395:(OMCT), took the initiative to gather all the human rights defenders' institutional mandate-holders (created within the United Nations, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union) to find ways to enhance coordination and complementarities among themselves and with NGOs. In 2010, a single inter-mechanisms website was created, gathering all relevant public information on the activities of the different human rights defenders' protection mandate-holders. It aims to increase the visibility of the documentation produced by the mechanisms (press releases, studies, reports, statements), as well as of their actions (country visits, institutional events, trials observed).
60:, or just individuals acting alone. They can defend rights as part of their jobs or in a voluntary capacity. As a result of their activities, human rights defenders (HRDs) are often subjected to reprisals including smears, surveillance, harassment, false charges, arbitrary detention, restrictions on the right to freedom of association, physical attack, and even murder. In 2020, at least 331 HRDs were murdered in 25 countries. The international community and some national governments have attempted to respond to this violence through various protections, but violence against HRDs continues to rise. Women human rights defenders and environmental human rights defenders (who are very often indigenous) face greater repression and risks than human rights defenders working on other issues.
235:
261:, women human rights defenders can be the target of attacks as they demand the realization of human rights. They face attacks such as discrimination, assault, threats, and violence within their communities. Women human rights defenders face additional obstacles based on who they are and the specific rights they defend. This means they are targeted just because they are women, LGBTI people or for identifying with their struggles. They also face additional obstacles connected with Institutional discrimination and inequality and because they challenge, or are seen to be challenging, patriarchal power and
119:
instead of human rights defenders, even when their activity falls clearly within the scope outlined by the UN Declaration on Human Rights
Defenders. Use of the HRD identity could benefit human rights activists by legitimising their work and facilitating access to protective measures. Use of the HRD identity can also be counterproductive by directing attention to particular individuals rather than focusing on the collective nature of their work, which may also have the effect of further endangering these individuals.
589:
of activists' residences as well as emergency responses. In
January 2017, the Crimean Center for Counteracting Extremism arrested and detained the lawyer. He was taken to a local facility of the Russian Federal Security Service for questioning. A district tribunal ruled that Kurbedinov was guilty of doing propaganda work for terrorist groups and organizations. He was sentenced to 10 days of imprisonment.
328:. Although these different terms have different origins, they converge around the re-establishment of land-based cultures, re-making of place for marginalized people, and protection of land and livelihood from activities such as resource extraction, dumping of toxic waste, and land appropriation. Since the 1998 UN Declaration, the term
588:
In 2017, Human rights lawyer Emil
Kurbedinov, a Crimean Tatar, won the 2017 Award for Frontline Human Rights Defenders at Risk. Kurbedinov has been an avid defender of civil society militants, mistreated Crimean Tatars, and members of the media. He documents violations of human rights during searches
340:
Following the adoption of the
Declaration on Human Rights Defenders in 1998, a number of initiatives were taken, both at the international and regional level, to increase the protection of defenders and contribute to the implementation of the Declaration. In this context, the following mechanisms and
311:
as, "defenders carrying out a vast range of activities related to land and environmental rights, including those working on issues related to extractive industries, and construction and development projects." They also state that environmental defenders are, "defending environmental rights, including
97:
were more common terms for people working to defend human rights. The
Declaration on Human Rights Defenders created a very broad definition of human rights defenders to include anyone who promotes or defends human rights. This broad definition presents both challenges and benefits to stakeholders and
172:
The
Declaration is not legally binding, but it articulates rights established by existing human rights treaties and applies them to human rights defenders in order to legitimise their work and extend protection of HRDs. Under the Declaration, a human rights defender is anyone who works to promote or
148:
Research conducted by the
Business and Human Rights Resource Center documented a 34 percent increase worldwide in attacks against human rights activists in 2017. The figures included 120 suspected murders and hundreds of incidents that involved assault, bullying, and threats. There were 388 attacks
118:
Self-identification as a human rights defender is more common among professional human rights advocates who work within established institutions, governments, or NGOs. Individuals who work outside of these systems commonly self-identify as 'activists', 'leaders', or by a broad range of other terms
109:
Some researchers have attempted to demarcate categories of human rights defenders for the purpose of better understanding patterns of HRD risks. Such categorisation may discern professional vs. non-professional activity, or differentiate based on the specific rights that are being defended such as
