1555:, which is based on the universal tendency for humans to attach, i.e. to seek closeness to another person and to feel secure when that person is present. Attachment theory has some of its origins in the observation of and experiments with animals, but is also based on observations of children who had missed typical experiences of adult care. Much of the early research on attachment in humans was done by John Bowlby and his associates. Bowlby proposed that babies have an inbuilt need from birth to make emotional attachments, i.e. bonds, because this increases the chances of survival by ensuring that they receive the care they need. Bowlby did not describe mutuality in attachment. He stated that attachment by mother was a pathological inversion and described only behaviors of the infant. Many developmental specialists elaborated Bowlby's ethological observations. However, neither Bowlby's proximity seeking (not possible for human infants prior to walking) nor subsequent descriptions of caregiver–infant mutuality with emotional availability and synchrony with emotional modulation include the enduring motivation of attachment into adult life. The enduring motivation is the desire to control a pleasantly surprising transformation that is the route of belief in effectiveness by humans. This motivation accounts for curiosity and intellectual growth of language, mathematics and logic, all of which have an emotional base of security.
1611:
bottle-feeding mothers are generally appropriately concerned with their babies. It is difficult to determine the extent of causality due to a number of confounding variables, such as the varied reasons families choose different feeding methods. Many believe that early bonding ideally increases response and sensitivity to the child's needs, bolstering the quality of the mother–baby relationship—however, many exceptions can be found of highly successful mother–baby bonds, even though early breastfeeding did not occur, such as with premature infants who may lack the necessary sucking strength to be successfully breastfed.
1451:(one male mating with two or more females), the most common pattern. However, regardless of mating patterns, primate life is typically characterised by long-lasting social relationships (whether sexual, care-giving, coalitionary or otherwise) formed in the context of living in durable social groups, and any such durable relationship (whether exclusive or not) is characterised by some degree of bonding. Similarly, whilst the 'naturalness' of monogamy in humans is debated, durable monogamous or polygamous relationships will typically be accompanied by affectional or emotional bonding (see next section).
1879:(TSST), and then measuring blood serum prolactin concentrations. The TSST is a widely accepted stress test in which the research subject undergoes a mock job interview and then a mental arithmetic task in front of a three-person committee. This test is proven to simulate social psychological stress. After the administration of this test, significantly higher prolactin levels can be observed in the serum. There is a large variation in the amount prolactin levels increase in different individuals, however the effect is not significantly different between men and women
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just for healing, but also granting independence through service animals. In 1929, The Seeing Eye Inc. school formed to train guide dogs for the blind in the United States, inspired by dogs being trained to guide World War I veterans in Europe. Furthermore, the idea is that the human-animal bond can provide health benefits to humans as the animals "appeal to fundamental human needs for companionship, comfort, and security..." In 1980, a team of scientists at the
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bedroom, either in or on the bed. Moreover, in the past the majority of cats were kept outside (barn cats) whereas today most cats are kept indoors (housecats) and considered part of the family. Currently, in the US, for example, 1.2 billion animals are kept as pets, primarily for bonding purposes. In addition, as of 1995, there were over 30 research institutions looking into the potential benefits of the human–animal bond.
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higher prolactin concentrations are more alert and nurturing towards their infants. In a different study where fathers and infants were observed over a six-months period after the child was born, the researchers found that fathers with higher prolactin levels were more likely to facilitate play with their infant. Moreover, following the birth of the child, prolactin promotes bonding between the father and the newborn.
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through companion animals. Over time pet keeping to socialize children became more gender neutral, but even into the 1980s and 90s there remained a belief that boys especially benefited from pet keeping due to the fact that it was one of only ways they could practice nurturing given the limiting gender norms.
1948:. It states that during the dynamics of relationship breakup, there exists a "turning point," only noted in hindsight, followed by a transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, sometimes for a number of years.
