363:, the employment of human service assistants is anticipated to grow by 34% through 2016, which is faster than average for all occupations. There are several different occupations for individuals with post-secondary degrees. Specialization is crucial when applying for a human service career because many different job occupations and skills fall under the broad scope of human services, especially if said job is related to social work. This is because many different types of people require different types of aid. For example, a child would need special attention compared to an adult- and would visit a professional who has trained directly with younger people. Furthermore, an alcoholic or addict would specifically need a professional rehabilitation counselor. On the other hand, a victim of a natural disaster would need a crisis support worker for immediate assistance. Other examples of human service jobs include but are not limited to; criminology, community service, housing, health, therapy, and sociology.
342:
problem is concentrated. Additional necessary skills include strong communication and professional coordination- since networking is crucial for obtaining and transporting resources to areas of need. Lack of these skills could lead to dangerous consequences as a communities needs are not adequately met. Furthermore, research is a key component to the successful conduct of human service. Both theoretical and empirical research is required if one is to pursue a career in human services because being uninformed can leave communities in confusion and disarray- thus perpetuating the problem that was supposed to be resolved. In relation to social work, a professional must be unbiased and patient because they will be closely working with a vast and diverse population who are often in extremely dire situations. Allowing one's personal beliefs to bleed into their human service profession could negatively impact the quality of and or limit the scope of potential outreach.
315:, as well as to help solidify the professional identity of human services practitioners. HS-BCPE Experience Requirements for the certification: HS-BCP applicants must meet post-graduation experience requirements to be eligible to take the examination. However, graduates of a CSHSE accredited degree program may sit for the HS-BCP exam without verifying their human services work experience. Otherwise experience requirements for candidates not from a CSHSE accredited program are as follows: Associate degree with post degree experience requires three years, including a minimum of 4,500 hours; Bachelor's Degree with post degree experience requires two years, including a minimum of 3,000 hours; Master's or Doctorate with post degree experience requires one year, including a minimum of 1,500 hours.
86:
of social technologies (practice methods, models, and theories), service technologies (programs, organizations, and systems), and scientific innovations designed to ameliorate problems and enhance the quality of life of individuals, families and communities to improve the delivery of service with better coordination, accessibility and accountability. The mission of human services is to promote a practice that involves simultaneously working at all levels of society (whole-person approach) in the process of promoting the autonomy of individuals or groups, making informal or formal human services systems more efficient and effective, and advocating for positive social change within society.
269:) that involves viewing human strengths and problems as interconnected to a family unit, community, and society. This perspective is considered a "whole-person perspective". Overall, undergraduate programs prepare students to be human services generalists while master's programs prepare students to be human services administrators, and doctoral programs prepare students to be researcher-analysts and college-level educators. Research in this field focuses on an array of topics that deal with direct service issues,
401:(AERA). The ASPA subsection is named the Section on Health and Human Services Administration and its purpose is to foster the development of knowledge, understanding and practice in the fields of health and human services administration and to foster professional growth and communication among academics and practitioners in these fields. Fields of health and human services administration share a common and unique focus on improving the quality of life through client-centered policies and service transactions.