144:
reported that 1,922 EHRDs were killed in 52 countries between 2002 and 2019. 80% of these deaths were in Latin
America. Approximately 1/3 of the EHRDs reported killed between 2015 and 2019 were indigenous. Documentation of this violence is incomplete, and for every death there may be as many as a
139:
A report published by Front Line
Defenders in 2020 found that at least 331 HRDs were murdered that year in 25 countries. Although indigenous people only account for about 6% of the global population, approximately 1/3 of these murdered HRDs were indigenous. In 2019, 304 HRDs were murdered in 31
127:
Human rights defenders (HRDs) face severe repression and retaliation from government and private actors including the police, military, local elites, private security forces, right-wing groups, and multi-national corporations. Abuses include threats, arbitrary arrest and detainment, harassment,
319:
The use of the term
Environmental defender (or Environmental human rights defender) by human rights organizations, the media, and academia is recent and associated with the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. However, the approach and role of environmental defenders is closely related to
176:
The Declaration articulates existing rights in a way that makes it easier to apply them to human rights defenders. The rights protected under the Declaration include, among others, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas and to advocate their acceptance; the right to criticise
63:
In 1998, the United Nations issued their Declaration on Human Rights Defenders to legitimise the work of human rights defenders and extend protection for human rights activity. Following this Declaration, increasing numbers of activists have adopted the HRD label; this is especially true for
275:
In 2017, female activists who were killed because of their advocacies and activities in defending human rights were honored during the International Women Human Rights Defenders' Day. Those murdered criticized corruption and other forms of injustice, protect their lands from governments and
196:
The Declaration indicates that states have a responsibility to implement and respect the provisions of the Declaration and emphasises the duty of the state to protect HRDs from violence, retaliation and intimidation as a consequence of their human rights work. The Declaration also places
105:
issued Fact Sheet 29 to further define and support human rights defenders. This document states that, "no 'qualification' is required to be a human rights defender," but that the minimum standards for HRDs are acceptance of the universality of human rights and non-violent action.
405:
This document provides authoritative guidance to states on how to implement the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders at the national level. It was developed in collaboration with hundreds of defenders and endorsed by leading human rights experts and jurists.
98:
donors seeking to support HRD protection programs, as more precise definitions exclude some categories of HRDs, but such broad definition also leaves much room for interpretation and can make it difficult to establish HRD status for some at-risk individuals.
169:(A/RES/53/144) on December 9, 1998, commonly known as the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is the first UN instrument to legitimise and define human rights defenders, as well as the right and responsibility for everyone to protect human rights.
579:
and tracking. Examples include tactical mapping, crisis mapping and geo-mapping. Tactical mapping has been primarily used in tracking human rights abuses by providing visualization of the tracking and implementation monitoring.
80:
issued the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognised Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (A/RES/53/144, 1998), commonly known as the
555:
521:, established in 2005 to 'honour the work of a human rights defender who, through non-violent work, is courageously making an outstanding contribution to the promotion and protection of the human rights of others.'
409:
Several countries have introduced national legislation or policies to protect human rights defenders including Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and Guatemala; however, key challenges in implementation remain.
177:
government bodies and agencies and to make proposals to improve their functioning; the right to provide legal assistance or other advice and assistance in defence of human rights; the right to observe
316:, when the exercise of those rights is being threatened whether or not they self-identify as human rights defenders. Many environmental defenders engage in their activities through sheer necessity."
1260:
528:
award for Women Human Rights Defenders, established in 1997 "to help women throughout the world in their struggle to overcome oppression, to let them know that they are not alone". Awardees include
136:(EHRDs) who work on environmental rights, land rights, and indigenous rights issues also face greater threats than other HRDs; in 2020 69% of the HRDs killed globally were working on these issues.
238:
This is the logo for the Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition that represents the coming together and discussing problematic issues dealing with human rights for all.
197:
responsibility to protect human rights at the individual level and especially upon individuals in professions that may affect human rights such as law enforcement, judges, etc.
