3400:
3420:
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2043:
452:. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. Listing all the different sensory modalities, which can number as many as 17, involves separating the major senses into more specific categories, or submodalities, of the larger sense. An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. For example, the general sensation and perception of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair movement, while the general sensation and perception of taste can be separated into submodalities of
3170:
by a variety of hormonal and cell-to-cell communication pathways that result in movement, morphological changes and physiological state alterations at the organism level, that is, result in plant behavior. Such physiological and cognitive functions are generally not believed to give rise to mental phenomena or qualia, however, as these are typically considered the product of nervous system activity. The emergence of mental phenomena from the activity of systems functionally or computationally analogous to that of nervous systems is, however, a hypothetical possibility explored by some schools of thought in the philosophy of mind field, such as
1576:, being sensitive to different wavelengths of light, provide us with color vision. By comparing the activity of the three different cones, the brain can extract color information from visual stimuli. For example, a bright blue light that has a wavelength of approximately 450 nm would activate the "red" cones minimally, the "green" cones marginally, and the "blue" cones predominantly. The relative activation of the three different cones is calculated by the brain, which perceives the color as blue. However, cones cannot react to low-intensity light, and rods do not sense the color of light. Therefore, our low-light vision is—in essence—in
865:(e.g. eye) to the brain are stimulated, even if that stimulation is unrelated to the target signal of the sensory organ. For example, in the case of the eye, it does not matter whether light or something else stimulates the optic nerve, that stimulation will results in visual perception, even if there was no visual stimulus to begin with. (To prove this point to yourself (and if you are a human), close your eyes (preferably in a dark room) and press gently on the outside corner of one eye through the eyelid. You will see a visual spot toward the inside of your visual field, near your nose.)
740:
776:. There is internal noise and there is external noise when it comes to signal detection. The internal noise originates from static in the nervous system. For example, an individual with closed eyes in a dark room still sees something—a blotchy pattern of grey with intermittent brighter flashes—this is internal noise. External noise is the result of noise in the environment that can interfere with the detection of the stimulus of interest. Noise is only a problem if the magnitude of the noise is large enough to interfere with signal collection. The
2236:
2360:, a membrane that attaches to the top of the ampulla. As the head rotates in a plane parallel to the semicircular canal, the fluid lags, deflecting the cupula in the direction opposite to the head movement. The semicircular canals contain several ampullae, with some oriented horizontally and others oriented vertically. By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional (
686:) into signals. Chemical stimuli can be interpreted by a chemoreceptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object's taste or smell, while osmoreceptors respond to a chemical solute concentrations of body fluids. Nociception (pain) interprets the presence of tissue damage, from sensory information from mechano-, chemo-, and thermoreceptors. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a
47:
3032:
2864:). They most often use this to navigate through poor lighting conditions or to identify and track prey. There is currently an uncertainty whether this is simply an extremely developed post-sensory interpretation of auditory perceptions or it actually constitutes a separate sense. Resolution of the issue will require brain scans of animals while they actually perform echolocation, a task that has proven difficult in practice.
1931:. Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. Nociception is the sensation of potentially damaging stimuli. Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. For example, the sensation of heat associated with spicy foods involves
3251:
2224:, they pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into the mucus. These odorant molecules bind to proteins that keep them dissolved in the mucus and help transport them to the olfactory dendrites. The odorant–protein complex binds to a receptor protein within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. These receptors are G protein–coupled, and will produce a graded
3018:
involving warming of the pit organ, rather than a chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane in order to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.
803:(PROP) that some humans experience as bitter, some as almost tasteless, while others experience it as somewhere between tasteless and bitter. There is a genetic basis for this difference between perception given the same sensory stimulus. This subjective difference in taste perception has implications for individuals' food preferences, and consequently, health.
713:(eyes or nose, for instance) requires a minimal amount of stimulation in order to detect a stimulus. This minimum amount of stimulus is called the absolute threshold. The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for the detection of a stimulus 50% of the time. Absolute threshold is measured by using a method called
2920:
arrayed in pairs on its snout and which evolved from whisker motion sensors. These electroreceptors can detect electric fields as weak as 4.6 microvolts per centimeter, such as those generated by contracting muscles and pumping gills of potential prey. This permits the dolphin to locate prey from the
1661:
According to
Gestalt Psychology, people perceive the whole of something even if it is not there. The Gestalt's Law of Organization states that people have seven factors that help to group what is seen into patterns or groups: Common Fate, Similarity, Proximity, Closure, Symmetry, Continuity, and Past
3169:
By using a variety of sense receptors, plants sense light, temperature, humidity, chemical substances, chemical gradients, reorientation, magnetic fields, infections, tissue damage and mechanical pressure. The absence of a nervous system notwithstanding, plants interpret and respond to these stimuli
3013:
prey such as rodents and birds, and it was previously assumed that the organ evolved specifically for that purpose. However, recent evidence shows that the pit organ may also be used for thermoregulation. According to
Krochmal et al., pitvipers can use their pits for thermoregulatory decision-making
1240:
Perceptual experience is often multimodal. Multimodality integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. Information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived. Multimodal perception is qualitatively different from unimodal perception.
3017:
In spite of its detection of IR light, the pits' IR detection mechanism is not similar to photoreceptors – while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the pits of snakes is in fact a temperature-sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism
1623:
in the brain). Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications. People who are blind from degradation or damage to the visual cortex, but still have functional eyes, are actually capable of some level of vision and reaction to visual stimuli but not a conscious perception;
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enthusiasts have experimented with magnetic implants to attempt to replicate this sense. However, in general humans (and it is presumed other mammals) can detect electric fields only indirectly by detecting the effect they have on hairs. An electrically charged balloon, for instance, will exert a
405:
Nonhuman animals experience sensation and perception, with varying levels of similarity to and difference from humans and other animal species. For example, other mammals in general have a stronger sense of smell than humans. Some animal species lack one or more human sensory system analogues and
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There is a rare phenomenon when it comes to the
Gustatory sense. It is called Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia. Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia is when people can "taste" words. They have reported having flavor sensations they are not actually eating. When they read words, hear words, or even imagine
1774:
Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibration, propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically
3375:
or "sense-base" includes the mind as a sense organ, in addition to the traditional five. This addition to the commonly acknowledged senses may arise from the psychological orientation involved in
Buddhist thought and practice. The mind considered by itself is seen as the principal gateway to a
650:
that affect transmembrane receptor proteins when these chemicals diffuse across the cell membrane. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. For humans, the only
780:
calculates a criterion, or an internal threshold, for the detection of a signal in the presence of noise. If a signal is judged to be above the criterion, thus the signal is differentiated from the noise, the signal is sensed and perceived. Errors in signal detection can potentially lead to
618:. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. Physical changes in these proteins increase ion flow across the membrane, and can generate an
915:, has its own signal transmission speed. For example, nerves in the frog's legs have a 90 ft/s (99 km/h) signal transmission speed, while sensory nerves in humans, transmit sensory information at speeds between 165 ft/s (181 km/h) and 330 ft/s (362 km/h).
2658:
make extensive use of it as a smelling organ by transferring scent molecules to the vomeronasal organ with the tips of the forked tongue. In reptiles the vomeronasal organ is commonly referred to as
Jacobson's organ. In mammals, it is often associated with a special behavior called
3005:), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family
1688:
The Law of Past
Experience refers to the tendency humans have to categorize objects according to past experiences under certain circumstances. If two objects are usually perceived together or within close proximity of each other the Law of Past Experience is usually seen.
1680:
The Law of
Symmetry refers to a person's preference to see symmetry around a central point. An example would be when we use parentheses in writing. We tend to perceive all of the words in the parentheses as one section instead of individual words within the parentheses.
2279:, because the loss of enjoyment of food may lead to a general sense of despair. The ability of olfactory neurons to replace themselves decreases with age, leading to age-related anosmia. This explains why some elderly people salt their food more than younger people do.
2123:. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G protein–coupled receptors. The taste known as umami is often referred to as the savory taste. Like sweet and bitter, it is based on the activation of G protein–coupled receptors by a specific molecule.
1587:
There is some disagreement as to whether the visual system consists of one, two, or three submodalities. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two submodalities, given that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue that
2138:. The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve connects to taste buds in the posterior two thirds of the tongue. The vagus nerve connects to taste buds in the extreme posterior of the tongue, verging on the
248:
integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. For example, information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived. Sensation and perception are studied by a variety of related fields, most notably
2403:
An internal sensation and perception also known as interoception is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body". These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs. Interoception is thought to be atypical in clinical conditions such as
1263:, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. Historical inquiries into the underlying mechanisms of sensation and perception have led early researchers to subscribe to various philosophical interpretations of perception and the
1787:
or hearing impairment. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body. Lower frequencies that can be heard are detected this way. Some deaf people are able to determine the direction and location of vibrations picked up through the feet.
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can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes. It was previously thought that the organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that it may also be used in thermoregulatory decision making. The facial pit underwent
1791:
Studies pertaining to audition started to increase in number towards the latter end of the nineteenth century. During this time, many laboratories in the United States began to create new models, diagrams, and instruments that all pertained to the ear.
2894:. Some fish passively sense changing nearby electric fields; some generate their own weak electric fields, and sense the pattern of field potentials over their body surface; and some use these electric field generating and sensing capacities for social
4027:
Kyhn LA, Jensen FH, Beedholm K, Tougaard J, Hansen M, Madsen PT (2010-05-14). "Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and
Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks".
1831:
Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and interoception. The modalities of somatosensation include
3376:
different spectrum of phenomena that differ from the physical sense data. This way of viewing the human sense system indicates the importance of internal sources of sensation and perception that complements our experience of the external world.
1747:, which are Latin names that roughly translate to hammer, anvil, and stirrup. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and articulates with the incus. The incus, in turn, articulates with the stapes. The stapes is then attached to the
651:
electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds.
2149:
Flavor depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as on taste. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. Other tastes such as calcium and
1676:
The Law of
Closure is the idea that we as humans still see a full picture even if there are gaps within that picture. There could be gaps or parts missing from a section of a shape, but we would still perceive the shape as whole.
3310:, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits or five senses. At that time, the words "sense" and "wit" were synonyms, so the senses were known as the five outward wits. This traditional concept of five senses is common today.
