 2735: 2681: 2654: 2556: 2546: 2489: 2393: 2365:

islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as

2338: 2326: 2302: 2223: 2219: 1994: 1990: 1813: 1723: 1440: 1148: 1024: 825: 799: 561:

are used to catch fish in rivers. Historically, cormorant fishing has taken place in

554: 547:

probably used these birds as beacons signalling the location of meat, in the form of

539:

The archaeological and historical records suggest interdependence between humans and

460: 146: 84: 64: 6822: 6624: 6571: 6390:"BirdLife International announces more Critically Endangered birds than ever before" 6010: 4262: 2850: 2841: 2824: 389:

for use as food for at least four thousand years. The most important species is the

90:

Birds have appeared in the mythologies and religions of many cultures since ancient

8709: 7851: 7523: 7211: 7185: 7099: 6769: 6734: 6604: 6551: 6515: 6480: 6055: 6045: 5990: 5912: 5413: 5196: 4589: 4577: 4521: 4486: 4385: 4339: 4182: 3980: 3937: 3929: 3624: 3559: 3378: 3368: 3327: 3143: 3047: 3027: 2989: 2954: 2873: 2864:

Anderson, A. (1996). "Origins of Procellariidae Hunting in the Southwest Pacific".

2836: 2493: 2449: 2430: 2408: 2286: 2282: 2258: 2214: 2209: 2172: 2087: 2058: 2002: 1612: 1522: 1506: 1383: 1305: 1230: 1206: 1097: 1062: 1003: 992: 975: 516: 276: 213: 5932:

Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century

4581: 4343: 3031: 2958: 2825:"Human exploitation of seabirds in coastal southern Chile during the mid-Holocene" 2321: 836: 717: 8941: 8769: 8239: 7761: 7746: 7684: 7583: 7511: 7281: 7028: 7020: 6789: 5387: 5003: 4897: 4707: 4663: 3968: 3563: 2917: 2893:"Past and present assessments of bird life in Uummannaq District, West Greenland" 2384:. Other threats include overhunting; accidental mortality due to collisions with 2333:

Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the

2127: 1982: 1643:

made use of Western and Chinese influences to give a sophisticated effect, while

1546: 1432: 1360: 1356: 1313: 1194:, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe, and harbingers of war in 1120: 1088: 1015: 947: 920: 737: 721: 682: 429: 421: 405: 317: 299:. This article describes the roles played by birds in human culture, so defined. 6555: 2756: 1550: 1182:, and death in parts of Africa, but are regarded as wise across much of Europe. 763: 440:; they have also been kept for their feathers, and for leather from their skin. 9051: 8981: 8933: 8867: 8806: 8761: 8748: 8622: 8585: 8436: 8210: 8047: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7771: 7756: 7651: 7626: 7621: 7603: 7484: 7248: 7104: 7077: 6949: 6296:"Warner Bros. cartoons get respect, with Museum of History & Industry show" 5355:. The Economic Development Organization of the County Town Tatabánya. June 2002 4547: 4248: 4037: 2416: 2079: 2006: 1974: 1951: 1902: 1792: 1620: 1486: 1431:

has been practiced for centuries. In this ritual, corpses are left exposed for

1348: 1317: 1301: 1241: 1222: 1132: 1127:

observed that birds bring a little wildness into parks and gardens. The writer

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has been reduced by 80%, and nesting has ceased in the area. Thus, there is a

1681:

symbolises national power and nobility, and is represented by many statues in

1473:(later known as Ishtar), the goddess of love, sexuality, and war, and, in the 9103: 8989: 8973: 8896: 8888: 8722: 8520: 8370: 8257: 8215: 8015: 8007: 7929: 7893: 7811: 7735: 7563: 7465: 7352: 7266: 7142: 6994: 6934: 6270: 4381: 4178: 4115: 3737: 3480: 3373: 3356: 2560: 2247: 2177: 2148: 2025: 1938: 1863: 1860: 1800: 1777: 1769: 1659: 1605: 1538: 1502: 1337: 1289: 1210: 1187: 1105: 1079: 1058: 982:, whether for their song, their behaviour, their colourful plumage, or their 932: 876: 872: 840: 817: 783: 527: 500: 413: 394: 382: 327: 217: 154: 126: 6608: 6122: 6050: 4434: 3241: 1967: 1399:

portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama. Among the

9075: 8819: 8664: 8480: 8318: 8266: 8138: 8099: 7868: 7856: 7846: 7836: 7533: 7412: 7225: 7199: 7136: 7038: 7033: 6924: 6894: 6616: 6563: 6332: 6069: 6002: 5916: 5869: 5698: 5331: 5306: 4051: 3971:(June 1981). "Nature's Fancy: Charles Darwin and the Breeding of Pigeons". 3951: 3341: 3332: 3039: 2650:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers

2461: 2434: 2334: 2278: 2270: 2194: 2168: 2164: 2132: 2029: 1962: 1915: 1761: 1632: 1376: 1364: 1333: 1109: 983: 897: 847: 647: 628: 608: 578: 409: 158: 134: 80: 56: 5994: 4616: 4453:

Humans, Nature, and Birds: Science Art from Cave Walls to Computer Screens

3096: 1686: 1655: 1091:; the sparrow features in an erotic poem by Catullus for the same reason. 912: 8880: 8727: 8533: 8512: 8501: 8466: 8333: 8323: 8281: 8172: 8039: 7841: 7666: 7661: 7593: 7578: 7546: 7417: 7402: 7392: 7372: 7261: 6954: 6939: 5957:"NJIT professor finds nothing cuckoo in serenading our feathered friends" 5690: 4910: 3628: 3383: 2404: 2389: 2266: 2262: 2237: 2117: 1998: 1925: 1873: 1533: 1466: 1450: 1328:

the "Peacock Angel" is the central figure of their faith. In the cult of

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Meighan, C. W. (1966). "Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California".

5032:

Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry

4693:"Generative landscapes: the step mountain motif in Tiwanaku iconography" 4649:"Generative landscapes: the step mountain motif in Tiwanaku iconography" 3441: 2878:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1212(199609)6:4<403::AID-OA296>3.0.CO;2-0

8997: 8859: 8798: 8777: 8609: 8593: 8528: 8473: 8445: 8377: 8342: 8220: 8068: 7903: 7878: 7636: 7357: 7218: 6974: 6889: 6527: 6191: 5208: 4870:. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 335. 4568:

Routledge, S.; Routledge, K. (1917). "The Bird Cult of Easter Island".

4533: 4512:

Clarke, CP (1908). "A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne".

4498: 4351: 3269:

Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History

2362: 2342: 2274: 2232: 2190: 2152: 2144: 2094: 1887: 1773: 1749: 1728: 1651: 1518: 1498: 1444: 1428: 1325: 1309: 1179: 1156: 943: 901: 890:, in which participants have male chaffinches compete to make the most 771: 706: 678: 670: 632: 612: 464: 292: 288: 256: 142: 118: 7476: 6440:

Conserving Bird Biodiversity: General Principles and their Application

5427: 3992: 1956: 1812:

Birds have similarly appeared in literature from ancient times. Among

1561:, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. In Persian mythology, the 1285:

Birds have appeared in mythology and religion in a variety of guises.