102:
1616:
UN Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
227:, and defenders of all genders who defend the rights of women and rights related to gender and sexuality. Their work and the challenges they face have been recognized by a
1447:
1001:
705:
373:
The Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Council of Europe action to improve the protection of human rights defenders and promote their activities
1235:
165:
Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and
353:
420:
939:
852:
768:
1615:
153:, mining, and renewable energy sectors (EHRDs) as those in greatest danger. Lawyers and members of environmental groups were also at risk.
242:
A woman human rights defender can be an Indigenous woman fighting for the rights of her community, a woman advocating against torture, an
189:; the right to access resources for the purpose of protecting human rights, including the receipt of funds from abroad; and the rights of
957:
544:
1620:
1507:
706:"Exploring the Term 'Human Rights Defender' through the Lens of Professionalisation in Human Rights Practice: A Case-Study of Russia"
388:
360:
1421:
132:) or who challenge cultural gender norms run increased risks compared to other HRDs, as do less prominent workers in remote areas.
1131:
1451:
623:
399:
17:
643:
454:
308:
1641:
1676:
1534:"Menacing FSB interrogations of Ukrainian Cultural Centre activists in Russian-occupied Crimea – Human Rights in Ukraine"
1631:
802:
628:
603:
392:
1184:
346:
1378:
805:"Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action"
1671:
265:. They are more at risk of facing gender based violence in the home and the community, and sexist, misogynistic,
186:
77:
374:
1026:
563:
313:
1656:
173:
protect human rights: whether professionally or non-professionally; alone or as part of group or institution.
1473:
234:
488:
477:
332:
is increasingly used by global organizations and media to refer to this convergence of goals and analysis.
325:
220:
213:
206:
129:
1340:
379:
The European Union Human Rights Defenders mechanism, which is implemented by civil society organizations,
613:
1107:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya (2010)"
769:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya (2010)"
729:
128:
defamation, dismissal from jobs, eviction, disappearance, and murder. HRDs who work on women's rights (
1583:
228:
1341:"The 'Environmentalism of the Poor' revisited: Territory and place in disconnected glocal struggles"
889:
679:
149:
in 2017 compared to only 290 in 2016. The same study identified human rights defenders connected to
1080:
638:
269:, trans-phobic threats, smears and stigmatization, as well as exclusion from resources and power.
1106:
803:
Larsen, Billon, Menton, Aylwin, Balsiger, Boyd, Forst, Lambrick, Santos, Storey, Wilding (2021).
776:
747:
276:
multinational corporations, and upheld the rights of lesbians, gays and transgender individuals.
387:
In 2008, the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, a joint programme of the
507:
402:
published the 'Model National Law on the Recognition and Protection of Human Rights Defenders'.
285:
271:
International Women Human Rights Defenders Day has been celebrated each 29 November since 2006.
258:
247:
133:
1637:
Front Line: The International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders at Risk
933:
846:
511:
435:
321:
295:
178:
1405:
1352:
1295:
1156:
816:
663:
518:
166:
1209:
8:
1508:"In Russian-held Crimea, lawyer fights repression against Crimean Tatars – Apr. 03, 2017"
1425:
465:
427:
251:
1356:
1299:
820:
1316:
1283:
1055:
877:
834:
633:
1321:
907:
867:
838:
618:
576:
499:
243:
190:
45:
1646:
1642:
International Federation for Human Rights – Human rights defenders programme of FIDH
1307:
1364:
1360:
1311:
1303:
919:
824:
473:
289:
182:
145:
hundred cases of severe repression such as detainment, eviction, defamation, etc.
1627:
International Service for Human Rights: Working to support Human Rights Defenders
53:
231:
in 2013, which calls for specific protection for women human rights defenders.
608:
469:
461:
367:
162:
141:
76:
became commonly used within the international human rights community after the
49:
1002:"'Attacks and killings': human rights activists at growing risk, study claims"
975:
1665:
1533:
598:
525:
431:
57:
924:
1497:
Movements.org. “Maptivism: Mapping Information for Advocacy and Activism."