25:
2894:
224:
161:, thus leading to said professionals counteracting dominant establishments and advocating on behalf of their clients and communities. The movement also hoped that human service delivery systems would become integrated, comprehensive, and more accessible, which would make them more humane for service users. Ultimately, the resistance from traditional helping professions served as the impetus for a group of educators in
2918:
2906:
306:
The Center for
Credentialing & Education (CCE) conceptualized the Human Services-Board Certified Practitioner (HS-BCP) credential with the assistance of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) and the Council for Standards in Human Service Education (CSHSE). The credential was created
260:
The CSHSE offers accreditation for human services programs in higher education. The accreditation process is voluntary and labor-intensive; it is designed to assure the quality, consistency, and relevance of human service education through research-based standards and a peer-review process. According
207:
Manpower studies in the 1960s and 70s had shown that there would be a shortage of helping professionals in an array of service delivery areas. In turn, some educators proposed that the training of nonprofessionals (e.g., mental health technicians) could bridge this looming personnel shortage. One of
152:
were resistant to the new human services movement's ideology because it appeared to challenge their professional status. Changing the traditional concept of professionalism involved rethinking consumer control and the distribution of power. The new movement also called on human service professionals
85:
is an interdisciplinary field of study with the objective of meeting human needs through an applied knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. The process involves the study
408:
The
American Public Human Services Association (APHSA) is a nonprofit organization that pursues distinction in health and human services by working with policymakers, supporting state and local agencies, and working with partners to promote innovative, integrative and efficient solutions in health
389:
in different parts of the United States. In addition, there are four independent human services regional organizations: (a) Mid-Atlantic
Consortium for Human Services, (b) Midwest Organization for Human Services, (c) New England Organization for Human Service, and the (d) Northwest Human Services
252:
Currently, there are academic programs in human services at the associate, baccalaureate, and graduate levels. There are approximately 600 human services programs throughout the United States. An online directory of human services programs lists many (but not all) of the programs state y state in
404:
The AERA special interest group is named the
Education, Health and Human Service Linkages. Its purpose is to create a community of researchers and practitioners interested in developing knowledge about comprehensive school health, school linked services, and initiatives that support children and
341:
There are numerous different tools and methods utilized in human services. For example, qualitative and quantitative surveys are administered to define community problems that need addressing. These surveys can narrow down what service is needed, who would receive it, for how long, and where the
239:
was created to produce a nonprofessional career track for economically disadvantaged, underemployed, and unemployed adults as a strategy to eradicate poverty within society and to end a critical shortage of health-care personnel. Graduates from these programs successfully acquired employment as
437:
and social innovation. The institute collaborates with researchers, field practitioners, community organizations, socially conscious companies—along with various levels of government and educational institutions—to ensure the
Canadian health and human services sector remains accountable to the
264:
Human services curricula are based on an interdisciplinary knowledge foundation that allows students to consider practical solutions from multiple disciplinary perspectives. Across the curriculum human services students are often taught to view human problems from a socioecological perspective
111:
activities of religious and civic organizations that date back to the
Colonial period. However, the academic discipline of human services did not start until the 1960s. At that time, a group of college academics started the new human services movement and began to promote the adoption of a new
405:
their families. This subgroup also focuses on interpersonal collaboration, integration of services, and interdisciplinary approaches. The group's interests encompass interrelated policy, practice, and research that challenge efforts to create viable linkages among these three distinct areas.
310:
Graduates from human services programs can obtain a Human
Services Board Certified Practitioner (HS-BCP) credential offered by the Center for Credentialing & Education (CCE). The HS-BCP certification ensures that human services practitioners offer quality services, are competent service
89:
Human services practitioners strive to advance the autonomy of service users through civic engagement, education, health promotion and social change at all levels of society. Practitioners also engage in advocating so human systems remain accessible, integrated, efficient and effective.
116:
among traditional helping disciplines. The movement's major goal was to make service delivery more efficient, effective, and humane. The other goals dealt with the reeducation of traditional helping professionals to have a greater appreciation of the individual as a whole person
318:
The HS-BCP exam is designed to verify a candidate's human services knowledge. The exam was created as a collaborative effort of human services subject-matter experts and normed on a population of professionals in the field. The HS-BCP exam covers the following areas:
187:
Chenault and
Burnford argued that human services programs must inform and train students at the graduate or postgraduate level if human services hoped to be considered a professional discipline. A progressive graduate human services program was established by
168:
Some maintain that the human services discipline has a concrete identity as a profession that supplements and complements other traditional professions. Yet other professionals and scholars have not agreed upon an authoritative definition for human services.
212:(SREB), which was funded by the National Institute on Health. Professionals of the SREB Undergraduate Social Welfare Manpower Project helped colleges develop new social welfare programs, which later became known as human services. Some believed
390:
Association. All the regional organizations are also open to educators, professionals, students and each regional organization has an annual conference in different locations throughout their region such as universities or institutions.
93:
Human services academic programs can be easily accessible in colleges and universities, which award degrees at the associate, baccalaureate, and graduate levels. Human services programs are in countries all around the world.
384:
The
National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) is a professional organization open to educators, professionals, and students interested in current issues in the field of human services. NOHS sponsors an annual
2704:
1046:
355:
Currently, the three major employment roles played by human services graduates include providing direct service, performing administrative work, and working in the community. According to the
235:
The development of community college human services programs was supported with government funding that was earmarked for the federal new careers initiatives. In turn, the federally funded
204:
became a major force in preserving human services as an academic discipline. Currently, Springfield
College is one of the oldest and largest human services program in the United States.
1677:
Foster-Fishman, P.G.; Behrens, T.R. (June 2007). "Systems change reborn: Rethinking our theories, methods, and efforts in human services reform and community-based change".