8957: 8912: 8701: 8494: 8411: 8395: 8384: 8294: 8230: 8189: 7888: 7689: 7676: 7656: 7556: 7192: 7089: 6916: 6899: 6840: 5733: 5008:. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 120–123. 3462: 2500:, founded as the Plumage League in 1889 to protect birds such as the 2465: 2445: 2412: 2400: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2227: 2122: 2074: 1986: 1685:, including the largest bird statue in the world, on a mountain near 1644: 1529: 1510: 1218: 1084: 1066: 891: 861: 787: 674: 654: 640: 558: 512: 354: 284: 166: 150: 110: 76: 72: 6519: 5200: 4525: 4490: 2890: 1584: 1041: 87:

groups work to protect birds and to influence governments to do so.

8925: 8655: 8630: 8576: 8487: 8459: 8349: 8313: 8305: 8287: 8182: 8167: 8151: 7898: 7861: 7694: 7256: 6929: 6904: 5418: 5401: 4867:

The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries

3984: 3069:

Handbook of the Birds of the World: Jacamars to Woodpeckers, Vol. 7

2809:

Ethno-Ornithology: Birds and Indigenous people, Culture and Society

2017: 1978: 1741:, where the birds of the world assemble under the wisest bird, the 1719: 1435:

to pick clean. The practice is declining, not least because of the

1416: 1395: 1249: 1202: 1164: 959: 955: 881: 855: 666: 586: 531:

Some peoples in Africa are guided to the nests of wild bees by the

492: 488: 452: 272: 252: 228: 162: 138: 130: 26: 3538:

Appendix E: The nineteenth-century trade in swan skins and quills.

1828:, which have analogues in eastern traditions such as the Buddhist 8835: 8688: 8567: 8452: 8418: 8356: 8177: 8031: 8023: 7716: 7588: 7573: 7109: 7053: 7043: 6139:

African Dance: An Artistic, Historical, and Philosophical Inquiry

6117:[Cendrawasih Dance: The Beauty of Costume and Movement]. 4102:"Illegal Pet Trade Threatens 13 Indonesian Birds with Extinction" 4075:"Top Reasons Why a Bird Could Be the Best Choice for Your Family" 2509: 2438: 2396: 2251: 2208:, birds can feature as the major driving force in a story, as in 2160: 2033: 1892:

A Century of Birds hitherto unfigured from the Himalaya Mountains

1682: 1674: 1640: 1636: 1631:

style for bird paintings. Birds have long been celebrated in the

1562: 1509:. In classical antiquity, doves were sacred to the Greek goddess 1482: 1458: 1454: 1321: 1092: 1010:. These last had an important effect on evolutionary biology, as 812: 779: 729: 702: 658: 620: 604: 582: 548: 544: 540: 504: 496: 476: 444: 390: 386: 374: 370: 331: 296: 264: 224: 209: 182: 122: 106: 60: 55:

In terms of economic uses, birds have been hunted for food since

6088:

LeCroy, Mary; Kulupi, Alfred; Peckover, W. S. (September 1980).

4976:

The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion

4790:"Giving New Life to Vultures to Restore a Human Ritual of Death" 858:, often to catch other birds, whether for pleasure or for food. 8965: 8904: 8680: 8672: 8601: 8541: 8425: 8363: 8246: 7913: 7908: 7786: 6964: 6730:"DRIESSEN: Big Wind tax credit exterminates endangered species" 6679:"REVIEW OF THE ILLEGAL KILLING AND TRAPPING OF BIRDS IN EUROPE" 6178:. Barrett, D.; Sommerstein, A. Penguin Classics, 1978, page 149 4436:

Zoometaphors in English, German, and Lithuanian: A Corpus Study

4320:, Owls in Mythology and Culture. Retrieved on 15 September 2007 2944: 2113: 2021: 1831: 1742: 1722:

wrote in one of his most famous works about a girl and her pet

1715: 1670: 1556: 1494: 1490: 1470: 1420: 1412: 1400: 1245: 1191: 1183: 1007: 971: 851: 599: 448: 350: 248: 194: 170: 114: 102: 98: 6024:

Tierney, Adam T.; Russo, Frank A.; Patel, Aniruddh D. (2011).

1835:, use birds to imply moral conclusions about human behaviour. 8851: 8638: 8201: 7114: 7048: 6164:

Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker

2501: 2181: 2066: 1825: 1796: 1678: 1465:

Birds have sometimes served as religious symbols. In ancient

1424: 1387: 1297: 1274: 1113: 1074:, was able to express his feeling for birds in his 1927 book 1002:

Pet birds are kept in their millions, as are domestic fowls,

967: 963: 869:, but is now banned in many countries on grounds of cruelty. 775: 662: 636: 624: 566: 562: 472: 338: 244: 240: 221: 190: 174: 149:. Other birds have been raised for the traditional sports of 91: 45: 5278:"Woman Encircled by the Flight of a Bird, 1941 by Joan Miro" 4900:. Bib-arch.org (9 February 2013). Retrieved on 5 March 2013. 3734:"Cockfighting: the last, hidden link to Bali's warlike past" 3065:. In Josep Del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; Jordi Sargatal (eds.). 3060: 1880:'s enormous and impressive images of birds in his 1827–1838 8827: 8194: 8157: 8127: 7541: 7507: 6875: 6752: 5903:

Head, Matthew (1997). "Birdsong and the Origins of Music".

5647: 4602: 4014: 3711:"Birdmen. Cockfighters spread the chicken across the globe" 2374: 2346: 2205: 2050: 1391: 1368: 1316:

emperors displayed their godlike authority by sitting in a

1278: 1234: 1050: 1046: 866: 748: 508: 260: 178: 71:. Feathers have long been used for bedding, as well as for 49: 6584: 5739:"Prints: Audubon's Folio Birds Havell Edition (1827-1838)" 4187:. Chatto & Windus. pp. ix–x, 436–437 and passim. 3914:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

2576: 2475:

groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that

1355:

Birds have been seen as spirit messengers of the gods. In

436:

are starting to be farmed for their meat, which is low in

8949: 7806: 7568: 6318: 4978:(second ed.). Biblo & Tannen. pp. 491–496. 1666:(Cockerel) is an assemblage of "spiky, elongated forms." 1214: 1175: 979: 401: 236: 6533: 6497: 6209:'Have You Seen…?' A Personal introduction to 1,000 Films 4477:

Thankappan Nair, P. (1974). "The Peacock Cult in Asia".

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Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (2014).

1493:, the goddess of wisdom and patron deity of the city of 1437:

loss of most of the vulture population across South Asia

1131:

noted that birds are part of life on earth. The actress

543:

for millions of years. Like other animal species, early

345:

and the development of agriculture. For example, in the

3536:

Houston, C. S., Ball, T. F., & Houston, M. (2003).