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in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak than through strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with
1805:
Because the vast majority of this research has been done on animals—and the majority of that on rodents—these findings must be taken with caution when applied to humans. One of the few studies that looked at the influence of hormones on human bonding compared a control group with participants who had
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In the 19th century, in
Bielefeld, Germany, epileptic patients were given the prescription to spend time each day taking care of cats and dogs. The contact with the animals was found to reduce the occurrence of seizures. As early as the 1920s, people were starting to utilize the human-animal bond not
1375:
Eryximachus reasons that when various opposing elements such as wet and dry are "animated by the proper species of Love, they are in harmony with one another... But when the sort of Love that is crude and impulsive controls the seasons, he brings death and destruction" (188a). Because it is love that
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can occur between people and domestic or wild animals; be it a cat as a pet or birds outside one's window. The phrase "Human-Animal Bond" also known as HAB began to emerge as terminology in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Research into the nature and merit of the human–animal bond began in the late
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suggested that the "parent-infant system," rather than a bond between biologically related individuals, is an evolved fit between innate behavior patterns of all human infants and equally evolved responses of human adults to those infant behaviors. Thus nature "ensures some initial flexibility with
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has been reported to foster the early post-partum maternal bond, via touch, response, and mutual gazing. Extensive claims for the effect of breastfeeding were made in the 1930s by
Margaret Ribble, a champion of "infant rights," but were challenged by others. The claimed effect is not universal, and
1871:
Prolactin can also influence both maternal and paternal behavior. The administration of prolactin to female rats initiates maternal behavior, and in bird and fish fathers, it can increase paternal behavior, whereas antagonists to prolactin decrease paternal behavior. In human studies, fathers with
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is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin affects reproduction and lactation in humans and other non-human mammals. It is also thought to mediate the formation of social bonds between mothers and their infants, much like the hormone oxytocin. In addition to
1746:
Historically, animals were domesticated for functional use; for example, dogs for herding and tracking, and cats for killing mice or rats. Today, in
Western societies, their function is primarily bonding. For example, current studies show that 60–80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the
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in terms of both strength and stability. In fact, many children now grow up in fatherless households and do not experience a paternal bond at all. In general, paternal bonding is more dominant later in a child's life after language develops. Fathers may be more influential in play interactions as
1709:
During the 1820-1870s, America's
Victorian middle class used the human-animal bond to aid in children's socialization. This was an entirely gendered process, as parents and society believed only boys had an innate tendency towards violence and needed to be socialized towards kindness and empathy
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In some cases, despite its benefits, the human-animal bond can be used for harmful purposes. The 1990s saw an increase in social and scientific awareness of the use of companion animals as a tool for domestic violence. A 1997 study found that 80% of shelters reported women staying with them had
1666:, a hormone more usually associated with pregnancy and maternal bonding, may also control the way men react towards their children. Specifically, they found that a lack of progesterone reduced aggressive behavior in male mice and stimulated them to act in a fatherly way towards their offspring.
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in World War I. The horse connection can be seen as horses were used to pull wagons for their drivers, as individual transport mounts for officers, and patients for veterinarians. When researching the human-animal bond, there is a danger of anthropomorphism and projections of human qualities.
1705:
to provide humane treatment for the mentally ill. By having patients care for the many farm animals on the estate, society officials theorized that the combination of animal contact plus productive work would facilitate the patients' rehabilitation. In the 1870s in Paris, a French surgeon had
1508:. A characteristic of this delineation made by Tennov, is that based on her research and interviews with over 500 people, all human bonded relationships can be divided into three varieties being defined by the amount of limerence or non-limerence each partner contributes to the relationship.
1379:
Plato concludes that the highest form of love is the greatest. When love "is directed, in temperance and justice, towards the good, whether in heaven or on earth: happiness and good fortune, the bonds of human society, concord with the gods above—all these are among his gifts" (188d).