1684:
The Law of
Continuity tells us that objects are grouped together by their elements and then perceived as a whole. This usually happens when we see overlapping objects. We will see the overlapping objects with no interruptions.
4297:
Small DM, Green BG. A Proposed Model of a Flavor Modality. In: Murray MM, Wallace MT, editors. The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2012. Chapter 36. Available from:
1672:
The Law of Proximity states that our minds like to group based on how close objects are to each other. We may see 42 objects in a group, but we can also perceive three groups of two lines with seven objects in each line.
514:, position, and function. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. Receptors can further be classified functionally on the basis of the
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3399:
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Calvert, G.A., Hansen, P.C., Iversen, S.D. and Brammer, M.J., 2001. Detection of audio-visual integration sites in humans by application of electrophysiological criteria to the BOLD effect. Neuroimage, 14(2), pp.
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force on human arm hairs, which can be felt through tactition and identified as coming from a static charge (and not from wind or the like). This is not electroreception, as it is a post-sensory cognitive action.
5163:
Dunn BD, Galton HC, Morgan R, Evans D, Oliver C, Meyer M, Cusack R, Lawrence AD, Dalgleish T (December 2010). "Listening to your heart. How interoception shapes emotion experience and intuitive decision making".
2898:. The mechanisms by which electroceptive fish construct a spatial representation from very small differences in field potentials involve comparisons of spike latencies from different parts of the fish's body.
2188:
possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what humans perceive as the molecule's smell.
731:
Differential threshold or just noticeable difference (JDS) is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the smallest difference in stimuli that can be judged to be different from each other.
3419:
1817:, a word used to refer to both taction and kinesthesia, has many parallels with psychoacoustics. Most research around these two are focused on the instrument, the listener, and the player of the instrument.
6796:
for their work explaining olfaction, published first in a joint paper in 1991 that described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors and how the receptors link to the brain.
1668:
The Law of Similarity refers to the grouping of images or objects that are similar to each other in some aspect. This could be due to shade, colour, size, shape, or other qualities you could distinguish.
2035:. Very recent research has suggested that there may also be a sixth taste submodality for fats, or lipids. The sense of taste is often confused with the perception of flavor, which is the results of the
2771:
in the skin can sense different wavelengths of light and help the creatures choose a coloration that camouflages them, in addition to light input from the eyes. Other researchers hypothesize that
736:
is an empirical law that states that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus. According to Weber's Law, bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed.
682:. Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. Photoreceptors convert light (visible
6473:
Krochmal AR, Bakken GS, LaDuc TJ (15 November 2004). "Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae)".
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build miniature magnets inside themselves and use them to determine their orientation relative to the Earth's magnetic field. There has been some recent (tentative) research suggesting that the
94:), many more are now recognized. Senses used by non-human organisms are even greater in variety and number. During sensation, sense organs collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for
785:. The sensory criterion might be shifted based on the importance of the detecting the signal. Shifting of the criterion may influence the likelihood of false positives and false negatives.
406:
some have sensory systems that are not found in humans, while others process and interpret the same sensory information in very different ways. For example, some animals are able to detect
1533:
At the molecular level, visual stimuli cause changes in the photopigment molecule that lead to changes in membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell. A single unit of light is called a
1900:
caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile
591:, neurons with encapsulated nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch (2). The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor (3), a
1954:) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. Light touch is transduced by the encapsulated endings known as tactile (
717:. This process involves presenting stimuli of varying intensities to a subject in order to determine the level at which the subject can reliably detect stimulation in a given sense.
2293:
The vestibular sense, or sense of balance (equilibrium), is the sense that contributes to the perception of balance (equilibrium), spatial orientation, direction, or acceleration (
2594:
Other living organisms have receptors to sense the world around them, including many of the senses listed above for humans. However, the mechanisms and capabilities vary widely.
2344:
The semicircular canals are three ring-like extensions of the vestibule. One is oriented in the horizontal plane, whereas the other two are oriented in the vertical plane. The
1962:
of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. These nerve endings detect the movement of hair at the surface of the skin, such as when an insect may be walking along the
133:(nerves of the Central and Peripheral nervous systems that relay sensory information to and from the brain and body), the different types of sensory receptor cells (such as
2867:
Blind people report they are able to navigate and in some cases identify an object by interpreting reflected sounds (especially their own footsteps), a phenomenon known as
5008:
Jones CL, Gray MA, Minati L, Simner J, Critchley HD, Ward J (2011). "The neural basis of illusory gustatory sensations: Two rare cases of lexical–gustatory synaesthesia".
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2356:. The ampulla contains the hair cells that respond to rotational movement, such as turning the head while saying "no". The stereocilia of these hair cells extend into the
5753:
2890:, and rays have the capacity to sense changes in electric fields in their immediate vicinity. For cartilaginous fish this occurs through a specialized organ called the
5878:
3215:
in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. Computers take in and respond to their environment through attached
2614:. Although it is unknown to the degree and magnitude which non-human mammals can smell better than humans, humans are known to have far fewer olfactory receptors than
354:. Internal sensation, or interoception, detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Many internal sensory and perceptual systems exist in humans, including the
3219:. Until recently, input was limited to a keyboard, joystick or a mouse, but advances in technology, both in hardware and software, have allowed computers to take in
799:
Subjective visual and auditory experiences appear to be similar across humans subjects. The same cannot be said about taste. For example, there is a molecule called
1763:, which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane. The tube is normally closed but will pop open when the muscles of the pharynx contract during
3382:
2538:
Stimulation of stretch sensors that sense dilation of various blood vessels may result in pain, for example headache caused by vasodilation of brain arteries.
1628:. People with blindsight are usually not aware that they are reacting to visual sources, and instead just unconsciously adapt their behavior to the stimulus.
6248:
2259:. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called
2134:
of sensory neurons. These neurons are part of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves, as well as a component within the vagus nerve dedicated to the
5549:
3364:, smell is represented by the girl with flowers, taste is represented by the woman with the fruit, and touch is represented by the woman holding the bird.
817:
When a stimulus is constant and unchanging, perceptual sensory adaptation occurs. During that process, the subject becomes less sensitive to the stimulus.
1601:
1592:, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the
1615:. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from
754:
method in which subjects assign perceived values of given stimuli. The relationship between stimulus intensity and perceptive intensity is described by
654:
Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. The different types of functional receptor cell types are
6839:
571:
embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory nerve endings are encapsulated in
1584:. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory.
3141:
can also perceive the polarization of light. Most sighted humans can in fact learn to roughly detect large areas of polarization by an effect called
2606:, which combine their keen sense of smell with timing to determine the direction of a smell. They follow the nostril that first detected the smell.
907:
and perceptual tasks. More complex processing is accomplished across primary cortical regions that spread beyond the primary cortices. Every nerve,
903:. Just as different nerves are dedicated to sensory and motors tasks, different areas of the brain (cortices) are similarly dedicated to different
3115:, the same mechanoreceptors for vestibular sense and hearing. It is used primarily for navigation, hunting, and schooling. The receptors of the
539:
is a receptor that is located near a stimulus of the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. An
6605:
Khair I, Lewis-Epstein O, Sharon R, Saban K, Perelman R, Boonman A, Yovel Y, Hadany L. "Plants emit informative airborne sounds under stress".
1433:
6534:
Gracheva EO, Ingolia NT, Kelly YM, Cordero-Morales JF, Hollopeter G, Chesler AT, Sánchez EE, Perez JC, Weissman JS, Julius D (14 March 2010).
1783:, with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Inability to hear is called
4531:
32:
This article is about the cognitive process of sense together with the sensory systems, sense organs, and sensation. For other uses, see
2473:
Chemoreceptors in the circulatory system also measure salt levels and prompt thirst if they get too high; they can also respond to high
831:
Biological auditory (hearing), vestibular and spatial, and visual systems (vision) appear to break down real-world complex stimuli into
543:
is one that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the
3092:
Pressure detection uses the organ of Weber, a system consisting of three appendages of vertebrae transferring changes in shape of the
2757:
images and have twelve distinct kinds of color receptors, unlike humans which have three kinds and most mammals which have two kinds.
1665:
The Law of Common fate says that objects are led along the smoothest path. People follow the trend of motion as the lines/dots flow.
5914:
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6811:
3111:
of fish and aquatic forms of amphibians. The lateral line is also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. The mechanoreceptors are
1927:
to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from
2483:
in the skin not only respond to touch, pressure, temperature and vibration, but also respond to vasodilation in the skin such as
2244:
2062:
of taste stimuli. These receptor cells are sensitive to the chemicals contained within foods that are ingested, and they release
1502:
The visual system, or sense of sight, is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes and contributes to
6802:
1530:. Rods are very sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors but are less sensitive to dim light.
149:) in sensory organs transduct sensory information from these organs towards the central nervous system, finally arriving at the
6832:
2267:. Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. A person with an impaired sense of smell may require additional
1723:, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the
587:
in the dermis of the skin are examples of neurons that have free nerve endings (1). Also located in the dermis of the skin are
5757:
3857:
Walker MM, Dennis TE, Kirschvink JL (December 2002). "The magnetic sense and its use in long-distance navigation by animals".
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with a wavelength between 380 and 720 nm. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation longer than 720 nm fall into the
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6696:
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Urban JE (November 2000). "Adverse effects of microgravity on the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum".
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components, through the mathematical process called Fourier analysis. Many neurons have a strong preference for certain sine
5882:
5448:
Whitehead WE, Drescher VM, Heiman P, Blackwell B (December 1977). "Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception".
4652:
3009:, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily Crotalinae: the pitvipers. The organ is used extensively to detect and target
2799:, which is a sensor for acceleration and orientation that works very differently from the mammalian's semi-circular canals.
2787:, as well as explaining the need for colorful mating displays. Some cephalopods can distinguish the polarization of light.
5957:
3181:
However, plants can perceive the world around them, and might be able to emit airborne sounds similar to "screaming" when
2395:) that provide the inertia needed to detect head rotation, linear acceleration, and the direction of gravitational force.
7886:
3523:
3001:. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril (
782:
1488:. Both olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) require the transduction of chemical stimuli into electrical potentials.