1325:
575:
Electronic mapping is a newly developed tool using electronic networks and
533:
443:
224:
150:
41:
1558:
1185:"OHCHR | International Women Human Rights Defenders Day –29 November 2016"
1132:"UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders"
905:
1179:
1177:
958:"At least 331 human rights defenders were murdered in 2020, report finds"
869:
Environmental and Land Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory
665:
Human rights defenders under threat – A shrinking space for civil society
537:
529:
492:
481:
262:
40:
is a person who, individually or with others, acts to promote or protect
1382:
829:
804:
559:
503:
447:
266:
1636:
1174:
748:"Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights"
548:
403:
1651:
1030:
1050:
1048:
380:
1261:"Promoting Greater Protection for Environmental Defenders Policy"
558:, first awarded in 2015, named after Chinese lawyer and activist
1407:
Americas: State protection mechanisms for human rights defenders
908:"A Research Agenda for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders"
1045:
976:"Business and Human Rights Resource Centre | UN Global Compact"
442:
office in Geneva. The award carries a grant of at least 20,000
103:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
906:
Nah, A; Bennett, K; Ingleton, D; Savage, J (4 November 2013).
434:
was a renowned human rights defender and secretary general of
519:
Front Line Defenders Award for Human Rights Defenders at Risk
1236:"Remembering women killed fighting for human rights in 2017"
715:. York: Centre for Applied Human Rights, University of York.
1611:
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
450:) to be used for further work in the field of human rights.
439:
181:; the right to unhindered access to and communication with
156:
1284:"Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview"
56:, lawyers, teachers, housing campaigners, participants in
1610:
1339:
Anguelovski, Isabelle; MartĂnez Alier, Joan (June 2014).
1338:
320:
earlier concepts developed as early as the 1980s such as
1632:
Amnesty International: Protecting Human Rights Defenders
1584:"Person of the Week: Emil Kurbedinov – Rights in Russia"
510:
for his "long and non-violent struggle for fundamental
279:
1234:
Sekyiamah, Nana Darkoa; Ford, Liz (29 November 2017).
1403:
661:
556:
Cao Shunli Memorial Award for Human Rights Defenders
413:
122:
1626:
1559:"Federal Security Service – The Russian Government"
502:, such as imprisoned Chinese human rights activist
498:Several human rights defenders have received the
421:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1663:
1647:The Human rights defenders programme of the OMCT
713:Human Rights Defender Hub Working Paper Series 3
430:, a collaboration of several human rights NGOs.
110:the rights of women, or indigenous land rights.
354:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
200:
866:Verweijen, Judith (2021). Menton, Mary (ed.).
1422:"Winner of the Martin Ennals Award 1994–2006"
1233:
352:The mandate of the Special Rapporteur of the
250:collective, or a man fighting for sexual and
938:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1029:. Ishr.ch. 20 November 2013. Archived from
370:Guidelines on human rights defenders (2004)
545:Nuremberg International Human Rights Award
1315:
923:
865:
828:
389:International Federation for Human Rights
361:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
335:
314:rights to a clean and healthy environment
1281:
233:
157:UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders
730:"Declaration on Human Rights Defenders"
703:
551:; the inaugural award was made in 1995.
359:The Human Rights Defenders Unit of the
27:Person who acts to protect human rights
14:
1664:
1214:www.defendingwomen-defendingrights.org
1060:www.defendingwomen-defendingrights.org
872:. New York: Routledge. pp. 37–49.
798:
796:
794:
624:International human rights instruments
400:International Service for Human Rights
113:
1277:
1275:
1273:
999:
955:
951:
949:
570:
83:Declaration on Human Rights Defenders
901:
899:
724:
722:
699:
697:
695:
693:
644:Youth for Human Rights International
455:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award
438:. Its secretariat is located at the
301:Environmental human rights defenders
280:Environmental human rights defenders
134:Environmental human rights defenders
791:
583:
64:professional human rights workers.
24:
1270:
946:
629:National human rights institutions
604:List of human rights organisations
393:World Organisation Against Torture
25:
1688:
1604:
1266:. UN Environment Programme. 2018.
896:
719:
690:
414:Awards for human rights defenders
347:United Nations Special Rapporteur
123:Threats to human rights defenders
1448:"The Front Line Defenders Award"
956:Hodal, Kate (11 February 2021).
912:Journal of Human Rights Practice
356:on human rights defenders (2004)
349:on human rights defenders (2000)
212:This section is an excerpt from
1576:
1551:
1526:
1500:
1491:
1466:
1440:
1414:
1397:
1371:
1332:
1308:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104
1253:
1227:
1202:
1149:
1124:
1099:
1073:
1019:
993:
968:
187:intergovernmental organisations
1404:Amnesty International (2017).