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are involved in the bonding process, and in other forms of prosocial and reproductive behavior. Both chemicals facilitate pair bonding and maternal behavior in experiments on laboratory animals. In humans, there is evidence that oxytocin and vasopressin are released during
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Melson, Gail F., and Alan Fogel (1989). "Children's Ideas about Animal Young and their Care: A Reassessment of Gender
Differences in the Development of Nurturance". Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals vol.2 no.4, pp.
2761:, 17, 1–29. – a theoretical proposal that "human social bonds evolved as overarching, emotion regulating mechanisms designed to promote reliable, high-cost altruism among individuals who depend on one another for survival and reproduction" (From the abstract)
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opposed to nurturance interactions. Father–child bonds also tend to develop with respect to topics such as political views or money, whereas mother–child bonds tend to develop in relation to topics such as religious views or general outlooks on life.
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Schneiderman, I., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2014). Mutual influences between partners' hormones may also shape conflict dialogue and relationship duration at the initiation of romantic love. Social
Neuroscience, 9(4),
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A study in 2003, by the U.S. Department of
Defense, based on human-animal bonding determined that there was an improvement and enrichment of life when animals were closely involved with humans. The study tested blood levels and noticed a rise in
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found that human to animal contact was found to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress; specifically, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and tension were all found to correlate inversely with human–pet bonding.
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guides the relations between these sets of opposites throughout existence, in every case it is the higher form of love that brings harmony and cleaves toward the good, whereas the impulsive vulgar love creates disharmony.
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or relatively monogamous relationship. Whilst some form of monogamy may characterise around 90% of bird species, in mammals long-term pairing (beyond the brief duration of copulation itself) is rare, at around 3% (see
2681:
Bagby, R. Michael, James DA Parker, and Graeme J. Taylor. "The twenty-item
Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38.1 (1994):
1783:. Positive social interaction is associated with increased oxytocin. This leads to bonding, which is also associated with higher levels of oxytocin and vasopressin, and reduced stress and stress-related hormones.
1477:, in which one or both of the pair may experience a state of passion mixed with continuous intrusive thinking, fear of rejection, and hope. Hence, with all human romantic relationships, one of three varieties of
2629:
Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010). Prolactin, Oxytocin, and the development of paternal behavior across the first six months of fatherhood. Hormones and
Behavior, 58,
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response may occur. Grief is the process of accepting the loss and adjusting to the changed situation. Grief may take longer than the initial development of the bond. The grief process varies with culture.
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Oxytocin is associated with higher levels of trust in laboratory studies on humans. It has been called the "cuddle chemical" for its role in facilitating trust and attachment. In the reward centers of the
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David S. Wood, Claudia V. Weber, Frank R. Ascione. (1997) "The Abuse of
Animals and Domestic Violence: A National Survey of Shelters for Women who are Battered". Society & Animals Vol.5, pp.205–218.
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relates to the human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions. That is, according to Spinoza, "when a man is prey to his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of fortune."
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C. Kirschbaum, K.M. Pirke, D.H. Hellhammer (1993). The 'Trier Social Stress Test'—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76–81
1604:
and theoretically fostering bonding. It is generally understood that maternal oxytocin circulation can predispose some mammals to show caregiving behavior in response to young of their species.
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Research following Bowlby's observations (above) created some concern about whether adoptive parents have missed some crucial period for the child's development. However, research regarding
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for both sexes, with higher levels in the group that was in love. These differences disappeared after 12–28 months and may reflect the temporary stress and arousal of a new relationship.
2610:
Neumann, I. D. (2009). The advantage of social living: Brain neuropeptides mediate the beneficial consequences of sex and motherhood. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 483–496.
1860:, especially in its early stages. Prolactin may also act to mediate well-being and the positive effects of close relationships on one's health. To do so, it alters an individual's
2648:
Anna-Karin Lennartsson, Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir (2011). Prolactin in response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 10, 1530–1539.
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may interact with oxytocin and further increase the likelihood of bonding. One team of researchers has argued that oxytocin only plays a secondary role in affiliation, and that
1364:, Eryximachus, one of the narrators in the dialog, states that love goes far beyond simple attraction to human beauty. He states that it occurs throughout the animal and plant
1706:
patients with neurological disorders ride horses. The patients were found to have improved their motor control and balance and were less likely to suffer bouts of depression.