3171:
2352:. The base of each semicircular canal, where it meets with the vestibule, connects to an enlarged region known as the
772:
Signal detection theory quantifies the experience of the subject to the presentation of a stimulus in the presence of
6825:
4274:
4241:
4074:
3293:
3079:
314:
stimuli. Humans have various sensory organs (i.e. eyes, ears, skin, nose, and mouth) that correspond to a respective
3061:
7304:
2686:
have taste organs across their entire bodies, and can taste anything they touch, including chemicals in the water.
188:. Internal sensation detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Internal senses possessed by humans include
6252:
2520:
mucosa, similar to touch receptors in the skin, sense foreign objects such as mucus and food that may result in a
1279:. The majority of modern scientists who study sensation and perception take on a materialistic view of the mind.
1241:
There has been a growing body of evidence since the mid-1990s on the neural correlates of multimodal perception.
6266:
Drake N (2011). "Life: Dolphin can sense electric fields: Ability may help species track prey in murky waters".
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3193:—like mice, bats or perhaps other plants—could hear the plants' cries from as far as 15 feet (4.6 m) away.
2826:, which rely on their magnetic sense to navigate during migration. It has also been observed in insects such as
7319:
4612:
Davis AB (1975). "Early Auditory Studies: Activities in the Psychology Laboratories of American Universities".
3057:
2924:
Spiders have been shown to detect electric fields to determine a suitable time to extend web for 'ballooning'.
2783:
to turn monochromatic vision into color vision, explaining pupils shaped like the letter U, the letter W, or a
2309:—senses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. These cells are located within the
1806:. The main point is to understand why humans are able to use sound in thinking outside of actually saying it.
7334:
3361:
3352:(1668), in which each of the figures in the main group alludes to a sense: Sight is the reclining boy with a
3164:
2860:, have the ability to determine orientation to other objects through interpretation of reflected sound (like
2042:
2162:
words. They have reported not only simple flavors, but textures, complex flavors, and temperatures as well.
1973:
The heat receptors are sensitive to infrared radiation and can occur in specialized organs, for instance in
1424:. Additionally, multimodal "what" and "where" pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli.
7820:
7686:
7597:
3175:
2838:
in the human eye, which responds particularly well to blue light, can facilitate magnetoception in humans.
2345:
40:
17:
4369:"Multisensory integration of sounds and vibrotactile stimuli in processing streams for 'what' and 'where'"
3824:
Kalmijn AJ (1988). "Detection of Weak Electric Fields". In Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds.).
2379:
caused by three-dimensional rotation of the head. The vestibular nerve also conducts information from the
8019:
3543:
2426:
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may also be basic tastes but have yet to receive widespread acceptance. The inability to taste is called
2066:
based on the amount of the chemical in the food. Neurotransmitters from the gustatory cells can activate
1537:, which is described in physics as a packet of energy with properties of both a particle and a wave. The
7558:
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7309:
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of spiders detect mechanical strain in the exoskeleton, providing information on force and vibrations.
2951:
2447:
2104:
5586:
7782:
7724:
7535:
6891:
5401:"Methodological recommendations for a heartbeat detection-based measure of interoceptive sensitivity"
5102:
3337:
3266:
2436:
2229:
2059:
1752:
1550:
884:
773:
683:
639:
515:
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311:
95:
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3828:. International Conference on the Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. Springer Nature Switzerland.
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2184:(388 functional ones according to one 2003 study), each binding to a particular molecular feature.
1421:
1413:
1250:
245:
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1970:. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
1896:
receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of
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7709:
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4921:
3461:
3341:
3046:
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2330:
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may be able to detect and interpret environmental information in an analogous manner to animals.
5587:"Evolutionary changes of the number of olfactory receptor genes in the human and mouse lineages"
5305:
3100:
and other loaches are also known to respond to low pressure areas but they lack a swim bladder.
2818:(or magnetoreception) is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's
2111:
of the gustatory cell. The sweet taste is the sensitivity of gustatory cells to the presence of
448:
Sensory modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of
7873:
7704:
7314:
7100:
6919:
6760:
5120:
Craig AD (August 2003). "Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body".
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in the brain monitor the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain to give a perception of
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that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.
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33:
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74:. Although, in some cultures, five human senses were traditionally identified as such (namely
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relay blood pressure information to the brain and maintain proper homeostatic blood pressure.
1272:
931:
755:
599:
491:
71:
5493:"The function of bilateral odor arrival time differences in olfactory orientation of sharks"
5325:"Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness"
3388:
3345:
2176:
Like the sense of taste, the sense of smell, or the olfactory system, is also responsive to
1522:
for the perception of varying colors and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors:
1484:. Smell and taste are both responsible for identifying molecules and thus both are types of
7772:
7739:
7438:
7153:
7057:
6785:
6606:
6547:
6430:
Kardong KV, Mackessy SP (1991). "The Strike Behavior of a Congenitally Blind Rattlesnake".
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6202:
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5992:
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1569:. All other colors fall between red and blue at various points along the wavelength scale.
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852:
739:
579:, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus. The
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83:
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of the structure is similar between the two lineages, but they differ in gross structural
160:
Sensory systems, or senses, are often divided into external (exteroception) and internal (
8:
7428:
7413:
7299:
7238:
7174:
5918:
3903:
Enjin A, Zaharieva EE, Frank DD, Mansourian S, Suh GS, Gallio M, Stensmyr MC (May 2016).
3533:
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3368:
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2322:
1779:, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000
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Study proposes explanation for how cephalopods see color, despite black and white vision
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5508:
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4725:
4477:
3920:
2667:, because associated neurons have not been found that give any sensory input in humans.
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levels for food to be tasted. Anosmia may also be related to some presentations of mild
843:
during sensation can provide insight into how perception of real-world objects happens.
510:. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria:
98:, meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the brain. Sensation and
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Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes', The WorldFish Center,
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and posterior vertical canals are oriented at approximately 45 degrees relative to the
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1955:
1951:
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1511:
1420:. Neurons that respond to both visual and auditory stimuli have been identified in the
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812:
704:
659:
643:
592:
588:
519:
443:
138:
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Pough FH, Magnusson WE, Ryan MJ, Wells KD, Taigen TL (1992). "Behavioral energetics".
6167:
5827:
Marshall J, Oberwinkler J (October 1999). "The colourful world of the mantis shrimp".
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4485:
3870:
3757:
Privitera AJ (2020). "Sensation and perception". In Biswas-Diener R, Diener E (eds.).
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to the middle ear. It can be used to regulate the buoyancy of the fish. Fish like the
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4237:
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4147:
4124:
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2012:
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conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the
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1354:
1341:
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One way to classify receptors is based on their location relative to the stimuli. An
427:
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185:
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59:
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5341:
5324:
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3886:
3626:
3321:) in Hindu literature. They appear in allegorical representation as early as in the
2830:. Cattle make use of magnetoception to align themselves in a north–south direction.
606:
that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of
7754:
7699:
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7448:
7391:
7294:
7289:
7199:
7148:
7143:
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5412:
5373:
5336:
5277:
5269:
5228:
5220:
5193:
5173:
5129:
5074:
5064:
5017:
4960:
4952:
4893:
4885:
4816:
4786:
4737:
4729:
4625:
4617:
4481:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4333:
4102:
4037:
3965:
3932:
3924:
3866:
3829:
3712:
3694:
3501:
3182:
2879:
2430:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2256:
2171:
2151:
2143:
2127:
2116:
2103:, respectively. The other taste modalities result from food molecules binding to a
2063:
2051:
1998:
1942:, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are located in the
1928:
1644:
1519:
1346:
Stars at night; candlelight 48 km (30 mi) away on a dark and clear night
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888:
826:
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244:
or sub modalities are different ways sensory information is encoded or transduced.
221:
134:
6800:
Answers to several questions related to senses and human feeling from curious kids
6075:
5273:
4889:
4367:
Renier LA, Anurova I, De Volder AG, Carlson S, VanMeter J, Rauschecker JP (2009).
1647:
with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.
1333:
Ticking of a watch 6 m (20 ft) away, in an otherwise silent environment
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7671:
7612:
7584:
7400:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7324:
7133:
7090:
7037:
6806:
6397:
6215:
5224:
3322:
3208:
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light, such that these snakes are able to sense the body heat of their prey. The
2702:
2578:
2528:
2467:
2302:
1912:
of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.
1889:
1869:
1861:
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1803:
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419:
319:
307:
233:
154:
5258:"Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging"
4106:
3103:
Current detection is a detection system of water currents, consisting mostly of
2901:
The only orders of mammals that are known to demonstrate electroception are the
2697:
have the ability to see in low light, which is due to muscles surrounding their
2646:
that is connected with the mouth cavity. In mammals it is mainly used to detect
1711:. The large, fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head is known as the
518:
of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell
164:) sensory systems. Human external senses are based on the sensory organs of the
7989:
7840:
7792:
7527:
7507:
7233:
7184:
7120:
7068:
7024:
6886:
5965:
5680:
Frasnelli J, Lundström JN, Boyle JA, Katsarkas A, Jones-Gotman M (March 2011).
5602:
4324:
Galanter E (1962). "Direct measurement of utility and subjective probability".
4299:
3506:
3426:
3116:
2993:, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The
2939:
2883:
2819:
2815:
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2698:
2682:
have taste organs on their feet, allowing them to taste anything they land on.
2655:
2349:
2240:
2209:
2201:
2108:
2082:
2067:
2028:
2004:
1978:
1943:
1920:
1868:(adjectival form: tactile) is a perception resulting from activation of neural
1716:
1632:
1367:
1155:
944:
939:
904:
880:
777:
733:
687:
671:
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559:
The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a
511:
507:
473:
465:
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367:
225:
193:
150:
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126:
122:
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6045:
5932:
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5492:
5399:
Kleckner IR, Wormwood JB, Simmons WK, Barrett LF, Quigley KS (November 2015).
4151:
4013:
3928:
3833:
3683:"Can Interoception Improve the Pragmatic Search for Biomarkers in Psychiatry?"
3657:
3619:
8059:
8009:
8004:
7958:
7896:
7881:
7777:
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7443:
7258:
7225:
7209:
7128:
7072:
7032:
6981:
6972:
6929:
6742:
6660:. Vol. 5 (7th ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. p. 187.