307:
for human services practitioners seeking to advance their careers by acquiring independent verification of their practical knowledge and educational background.
220:
for direct service jobs in areas such as mental health. Currently, a large percentage of human services programs are run at the community college level.
1186:
2699:
2689:
430:
376:
There are several different professional human services organizations for professionals, educators, and students to join across North America.
35:
983:
843:
714:
Agranoff, R. (1974). "Human services administration: Service delivery, service integration, and training". In Mikulecky, Thomas J. (ed.).
2739:
394:
398:
2772:
2744:
1784:
192:(1931–1996), who was considered an innovative educator for her time. The Audrey Cohen College of Human Services, now called the
2749:
2065:
1058:
943:
2807:
2714:
1508:
1448:
1421:
1085:
418:
2797:
675:"Community psychology, community mental health and social needs: The need for a body of knowledge in community psychology"
2754:
2318:
1906:
197:
1822:
2812:
2338:
1921:
1473:
1347:
1314:
1281:
1248:
1215:
1033:
922:
876:
795:
716:
Human services integration: a report of a special project conducted by the American Society for Public Administration
690:
630:
590:
209:
108:
69:
228:
193:
1498:
1438:
1411:
1374:
2455:
2083:
2060:
270:
1724:. In Y. Hasenfeld, Human Services as Complex Organizations (pp. 3–23). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2910:
2729:
2679:
2491:
2388:
2149:
2050:
1963:
2944:
2922:
2562:
2333:
1713:
Friedman, L. J. (2003). Giving and caring in early America 1601-1861. In L.J. Friedman, & M.D. McGarvie,
356:
2427:
2154:
158:
1610:
2949:
2574:
2467:
2378:
2191:
2179:
2088:
1777:
458:
438:
greater good of Canadian civil society rather than short-term professional, business or economic gains.
2644:
2569:
2474:
2010:
533:
1005:
True, John E.; Young, Carl E. (December 1974). "Associate degree programs for human service workers".
2766:
2761:
2629:
2328:
2035:
1993:
1957:
1864:
1190:
583:
Foundations in human services practice: A generalist perspective on individual, agency, and community
1673:(G. Lawrence, Trans.). New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classic (Original work published 1832).
2604:
2303:
2015:
1911:
682:
674:
493:
261:
to the CSHSE's webpage there are only 43 accredited human services programs in the United States.
129:, use systems approaches to consider human problems, and be involved in progressive social change.
51:
47:
2954:
2875:
2802:
2634:
463:
2898:
2870:
2649:
2373:
1859:
1770:
960:
820:
554:
518:
478:
360:
1544:
1524:
208:
the earliest educational initiatives to develop undergraduate curricula was undertaken by the
2855:
2639:
2174:
2075:
1968:
1817:
488:
434:
278:
118:
2830:
2614:
2479:
2445:
2393:
2218:
2213:
2159:
2115:
2005:
1943:
1832:
1827:
483:
274:
8:
2840:
2835:
2609:
2408:
2398:
2233:
1842:
1645:
386:
266:
43:
2462:
2045:
1894:
1702:
1163:
1138:
1018:
763:
738:
620:
409:
and human services policy and practice. APHSA has individual and student memberships.
244:
within social service agencies because they lacked a graduate or professional degree.
157:. It was proposed that reducing monopolistic control on professionals could result in
2624:
2619:
2547:
2496:
2270:
2250:
2238:
2198:
2169:
2137:
2055:
1948:
1916:
1812:
1694:
1504:
1479:
1469:
1444:
1417:
1353:
1343:
1320:
1310:
1287:
1277:
1254:
1244:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1168:
1081:
1050:
975:
935:
882:
872:
865:
835:
801:
791:
768:
719:
696:
686:
636:
626:
596:
586:
498:
473:
213:
1075:
2789:
2542:
2501:
2313:
2288:
2100:
2030:
1874:
1706:
1686:
1158:
1150:
1014:
758:
750:
448:
282:
217:
162:
125:). Furthermore, professionals would learn to take responsibility at all levels of
2850:
2552:
2355:
2348:
2283:
2223:
2105:
2095:
2025:
1998:
1983:
1938:
1928:
1879:
1039:
A Core of Competence for Baccalaureate Social Welfare and Curricular Implications
1037:
961:"Multiple forms of scholarship and their implications on human service educators"
928:
Plans for teaching mental health workers: Community college curriculum objectives
926:
453:
241:
2537:
2323:
2260:
2245:
2228:
2186:
1988:
1869:
1031:
920:
468:
422:
290:
196:, offered one of the first graduate programs in 1974. In the same time period,
1690:
718:. Washington, DC: American Society for Public Administration. pp. 42–51.