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Freeman, M. E., Kanyicska, B., Lerant, A., & Nagy, G. (2000). Prolactin: Structure, function, and regulation of secretion.Physiological Reviews, 80(4), 1523–1631.
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Depue, R.A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J.V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: Implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation.
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what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information. There are some demographic groups, such as
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1775:, and that these events are associated with maternal bonding. According to one model, social isolation leads to stress, which is associated with activity in the
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1588:(mother–infant relationship) is one of the strongest. The maternal bond begins to develop during pregnancy; following pregnancy, the production of
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The constitution of these bonds may vary over the course of the relationship, in ways that may either increase or decrease the intensity of the
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1408:, wrote of the "marriage tie," and by analogy shows how strong marriage unions are similar in character to that by which the particles of
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1299:. It most commonly takes place between family members or friends, but can also develop among groups, such as sporting teams and whenever
2353:
Greir, Katharine C. (1997). "Childhood Socialization and Companion Animals: United States, 1820–1870". Society and Animals Vol. 9 No.2.
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play the central role. According to this model, affiliation is a function of the brain systems underlying reward and memory formation.
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in humans and animals which participated; oxytocin has the ability to lower stress, heart rate, and fear levels in humans and animals.
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Immerman, R.S. & Mackey, W.C. (2003). Perspectives on Human Attachment (Pair Bonding): Eve's unique legacy of canine analogue
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Brown, S.L. & Brown, R.M. (2006). Selective investment theory: Recasting the functional significance of close relationships.
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Prolactin levels can also increase during socially stressful situations in humans. This has been seen by administering the
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that develops between romantic or platonic partners, close friends, or parents and children. This bond is characterised by
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on the Western Front with horses. The use of this animal was widespread as over 24,000 horses and mules were used in the
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R.H. Smith; B.M. Ostfeld (1983). "Engageance, a practical elaboration of attachment in mothers of at-risk infants".
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2463:"Our Mission and History". The Seeing Eye: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities. (2015) The Seeing Eye, Inc.
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A child bonding with a cat. Human to animal contact is known to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress.
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may form, defined over a set duration of time, in relation to the experience or non-experience of limerence:
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The Ontogeny of Human Bonding Systems: Evolutionary Origins, Neural Bases, and Psychological Manifestations.
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Ribble, M. (1939). The significance of infantile sucking for the psychic development of the individual.
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Weak social bonds are believed to be responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of
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Thorne, L. (2006). "Of Human Bonding" – Condo Dwellers Find Cool Ways to Connect With the Neighbors,
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Barash, D.P. & Lipton, J.E. (2001). The Myth of Monogamy. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
1416:. Humans in passionate relationships, according to Goethe, are analogous to reactive substances in a
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1372:. Love directs everything that occurs, in the realm of the gods as well as that of humans (186a–b).
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recently fallen in love. There were no differences for most of the hormones measured, including
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hold huge numbers of water molecules together, which themselves are held together by "strong"
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Ben-Amos, I.K. (1997). "Human Bonding: Parents and Their Offspring in Early Modern England."
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Catala, Amélie; Cousillas, Hugo; Hausberger, Martine; Grandgeorge, Marine (4 December 2018).
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refers to the establishment of relationships between men through shared activities. The term
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Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches
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were lower in men who had recently fallen in love, and there was also a difference in blood
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became enamored of the concepts underlying the classic chemistry lecture in which "weak"
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experienced their abuser threatening or harming companion animals as a form of abuse.
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Hines, Linda (September 2003). "Historical perspectives on the human-animal bond".
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to increase the probability of forming a strong social bond without requiring long
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prolactin's role in the formation of social bonds, it is thought to be involved in
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1447:). The incidence of monogamy in primate species is similarly low in contrast with
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Carter, C.S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love.