6567:
6494:
6451:
6191:"Blue light-dependent human magnetoreception in geomagnetic food orientation"
6053:
5682:"The vomeronasal organ is not involved in the perception of endogenous odors"
5582:
5561:
5177:
4851:
4800:
4685:
Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to Psycho Acoustics
4637:
4621:
4049:
3708:
3699:
3479:
3353:
3313:
The traditional five senses are enumerated as the "five material faculties" (
3186:
3152:
3138:
2942:
is the ability to detect changes in the moisture content of the environment.
2895:
2764:
2754:
2746:
2730:
2380:
2314:
1877:
1605:
1593:
1497:
1485:
1385:
A wing of a fly falling on the cheek from a height of 7.6 cm (3 inches)
1215:
985:
975:
908:
839:
components in contrast to others. The way that simpler sounds and images are
751:
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663:
647:
603:
548:
540:
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375:
315:
274:
250:
161:
142:
118:
6706:
6279:
6005:
5980:
5550:"Not to be sniffed at: human sense of smell rivals that of dogs, says study"
5069:
4733:
4284:
4251:
3271:
This section may contain original research. Additional citations are needed.
2126:
Once the gustatory cells are activated by the taste molecules, they release
1432:
External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called
506:
for processing. Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of
7963:
7942:
7927:
7901:
7719:
7540:
7517:
7489:
7484:
7408:
7347:
7110:
7095:
6817:
6789:
6665:
6585:
6502:
6416:
6336:
6241:
6234:
6175:
6114:
6014:
5856:
5813:
5715:
5658:
5610:
5526:
5434:
5350:
5291:
5242:
5185:
5141:
5088:
5029:
4993:
4974:
4907:
4808:
4751:
4404:
4353:
4057:
3993:
3946:
3878:
3726:
3637:
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became a popular subject for seventeenth-century artists, especially among
3185:. Those noises could not be detectable by human ears, but organisms with a
3108:
3097:
2570:
2556:
2416:
2193:
2098:
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1724:
1416:
compared to the sum of each single modality together, an effect called the
1197:
1141:
1049:
667:
415:
379:
351:
254:
229:
130:
5385:
5364:
Schandry R (July 1981). "Heart beat perception and emotional experience".
5323:
Garfinkel SN, Seth AK, Barrett AB, Suzuki K, Critchley HD (January 2015).
4831:
4501:
3315:
2581:
is also sometimes called a sense, though not tied to a specific receptor.
2387:, which contain hair-like sensory receptors that bend under the weight of
8024:
7932:
7906:
7891:
7853:
7676:
7651:
7646:
7636:
7622:
7248:
7204:
7080:
7009:
6777:
6756:
6720:
6122:
5469:
5213:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
3552:
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3484:
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2734:
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2079:
1982:
1939:
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209:
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181:
67:
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4493:
4446:
Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology
3014:
while true vipers (vipers who do not contain heat-sensing pits) cannot.
2916:
A dolphin can detect electric fields in water using electroreceptors in
2192:
The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the
1604:
and interpreted based on previously learned information. This is called
1259:
is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of
8044:
7999:
7863:
7858:
7830:
7810:
7734:
7694:
7641:
7626:
7550:
7014:
7004:
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6852:
6793:
6727:(2nd (republished) ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
6459:
5649:
5632:
5461:
5416:
4345:
4097:
Les Z, Les M (2019-08-02), "Machine Perception—Machine Perception MU",
4041:
3960:
Cronin T (2010), "Polarized-Light Vision in Land and Aquatic Animals",
3190:
3130:
3002:
2760:
2710:
2706:
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2338:
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1625:
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changes. Stimuli are of three general types. Some stimuli are ions and
580:
236:, while others sense and perceive through alternative systems, such as
177:
173:
99:
6486:
5697:
4629:
3236:
1545:, with each wavelength of visible light corresponding to a particular
490:
Sensory receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations.
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6626:
3538:
3451:
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may also have an infrared sensor on its nose. It has been found that
2498:
2334:
2301:
is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium. A similar
2298:
2272:
2264:
2055:
2020:
1966:. Stretching of the skin is transduced by stretch receptors known as
1947:
1932:
1865:
1837:
1776:
1748:
1612:
1577:
1527:
1477:
1441:
1437:
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processes. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called
457:
359:
347:
169:
165:
103:
79:
6814:—12 animated chapters on vision, hearing, touch, balance and memory.
6443:
5209:"Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception"
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3031:
2541:
Cardioception refers to the perception of the activity of the heart.
1707:
into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the
46:
7825:
7815:
7805:
7744:
7617:
7474:
7272:
6611:
6533:
5730:"Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes"
4791:
4766:
4708:
Sun YG, Zhao ZQ, Meng XL, Yin J, Liu XY, Chen ZF (September 2009).
3491:
3333:
2957:
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2784:
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2506:
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2131:
1909:
1893:
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1732:
1640:
1580:. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of
1554:
1523:
568:
399:
217:
157:, where sensory signals are processed and interpreted (perceived).
107:
5848:
1813:. Psychoacoustics is more directed at people interested in music.
1557:
range, whereas wavelengths shorter than 380 nm fall into the
1359:
Tilt of less than 30 seconds (3 degrees) of a clock's minute hand
7994:
7848:
7800:
7762:
7666:
7607:
6939:
5298:
3372:
3326:
3240:
3134:
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2990:
2964:. Essentially, it allows these reptiles to "see" radiant heat at
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2564:
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2388:
2384:
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lining the cavity. As airborne molecules are inhaled through the
2155:
2139:
2112:
2089:
1756:
1736:
1720:
1620:
1465:
1436:. Human external sensation is based on the sensory organs of the
1328:
1045:
1035:
339:
111:
91:
5679:
5447:
1460:, which contribute, respectively, to the sensory perceptions of
422:. Others sense and perceive through alternative systems such as
7253:
7243:
6949:
5249:
3104:
2986:
2961:
2960:
thermal radiation evolved independently in various families of
2714:
2639:
2607:
2603:
2532:
2120:
1959:
1938:
Low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called
1885:
1881:
1744:
1616:
1538:
1534:
1515:
1174:
892:
794:
615:
560:
395:
387:
213:
205:
5633:"Recent progress in the neurobiology of the vomeronasal organ"
5398:
1320:
Absolute threshold (obsolete system of signal detection used)
494:
in the environment activate specialized receptor cells in the
7479:
7194:
7189:
6963:
4874:"Gene discovery and the genetic basis of calcium consumption"
4366:
3902:
3357:
2887:
2861:
2768:
2726:
2675:
2651:
2650:
of marked territory, trails, and sexual state. Reptiles like
2544:
2455:
2268:
2217:
2107:. A G protein signal transduction system ultimately leads to
2032:
2016:
2008:
1780:
1740:
1573:
1546:
1507:
1481:
1469:
1409:
1393:
1298:
1221:
1160:
1005:
965:
920:
900:
858:
544:
469:
453:
431:
343:
301:
87:
6546:(7291). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1006–1011.
2969:
2921:
seafloor where sediment limits visibility and echolocation.
1731:
consists of a space spanned by three small bones called the
382:-based sensory systems lead to various perceptions, such as
8014:
7767:
5958:"Built-in GPS in birds in tune with Earth's magnetic field"
5879:"Octopus vision, it's in the eye (or skin) of the beholder"
5045:"Evolution of olfactory receptor genes in the human genome"
4922:"That Tastes ... Sweet? Sour? No, It's Definitely Calcium!"
3212:
3126:
2823:
2738:
2615:
2584:
2459:
2185:
2092:
2046:
Philippe Mercier - The Sense of Taste - Google Art Project
2024:
1986:
1963:
1950:. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (
1897:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1768:
1581:
1562:
840:
638:
A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor
498:. During transduction, physical stimulus is converted into
472:, all of which are based on different chemicals binding to
461:
297:
293:
5950:
5322:
4650:
4026:
3758:
2701:–which contract and expand their pupils–as well as to the
2058:
that contain specialized gustatory receptor cells for the
1915:
Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by
125:
that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via
6994:
6604:
6068:
2853:
2827:
2807:
In addition, some animals have senses that humans lack.
2694:
1755:
into a neural signal. The middle ear is connected to the
1708:
1636:
1566:
1372:
A drop of perfume in a volume of the size of three rooms
1010:
289:
285:
50:
Sensation consists of signal collection and transduction.
6627:"Machine Perception & Cognitive Robotics Laboratory"
6036:
Cressey D (2012). "Pigeons may 'hear' magnetic fields".
5780:"Directional selectivity in the simple eye of an insect"
2088:
Salty and sour taste submodalities are triggered by the
1989:), which provide feedback on internal body temperature.
334:(sense of taste). Those systems, in turn, contribute to
200:(pain). Further internal senses lead to signals such as
102:
are fundamental to nearly every aspect of an organism's
6529:
6527:
6515:
3991:
3329:" of the body, guided by the mind as "chariot driver".
2039:
of gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) sensations.
1565:
whereas light with a wavelength of 720 nm is dark
1398:
A teaspoon of sugar in 7.5 liters (2 gallons) of water
6373:"The evaporative function of cockroach hygroreceptors"
6093:
Blakemore R (October 1975). "Magnetotactic bacteria".
4551:
4269:(3rd ed.). Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange.
4075:"Earth – Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond"
3856:
3763:. Noba textbook series. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.
3325:(roughly 6th century BC), as five horses drawing the "
3196:
575:
that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized
6652:
5162:
5007:
4264:
4144:
Subjective Reality and Strong Artificial Intelligence
3676:
3674:
3642:(1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3639:
The introspective mind: from homeostasis to awareness
2822:. Directional awareness is most commonly observed in
2663:
characterized by uplifting of the lips. The organ is
2371:
conducts information from sensory receptors in three
2263:. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect
6524:
5777:
5771:
4101:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–44,
3429:, each individual represents one of the five senses.
3119:
are modified hair cells of the lateral line system.
2415:
is governed by a set of brain structures (e.g., the
2007:
that is partially responsible for the perception of
6719:
6472:
5826:
5484:
4464:Rock I (1990). "The Legacy of Gestalt Psychology".