273:, organizational change, management of human service organizations, advocacy,
2938:
2845:
2724:
2532:
2506:
2383:
2343:
2308:
2298:
2278:
2020:
1978:
1953:
1901:
1889:
1884:
1793:
1357:
1324:
1291:
1225:
1054:
979:
939:
839:
600:
503:
254:
201:
154:
122:
1483:
1258:
805:
2865:
2293:
2142:
2132:
2110:
2040:
1933:
1847:
1698:
1154:
886:
640:
257:
status from the Council for Standards in Human Services Education (CSHSE).
189:
113:
1172:
772:
754:
723:
231:, which offered one of the first graduate human services programs in 1974.
2860:
2557:
2255:
2164:
2127:
1565:
1410:
Monette, Duane R.; Sullivan, Thomas J.; DeJong, Cornell R. (2013-03-08).
700:
523:
236:
141:
1589:
1137:
Steinberg, Sheldon S.; Shatz, Eunice O.; Fishman, Jacob R. (July 1969).
1077:
The perpetual dream : reform and experiment in the American college
2486:
2208:
1650:
Making human beings human: Biological perspectives on human development
1545:"Human Services Career Overview - Human Services EduHuman Services Edu"
1525:"Human Services Career Overview - Human Services EduHuman Services Edu"
1382:
508:
223:
126:
1757:
From Poor Law to welfare state: A History of social welfare in America
2584:
2403:
1973:
1854:
528:
513:
426:
133:
2450:
2203:
1837:
1807:
1139:"New careers: a major solution to the environmental health problem"
311:
providers, are committed to high standards, and adhere to the NOHS
149:
1736:
The eighteenth-century records of the Boston overseers of the poor
1061:
946:
867:
The perpetual dream: reform and experiment in the American college
2122:
286:
137:
1762:
1080:. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
2417:
1743:
Theory, practice, and trends in human services: An introduction
1614:
332:
Administration, program development/evaluation, and supervision
2579:
1640:
Changing human services organizations: Political and practice
393:
Human services special interest groups also exist within the
216:
human services programs were the most expedient way to train
1717:(pp. 23–48). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1243:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole--Thomson Learning.
2705:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
2511:
679:
Community psychology: Perspectives in training and research
654:
Dumont, M (1970). "The changing face of professionalism".
1340:
Grant writing and fundraising tool kit for Human Services
1143:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
296:
145:
1396:
739:"From community mental health to human service ideology"
622:
Human services professional education: Future directions
614:
612:
610:
165:
to start the new academic discipline of human services.
1715:
Charity, philanthropy, and civility in American history
240:
paraprofessionals, but there were limitations to their
121:) and to be accountable to the communities they serve (
1664:
Breaking the chains: The crusade of Dorothea Lynde Dix
1466:
An introduction to human services: Policy and practice
1413:
Applied Social Research: A Tool for the Human Services
323:
Assessment, treatment planning, and outcome evaluation
1676:
1409:
1136:
1045:, Washington, DC: Social and Rehabilitation Service (
934:, Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health,
607:
1738:. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
788:
Human services: concepts and intervention strategies
1397:"Council for Standards in Human Services Education"
1274:
Excellence in human service organization management
433:organization for the advancement of health equity,
1121:
1025:
864:
329:Case management, professional practice, and ethics
1468:(6th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
1307:Advocacy for social justice: A global perspective
1210:(6th ed.). Bemont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1130:
1112:
790:(9th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
677:. In Iscoe, Ira; Spielberger, Charles D. (eds.).
2936:
618:
313:Ethical Standards of Human Service Professionals
1094:
821:"Defining human services: A discourse analysis"
1239:Burger, William R.; Youkeles, Merrill (2004).
1238:
1203:
785:
576:
574:
281:, social welfare policy, service integration,
1778:
1464:Mandell, Betty Reid; Schram, Barbara (2006).
1463:
1375:"Human Services-Board Certified Practitioner"
916:
914:
366:
293:, development, and social change strategies.
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1752:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1369:
1367:
1073:
1047:Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
862:
786:Mehr, Joseph J.; Kanwischer, Ronald (2004).