3458:

Sinews of Survival: the Living Legacy of Inuit Clothing

3191:

Massey, Jim (1992). "Self Arrows". In Hamm, Jim (ed.).

3097:

Short, Lester; Horne, Jennifer; Diamond, A. W. (2003).

2677:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

2508:

founded in 1946, works to conserve waterfowl and their

341:

were among the wild animals hunted for food before the

5624:"Aesop for Children (1919) 48. The Wolf and the Crane" 4808:"Vanishing Vultures A Grave Matter For India's Parsis" 3785:"One-Ounce Belgian Idols Vie for Most Tweets per Hour" 3271:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2822: 2646: 2630:"Poultry feathers-how many ways they can be used for?" 2411:; and climate change. The collection of specimens for 1545:

In mythology, birds were sometimes monsters, like the

94:. For example, the dove was the symbol of the ancient 6638:

Moller, Anders P.; Fiedler, W.; Berthold, P. (2010).

6637: 6366:

Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds

6026:"The motor origins of human and avian song structure" 5666:"Aesop for Children (1919) 48. The Fox and the Stork" 3087: 1776:'s 1970 collection of poems about a bird character, " 1718:

since ancient times, when for example the Roman poet

1065:"joyous display", or the "beauty and mystery" of the 235:

in all human societies include expressive forms like

6753:

Butchart, S.; Stattersfield, A.; Collar, N. (2006).

6087: 5821:

Beatrix Potter: Artist, Storyteller and Countrywoman

5806:"John Gould: Bird Illustration in the Age of Darwin" 5109: 4863: 4686: 4684: 3688:"Once Popular and Socially Acceptable: Cockfighting" 3530: 2729: 1595:, 12th century. Album leaf, ink and colours on silk. 8098: 5440: 4307:, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota. 635 pp. 3644:"Birds of Paradise. Plumes and Feathers in Fashion" 3524:"Birds of Paradise. Plumes and Feathers in Fashion" 2707:. The Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from 1521:, her altars would be purified with the blood of a 724:

men wearing brightly-coloured feathered headdresses

6437: 5736:edition was 39.5 inches high by 28.5 inches wide. 5469:Brooks, Cleanth; Warren, Robert Penn (1968). "The 4830:Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990). 4829: 4567: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3066: 2980:Jackson, C. E. (1997). "Fishing with cormorants". 1780:", is considered one of his most important works. 766:draped its clothing in feathers as ornaments. The 522: 377:alone providing 20% of the world's animal protein. 201:of China, birds are central to an artistic genre. 6698: 6696: 6121:(in Indonesian). 12 February 2014. Archived from 6023: 4917:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 4903: 4725: 4681: 4439:(PhD Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. 4364: 3005: 3003: 2891:Burnham, W.; Burnham, K. K.; Cade, T. J. (2005). 2534: 2380:The most commonly cited human threat to birds is 2257:Birds feature also in the mass media with iconic 557:is a traditional fishing method in which trained 9101: 5399: 5303:"Joan Miró Women and Bird in the Moonlight 1949" 5059:Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion 2805: 2673: 1647:reworked the traditional bird-and-flower genre. 1244:. Birds feature prominently in often derogatory 5980: 5929: 5862: 5654:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224. 4476: 4155: 2541:Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda Marie (2011). 6755:"How many bird extinctions have we prevented?" 6693: 5865:"Winter reads: The Snow Goose by Paul Gallico" 5548:. The Ted Hughes Society. 2012. Archived from 5444:(1984). Darbandi, Afkham; Davis, Dick (eds.). 5157:Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (2013). 4966: 4964: 3000: 2680:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–56. 2540: 1403:of India and Iran, and among practitioners of 790:decimated bird populations, especially in the 7492: 6856: 6727: 6331: 5902: 4997: 4995: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4432: 4426: 3887:The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 2922:Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent 1894:(1830–1833) with 80 plates, and his 7-volume 1288:Birds have featured as gods from the time of 8006: 6363: 6135: 6115:"Tari Cendrawasih Keelokan Gerak dan Busana" 5818: 5689: 5468: 5377:, Marcus Schneck, Quarry Books, 2010, p. 158 5156: 4936: 4934: 4909: 4864:Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018). 4449: 4207: 2863: 2577:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (1 June 2012). 2403:and pesticide use), competition; predation; 1367:who whispered news into the ears of the god 6315:"Woody The Acorn (Not Pileated) Woodpecker" 4961: 4833:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 4379: 4176: 3907: 3549: 3190: 2780: 2734:. Cologne, Germany: Könemann. p. 381. 2444:Effects are not all negative; for example, 2341:, they have caused population decreases or 1554: 1517:and, during Aphrodite's main festival, the 1457:in tilework on Nadir Divan-Beghi Madrasah, 589:thank the honeyguide with a gift of honey. 59:times. They have been captured and bred as 7499: 7485: 6863: 6849: 6312: 6083: 6081: 6079: 5712: 5282:Joan Miro Paintings, Biography, and Quotes 5182: 5180: 5076: 4992: 4818: 4757: 4284: 4282: 4280: 3427: 2512:habitats, with projects around the world. 2069:traditions around the world. For example, 2012:At least two groups of scientists, namely 1072:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon 923:had created many kinds of pigeon, such as 828:used feathers to make fashion statements. 121:as her symbol, and, in ancient India, the 7433:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 6794:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 6773: 6708:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 6059: 6049: 5808:. University of Kansas Gould Collections. 5417: 5035:. Stanford University Press. p. 81. 4931: 4690: 4646: 4390:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 473–476. 4242: 4225: 4038:"How can birds teach each other to talk?" 3963: 3961: 3941: 3641: 3493: 3382: 3372: 3331: 3220:. Lyons & Burford. pp. Preface. 3193:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible Volume One 2916: 2910: 2866:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2840: 2699: 2697: 2498:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 2246:, and tells the story of a young boy who 1599: 1469:, doves were prominent animal symbols of 1255: 1138: 758:In Western culture, feathers are used in 475:are among the terrestrial birds that are 6676: 6664:"Wild birds and the law: Egg Collecting" 6462: 6203: 6017: 5905:Journal of the Royal Musical Association 5722:. Newcastle University. 1 December 2016. 5589: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4731: 4072: 3908:Tryjanowski, Piotr; et al. (2015). 3681: 3679: 3454: 3215: 2857: 2757:"Recent developments in ostrich farming" 2653:. Oxford University Press. p. 239. 2425: 2320: 2143: 2044: 1955: 1890:'s bird illustrations, in books such as 1837: 1787: 1691: 1583: 1449: 1342: 1269: 1142: 1040: 911: 835: 716: 677:, was once important as an agricultural 619:Feathers are used to make warm and soft 598: 526: 364: 353:, between c. 14,500 and 11,500 BP, both 321: 20: 7506: 6230: 6228: 6176:Aristophanes: The Birds and Other Plays 6076: 5948: 5595: 5575:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5570: 5546:"Crow – The Ted Hughes Society Journal" 5517: 5186: 5177: 4970: 4514:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 4450:Wheye, Darryl; Kennedy, Donald (2008). 4277: 4141:. Levi Publishing. pp. Chapter 1. 3354: 3266: 3061:Short, Lester; Horne, Jennifer (2002). 2979: 2572: 2570: 2065:Birds feature as central characters in 1528:In Medieval Christian iconography, the 712: 9102: 6870: 6414: 5683: 5648:Francis, H. T.; Thomas, E. J. (1916). 5082: 5028: 5001: 4511: 4329: 3967: 3958: 3708: 2823:Simeone, A. & Navarro, X. (2002). 2694: 2627: 2601: 2599: 1764:" are popular classics. Bird poems by 995:, while five subspecies including the 7991: 7480: 6844: 6293: 6264: 5954: 5883: 5843: 5759: 5491: 5055: 4940: 4850: 4456:. Yale University Press. p. 36. 4118:. Pet Food Manufacturers' Association 4099: 4073:Kalhagen, Alyson (25 November 2014). 3830: 3824: 3803: 3797: 3676: 3660:. The Falconry Centre. Archived from 3614: 3430:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 2754: 2579:"How the Chicken Conquered the World" 2545:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. 1745:, to decide who is to be their king. 1477:, doves were used as symbols for the 1296:was venerated as a symbol of the god 1161:Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe 1101:as being as "lecherous as a sparwe". 999:may have become extinct in the wild. 875:involves releasing specially trained 831: 665:, the droppings of seabirds, rich in 406:Chickens are often raised intensively 330:, as depicted in this 3rd century BC 117:, the Greek goddess of wisdom, had a 9058: 6225: 5983:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 5863:Allardice, Lisa (19 December 2011). 5846:"Gill Lewis's top 10 birds in books" 5803: 5388:The Hungarians cross the Carpathians 5328:"Pablo Picasso Cock 1932, cast 1952" 5136:Tennyson, A.; Martinson, P. (2006). 4947:. Routledge. pp. 34–37, 74–75. 4229:Birds in Legend, Fable, and Folklore 4136: 4035: 3757: 3731: 3313: 3136:Journal of Materials Science Letters 3063:"Family Indicatoridae (Honeyguides)" 2567: 2139: 843:riding a tricycle at a show in Spain 459:have for centuries been captured by 83:and other threats caused by humans; 9082: 6438:Norris, K.; Pain, D., eds. (2002). 6313:Zickefoose, Julie (10 March 2009). 4884: 4635:Birds in legend, fable and folklore 3833:Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book 3782: 3762:. Levi Publishing. pp. 4, 40. 3590:Pelican Island Conservation Society 2596: 2456:in collisions. For example, at the 1772:" (on the kestrel). More recently, 1304:is perceived as Mother Earth among 1057:The nature writers Mark Cocker and 13: 6728:Paul Driessen (22 December 2012). 