4420:"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light"
3635:
2494:
sense gas distension that may result in colic pain.
1919:are pain and temperature. These two modalities use
6680:
6351:"Implant gives man the sense of "magnetic vision""
5915:"Odd pupils let 'colorblind' octopuses see colors"
5206:
4229:
3671:
2705:, a reflective membrane that optimizes the image.
2622:in their olfactory receptors than other primates.
2563:radiation, which plays a role in pigmentation and
2003:The gustatory system or the sense of taste is the
1650:
847:Sensory neuroscience and the biology of perception
39:"Five senses" redirects here. For other uses, see
6536:"Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes"
4914:
3992:Fenton MB, Grinnell A, Popper AN, Fay RR (2016).
3798:
3129:to orient themselves, especially on cloudy days.
2313:of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by the
1561:range. Light with a wavelength of 380 nm is
8057:
5207:Shah P, Hall R, Catmur C, Bird G (August 2016).
5156:
4552:D'Ambrose C, Choudhary R (2003). Elert G (ed.).
1418:superadditive effect of multisensory integration
788:
70:about the surroundings through the detection of
6429:
5972:
5255:
5049:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4578:"Deaf Culture and Communication: A Basic Guide"
3803:(3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 7.
1820:
6683:The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories
6295:"Electric Fields Elicit Ballooning in Spiders"
6086:
5944:Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group
5673:
4707:
2602:An example of smell in non-mammals is that of
2282:
1958:) corpuscles. Follicles are also wrapped in a
1631:On February 14, 2013, researchers developed a
891:, which is carried along one or more afferent
398:, or different involuntary behaviors, such as
216:, or different involuntary behaviors, such as
6833:
6249:"Electroreceptive Mechanisms in the Platypus"
6189:Chae KS, Oh IT, Lee SH, Kim SC (2019-02-14).
5778:van Kleef J, Berry R, Stange G (March 2008).
5490:
4829:
4767:"Gustatory system: The finer points of taste"
4701:
4687:. United States of America: First MIT Press.
4614:Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology
4448:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
3680:
3332:Depictions of the five traditional senses as
2882:(or electroception) is the ability to detect
2501:result in sensations felt in the throat when
1809:Relating to auditory cognitive psychology is
1703:Hearing, or audition, is the transduction of
6847:
6481:(24). The Company of Biologists: 4231–4238.
6370:
6188:
4865:
4300:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92876/
2913:has the most acute sense of electroception.
1692:
743:Human power exponents and Steven's Power Law
633:
525:
6648:
6646:
6029:
5624:
5095:
4932:
4651:Llin's RR, Llinás R, Churchland PS (1996).
4265:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (1991).
3060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2165:
1992:
1596:of the brain where patterns and objects in
6840:
6826:
6518:Environmental physiology of the amphibians
6259:
6137:
5754:"The illustrated story of the Vampire bat"
5580:
5113:
5103:"The Surprising Impact of Taste and Smell"
5042:
4833:The neural bases of multisensory processes
3207:Machine perception is the capability of a
2972:to a degree of accuracy such that a blind
1404:
761:
6610:
6575:
6406:
6396:
6326:
6224:
6214:
6092:
6004:
5978:
5803:
5705:
5648:
5516:
5424:
5340:
5281:
5256:Farr OM, Li Cs, Mantzoros CS (May 2016).
5232:
5078:
5068:
4989:"New Insight into People Who Taste Words"
4964:
4897:
4790:
4741:
4394:
4384:
4217:. Rice University (OpenStax). 2016-02-26.
3936:
3756:
3716:
3698:
3294:Learn how and when to remove this message
3080:Learn how and when to remove this message
2745:are also able to see in the ultraviolet.
2321:, whereas head movement is sensed by the
1981:in the skin are quite different from the
1908:is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or
1491:
1115:, Gustatory perception (taste or flavor)
868:
720:
502:by receptors and transmitted towards the
426:. Recent theory suggests that plants and
6643:
5363:
4654:Audtition: Cognitive Psychology of Music
4323:
4236:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
3599:
3572:
2767:in their skin. Researchers believe that
2618:, and humans have also accumulated more
2585:Nonhuman animal sensation and perception
2527:Stimulation of sensory receptors in the
2497:Stimulation of sensory receptors in the
2234:
2041:
1643:light which for the first time provides
1229:
738:
45:
6035:
5981:"Neural correlates of a magnetic sense"
4871:
4764:
3823:
2763:have the ability to change color using
2454:in the brain that receives inputs from
2429:are found in the lungs and control the
2245:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1292:
241:
14:
8058:
6292:
5630:
5547:
4938:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4443:
4309:
4307:
4227:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4096:
3959:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3407:The Senses of Hearing, Touch and Taste
2802:
2790:
2717:have organs that allow them to detect
2535:may result in perceptions of fullness.
2443:if carbon dioxide levels get too high.
2325:. The neural signals generated in the
2180:. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of
1935:, the active molecule in hot peppers.
1518:of each eye that generates electrical
1156:Gustatory perception (taste or flavor)
7058:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
6821:
6812:The Physiology of the Senses tutorial
6265:
6143:
5119:
4616:(31). Smithsonian Institution: 1–39.
4611:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4069:
4067:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3595:
3593:
3591:
806:
698:
437:
7043:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
4682:
4463:
4417:
3898:
3896:
3799:Wolfe J, Kluender K, Levi D (2012).
3681:Khalsa SS, Lapidus RC (2016-07-25).
3244:
3058:adding citations to reliable sources
3025:
2775:in species which only have a single
2625:
2524:and corresponding gagging sensation.
2375:that sense motion of fluid in three
2204:. Each olfactory sensory neuron has
2196:. This region is referred to as the
121:consists of a group of interrelated
6076:"Cattle shown to align north-south"
4671:
4516:
4452:
4360:
4317:
4304:
4221:
3524:Sensation and perception psychology
3197:Artificial sensation and perception
2945:
2874:
2733:and have the ability to see in the
820:
783:false positives and false negatives
678:(in certain mammals and fish), and
24:
7038:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
6687:. Merriam-Webster. 1991. pp.
5491:Gardiner JM, Atema J (July 2010).
5378:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x
4957:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108
4836:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
4710:"Cellular basis of itch sensation"
4554:"Frequency range of human hearing"
4529:
4158:
4130:
4085:
4064:
3970:10.1016/b978-0-12-374203-2.00164-0
3826:Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals
3767:
3733:
3636:Tsakiris M, de Preester H (2019).
3588:
3158:
2610:have olfactory receptors on their
2589:
1541:of a photon is represented by its
1282:
954:Primary associated perception(s))
220:. Some animals are able to detect
25:
8082:
7053:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
7048:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
6770:
6371:Tichy H, Kallina W (2013-01-16).
5637:Microscopy Research and Technique
4486:10.1038/scientificamerican1290-84
3893:
3145:; however, this is considered an
2934:
2909:orders. Among these mammals, the
2810:
358:(sense of balance) sensed by the
279:
7305:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
5022:10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02013.x
3905:"Humidity Sensing in Drosophila"
3418:
3398:
3381:
3249:
3030:
2255:, olfaction is processed by the
1751:, where the sound waves will be
362:and providing the perception of
7033:Visual system (sense of vision)
6749:
6713:
6672:
6619:
6598:
6509:
6475:Journal of Experimental Biology
6466:
6423:
6364:
6343:
6286:
6182:
5940:"The Magnetic Sense of Animals"
5907:
5896:
5871:
5820:
5746:
5732:pp. 57–101. In: Bardach, J. E.
5722:
5574:
5541:
5450:Biofeedback and Self-Regulation
5441:
5392:
5357:
5342:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004
5316:
5200:
5122:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
5043:Niimura Y, Nei M (2003-10-14).
5036:
5001:
4981:
4823:
4758:
4644:
4605:
4570:
4545:
4437:
4411:
4291:
4258:
4030:Journal of Experimental Biology
4020:
3985:
3953:
3859:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3125:direction/detection is used by
2841:
2408:. Specific receptors include:
2239:The sense of smell. Bequest of
1651:Visual perception in psychology
1611:The inability to see is called
5979:Wu LQ, Dickman JD (May 2012).
5796:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5556-07.2008
4941:"Is there a fatty acid taste?"
4830:Murray MM, Wallace MT (2012).
4386:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0910-09.2009
4326:American Journal of Psychology
3964:, Elsevier, pp. 461–468,
3850:
3817:
3573:Bradford A (23 October 2017).
3566:
3149:rather than a separate sense.
2142:, which are more sensitive to
923:sensory and perceptual system
268:
13:
1:
7175:Auditory perception (hearing)
6757:"Allegory of the Five Senses"
6168:10.1016/S0094-5765(00)00120-X
5274:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002
5134:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4
4890:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.004
3871:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00389-6
3560:
3317:pañcannaṃ indriyānaṃ avakanti
3165:Plant perception (physiology)
2391:(which are small crystals of
1796:Auditory cognitive psychology
1735:. The three ossicles are the
1719:is the tympanic membrane, or
1244:
789:Private perceptive experience
693:
602:receptor is a protein in the
7821:Olfactory reference syndrome
7598:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
6398:10.1371/journal.pone.0053998
6216:10.1371/journal.pone.0211826
5225:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.021
4267:Principles of neural science
3575:"The Five (and More) Senses"
3223:in a way similar to humans.
2466:, and communicates with the
2329:are transmitted through the
2297:). Along with audition, the
2050:Within the structure of the
1985:thermoceptors in the brain (
1821:Somatosensory system (touch)
1506:. The visual system detects
879:All stimuli received by the
554:
479:
66:, the process of gathering
41:Five senses (disambiguation)
7:
8020:Sensory processing disorder
7190:Gustation (taste or flavor)
7180:Equilibrioception (balance)
6788:4 October 2004) was won by
5784:The Journal of Neuroscience
4418:Warr P (14 February 2013).