1611:"The Canadian Institute for Human Services"
1276:(2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
1265:
1204:Woodside, Marianne; McClam, Tricia (2009).
1103:
571:
2740:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1785:
1771:
1655:Cimbala, P.A., & Miller, R.M. (1999).
1590:"National Organization for Human Services"
1331:
1298:
911:
902:
395:American Society for Public Administration
112:ideology about human service delivery and
2700:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2690:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1734:Nellis, E.G., & Decker, A.D. (2001).
1722:The nature of human service organizations
1659:. New York, NY: Fordham University Press.
1364:
1162:
1004:
893:
762:
399:American Educational Research Association
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1679:American Journal of Community Psychology
1657:The Freedman's Bureau and Reconstruction
1032:McPheeters, Harold L.; Ryan, Robert M.;
958:
871:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
858:
856:
730:
713:
619:Chenault, Joann; Burnford, Fran (1978).
580:
336:
222:
2745:Health departments in the United States
1731:. Fresno, CA: Edwards Publishing House.
1652:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
1638:Brager, G., & Holloway, S. (1978).
1271:
1000:
998:
996:
921:McPheeters, Harold L.; King, James B.;
818:
2937:
2750:Council on Education for Public Health
1379:Center for Credentialing and Education
1337:
1304:
1241:Human services in contemporary America
1187:"Directory of human services programs"
1074:Grant, Gerald; Riesman, David (1978).
863:Grant, Gerald; Riesman, David (1978).
653:
297:Certification and continuing education
132:Traditional academic programs such as
2808:Professional degrees of public health
2715:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1766:
1500:Theory And Practice In Human Services
1440:Theory And Practice In Human Services
853:
736:
672:
419:Canadian Institute for Human Services
345:
326:Theoretical orientation/interventions
2905:
2798:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
1496:
1436:
993:
172:
18:
2917:
2066:Workers' right to access the toilet
1907:Human right to water and sanitation
1430:
247:
13:
1632:
1517:
1490:
1403:
1100:Grosser, Henry, & Kelly, 1969.
1019:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1974.tb03788.x
989:from the original on 5 March 2016.
849:from the original on 5 March 2016.
379:
350:
301:
177:
14:
2966:
2339:Commercial determinants of health
1792:
1563:
1207:An introduction to human services
1034:Southern Regional Education Board
923:Southern Regional Education Board
743:American Journal of Public Health
585:(1st ed.). Boston: Pearson.
210:Southern Regional Education Board
2916:
2904:
2893:
2892:
1922:National public health institute
1745:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage.
371:
229:Metropolitan College of New York
194:Metropolitan College of New York
107:Human services has its roots in
102:
23:
16:Interdisciplinary field of study
2319:Open-source healthcare software
2061:Sociology of health and illness
1759:. New York, NY: The Free Press.
1750:The English Poor Law, 1531-1782
1642:. New York, NY: The Free Press.
1603:
1582:
1557:
1537:
1457:
1389:
1232:
1197:
1179:
1067:
959:Sweitzer, H. Frederick (2003).
952:
681:. New York: Appleton. pp.
2680:Caribbean Public Health Agency
2492:Sexually transmitted infection
2389:Statistical hypothesis testing
2150:Occupational safety and health
2051:Sexual and reproductive health
1964:Occupational safety and health
1503:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
1443:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
1007:Personnel and Guidance Journal
812:
779:
707:
666:
647:
547:
182:
1:
2334:Social determinants of health
1729:The life of George Washington
1570:www.nationalhumanservices.org
1497:Neil, Thompson (2000-05-01).
1437:Neil, Thompson (2000-05-01).
1342:. Boston: Pearson Education.
559:www.nationalhumanservices.org
541:
357:Occupational Outlook Handbook
285:, integration of technology,
2394:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
2155:Human factors and ergonomics
1305:Martin, Michelle E. (2014).
1127:Riessman & Popper, 1968.
581:Herzberg, Judith T. (2015).
536:, "father of human services"
159:democratization of knowledge
7:
2575:Good manufacturing practice
2379:Randomized controlled trial
1669:De Tocqueville, A. (2006).
1666:. New York, NY: ASJA Press.
1118:Pearl & Riessman, 1965.
459:Counterculture of the 1960s
441:
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2973:
2645:Theory of planned behavior
2570:Good agricultural practice
2475:Public health surveillance
2367:epidemiological statistics
2011:Public health intervention
1272:Kettner, Peter M. (2014).