6677:BirdLife Partnership (July 2011). 6640:Effects of Climate Change on Birds 6142:. Africa World Press. p. 14. 5256:"Birds in Japanese Art and Poetry" 3709:Lawler, Andrew (2 December 2014). 3690:. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 3455:Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (1997). 3361:Frontiers in Environmental Science 3172:. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 2053:Sekar Jepun troupe performing the 1921:The Snow Goose: A Story of Dunkirk 734:indigenous peoples of the Americas 14: 9141: 7960:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 6417:"Birds at risk reach record high" 5804:Cook, Karen S. (September 2013). 5062:. University of Wisconsin Press. 4036:Lane, Megan (16 September 2011). 3685: 3248:Office of the State Archaeologist 2761:Food and Agriculture Organization 2483:bird habitat, or by establishing 2421:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 2309:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2254:that he has taken from the nest. 1732:, "Sparrow, delight of my girl". 16:Overview of humans' uses of birds 9081: 9069: 9057: 9046: 9045: 8936:(New World vultures and condors) 7010: 6807: 6782: 6746: 6721: 6670: 6656: 6631: 6578: 6491: 6456: 6431: 6408: 6382: 6357: 6325: 6306: 6294:Hartl, John (21 February 2009). 6287: 6258: 6197: 6181: 6169: 6156: 6129: 6107: 5974: 5955:Reich, Ronni (15 October 2010). 5923: 5896: 5877: 5856: 5837: 5823:. Frederick Warne. p. 136. 5812: 5797: 5779: 5753: 5726: 5658: 5641: 5616: 5564: 5538: 5511: 5485: 5481:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 44–47. 5462: 5434: 5393: 5380: 5367: 5345: 5320: 5295: 5270: 5248: 3732:Cook, William (3 January 2015). 3642:Stratford, Oli (20 March 2014). 3552:Journal of North African Studies 2732:Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs 2468:in the siting of any wind farm. 1031: 854:have for centuries been used in 302: 197:. In certain cases, such as the 6368:. University of Chicago Press. 6166:. Oxford University Press 1985. 5884:Cooke, Rachel (4 August 2014). 5760:Smart, Alastair (23 May 2014). 5602:. University Press of Florida. 5518:Hopkins, Gerard Manley (1985). 5400:Phillimore, J.S. (April 1910). 5223: 5150: 5130: 5116:. Adams Media. pp. 48–49. 5113:Birds – A Spiritual Field Guide 5103: 5089:. Routledge. pp. 227–228. 5049: 5022: 4800: 4782: 4751: 4640: 4623: 4596: 4561: 4540: 4505: 4470: 4443: 4404: 4373: 4358: 4323: 4310: 4296: 4255: 4236: 4219: 4201: 4130: 4108: 4093: 4066: 4044: 4029: 4007: 3901: 3875: 3859:. Audubon. 2004. Archived from 3849: 3776: 3751: 3725: 3702: 3650: 3635: 3617:Film, Fashion & Consumption 3608: 3578: 3543: 3516: 3487: 3448: 3421: 3391: 3348: 3307: 3285: 3260: 3234: 3209: 3184: 3162: 3127: 3054: 2973: 2938: 2884: 2842:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200012 2816: 2799: 2774: 2628:Sheikh, Farhan (22 June 2013). 2296: 1768:include "Sea and Skylark" and " 1439:to accidental poisoning by the 523:Assisting hunters and gatherers 373:is a major source of food, the 227:and transmitted through social 7992: 7162:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 6442:. Cambridge University Press. 6136:Welsh-Asante, Kariamu (1996). 5934:. Cambridge University Press. 5720:"1st December – The Partridge" 4100:Platt, John R. (25 May 2016). 3355:Jaspers, Veerle L. B. (2015). 2924:. Firefly Books. p. 220. 2748: 2723: 2667: 2640: 2621: 2136:have central bird characters. 1908:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 1714:Birds have been celebrated in 1569: 1178:are associated with bad luck, 1095:describes the summoner in his 1036: 133:. In terms of entertainment, 1: 7438:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 6819:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 5110:Murphy-Hiscock, Arin (2012). 4915:Athena in the Classical World 4913:; Villing, Alexandra (2001). 4758:van Dooren, Thom (May 2011). 4582:10.1080/0015587X.1917.9719006 4344:10.1080/0015587X.1974.9716553 4243:Armstrong, Edward A. (1958). 3783:Dan, Bilefsky (21 May 2007). 3218:Fly Tying Tools and Materials 3216:Wakeford, Jacqueline (1992). 3107:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds 3032:10.1126/science.243.4896.1343 2959:10.1080/08927936.2015.1052279 2730:Manuelian, Peter der (1998). 2609:. Compassion in World Farming 2527: 2506:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 2407:from nonnative introduced or 1729:Passer, deliciae meae puellae 1705:. Cover detail, Iran, c. 1610 1014:took an especial interest in 36: 6485:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 6415:Kinver, Mark (13 May 2009). 5844:Lewis, Gill (31 July 2014). 5390:, Corvina Press, 1972, p. 71 5140:, Te Papa Press, Wellington 5138:Extinct Birds of New Zealand 4764:Australian Humanities Review 4548:"What is the Peacock Angel?" 4433:Sakalauskaite, Aida (2010). 4367:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 4265:. Metropolitan Museum of Art 3564:10.1080/13629387.2014.983733 3293:"The Guano War of 1865–1866" 3267:Cushman, Gregory T. (2013). 2812:. Earthscan. pp. 74–85. 2009:, they can duet with birds. 1748:In English romantic poetry, 1248:like "noisy as a goose" and 594: 7: 9000:(woodpeckers and relatives) 7174:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 7126:The Conference of the Birds 6642:. Oxford University Press. 6556:10.1126/science.148.3666.90 5446:The Conference of the Birds 4637:. Longmans, Green, page 214 3807:Pete Dunne on Bird Watching 3586:"History of Pelican Island" 2982:Archives of Natural History 2515: 1738:The Conference of the Birds 1698:The Conference of the Birds 1654:, some of the paintings of 1386:, priests were involved in 1281:-headed scribe of the gods. 1266:Category:Birds in mythology 79:. Today, many species face 10: 9146: 8862:(cormorants and relatives) 7955:Extinct species since 1500 7456:Human–dinosaur coexistence 7155:A History of British Birds 6961:In mythology and religion 5402:"Passer: Catull. Carm. ii" 5163:. Routledge. p. 235. 5002:Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). 4629:Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). 4365:Fox-Davies, A. C. (1985). 4226:Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). 3109:. Firefly Books. pp. 2781:Marchington, John (1980). 2522:Human–dinosaur coexistence 2306: 2300: 2182: 1949: 1869:A History of British Birds 1806:A History of British Birds 1573: 1259: 1186:were considered sacred in 907: 705:research, for instance in 315: 311: 204: 187:Birds also appear in music 32:De arte venandi cum avibus 9041: 8992:(kingfishers and rollers) 8924: 8879: 8846:(albatrosses and petrels) 8818: 8789: 8760: 8739: 8730:(swifts and hummingbirds) 8712:(nightjars and relatives) 8700: 8663: 8654: 8621: 8584: 8575: 8566: 8562: 8536:(pheasants and relatives) 8511: 8435: 8394: 8332: 8304: 8280: 8256: 8229: 8150: 8137: 8094: 8067: 8063: 8002: 7998: 7987: 7983: 7922: 7825: 7725: 7675: 7602: 7532: 7519: 7461:Category:Birds and humans 7448: 7388:Henry Constantine Richter 7330: 7292: 7062: 7019: 7008: 6882: 6775:10.1017/S0030605306000950 5596:Lutwack, Leonard (1994). 5498:The Literary Encyclopedia 5083:Fowler, Alastair (2014). 4017:. The Avicultural Society 4015:"The Avicultural Society" 3934:10.1007/s11356-015-4723-0 2994:10.3366/anh.1997.24.2.189 2900:Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidsskr 2674:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 2071:Goldie's bird of paradise 1709: 1627:created the naturalistic 1190:and symbols of virtue in 1163:, an example of birds in 997:scarlet-breasted lorikeet 145:have been kept for their 8891:(seriemas and relatives) 8870:(pelicans and relatives) 7073:Bird-and-flower painting 5930:Clark, Suzannah (2001). 5160:The Shahnama of Firdausi 5029:Tinkle, Theresa (1996). 