4107:10.1007/978-3-030-24070-7_2
3544:Sensory processing disorder
3434:
3391:Allegory of the Five Senses
3350:Allegory of the Five Senses
3316:
3269:. The specific problem is:
2886:. Several species of fish,
2852:Certain animals, including
2729:and some other animals are
2427:Pulmonary stretch receptors
2419:) that are responsible for
2398:
2283:Vestibular system (balance)
1427:
530:
10:
8087:
7974:Supernumerary phantom limb
7310:Infrared sensing in snakes
7170:Visual perception (vision)
5962:Baylor College of Medicine
5603:10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.027
5010:Journal of Neuropsychology
4945:Annual Review of Nutrition
4872:Tordoff MG (August 2008).
3801:Sensation & perception
3230:
3226:
3200:
3162:
2952:Infrared sensing in snakes
2949:
2845:
2795:Many invertebrates have a
2448:chemoreceptor trigger zone
2286:
2169:
2105:G protein–coupled receptor
1996:
1824:
1696:
1654:
1495:
1287:
1248:
1233:
1196:, Glossopharyngeal (IX) +
872:
850:
824:
810:
792:
765:
724:
702:
483:
441:
283:
272:
38:
31:
8037:
7982:
7951:
7920:
7872:
7839:
7791:
7753:
7725:Microwave auditory effect
7685:
7583:
7576:
7549:
7526:
7498:
7457:
7399:
7388:
7356:
7333:
7280:
7271:
7224:
7162:
7119:
7066:
7023:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6910:
6892:Transduction (physiology)
6872:
6859:
6319:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.057
6293:Morley E (July 5, 2018).
6080:BBC News – Science/Nature
6046:10.1038/nature.2012.10540
5518:10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.053
4878:Physiology & Behavior
3929:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.049
3834:10.1007/978-1-4612-3714-3
2689:
2490:Stretch receptors in the
2437:Peripheral chemoreceptors
1802:that is dedicated to the
1693:Auditory system (hearing)
1551:electromagnetic radiation
1412:respond more strongly to
1064:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
895:towards a specific area (
684:electromagnetic radiation
634:Functional receptor types
526:Structural receptor types
496:peripheral nervous system
374:(pain). Further internal
7730:Music-specific disorders
7086:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
5631:Takami S (August 2002).
5178:10.1177/0956797610389191
4765:Trivedi BP (June 2012).
4622:10.5479/si.00810258.31.1
3700:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00121
3604:. Pearson Education UK.
3514:Multisensory integration
3342:Flemish Baroque painters
3021:
2737:down to 300 nanometers.
2670:
2597:
2166:Olfactory system (smell)
1993:Gustatory system (taste)
1572:The three types of cone
1422:superior temporal sulcus
1257:philosophy of perception
1251:Philosophy of perception
1021:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
62:used by an organism for
7710:Auditory verbal agnosia
7564:Juxtacapillary receptor
6280:10.1002/scin.5591800512
6006:10.1126/science.1216567
5548:Devlin H (2017-05-11).
5070:10.1073/pnas.1635157100
4734:10.1126/science.1174868
4373:Journal of Neuroscience
3998:. New York: ASA Press.
3962:Encyclopedia of the Eye
3687:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3471:Increased sensitivity:
3462:Extrasensory perception
3344:. A typical example is
2331:vestibulocochlear nerve
2202:bipolar sensory neurons
857:Perception occurs when
768:Signal detection theory
762:Signal detection theory
7705:Auditory hallucination
7315:Surface wave detection
6920:Multimodal integration
6782:Physiology or Medicine
6761:The Walters Art Museum
6432:Journal of Herpetology
6115:10.1126/science.170679
4587:. 2010. Archived from
4585:Victorian Deaf Society
4232:Molecular cell biology
4214:Anatomy and Physiology
4142:Serov A (2013-01-27).
3411:Jan Brueghel the Elder
3191:ultrasonic frequencies
2832:Magnetotactic bacteria
2492:gastrointestinal tract
2248:
2047:
2037:multimodal integration
1492:Visual system (vision)
1236:Multimodal integration
875:Sensory nervous system
869:Sensory nervous system
744:
727:Differential threshold
721:Differential threshold
504:central nervous system
330:(sense of smell), and
51:
34:Sense (disambiguation)
27:Physiological capacity
7964:Phantom limb syndrome
7912:Tactile hallucination
7101:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
6902:Active sensory system
6656:(1880). "King Lear".
6654:Horace Howard Furness
6591:(Erratum:
5329:Biological Psychology
5306:"How Your Lungs Work"
5166:Psychological Science
4099:Machine Understanding
3231:Further information:
2956:The ability to sense
2892:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2777:photoreceptor protein
2516:Sensory receptors in
2238:
2208:that extend from the
2194:superior nasal cavity
2045:
1639:the ability to sense
1405:Multimodal perception
1230:Multimodal perception
1146:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1078:Balance (equilibrium)
742:
600:transmembrane protein
589:lamellated corpuscles
585:temperature receptors
370:(body position); and
350:, and the ability to
49:
7773:Labyrinthine fistula
7740:Spatial hearing loss
7439:Campaniform sensilla
7154:Somatosensory cortex
6305:(14): 2324–2330.e2.
5728:Atema, Jelle (1980)
4558:The Physics Factbook
4532:"Gestalt Psychology"
3600:Campbell NA (2017).
3425:In this painting by
3276:improve this section
3265:to meet Knowledge's
3054:improve this section
2781:chromatic aberration
2477:levels in diabetics.
2198:olfactory epithelium
2146:such as bitterness.
2015:exist within taste:
1827:Somatosensory system
1800:cognitive psychology
1715:. At the end of the
1203:Somatosensory cortex
1189:Somatosensory system
1113:Olfactory perception
853:Sensory neuroscience
748:Magnitude estimation
324:somatosensory system
322:(sense of hearing),
259:cognitive psychology
196:(body position) and
7559:Nociceptin receptor
7429:Merkel nerve ending
7414:Mechanotransduction
6721:Clive Staples Lewis
6560:10.1038/nature08943
6552:2010Natur.464.1006G
6520:. pp. 395–436.
6389:2013PLoSO...853998T
6311:2018CBio...28E2324M
6207:2019PLoSO..1411826C
6160:2000AcAau..47..775U
6107:1975Sci...190..377B
5997:2012Sci...336.1054W
5991:(6084): 1054–1057.
5841:1999Natur.401..873M
5686:Human Brain Mapping
5509:2010CBio...20.1187G
5061:2003PNAS..10012235N
5055:(21): 12235–12240.
4997:. 22 November 2006.
4783:2012Natur.486S...2T
4726:2009Sci...325.1531S
4720:(5947): 1531–1534.
4478:1990SciAm.263f..84R
4466:Scientific American
4379:(35): 10950–10960.
3921:2016CBio...26.1352E
3534:Sensitivity (human)
3467:Entoptic phenomenon
3369:Buddhist philosophy
3308:William Shakespeare
3147:entoptic phenomenon
2848:Animal echolocation
2803:Non-human analogues
2791:Spatial orientation
2665:vestigial in humans
2481:Cutaneous receptors
2377:semicircular canals
2327:vestibular ganglion
2323:semicircular canals
2182:olfactory receptors
2119:) dissolved in the
2011:. A few recognized
1872:, generally in the
1549:. Visible light is
1304:for the nine to 21
1302:absolute thresholds
1128:Chemical substance
1031:Auditory perception
924:
861:that lead from the
364:spatial orientation
318:(sense of vision),
306:Sensory organs are
190:spatial orientation
7921:Nociception (pain)
7513:Olfactory receptor
7465:Photoreceptor cell
7419:Lamellar corpuscle
7343:Photomorphogenesis
7205:nociception (pain)
6897:Sensory processing
6805:2013-12-13 at the
5650:10.1002/jemt.10094
5462:10.1007/BF00998623
5417:10.1111/psyp.12503
4939:Mattes RD (2009).
4539:Gestalt Psychology
4228:Lodish HF (2000).
4081:. 10 January 2017.
4042:10.1242/jeb.042440
3529:Sense of direction
3346:Gérard de Lairesse
3203:Machine perception
2979:parallel evolution
2869:human echolocation
2749:can perceive both
2723:common vampire bat
2579:perception of time
2450:is an area of the
2421:energy homeostasis
2305:—a hair cell with
2249:
2226:membrane potential
2048:
1968:bulbous corpuscles
1917:free nerve endings
1880:, but also in the
1657:Gestalt psychology
1414:multimodal stimuli
1293:Absolute threshold
1208:Tactile perception
1088:Chemical substance
1036:Hearing (audition)
918:
813:Sensory adaptation
807:Sensory adaptation
756:Steven's power law
745:
705:Absolute threshold
699:Absolute threshold
644:membrane potential
610:or changes in the
520:membrane potential
444:Sensory modalities
438:Sensory modalities
326:(sense of touch),
242:Sensory modalities
52:
8053:
8052:
8038:Biases and errors
8033:
8032:
7969:Somatoparaphrenia
7938:Pain dissociation
7783:Ménière's disease
7715:Cortical deafness
7593:Visual impairment
7572:
7571:
7434:Bulbous corpuscle
7424:Tactile corpuscle
7392:sensory receptors
7384:
7383:
7267:
7266:
7220:
7219:
7185:Olfaction (smell)
7139:Vestibular cortex
7121:Cerebral cortices
6958:
6957:
6945:Motion perception
6734:978-0-521-39831-2
6723:(1990). "Sense".
6698:978-0-87779-603-9
6487:10.1242/jeb.01278
6438:(2). JSTOR: 208.
6147:Acta Astronautica
6101:(4212): 377–379.
5835:(6756): 873–874.
5790:(11): 2845–2855.
5740:978-971-02-0003-0
5698:10.1002/hbm.21035
5503:(13): 1187–1191.
5411:(11): 1432–1440.
5172:(12): 1835–1844.
4843:978-1-4398-1219-8
4694:978-0-262-03256-8
4664:978-0-262-12198-9
4444:Kohler W (1947).
4116:978-3-030-24069-1
4036:(11): 1940–1949.
4005:978-1-4939-3527-7
3979:978-0-12-374203-2
3915:(10): 1352–1358.