819:Kincaid, Susan O. (2009).
534:Harold Lawrence McPheeters
367:Professional organizations
97:
2888:
2823:
2782:
2767:World Toilet Organization
2762:World Health Organization
2669:
2658:
2595:
2520:
2436:
2364:
2329:Public health informatics
2269:
2074:
2036:Right to rest and leisure
1865:Globalization and disease
1800:
1691:10.1007/s10464-007-9104-5
625:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
555:"What is Human Services?"
412:
2813:Schools of public health
2605:Diffusion of innovations
2304:Health impact assessment
2016:Public health laboratory
1912:Management of depression
1338:Dustin, Jill C. (2013).
494:Human Potential Movement
2876:Social hygiene movement
2803:Doctor of Public Health
2635:Social cognitive theory
2437:Infectious and epidemic
2219:Fecal–oral transmission
1755:Trattner, W.I. (1999).
968:Human Service Education
828:Human Service Education
464:Community mental health
253:conjunction with their
2871:Germ theory of disease
2650:Transtheoretical model
1720:Hasenfeld, Y. (1992).
1155:10.2105/AJPH.59.7.1118
737:Baker, F (June 1974).
519:Social care in England
479:Health and Social Care
361:US Department of Labor
232:
2755:Public Health Service
2640:Social norms approach
2630:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
2076:Preventive healthcare
1969:Pharmaceutical policy
1818:Chief Medical Officer
1727:Marshall, J. (2011).
1564:Admin, MemberClicks.
1193:on 29 September 2013.
755:10.2105/ajph.64.6.576
489:Humanistic Psychology
435:progressive education
337:Tools and methodology
279:community development
226:
119:humanistic psychology
2945:Academic disciplines
2831:Sara Josephine Baker
2730:Public Health Agency
2615:Health communication
2480:Disease surveillance
2446:Asymptomatic carrier
2428:Statistical software
2116:Preventive nutrition
1944:Medical anthropology
1833:Environmental health
1741:Neukrug, E. (2016).
1671:Democracy in America
1416:. Cengage Learning.
484:Humanistic Education
275:community organizing
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
2841:Carl Rogers Darnall
2836:Samuel Jay Crumbine
2610:Health belief model
2463:Notifiable diseases
2399:Regression analysis
2234:Waterborne diseases
1823:Cultural competence
1662:Colman, P. (2007).
1309:. Boston: Pearson.
359:, published by the
267:Urie Bronfenbrenner
237:New Careers Program
198:Springfield College
2950:Community building
2439:disease prevention
2374:Case–control study
2046:Security of person
1895:Health care reform
1748:Slack, P. (1995).
1646:Bronfenbrenner, U.
673:Reiff, R. (1970).
346:Employment outlook
233:
2932:
2931:
2884:
2883:
2794:Higher education
2625:Positive deviance
2620:Health psychology
2596:Health behavioral
2523:safety management
2497:Social distancing
2271:Population health
2251:Smoking cessation
2199:Pharmacovigilance
2170:Injury prevention
2138:Infection control
2056:Social psychology
2006:Prisoners' rights
1949:Medical sociology
1917:Public health law
1813:Biological hazard
1510:978-0-335-20425-0
1450:978-0-335-20425-0
1423:978-1-285-60572-2
1087:978-0-226-30605-6
1036:(December 1971),
925:(February 1971),
499:Political Economy
474:Feminist Movement
218:paraprofessionals
214:community college
173:Academic programs
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2962:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2790:Health education
2667:
2666:
2521:Food hygiene and
2502:Tropical disease
2314:Infant mortality
2289:Community health
2165:Controlled Drugs
2101:Health promotion
2031:Right to housing
1875:Health economics
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1710:
1685:(3–4): 191–196.
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1617:on 16 April 2014
1613:. Archived from
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1381:. Archived from
1371:
1362:
1361:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:. Archived from
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1149:(7): 1118–1123.