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Marazziti, D., & Canale, D. (2004). Hormonal changes when falling in love.
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In 2003, a researcher from Northwestern University in Illinois found that
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Father playing with his daughter—an activity that tends to strengthen the
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1868:; this may enable bonding between mother and child in cases of adoption.
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2407:"Dog alerting and/or responding to epileptic seizures: A scoping review"
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originated in 1940 in reference to mated pairs of birds; referring to a
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refers to the formation of close personal relationships between women.
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1551:" were developed. This included the development of the concept of the
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Pinneau, S.R. (1950). A critique on the articles by Margaret Ribble.
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2384:. Syracuse New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 275–277.
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1473:, a certain percentage of couples may go through what is called a
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respect to the particular adults who take on the parental role."
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Of Human Bonding: Parent Child Relations Across the Life Course.
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1819:
1355:
1106:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
949:
947:
586:
541:
536:
446:
27:
Process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship
1358:
argued that love directs the bonds of human society. In his
1916:. This model was the stimulus behind his famous 1973 paper
1076:
1044:
676:
491:
145:
1629:
1488:
define relationships in which neither partner is limerent.
1334:. Any two people who spend time together may form a bond.
2344:. Source: Animal Welfare Society – Southeastern Michigan.
1675:
1500:
define relationships in which both partners are limerent.
1951:
When a person to which one has become bonded is lost, a
1920:, which is now considered a classic paper in sociology.
1346:
refers to personal relationships between men and women.
2885:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
2659:
The Impact of Social Structures on Economic Development
1713:
An example of the Human-Animal Bond can be seen during
1535:
Parental bonds often help children form their identity.
1389:
Ethics of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions
2162:
1494:
define relationships in which one partner is limerent.
2696:
Uncoupling – Turning Points in Intimate Relationships
1755:There is evidence in a variety of species that the
2693:
2179:Development of the Maternal Bond during Pregnancy
4435:
2752:Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History
1127:
2542:
1944:In 1953, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an
1060:
1051:
1042:
3080:
2820:
2047:"The Platonic Concept of Love: The Symposium"
1412:find a unity together through the process of
1354:In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher
1269:
912:
903:
645:
2167:. Vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 229–245.
2114:The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds
2111:
2096:
1539:In 1958, British developmental psychologist
1090:
1074:
926:
3094:
2507:"The Changing Status of Human–Animal Bonds"
1900:In 1962, while a freshman history major at
1318:Bonding typically refers to the process of
1113:
1104:
3087:
3073:
2827:
2813:
2165:International Journal of Family Psychiatry
1303:spend time together. Bonding is a mutual,
1276:
1262:
652:
638:
2729:Miller, W.B. & Rodgers, J.L. (2001).
2440:
2430:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2137:Wilson, Glenn; McLaughlin, Chris (2001).
2081:
1697:18th century when, in York, England, the
4251:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2801:– British Society for Neuroendocrinology
2536:
2501:
2499:
1892:
1683:
1628:
1568:
1547:," in which the precursory concepts of "
1530:
2691:
2685:
2489:
2487:
1669:
1545:Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother
14:
4436:
2356:
2322:
2078:. North Charleston: Createspace Press.
2068:
2066:
2022:Webster's New World College Dictionary
1307:process, and is different from simple
3743:Psychological effects of Internet use
3068:
2834:
2808:
2496:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2347:
2285:
2192:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2130:
2105:
1939:
2782:(Washingtonpost.com), Mon., (7 Aug.)
2484:
2220:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
2216:
1617:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
1383:In the 1660s, the Dutch philosopher
3723:Digital media use and mental health
3028:Attachment-based therapy (children)
2063:
1777:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
1624:
1558:
1511:
1291:is the process of development of a
24:
3354:Automatic and controlled processes
3038:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
2718:
2516:. Source: University of Minnesota.
2366:
2247:Rossi, A. & Rossi, P. (1990).