3843:978-1-4612-8317-1
3810:978-0-87893-572-7
3649:978-0-19-881193-0
3611:978-1-292-17044-2
3497:Auditory illusion
3360:-like boy with a
3356:, hearing is the
3304:
3303:
3296:
3267:quality standards
3258:This section may
3143:Haidinger's brush
3090:
3089:
3082:
2995:electrophysiology
2968:between 5 and 30
2928:Body modification
2644:vomeronasal organ
2626:Vomeronasal organ
2620:genetic mutations
2549:direct DNA damage
2393:calcium carbonate
2295:equilibrioception
2289:Vestibular system
2230:olfactory neurons
2128:neurotransmitters
2117:sugar substitutes
2064:neurotransmitters
1624:this is known as
1504:visual perception
1450:vestibular system
1402:
1401:
1297:Some examples of
1227:
1226:
1222:Touch (tactition)
1161:Taste (gustation)
1119:Smell (olfaction)
1073:Equilibrioception
1068:Vestibular cortex
1060:Vestibular system
991:Visual perception
932:Physical stimulus
573:connective tissue
565:free nerve ending
428:artificial agents
408:electrical fields
356:vestibular system
263:cognitive science
186:vestibular system
60:biological system
16:(Redirected from
8078:
7700:Auditory agnosia
7632:Optic neuropathy
7581:
7580:
7449:Stretch receptor
7397:
7396:
7295:Magnetoreception
7290:Electroreception
7278:
7277:
7200:mechanoreception
7149:Gustatory cortex
7144:Olfactory cortex
6978:
6977:
6969:
6968:
6887:Sensory receptor
6870:
6869:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6765:
6764:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6725:Studies in Words
6717:
6711:
6710:
6686:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6589:
6579:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6410:
6400:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6251:. Archived from
6245:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6218:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6008:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5964:. Archived from
5954:
5948:
5947:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5917:. Archived from
5911:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5881:. Archived from
5875:
5869:
5868:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5756:. Archived from
5750:
5744:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5652:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5520:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5405:Psychophysiology
5396:
5390:
5389:
5366:Psychophysiology
5361:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5109:. 5 August 2008.
5099:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4794:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4683:Cook PR (1999).
4680:
4669:
4668:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4582:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4514:
4513:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4156:
4155:
4139:
4128:
4127:
4094:
4083:
4082:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3995:Bat bioacoustics
3989:
3983:
3982:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3702:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3502:Optical illusion
3422:
3402:
3385:
3319:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3176:computationalism
3117:electrical sense
3085:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3034:
3026:
2946:Infrared sensing
2918:vibrissal crypts
2880:Electroreception
2875:Electroreception
2431:respiratory rate
2369:vestibular nerve
2257:olfactory cortex
2178:chemical stimuli
2172:Olfactory system
2152:free fatty acids
2101:
2095:
2076:glossopharyngeal
2052:lingual papillae
1999:Gustatory system
1929:body temperature
1645:living creatures
1311:
1310:
1212:mechanoreception
1151:Gustatory cortex
1137:Gustatory system
1108:Olfactory cortex
1098:Olfactory system
945:Cranial nerve(s)
925:
917:
889:action potential
827:Fourier analysis
821:Fourier analysis
801:propylthiouracil
715:signal detection
676:electroreceptors
656:mechanoreceptors
624:graded potential
620:action potential
500:action potential
486:Sensory receptor
332:gustatory system
328:olfactory system
151:sensory cortices
135:mechanoreceptors
117:In organisms, a
21:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8071:Sensory systems
8056:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8029:
7978:
7947:
7916:
7868:
7835:
7787:
7749:
7681:
7672:Stereoblindness
7613:Color blindness
7568:
7545:
7522:
7494:
7453:
7401:Mechanoreceptor
7390:
7380:
7376:Machine hearing
7371:Computer vision
7366:Robotic sensing
7352:
7329:
7263:
7216:
7158:
7134:Auditory cortex
7115:
7062:
7025:Sensory systems
7019:
6954:
6906:
6864:
6862:
6855:
6846:
6807:Wayback Machine
6773:
6768:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6735:
6718:
6714:
6699:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6651:
6644:
6635:
6633:
6631:www.ccs.fau.edu
6625:
6624:
6620:
6603:
6599:
6590:
6532:
6525:
6514:
6510:
6471:
6467:
6444:10.2307/1564650
6428:
6424:
6369:
6365:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6299:Current Biology
6291:
6287:
6264:
6260:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6201:(2): e0211826.
6187:
6183:
6142:
6138:
6091:
6087:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6034:
6030:
5977:
5973:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5897:
5888:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5825:
5821:
5776:
5772:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5727:
5723:
5678:
5674:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5564:
5546:
5542:
5497:Current Biology
5489:
5485:
5446:
5442:
5397:
5393:
5362:
5358:
5321:
5317:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5254:
5250:
5205:
5201:
5161:
5157:
5118:
5114:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5041:
5037:
5006:
5002:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4937:
4933:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4777:(7403): S2–S3.
4763:
4759:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4681:
4672:
4665:
4649:
4645:
4610:
4606:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4550:
4546:
4534:
4528:
4517:
4462:
4453:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4416:
4412:
4365:
4361:
4338:10.2307/1419604
4322:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4277:
4263:
4259:
4244:
4226:
4222:
4211:
4210:
4159:
4140:
4131:
4117:
4095:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4025:
4021:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3958:
3954:
3909:Current Biology
3901:
3894:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3768:
3755:
3734:
3679:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3634:
3627:
3612:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3403:
3394:
3386:
3323:Katha Upanishad
3306:In the time of
3300:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3229:
3209:computer system
3205:
3199:
3167:
3161:
3159:Plant sensation
3123:Polarized light
3107:, found in the
3086:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3051:
3035:
3024:
2954:
2948:
2937:
2884:electric fields
2877:
2850:
2844:
2813:
2805:
2793:
2773:cephalopod eyes
2751:polarized light
2703:tapetum lucidum
2692:
2673:
2656:monitor lizards
2628:
2600:
2592:
2590:Human analogues
2587:
2529:urinary bladder
2468:vomiting center
2401:
2303:mechanoreceptor
2291:
2285:
2174:
2168:
2144:noxious stimuli
2099:
2093:
2068:sensory neurons
2001:
1995:
1921:thermoreceptors
1892:. A variety of
1862:Somatosensation
1840:, light touch,
1829:
1823:
1811:psychoacoustics
1804:auditory system
1798:is a branch of
1761:Eustachian tube
1701:
1699:Auditory system
1695:
1659:
1653:
1500:
1494:
1430:
1407:
1306:external senses
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Human sensation
1261:perceptual data
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1026:Auditory cortex
1016:Auditory system
950:Cerebral cortex
877:
871:
855:
849:
829:
823:
815:
809:
797:
791:
770:
764:
729:
723:
707:
701:
696:
672:thermoreceptors
636:
628:sensory neurons
557:
533:
528:
488:
482:
474:sensory neurons
446:
440:
420:polarized light
412:magnetic fields
320:auditory system
310:that sense and
304:
284:Main articles:
282:
277:
271:
234:polarized light
226:magnetic fields
147:thermoreceptors
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8084:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7952:Proprioception
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7530:
7528:Thermoreceptor
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7508:Taste receptor
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7394:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7339:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7286:
7284:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7234:Proprioception
7230:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7106:Trigeminal (V)
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6982:Sensory organs
6975:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6867:
6857:
6856:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6797:
6772:
6771:External links
6769:
6767:
6766:
6748:
6733:
6712:
6697:
6671:
6642:
6618:
6612:10.1101/507590
6597:
6523:
6508:
6465:
6422:
6363:
6342:
6285:
6258:
6255:on 1999-02-09.
6240:
6181:
6154:(10): 775–80.
6136:
6085:
6067:
6028:
5971:
5968:on 2012-05-10.
5949:
5931:
5906:
5895:
5870:
5819:
5770:
5745:
5721:
5692:(3): 450–460.
5672:
5643:(3): 228–250.
5623:
5585:(2005-02-14).
5573:
5540:
5483:
5456:(4): 317–392.
5440:
5391:
5372:(4): 483–488.
5356:
5315:
5297:
5268:(5): 699–713.
5248:
5199:
5155:
5128:(4): 500–505.
5112:
5094:
5035:
5016:(2): 243–254.
5000:
4980:
4931:
4913:
4884:(5): 649–659.
4864:
4842:
4822:
4792:10.1038/486s2a
4757:
4700:
4693:
4670:
4663:
4643:
4604:
4569:
4544:
4515:
4451:
4436:
4410:
4359:
4332:(2): 208–220.
4316:
4303:
4290:
4275:
4257:
4242:
4220:
4157:
4129:
4115:
4084:
4063:
4019:
4004:
3984:
3978:
3952:
3892:
3865:(6): 735–744.
3849:
3842:
3816:
3809:
3766:
3732:
3670:
3648:
3625:
3610:
3587:
3577:. Live Science
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:Touch illusion
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3427:Pietro Paolini
3424:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3302:
3301:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3228:
3225:
3201:Main article:
3198:
3195:
3189:that can hear
3163:Main article:
3160:
3157:
3153:Slit sensillae
3088:
3087:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3020:
2950:Main article:
2947:
2944:
2940:Hygroreception
2936:
2935:Hygroreception
2933:
2876:
2873:
2846:Main article:
2843:
2840:
2820:magnetic field
2816:Magnetoception
2812:
2811:Magnetoception
2809:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2765:chromatophores
2747:Mantis shrimps
2691:
2688:
2672:
2669:
2630:Many animals (
2627:
2624:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2525:
2514:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2471:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2400:
2397:
2350:sagittal plane
2287:Main article:
2284:
2281:
2241:Mrs E.G. Elgar
2210:apical surface
2186:Odor molecules
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2109:depolarization
2083:cranial nerves
2009:taste (flavor)
2005:sensory system
1997:Main article:
1994:
1991:
1944:stratum basale
1878:hair follicles
1864:, also called
1825:Main article:
1822:
1819:
1717:auditory canal
1697:Main article:
1694:
1691:
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1633:neural implant
1520:nerve impulses
1512:photoreceptors
1496:Main article:
1493:
1490:
1486:chemoreceptors
1429:
1426:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
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1365:
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1331:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1234:Main article:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1205:
1200:
1194:Trigeminal (V)
1191:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1126:
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1121:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
996:Sight (vision)
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
947:
942:
940:Sensory system
937:
936:Sensory organ
934:
929:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
863:sensory organs
851:Main article:
848:
845:
825:Main article:
822:
819:
811:Main article:
808:
805:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
778:nervous system
766:Main article:
763:
760:
752:psychophysical
725:Main article:
722:
719:
703:Main article:
700:
697:
695:
692:
688:thermoreceptor
664:chemoreceptors
660:photoreceptors
648:macromolecules
635:
632:
612:cell signaling
556:
553:
532:
529:
527:
524:
508:receptor cells
484:Main article:
481:
478:
442:Main article:
439:
436:
376:chemoreception
368:proprioception
281:
280:Sensory organs
278:
273:Main article:
270:
267:
194:proprioception
143:chemoreceptors
139:photoreceptors
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8083:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8010:Hallucination
8008:
8006:
8005:Derealization
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7959:Asomatognosia
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7897:Hyperesthesia
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7882:Astereognosis
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:Labyrinthitis
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7500:Chemoreceptor
7497:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:Photoreceptor
7456:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7444:Slit sensilla
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7260:
7259:Visceral pain
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7211:
7210:thermoception
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7129:Visual cortex
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:Olfactory (I)
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7073:spinal nerves
7070:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6930:Consciousness
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6528:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6383:(1): e53998.