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1002:
991:
990:
988:
965:
956:
950:
949:
933:
918:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
890:
870:
860:
851:
850:
848:
825:
816:
810:
809:
783:
777:
776:
766:
734:
728:
727:
711:
705:
704:
670:
664:
663:
651:
645:
644:
616:
605:
604:
578:
569:
568:
566:
565:
551:
449:Civil resistance
283:multiculturalism
248:Current programs
163:higher education
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2880:
2851:Margaret Sanger
2819:
2778:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2597:
2591:
2563:Safety scandals
2522:
2516:
2438:
2432:
2366:
2360:
2356:Social medicine
2349:Race and health
2284:Child mortality
2265:
2224:Open defecation
2106:Human nutrition
2096:Family planning
2084:Behavior change
2070:
2026:Right to health
1939:Maternal health
1929:Health politics
1880:Health literacy
1796:
1791:
1635:
1633:Further reading
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1350:
1336:
1332:
1317:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1270:
1266:
1251:
1237:
1233:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1003:
994:
986:
963:
957:
953:
931:
919:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
879:
861:
854:
846:
823:
817:
813:
798:
784:
780:
735:
731:
712:
708:
693:
671:
667:
652:
648:
633:
617:
608:
593:
579:
572:
563:
561:
553:
552:
548:
544:
539:
454:Critical Theory
444:
431:action-research
415:
397:(ASPA) and the
382:
374:
369:
353:
348:
339:
304:
299:
271:case management
250:
242:upward mobility
185:
180:
175:
114:professionalism
105:
100:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2955:Human sciences
2952:
2947:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2659:Organizations,
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2365:Biological and
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2324:Multimorbidity
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:Vector control
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:School hygiene
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:Sanitary sewer
2226:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2187:Patient safety
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:Harm reduction
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1581:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1489:
1474:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1388:
1385:on 2013-12-02.
1363:
1348:
1330:
1315:
1297:
1282:
1264:
1249:
1231:
1216:
1196:
1178:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1109:Haskell, 1969.
1102:
1093:
1086:
1066:
1024:
1013:(4): 304–307.
992:
951:
910:
901:
892:
877:
852:
811:
796:
778:
749:(6): 576–581.
729:
706:
691:
665:
646:
631:
606:
591:
570:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
469:Ethics of care
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
443:
440:
414:
411:
381:
378:
373:
370:
368:
365:
352:
349:
347:
344:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
303:
300:
298:
295:
291:social justice
287:poverty issues
265:(developed by
249:
246:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
104:
101:
99:
96:
83:Human services
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Joseph Lister
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Health Canada
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:Organizations
2668:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Vaccine trial
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Relative risk
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Health equity
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Health system
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Global health
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Biostatistics
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Right to food
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:Mental health
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Housing First
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Health system
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:Health policy
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:Public health
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:9780205442140
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1349:9780205088690
1345:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:9780205087396
1312:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:9780205088157
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:9780534547479
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:9780495503361
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
955:
948:
945:
941:
937:
930:
929:
924:
917:
915:
908:Kadish, 1969.
905:
896:
888:
884:
880:
878:9780226306056
874:
869:
868:
859:
857:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
815:
807:
803:
799:
797:9780205381210
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
733:
725:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
694:
692:9780390477712
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
661:
657:
656:Social Policy
650:
642:
638:
634:
632:9780070107328
628:
624:
623:
615:
613:
611:
602:
598:
594:
592:9780205858255
588:
584:
577:
575:
560:
556:
550:
546:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Postmodernism
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
391:
388:
380:United States
377:
372:North America
364:
362:
358:
351:United States
343:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
320:
316:
314:
308:
302:United States
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
258:
256:
255:accreditation
245:
243:
238:
230:
227:Photo of the
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
205:
203:
202:Massachusetts
199:
195:
191:
178:United States
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:social change
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:postmodernism
120:
115:
110:
103:United States
95:
91:
87:
84:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2866:Radium Girls
2861:Typhoid Mary
2548:Microbiology
2418:
2410:
2294:Epidemiology
2192:Organization
2143:Oral hygiene
2133:Hand washing
2111:Healthy diet
2041:Right to sit
1934:Labor rights
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1499:
1492:
1465:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1383:the original
1378:
1339:
1333:
1306:
1300:
1273:
1267:
1240:
1234:
1206:
1199:
1191:the original
1181:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1076:
1069:
1038:
1027:
1010:
1006:
971:
967:
954:
927:
904:
899:Cohen, 1969.
895:
866:
834:(1): 14–23.