4711:(Automatic PDF download) 3374:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00035 2040: 1945: 1783: 1617:bird-and-flower painting 1593:bird-and-flower painting 1262:Category:Legendary birds 1213:. In Britain, over 3000 804:National Wildlife Refuge 653:Bird bones were used by 199:bird-and-flower painting 109:, and the Greek goddess 8984:(hornbills and hoopoes) 8899:(falcons and relatives) 6666:. RSPB. 26 August 2009. 6609:10.1126/science.1101617 6465:Biological Conservation 6341:Oxford University Press 6051:10.1073/pnas.1103882108 5762:"The best birds in art" 5571:Collins, Billy (2010). 4972:Nilsson, Martin Persson 4896:31 January 2013 at the 4605:Neuropsychopharmacology 4215:. Hodder and Stoughton. 3835:. Butler & Tanner. 3295:. World History at KMLA 3148:10.1023/A:1006631328233 2607:"About egg laying hens" 2399:; pollution (including 2236:. The film is based on 1843:Ivory-billed woodpecker 1576:List of fictional birds 1409:transmigration of souls 1252:including "to parrot". 984:ability to mimic speech 611:gathered from nests of 495:are captured for food. 189:as well as traditional 8968:(trogons and quetzals) 8780:(cranes and relatives) 8050:(emus and cassowaries) 7940:Glossary of bird terms 7752:Confuciusornithiformes 7428:BirdLife International 7368:John Gerrard Keulemans 7320:of the Tower of London 7181:In theatre and ballet 6990:Driven grouse shooting 6394:BirdLife International 6265:Blitz, Marcia (1979). 6240:British Film Institute 5819:Taylor, Judy (1996) . 5258:. Worcester Art Museum 4743:. Routledge. pp. 4706:: 1–69. Archived from 4662:: 1–69. Archived from 4479:Asian Folklore Studies 4292:. Audubon. April 2013. 4290:"Why Do Birds Matter?" 4137:Levi, Wendell (1977). 4104:. Scientific American. 3758:Levi, Wendell (1977). 2783:History of Wildfowling 2441: 2371:BirdLife International 2330: 2224:story of the same name 2156: 2086:dance illustrates the 2062: 2028:, and combinations of 1971: 1896:The Birds of Australia 1855: 1818:The Wolf and the Crane 1809: 1706: 1600:Painting and sculpture 1596: 1555: 1462: 1352: 1282: 1256:Mythology and religion 1168: 1139:Symbolism and heraldry 1054: 1049:in form of a chicken. 940: 844: 725: 701:and more generally in 616: 536: 378: 335: 42: 8809:(kagu and sunbittern) 8772:(gulls and relatives) 7777:Songlingornithiformes 7742:Omnivoropterygiformes 6790:"History of the RSPB" 6364:Steadman, D. (2006). 6211:. Knopf. p. 97. 5995:10.1353/pbm.2005.0066 5734:double elephant folio 5086:Milton: Paradise Lost 5056:Simon, Erika (1983). 4941:Deacy, Susan (2008). 4245:The Folklore of Birds 4116:"Pet Population 2015" 3857:"Bird Feeding Basics" 3658:"History of Falconry" 2429: 2324: 2313:List of extinct birds 2307:Further information: 2243:A Kestrel for a Knave 2230:'s much admired 1969 2147: 2048: 1959: 1841: 1822:The Fox and the Stork 1791: 1766:Gerard Manley Hopkins 1695: 1623:in the 10th century. 1587: 1574:Further information: 1515:ancient Greek pottery 1453: 1346: 1273: 1146: 1044: 915: 850:from eagles to small 839: 720: 681:and is still used in 602: 530: 368: 326:Ducks were common in 325: 24: 8631:Phoenicopteriformes 7346:The Birds of America 7132:Ode to a Nightingale 6162:Wiley, Roland John. 5917:10.1093/jrma/122.1.1 5492:Sandy, Mark (2002). 5471:Ode to a Nightingale 5448:. Penguin Classics. 4766:(50). Archived from 4263:"Birds of the Andes" 3831:Oddie, Bill (1980). 3810:. Houghton Mifflin. 3804:Dunne, Pete (2003). 3629:10.1386/ffc.3.1.15_1 3500:McGill-Queen's Press 3409:on 24 September 2017 3333:10.1093/ps/86.7.1460 3314:Burt, D. W. (2007). 2829:Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat 2705:"History of Poultry" 2583:Smithsonian Magazine 2291:pileated woodpeckers 2014:Luis Felipe Baptista 1758:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1754:Ode to a Nightingale 1205:, birds, especially 768:Hudson's Bay Company 713:Clothing and fashion 569:since about 960 AD. 551:, in the landscape. 343:Neolithic Revolution 96:Mesopotamian goddess 9125:Biology and culture 8602:Mesitornithiformes 8596:(doves and pigeons) 7930:Families and orders 7792:Ichthyornithiformes 7767:Patagopterygiformes 7383:Roger Tory Peterson 6681:. Council of Europe 6601:2004Sci...305.1955B 6548:1965Sci...148...90W 6512:1965Ecol...46..488W 6477:1991BCons..55..255B 6246:on 11 February 2016 6125:on 7 November 2014. 6097:The Wilson Bulletin 6042:2011PNAS..10815510T 6036:(37): 15510–15515. 5766:The Daily Telegraph 5693:(14 October 2006). 5599:Birds in Literature 5442:Attar, Farid al-Din 5406:Classical Philology 5235:China Online Museum 4814:. 5 September 2012. 4796:. 29 November 2012. 4052:"Popular pet Birds" 3926:2015ESPR...2215097T 3920:(19): 15097–15103. 3403:Indian-cultures.com 3103:Christopher Perrins 3024:1989Sci...243.1343I 3018:(4896): 1343–1346. 2785:. A & C Black. 2711:on 28 February 2014 2485:captive populations 2460:in California, the 2317:Raptor conservation 2261:characters such as 2218:. Loosely based on 2090:'s mating rituals. 2024:, relationships of 2005:did in 2000 with a 1997:did in 1924 with a 1407:who believe in the 1053:, late 20th century 463:, while pheasants, 281:social organization 233:Cultural universals 9130:Animals in culture 9120:Birds in mythology 8944:(eagles and hawks) 8844:Procellariiformes 8749:Opisthocomiformes 8718:Steatornithiformes 7945:List by population 7782:Hongshanornithidae 7707:Evolution of birds 7398:Archibald Thorburn 7341:John James Audubon 5793:. 8 December 2010. 5189:American Antiquity 4770:on 11 October 2016 4733:Dransart, Penelope 4691:Smith, S. (2011). 4647:Smith, S. (2011). 4213:The Charm of Birds 4054:. The Bird Channel 3790:The New York Times 3502:. pp. 64–65. 3399:"Bororo Headdress" 3246:University of Iowa 2442: 2331: 2212:'s acclaimed 1963 2157: 2120:'s classical 1895 2063: 1972: 1878:John James Audubon 1856: 1810: 1707: 1703:Farid al-Din Attar 1597: 1463: 1405:Vajrayana Buddhism 1353: 1340:served as chiefs. 1283: 1229:" (wildfowling), " 1209:, often appear in 1169: 1129:Barbara Kingsolver 1125:David Allen Sibley 1076:The Charm of Birds 1055: 941: 937:selective breeding 845: 832:Sports and hobbies 822:Yves Saint Laurent 726: 687:War of the Pacific 646:, and to decorate 617: 574:greater honeyguide 537: 533:greater honeyguide 379: 336: 137:have been used in 43: 29:from the Medieval 9097: 9096: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 8830:(loons or divers) 8799:Phaethontiformes 8791:Phaethontimorphae 8741:Opisthocomiformes 8710:Caprimulgiformes 8650: 8649: 8639:Podicipediformes 8558: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8276: 8275: 8059: 8058: 8016:Struthioniformes 7884:Waterfowl hunting 7817:Gastornithiformes 7812:Aepyornithiformes 7802:Lithornithiformes 7474: 7473: 7409:Conservationists 7378:Richard Lewington 7168:The Ugly Duckling 6985:Cormorant fishing 6912:Bird conservation 6649:978-0-199-56975-5 6595:(5692): 1955–58. 6449:978-0-521-78949-3 6419:. BBC News Online 6375:978-0-226-77142-7 6300:The Seattle Times 6218:978-0-375-71134-3 6149:978-0-86543-197-3 5741:. minniesland.com 5609:978-0-8130-1254-4 5582:978-0-231-15084-2 5524:. Penguin Books. 5455:978-0-14-044434-6 5170:978-1-136-39505-5 5146:978-0-909010-21-8 5123:978-1-4405-2688-6 5096:978-1-317-86573-5 5015:978-0-415-77523-6 4954:978-0-415-30066-7 4877:978-1-315-20160-3 4713:on 6 January 2019 4669:on 6 January 2019 4463:978-0-300-12388-3 4414:. Merriam-Webster 4316:Lewis DP (2005). 4232:. Longmans Green. 3889:. 3 November 2009 3863:on 11 August 2010 3509:978-0-7735-3008-9 3472:978-0-7748-5641-6 3142:(21): 1769–1770. 2931:978-1-55407-398-6 2792:978-0-713-62053-5 2755:Shanawany, M. M. 2687:978-1-107-02487-8 2660:978-0-19-102526-6 2634:The Poultry Guide 2490:California condor 2431:Demoiselle cranes 2394:long-line fishing 2339:European starling 2327:California condor 2303:Bird conservation 2220:Daphne du Maurier 2140:The dramatic arts 1995:Beatrice Harrison 1991:Ottorino Respighi 1589:Bamboo and Shrike 1441:anti-inflammatory 1351:, c. 5500-3300 BC 1306:Dravidian peoples 1231:Eagle & Child 1149:Red-footed falcon 1112:(100–700 AD) and 1025:Origin of Species 976:companion parrots 826:Alexander McQueen 661:and other tools. 