6382:
6378:
6374:
6367:
6352:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5921:on 2019-12-25
5920:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5899:
5885:on 2018-07-21
5884:
5880:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:10.1038/44751
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5760:on 2007-11-04
5759:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5312:. 2000-10-06.
5311:
5310:HowStuffWorks
5307:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4660:
4657:. MIT Press.
4656:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4594:on 2011-02-26
4590:
4586:
4579:
4573:
4559:
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4526:
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4507:
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4499:
4495:
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4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4440:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4276:0-8385-8034-3
4272:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4243:0-7167-3136-3
4239:
4234:
4233:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4204:
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4200:
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4112:
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4023:
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4011:
4007:
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3997:
3996:
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3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Hyperesthesia
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:convex mirror
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3221:sensory input
3218:
3214:
3211:to interpret
3210:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:hearing range
3184:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:functionalism
3166:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:mantis shrimp
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3039:This section
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:communication
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:multispectral
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:tetrachromats
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:Baroreceptors
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:keratinocytes
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:and contains
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:submodalities
2010:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:thermoceptors
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:visual memory
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:visual cortex
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1498:Visual system
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:exteroceptors
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:thermoception
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Spinal nerves
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Olfactory (I)
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Visual cortex
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Visual system
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
866:
864:
860:
854:
844:
842:
838:
834:
828:
818:
814:
804:
802:
796:
786:
784:
779:
775:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
735:
728:
718:
716:
712:
706:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
645:
642:stimuli into
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:cell membrane
601:
596:
594:
593:photoreceptor
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:receptor cell
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
549:carotid sinus
546:
542:
538:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
477:
475:
471:
468:, spicy, and
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:osmoreception
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:visual system
313:
309:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
276:
275:Psychophysics
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:psychophysics
247:
246:Multimodality
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:interoception
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:spinal nerves
128:
124:
123:sensory cells
120:
119:sensory organ
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
48:
42:
35:
30:
19:
7943:Phantom pain
7928:Hyperalgesia
7902:Hypoesthesia
7720:Hearing loss
7541:TRP channels
7518:Osmoreceptor
7485:Photopigment
7409:Baroreceptor
7348:Gravitropism
7320:Frog hearing
7300:Echolocation
7281:
7096:Facial (VII)
6873:
6848:
6790:Richard Axel
6751:
6724:
6715:
6682:
6674:
6657:
6634:. Retrieved
6630:
6621:
6600:
6543:
6539:
6517:
6511:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6355:. Retrieved
6353:. 5 May 2005
6345:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6271:
6268:Science News
6267:
6261:
6253:the original
6243:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6037:
6031:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5966:the original
5961:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5923:. Retrieved
5919:the original
5909:
5898:
5887:. Retrieved
5883:the original
5873:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5762:. Retrieved
5758:the original
5748:
5733:
5724:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5614:. Retrieved
5594:
5590:
5576:
5565:. Retrieved
5554:The Guardian
5553:
5543:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5106:
5097:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4994:Live Science
4992:
4983:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4926:Sciencedaily
4925:
4916:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4832:
4825:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4684:
4653:
4646:
4613:
4607:
4596:. Retrieved
4589:the original
4584:
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4547:
4538:
4472:(6): 84–91.
4469:
4465:
4445:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4423:
4413:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4293:
4266:
4260:
4231:
4223:
4213:
4143:
4098:
4078:
4033:
4029:
4022:
3994:
3987:
3961:
3955:
3912:
3908:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3825:
3819:
3800:
3759:
3690:
3686:
3661:. Retrieved
3638:
3601:
3579:. Retrieved
3568:
3519:Phantom limb
3457:Chemesthesis
3447:Apperception
3406:
3390:
3366:
3349:
3331:
3314:
3312:
3305:
3290:
3281:
3274:Please help
3270:
3259:
3206:
3180:
3168:
3151:
3121:
3109:lateral line
3102:
3098:weather fish
3091:
3076:
3067:
3052:Please help
3040:
3016:
2955:
2938:
2926:
2923:
2915:
2900:
2878:
2866:
2851:
2842:Echolocation
2814:
2806:
2794:
2759:
2693:
2674:
2629:
2601:
2593:
2576:
2509:, or during
2417:hypothalamus
2402:
2366:
2343:
2292:
2250:
2191:
2175:
2160:
2148:
2125:
2087:
2060:transduction
2049:
2002:
1987:hypothalamus
1972:
1940:Merkel cells
1937:
1914:
1830:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1773:
1759:through the
1725:external ear
1702:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:Experience.
1660:
1630:
1610:
1586:
1571:
1532:
1501:
1431:
1417:
1408:
1296:
1267:, including
1256:
1254:
1239:
1142:Facial (VII)
1050:acceleration
878:
856:
830:
816:
798:
771:
746:
730:
708:
668:osmoreceptor
653:
637:
608:ion channels
597:
558:
541:interoceptor
537:exteroceptor
534:
516:transduction
489:
450:transduction
447:
424:echolocation
416:air moisture
404:
305:
255:neurobiology
238:echolocation
230:air moisture
159:
116:
96:transduction
63:
55:
53:
29:
18:Human senses
8025:Synesthesia
7933:Hypoalgesia
7907:Paresthesia
7892:Formication
7887:CMT disease
7854:Hypergeusia
7677:Visual snow
7652:Photophobia
7647:Papilledema
7637:Oscillopsia
7623:Hemeralopia
7490:Aureochrome
7325:Toad vision
7249:Suffocation
7163:Perceptions
6778:Nobel Prize
6658:Shakespeare
5581:Niimura Y,
5219:: 215–220.
5107:LiveScience
4951:: 305–327.
4530:Boeree CG.
4429:14 February
3553:Ideasthesia
3549:Synesthesia
3485:Supertaster
3475:Hyperacusis
3389:Lairesse's
3278:if you can.
3094:gas bladder
3011:endothermic
2974:rattlesnake
2966:wavelengths
2761:Cephalopods
2743:dragonflies
2735:ultraviolet
2680:butterflies
2632:salamanders
2561:ultraviolet
2553:melanocytes
2511:acid reflux
2475:blood sugar
2441:suffocation
2406:alexithymia
2307:stereocilia
1983:homeostatic
1925:nociceptors
1906:Paresthesia
1858:kinesthesia
1850:temperature
1705:sound waves
1635:that gives
1559:ultraviolet
1277:materialism
1269:panpsychism
1179:temperature
734:Weber's Law
711:sense organ
680:nociceptors
563:that has a
392:suffocation
372:nociception
269:Definitions
210:suffocation
198:nociception
68:information
8060:Categories
8045:Pareidolia
8000:Allochiria
7983:Multimodal
7864:Parageusia
7859:Hypogeusia
7831:Phantosmia
7811:Hyperosmia
7755:Vestibular
7735:Palinopsia
7695:Amblyaudia
7642:Palinopsia
7627:Nyctalopia
7551:Nociceptor
7358:Artificial
7081:Optic (II)
6912:Perception
6861:Processes
6853:perception
6794:Linda Buck
6636:2016-06-18
6357:2011-04-23
5925:2018-05-10
5889:2018-05-10
5764:2007-05-25
5567:2019-04-10
5262:Metabolism
4857:22 January
4630:10088/2430
4598:2013-08-01
4563:2022-01-22
4152:1106181879
4014:1127113751
3760:Psychology
3663:22 January
3658:1036733582
3620:1017000156
3581:2021-06-16
3561:References
3405:Detail of
3284:March 2020
3131:Cuttlefish
3113:hair cells
3070:April 2023
3003:Loreal pit
2707:Pit vipers
2648:pheromones
2559:can sense
2522:gag reflex
2503:swallowing
2339:cerebellum
2335:brain stem
2277:depression
2265:pheromones
2214:epithelium
2136:gag reflex
2056:taste buds
1975:pit vipers
1902:anesthesia
1876:including
1765:swallowing
1753:transduced
1729:middle ear
1626:blindsight
1602:recognized
1590:stereopsis
1543:wavelength
1355:Vestibular
1245:Philosophy
981:Optic (II)
885:transduced
694:Thresholds
640:transduces
222:electrical
100:perception
7841:Gustatory
7793:Olfactory
7657:Photopsia
7603:Amaurosis
7577:Disorders
7470:Cone cell
7389:Types of
7000:Inner ear
6935:Cognition
6925:Awareness
6874:Sensation
6849:Sensation
6786:announced
6776:The 2004
6743:489987083
6568:0028-0836
6495:1477-9145
6452:0022-1511
6274:(5): 12.
6062:124524864
6054:1744-7933
6023:206538783
5597:: 23–28.
5562:0261-3077
5335:: 65–74.
4852:759160178
4801:0028-0836
4638:0081-0258
4125:201148242
4050:0022-0949
3709:1664-0640
3539:Sensorium
3492:Illusions
3452:Attention
3442:Aesthesis
3233:Five wits
3041:does not
3007:Viperidae
2985:and some
2983:pitvipers
2907:monotreme
2858:cetaceans
2836:Rhodopsin
2797:statocyst
2713:and some
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