831:
827:
814:
787:
781:
746:
742:
732:
715:
709:
678:
668:
659:
655:
649:
621:
582:
562:. Retrieved
558:
549:
416:
407:
403:
392:
383:
375:
354:
340:
317:
312:
309:
305:
263:
259:
251:
234:
206:
190:Audrey Cohen
186:
167:
153:to work for
131:
106:
92:
88:
82:
81:
66:
60:October 2015
57:
33:
2923:WikiProject
2663:and history
2543:Engineering
2256:Vaccination
2128:Food safety
974:(1): 5–13.
524:Social Work
183:Development
142:social work
2939:Categories
2676:Caribbean
2553:Processing
2487:Quarantine
2409:Student's
2209:Sanitation
1843:History of
1575:2022-12-10
1550:2022-12-10
1530:2022-12-06
564:2022-11-17
542:References
509:Psychology
387:conference
127:government
109:charitable
2856:John Snow
2783:Education
2773:Full list
2661:education
2585:ISO 22000
2538:Chemistry
2451:Epidemics
2404:ROC curve
2214:Emergency
1994:Radiation
1974:Pollution
1958:Ministers
1855:Euthenics
1358:793099562
1325:858610652
1292:829937218
1226:224438780
1055:425729945
980:0890-5428
940:425565522
840:0890-5428
601:881181908
529:Sociology
514:Poor laws
427:education
134:education
48:talk page
2899:Category
2598:sciences
2533:Additive
2204:Safe sex
2175:Medicine
2089:Theories
1860:Genomics
1838:Eugenics
1828:Deviance
1808:Auxology
1699:17510793
1648:(2005).
1621:16 April
1484:58546150
1259:52578972
1062:ED079210
984:Archived
947:ED065726
844:Archived
806:51477841
662:: 26–31.
442:See also
423:advocacy
150:medicine
42:You may
2911:Commons
2824:History
2721:Canada
2696:Europe
2180:Nursing
2160:Hygiene
2123:Hygiene
1848:Liberal
1801:General
1707:1225681
1173:5815750
1164:1226583
887:3203327
773:4829069
764:1775477
641:3650238
138:nursing
98:History
2711:India
2686:China
2558:Safety
2239:Worker
1705:
1697:
1595:6 July
1566:"Home"
1507:
1482:
1472:
1447:
1420:
1356:
1346:
1323:
1313:
1290:
1280:
1257:
1247:
1224:
1214:
1171:
1161:
1084:
1053:
978:
938:
885:
875:
838:
804:
794:
771:
761:
724:918115
722:
699:
689:
639:
629:
599:
589:
421:is an
413:Canada
2736:U.S.
2580:HACCP
2529:Food
2421:-test
2413:-test
1999:Light
1984:Water
1703:S2CID
1043:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
824:(PDF)
701:92432
50:, or
2512:WASH
2468:List
2456:List
1989:Soil
1695:PMID
1623:2014
1597:2013
1505:ISBN
1480:OCLC
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1354:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1321:OCLC
1311:ISBN
1288:OCLC
1278:ISBN
1255:OCLC
1245:ISBN
1222:OCLC
1212:ISBN
1169:PMID
1082:ISBN
1059:ERIC
1051:OCLC
976:ISSN
944:ERIC
936:OCLC
883:OCLC
873:ISBN
836:ISSN
802:OCLC
792:ISBN
769:PMID
720:OCLC
697:OCLC
687:ISBN
637:OCLC
627:ISBN
597:OCLC
587:ISBN
429:and
417:The
148:and
1979:Air
1687:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1049:),
1015:doi
759:PMC
751:doi
200:in
146:law
2941::
1701:.
1693:.
1683:39
1681:.
1568:.
1478:.
1377:.
1366:^
1352:.
1319:.
1286:.
1253:.
1220:.
1167:.
1157:.
1147:59
1145:.
1141:.
1057:,
1011:53
1009:.
995:^
982:.
972:25
970:.
966:.
942:,
913:^
881:.
855:^
842:.
832:29
830:.
826:.
800:.
767:.
757:.
747:64
745:.
741:.
695:.
685:.
683:1-
658:.
635:.
609:^
595:.
573:^
557:.
425:,
289:,
277:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
2775:)
2771:(
2419:Z
2411:t
1960:)
1956:(
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1709:.
1689::
1625:.
1599:.
1578:.
1553:.
1533:.
1513:.
1486:.
1453:.
1426:.
1399:.
1360:.
1327:.
1294:.
1261:.
1228:.
1175:.
1153::
1090:.
1021:.
1017::
889:.
808:.
775:.
753::
726:.
703:.
660:1
643:.
603:.
567:.
117:(
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