1365:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.005
1081:"Women Human Rights Defenders"
859:
761:
740:
680:"About human rights defenders"
672:
662:Amnesty International (2017).
655:
564:Chinese Human Rights Defenders
229:United Nations (UN) resolution
13:
1:
1282:Scheidel, Arnim (July 2020).
1000:Kelly, Annie (9 March 2018).
649:
547:, established by the city of
464:, established in 1988 by the
341:guidelines were established:
223:(WHRDs) are women who defend
85:. Prior to this Declaration,
67:
1657:Human Rights Defenders Tulip
489:Human Rights Defenders Tulip
478:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
326:environmentalism of the poor
221:Women human rights defenders
214:Women human rights defenders
207:Women human rights defenders
201:Women human rights defenders
193:, association and assembly.
7:
1379:"humanrights-defenders.org"
1367:– via Science Direct.
1288:Global Environmental Change
1027:"UN Human Rights Defenders"
614:Global Human Rights Defence
592:
307:, have been defined by the
74:human rights defender (HRD)
44:. They can be journalists,
10:
1693:
1677:Civil rights and liberties
293:
283:
211:
204:
1478:Amnesty International USA
1474:"The Ginetta Sagan Award"
639:Protection International
562:. The award is given by
309:UN Environment Programme
1588:www.rightsinrussia.info
1538:Human Rights in Ukraine
980:www.unglobalcompact.org
330:environmental defenders
305:environmental defenders
1672:Human rights activists
508:2010 Nobel Peace Prize
468:. Laureates include:
457:, established in 1984.
336:Protection instruments
286:Environmental defender
259:human rights defenders
239:
18:Human rights defenders
925:10.1093/jhuman/hut026
512:human rights in China
491:, established by the
436:Amnesty International
322:environmental justice
296:Environmental justice
246:rights campaigner, a
237:
38:human rights activist
34:human rights defender
1345:Ecological Economics
809:Conservation Letters
167:Fundamental Freedoms
1652:Martin Ennals Award
1357:2014EcoEc.102..167A
1300:2020GEC....6302104S
821:2021ConL...14E2777B
779:on 22 November 2021
704:Malkova, P (2018).
540:, Julienne Lusenge.
495:government in 2008.
466:European Parliament
428:Martin Ennals Award
381:ProtectDefenders.eu
345:The mandate of the
252:reproductive rights
248:sex workers' rights
114:Self identification
78:UN General Assembly
1454:on 26 January 2017
1428:on 8 February 2007
1385:on 26 October 2010
1087:. 17 December 2014
830:10.1111/conl.12777
634:Networked advocacy
571:Electronic mapping
240:
1621:Who is a defender
1033:on 1 October 2013
619:Human Rights Logo
577:satellite imagery
500:Nobel Peace Prize
46:environmentalists
16:(Redirected from
1684:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1548:
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1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1450:. Archived from
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:. Archived from
1418:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:. Archived from
1375:
1369:
1368:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1251:
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1056:"About WHRDIC |"
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1023:
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1016:
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1012:
997:
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883:
881:
873:
863:
857:
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850:
842:
832:
800:
789:
788:
786:
784:
775:. Archived from
765:
759:
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752:
744:
738:
737:
726:
717:
716:
710:
701:
688:
687:
676:
670:
669:
659:
584:Examples of HRDs
474:Malala Yousafzai
290:Water protectors
183:non-governmental
21:
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1161:www.amnesty.org
1155:
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1129:
1125:
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1008:
998:
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864:
860:
844:
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767:
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746:
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741:
728:
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708:
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691:
678:
677:
673:
660:
656:
652:
595:
586:
573:
416:
391:(FIDH) and the
338:
312:constitutional
298:
292:
284:Main articles:
282:
273:
272:
217:
209:
203:
191:free expression
159:
125:
116:
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530:Hina Jilani
493:Netherlands
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179:fair trials
140:countries.
1666:Categories
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1157:"Document"
1111:www.un.org
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650:References
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504:Liu Xiaobo
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303:or simply
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