2044:
1650:In contrast to the maternal bond,
1469:, posited in 1979 by psychologist
683:
25:
4475:
3763:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2786:
2288:The American Behavioral Scientist
1311:. It is the process of nurturing
4414:
4401:
4389:
4388:
3788:Mobile phones and driving safety
2799:The Neurobiology of Social Bonds
2670:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2223:. Univ. Chicago Press. pp.
1654:tend to vary over the span of a
1454:
1293:close interpersonal relationship
822:Passionate and companionate love
35:
3691:Computer-mediated communication
2675:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2578:
2561:
2519:
2457:
2398:
2279:
2261:
2241:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2171:
1750:
1423:
3968:Empathising–systemising theory
3271:female intrasexual competition
3208:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3033:Attachment-based psychotherapy
2155:
2090:
2038:
2027:
2015:
1349:
13:
1:
4328:Standard social science model
3381:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2890:Fathers as attachment figures
2672:(Vol 19 Number 1, pp. 33–50).
2569:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2008:
1646:Fathers as attachment figures
1516:
4176:Missing heritability problem
3768:Social aspects of television
3391:Evolution of nervous systems
3359:Computational theory of mind
3054:History of attachment theory
2941:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
2910:Reactive attachment disorder
2432:10.1371/journal.pone.0208280
2333:Latter, L. (1995). Article:
2072:Holland, Maximilian. (2012)
1882:
1841:
1719:Canadian Expeditionary Force
1577:—a process that facilitates
1368:, as well as throughout the
7:
4454:Interpersonal relationships
4422:Evolutionary biology portal
2744:
2700:. Oxford University Press.
2657:Granovetter, M.D. (2004). "
1959:
10:
4480:
4383:Evolutionary psychologists
4256:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4171:Human–animal communication
3883:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3733:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3701:Human–computer interaction
1886:
1845:
1728:University of Pennsylvania
1673:
1639:
1562:
1520:
1492:Limerent–Nonlimerent bond:
1458:
1427:
1400:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1164:Color wheel theory of love
837:Queerplatonic relationship
777:Interpersonal relationship
4377:
4303:Environmental determinism
4274:Cultural selection theory
4266:
4161:Evolutionary epistemology
4148:
4075:evolutionary neuroscience
4037:
4030:
3928:
3803:
3748:Rank theory of depression
3671:
3595:
3497:
3303:
3296:
3250:Parent–offspring conflict
3159:
3102:
3046:
3020:
2994:
2918:
2842:
2793:Chemical Bonding and Love
2545:A Natural History of Love
2269:"Secret of paternal bond"
1918:The Strength of Weak Ties
1543:published the paper "the
1402:, in his classic novella
1248:Triangular theory of love
4196:Cultural group selection
4080:Biocultural anthropology
3773:Societal impacts of cars
3706:Media naturalness theory
3396:Fight-or-flight response
2723:
2586:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2543:Ackerman, Diane (1994).
2527:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2300:10.1177/0002764203255206
2177:Cesk, Cas Lek. (2000). "
1877:Trier Social Stress Test
1600:activity, thus reducing
1584:Of all human bonds, the
1174:Biology of romantic love
772:Interpersonal attraction
4449:Evolutionary psychology
4396:Evolutionary psychology
4360:Sociocultural evolution
4201:Dual inheritance theory
3658:Personality development
3119:Theoretical foundations
3096:Evolutionary psychology
2905:Object relations theory
2766:Evolutionary Psychology
2692:Vaughan, Diane (1986).
2664:5 February 2012 at the
2340:2 February 2006 at the
2181:." 19 Jan; 139(1): 5–8.