615:from mixed-in hay 555:Cormorant fishing 275:. The concept of 85:bird conservation 65:cormorant fishing 9137: 9110:Birds and humans 9085: 9084: 9073: 9061: 9060: 9049: 9048: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8974:Leptosomiformes 8969: 8961: 8953: 8945: 8942:Accipitriformes 8937: 8916: 8915:(perching birds) 8908: 8900: 8892: 8871: 8863: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8836:Sphenisciformes 8831: 8810: 8802: 8781: 8773: 8770:Charadriiformes 8752: 8731: 8713: 8692: 8684: 8681:Musophagiformes 8676: 8661: 8660: 8642: 8634: 8613: 8605: 8597: 8582: 8581: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8563: 8537: 8524: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8291: 8204: 8197: 8161: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8065: 8064: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7852:Bird collections 7807:Dinornithiformes 7712:Darwin's finches 7702:Origin of flight 7642:Seabird breeding 7632:Sexual selection 7501: 7494: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7014: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6821:. Archived from 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6759: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6735:Washington Times 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6531: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6339:(2nd ed.). 6329: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6242:. Archived from 6232: 6223: 6222: 6201: 6195: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6085: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6053: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5475:Stillinger, Jack 5466: 5460: 5459: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5154: 5148: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4907: 4901: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4827: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4387:Birds Britannica 4377: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4184:Birds Britannica 4174: 4153: 4152: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4077:. Archived from 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3969:Secord, James A. 3965: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3592:. Archived from 3582: 3576: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3405:. Archived from 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3326:(7): 1460–1471. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2918:McGonigal, David 2914: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2538: 2494:Norfolk parakeet 2471:Governments and 2450:renewable energy 2409:invasive species 2283:Woody Woodpecker 2259:animated cartoon 2210:Alfred Hitchcock 2185: 2184: 2088:bird-of-paradise 2059:bird-of-paradise 2049:A dancer of the 2037:adjacent notes. 2003:David Rothenberg 1883:Birds of America 1876:to birds, while 1852:Birds of America 1560: 1507:Athenian coinage 1443:veterinary drug 1433:griffon vultures 1300:. In India, the 1098:Canterbury Tales 993:Javan hawk-eagle 744:. In Polynesia, 657:peoples to make 517:sooty shearwater 381:Birds have been 277:material culture 214:social behaviour 212:consists of the 77:fletching arrows 41: 38: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9005: 8999: 8991: 8983: 8982:Bucerotiformes 8976:(cuckoo-roller) 8975: 8967: 8959: 8951: 8943: 8935: 8934:Cathartiformes 8920: 8914: 8906: 8905:Psittaciformes 8898: 8890: 8875: 8869: 8868:Pelecaniformes 8861: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8829: 8814: 8808: 8807:Eurypygiformes 8800: 8785: 8779: 8771: 8756: 8750: 8735: 8729: 8711: 8696: 8690: 8682: 8674: 8646: 8640: 8632: 8617: 8611: 8610:Pterocliformes 8603: 8595: 8546: 8535: 8522: 8507: 8431: 8390: 8328: 8293: 8292: 8285: 8284: 8272: 8252: 8225: 8202: 8195: 8155: 8154: 8142: 8141: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8055: 8049: 8048:Casuariiformes 8041: 8040:Apterygiformes 8033: 8025: 8017: 7994: 7979: 7950:Lists by region 7918: 7828: 7821: 7762:Chaoyangiformes 7747:Jeholornithidae 7721: 7685:Origin of birds 7671: 7652:Brood parasites 7598: 7528: 7515: 7505: 7475: 7470: 7444: 7326: 7288: 7058: 7015: 7006: 6878: 6869: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6825:on 18 June 2017 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6636: 6632: 6583: 6579: 6542:(3666): 90–91. 6520:10.2307/1934880 6496: 6492: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6330: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6205:Thompson, David 6202: 6198: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6092: 6086: 6077: 6022: 6018: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5928: 5924: 5901: 5897: 5882: 5878: 5861: 5857: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5817: 5813: 5802: 5798: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5695:"Small wonders" 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5521:Poems and Prose 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5490: 5486: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5439: 5435: 5398: 5394: 5386:István Dienes, 5385: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5231:"Bird Painting" 5229: 5228: 5224: 5201:10.2307/2694739 5185: 5178: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4908: 4904: 4898:Wayback Machine 4889: 4885: 4878: 4862: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4752: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4700:Ancient America 4695: 4689: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4656:Ancient America 4651: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4624: 4601: 4597: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4526:10.2307/3252550 4510: 4506: 4491:10.2307/1177550 4475: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4241: 4237: 4224: 4220: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4175: 4156: 4149: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3966: 3959: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3883:"Feeding birds" 3881: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3496:Arctic Clothing 3492: 3488: 3473: 3453: 3449: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3353: 3349: 3320:Poultry Science 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195:. Lyons Press. 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3170:"The Quill Pen" 3168: 3167: 3163: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3059: 3055: 3008: 3001: 2978: 2974: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2915: 2911: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2862: 2858: 2821: 2817: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2575: 2568: 2553: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2518: 2454:kill many birds 2319: 2305: 2299: 2142: 2128:Igor Stravinsky 2093:In Africa, the 2043: 1954: 1948: 1934:Helen Macdonald 1786: 1712: 1662:'s 1932 bronze 1602: 1578: 1572: 1523:sacrificed dove 1481:mother goddess 1361:Hugin and Munin 1357:Norse mythology 1268: 1258: 1242:animal epithets 1225:" (nautical), " 1174: 1141: 1121:Audubon society 1039: 1034: 1016:pigeon fancying 921:pigeon fanciers 910: 834: 772:traded in swans 715: 695:model organisms 683:organic farming 597: 525: 485:crowned pigeons 359:migratory birds 320: 318:Poultry farming 314: 305: 207: 105:mother goddess 67:and the use of 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9143: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8995: 8990:Coraciiformes 8987: 8979: 8971: 8966:Trogoniformes 8963: 8955: 8947: 8939: 8930: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8913:Passeriformes 8910: 8902: 8897:Falconiformes 8894: 8889:Cariamiformes 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8865: 8857: 8852:Ciconiiformes 8849: 8841: 8833: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8804: 8795: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8766: 8764: 8762:Cursorimorphae 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8686: 8678: 8669: 8667: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8636: 