1498:Limerent–Limerent bond:
1243:Physical attractiveness
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
4459:Intimate relationships
4318:Social constructionism
4313:Psychological nativism
4288:Biological determinism
4236:Recent human evolution
4231:Punctuated equilibrium
4054:Behavioral epigenetics
4049:evolutionary economics
4018:Variability hypothesis
3963:Emotional intelligence
3696:Engineering psychology
3386:Evolution of the brain
2860:Attachment in children
1972:Fission-fusion society
1934:connection with others
1897:
1689:
1637:
1581:
1536:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1091:
1075:
1061:
1052:
1043:
927:
913:
904:
689:
688:Red-outline heart icon
4345:Multilineal evolution
4308:Nature versus nurture
4267:Theoretical positions
4115:Functional psychology
4110:Evolutionary medicine
4085:Biological psychiatry
3793:Texting while driving
3783:Lead–crime hypothesis
3643:Cognitive development
3628:Caregiver deprivation
3139:Gene selection theory
3021:Clinical applications
2870:Attachment and health
2759:Psychological Inquiry
2382:The Historical Animal
2380:Nance, Susan (2015).
2112:Bowlby, John (1990).
2097:Bowlby, John (1969).
1896:
1862:neuroendocrine system
1687:
1632:
1579:mother–infant bonding
1572:
1534:
1344:Cross-sex friendships
687:
460:Emotions and feelings
4298:Cultural determinism
4105:Evolutionary biology
4090:Cognitive psychology
4038:Academic disciplines
3686:Cognitive ergonomics
3653:Language acquisition
3633:Childhood attachment
3446:Wason selection task
3340:Behavioral modernity
3129:Cognitive revolution
3112:Evolutionary thought
3002:Attachment parenting
2900:Maternal deprivation
2855:Attachment in adults
2754:– Oxford University.
2733:New York: Springer.
1987:Relationship breakup
1967:Attachment parenting
1670:Human–animal bonding
1295:between two or more
1228:Mere-exposure effect
18:Human-animal bonding
4365:Unilineal evolution
4130:Population genetics
3915:Sexy son hypothesis
3853:Hormonal motivation
3833:Concealed ovulation
3374:Dual process theory
3245:Parental investment
2875:Attachment measures
2865:Attachment disorder
2795:– HowStuffWorks.com
2512:24 May 2006 at the
2423:2018PLoSO..1308280C
2335:"Human Pet Bonding"
2275:. 25 February 2003.
2139:The Science of Love
2099:Attachment and Loss
2034:The Free Dictionary
1858:romantic attachment
1779:and the release of
1656:child's development
1405:Elective Affinities
797:Love at first sight
614:Narcissistic parent
4323:Social determinism
4206:Fisher's principle
4166:Great ape language
4156:Cultural evolution
4125:Philosophy of mind
3958:Division of labour
3920:Westermarck effect
3868:Mating preferences
3778:Distracted driving
3512:Literary criticism
3369:Domain specificity
3349:modularity of mind
3007:Attachment therapy
2986:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1940:Debonding and loss
1898:
1889:Interpersonal ties
1800:endogenous opiates
1699:Society of Friends
1690:
1638:
1582:
1537:
861:Unconditional love
718:Compassionate love
690:
432:marital separation
4444:Attachment theory
4431:
4430:
4409:Psychology portal
4373:
4372:
4216:Hologenome theory
4186:Unit of selection
4181:Primate cognition
4095:Cognitive science
4026:
4025:
3897:Sexual attraction
3873:Mating strategies
3638:Cinderella effect
3568:Moral foundations
3472:Visual perception
3364:Domain generality
3333:Facial expression
3281:Sexual dimorphism
3240:Natural selection
3186:Hamiltonian spite
3062:
3061:
2919:Notable theorists
2880:Attachment theory
2836:Attachment theory
2547:. Vintage Books.
2472:on 17 August 2011
2251:Chicago: Aldine.
2207:, 21(4), 203–228.