8627: 8625: 8623:Mirandornithes 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8607: 8599: 8594:Columbiformes 8590: 8588: 8586:Columbimorphae 8579: 8570: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8531: 8526: 8521:Meleagridinae 8517: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8439: 8437:Odontophoridae 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8400: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8338: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8299: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8262: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8216:Stictonettinae 8213: 8211:Dendrocygninae 8208: 8207: 8206: 8199: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8164: 8162: 8145: 8132: 8089: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8012: 8010: 7996: 7995: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7964:Notable birds 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7914:Egg collecting 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7797:Hesperornithes 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7772:Ambiortiformes 7769: 7764: 7759: 7757:Enantiornithes 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7481: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7424:Organisations 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Animated films 7229: 7222: 7215: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7105:Gallic rooster 7102: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7078:Feather tights 7075: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6950:Model organism 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6836: 6815:"Our projects" 6806: 6781: 6768:(3): 266–279. 6745: 6720: 6692: 6669: 6655: 6648: 6630: 6577: 6506:(4): 488–499. 6490: 6471:(3): 255–268. 6455: 6448: 6430: 6407: 6381: 6374: 6356: 6349: 6324: 6305: 6286: 6279: 6257: 6224: 6217: 6196: 6180: 6168: 6155: 6148: 6128: 6119:Pikiran Rakyat 6106: 6075: 6016: 5989:(3): 426–443. 5973: 5947: 5940: 5922: 5895: 5876: 5855: 5836: 5829: 5811: 5796: 5778: 5752: 5725: 5711: 5682: 5657: 5640: 5615: 5608: 5588: 5581: 5563: 5552:on 2 July 2015 5537: 5530: 5510: 5494:"To a Skylark" 5484: 5461: 5454: 5433: 5419:10.1086/359388 5412:(2): 217–219. 5392: 5379: 5366: 5344: 5319: 5294: 5269: 5247: 5222: 5176: 5169: 5149: 5129: 5122: 5102: 5095: 5075: 5068: 5048: 5042:978-0804725156 5041: 5021: 5014: 4991: 4984: 4960: 4953: 4930: 4924:978-9004121423 4923: 4902: 4883: 4876: 4849: 4842: 4817: 4799: 4794:New York Times 4781: 4750: 4724: 4680: 4639: 4622: 4595: 4560: 4539: 4520:(10): 182–83. 4504: 4469: 4462: 4442: 4425: 4403: 4396: 4382:Mabey, Richard 4380:Cocker, Mark; 4372: 4357: 4322: 4309: 4295: 4276: 4254: 4249:New Naturalist 4235: 4218: 4200: 4193: 4179:Mabey, Richard 4177:Cocker, Mark; 4154: 4147: 4129: 4107: 4092: 4081:on 31 May 2016 4065: 4043: 4028: 4006: 3985:10.1086/352717 3979:(2): 162–186. 3957: 3900: 3874: 3848: 3841: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3775: 3768: 3750: 3724: 3701: 3675: 3664:on 29 May 2016 3649: 3634: 3607: 3596:on 5 June 2024 3577: 3542: 3529: 3515: 3508: 3486: 3471: 3465:. p. 36. 3447: 3436:(3): 227–266. 3420: 3390: 3347: 3306: 3284: 3277: 3259: 3233: 3226: 3208: 3201: 3183: 3161: 3126: 3119: 3086: 3079: 3053: 2999: 2988:(2): 189–211. 2972: 2953:(3): 449–468. 2937: 2930: 2909: 2883: 2872:(4): 403–410. 2856: 2835:(2): 423–431. 2815: 2798: 2791: 2773: 2747: 2740: 2722: 2693: 2686: 2666: 2659: 2639: 2620: 2595: 2566: 2552:978-0137001613 2551: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2496:. The British 2301:Main article: 2298: 2295: 2250:by training a 2240:'s 1968 novel 2141: 2138: 2080:Balinese dance 2042: 2039: 2007:laughingthrush 1952:Birds in music 1950:Main article: 1947: 1944: 1903:Beatrix Potter 1814:Aesop's Fables 1793:Wood engraving 1785: 1782: 1711: 1708: 1621:Five Dynasties 1606:cave paintings 1601: 1598: 1571: 1568: 1487:ancient Greece 1475:ancient Levant 1349:Hemudu culture 1318:Peacock Throne 1257: 1254: 1227:Dog & Duck 1217:have birds in 1140: 1137: 1133:Jane Alexander 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1012:Charles Darwin 988:cagebird trade 978:) are popular 917:Charles Darwin 909: 906: 877:racing pigeons 833: 830: 808:Pelican Island 792:American South 774:and sometimes 753:Inuit clothing 714: 711: 699:ornithological 691:Japanese quail 596: 593: 524: 521: 434:Common ostrich 369:Battery hens: 347:Epipaleolithic 316:Main article: 313: 310: 304: 301: 206: 203: 25:Detail of two 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9142: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9090: 9089: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8950:Strigiformes 8948: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8895: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8834: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8801:(tropicbirds) 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8723:Podargiformes 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8673:Cuculiformes 8671: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8371:Macrocephalon 8368: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8258:Anseranatidae 8255: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8032:Tinamiformes 8030: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8008:Palaeognathae 8005: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7894:Pigeon racing 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7736:Archaeopteryx 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 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5807: 5800: 5792: 5791:The Economist 5788: 5782: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5531:9780140420159 5527: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5373:Warhol, Tom. 5370: 5354: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5257: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195:(3): 372–92. 5194: 5190: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5069:0-299-09184-8 5065: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4985:0-8196-0273-6 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4892: 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Bloomsbury. 4368: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338:(3): 173–93. 4337: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4196: 4194:0-7011-6907-9 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4148:0-85390-013-2 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3842:0-413-47820-3 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3817:0-395-90686-5 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3769:0-85390-013-2 3765: 3761: 3754: 3739: 3738:The Spectator 3735: 3728: 3712: 3705: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3461:. 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Collins ( 4040:. BBC News. 3686:Crews, Ed. 3558:(2): 5–26. 2363:Micronesian 2267:Donald Duck 2263:Walt Disney 2238:Barry Hines 2199:sparrowhawk 2118:Tchaikovsky 2103:Atsiagbekor 2084:cendrawasih 2055:cendrawasih 1999:nightingale 1930:The Goshawk 1926:T. H. White 1874:field guide 1830:Javasakuna 1613:Chinese art 1570:In the arts 1534:John Milton 1467:Mesopotamia 1294:sacred ibis 1223:Crow's Nest 1219:their names 1196:Scandinavia 1153:Grey parrot 1067:tawny owl's 1037:Inspiration 952:budgerigars 919:noted that 902:birdfeeders 887:vinkensport 742:Mato Grosso 613:eider ducks 607:separating 501:muttonbirds 481:cassowaries 461:wildfowlers 438:cholesterol 69:honeyguides 40: 1240 9104:Categories 8838:(penguins) 8691:(bustards) 8529:Perdicinae 8474:Dendrortyx 8446:Callipepla 8378:Megapodius 8343:Aepypodius 8221:Tadorninae 8203:true geese 8034:(tinamous) 7993:Neornithes 7904:Pheasantry 7879:Aviculture 7647:Incubation 7637:Lek mating 7358:John Gould 7121:In poetry 7095:Crow/Raven 6975:Sky burial 6890:Aviculture 6883:Activities 5732:The first 5704:12 January 4139:The Pigeon 3760:The Pigeon 3646:. 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