2205:Child Development
2002:Traumatic bonding
1992:Social connection
1946:uncoupling theory
1866:gestation periods
1694:human–animal bond
1635:father–child bond
1549:attachment theory
1527:Attachment theory
1486:Affectional bond:
1475:limerent reaction
1418:chemical equation
1414:chemical affinity
1313:social connection
1286:
1285:
662:
661:
619:Power and control
343:
342:
339:
338:
211:Significant other
191:Mixed-orientation
51:
16:(Redirected from
4471:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4035:
4034:
4031:Related subjects
3818:Adult attachment
3345:Cognitive module
3301:
3300:
3288:Social selection
3262:Costly signaling
3257:Sexual selection
3144:Modern synthesis
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3012:Candace Newmaker
2931:William E. Blatz
2850:Affectional bond
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2655:
2649:
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2640:
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2540:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2468:. Archived from
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2417:(12): e0208280.
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2364:
2360:
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2351:
2345:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2217:Kaye, K (1982).
2214:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2141:. Fusion Press.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
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2102:
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2085:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2019:
1977:Limbic resonance
1906:Mark Granovetter
1793:neurotransmitter
1625:Paternal bonding
1559:Maternal bonding
1553:affectional bond
1523:Affectional bond
1512:Parental bonding
1467:limerence theory
1391:, that the term
1278:
1271:
1264:
1143:Mamihlapinatapai
1133:
1119:
1110:
1096:
1080:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
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932:
918:
909:
664:
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640:
205:
204:
62:
61:
45:
39:
32:
31:
21:
4479:
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4474:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4369:
4355:Neoevolutionism
4262:
4246:Species complex
4211:Group selection
4149:Research topics
4144:
4120:Neuropsychology
4022:
4008:Substance abuse
3930:Sex differences
3924:
3838:Coolidge effect
3799:
3711:Neuroergonomics
3676:
3667:
3591:
3493:
3427:Folk psychology
3308:
3292:
3162:
3155:
3098:
3093:
3063:
3058:
3042:
3016:
2990:
2914:
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2789:
2747:
2726:
2721:
2719:Further reading
2716:
2715:
2708:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2666:Wayback Machine
2656:
2652:
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2605:
2600:
2596:
2583:
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2514:Wayback Machine
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2342:Wayback Machine
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2095:
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2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:Naugle, David.
2043:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1962:
1942:
1925:social networks
1891:
1885:
1850:
1844:
1824:androstenedione
1753:
1682:
1674:Main articles:
1672:
1648:
1640:Main articles:
1627:
1598:parasympathetic
1567:
1561:
1529:
1521:Main articles:
1519:
1514:
1463:
1457:
1445:animal monogamy
1432:
1426:
1352:
1282:
1253:
1252:
1216:Religious views
1206:Valentine's Day
1194:in Christianity
1159:
1151:
1150:
879:
871:
870:
866:Unrequited love
745:Falling in love
698:
658:
629:
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579:
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564:Sexual activity
527:
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297:Mutual monogamy
178:
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3738:Mind-blindness
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3431:theory of mind
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3198:Baldwin effect
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2926:Mary Ainsworth
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2787:External links
2785:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2768:, 1, 138–154.
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2194:, 90, 455–463.
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2122:
2104:
2101:. Basic Books.
2089:
2080:
2062:
2037:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1941:
1938:
1914:covalent bonds
1910:hydrogen bonds
1887:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1846:Main article:
1843:
1840:
1752:
1749:
1671:
1668:
1652:paternal bonds
1626:
1623:
1575:breast feeding
1563:Main article:
1560:
1557:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1471:Dorothy Tennov
1459:Main article:
1456:
1453:
1428:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1387:wrote, in his
1351:
1348:
1340:female bonding
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1184:Love of Christ
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943:words for love
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792:Love addiction
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378:Bachelor's Day
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184:Group marriage
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4350:Neo-Darwinism
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4335:Functionalism
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4319:
4316:
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4309:
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4304:
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4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Connectionism
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:indeterminism
4280:
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4269:
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4003:Schizophrenia
4001:
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3988:Mental health
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3863:Mate guarding
3861:
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3849:
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3834:
3831:
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3824:
3823:Age disparity
3821:
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3810:
3808:
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3753:Schizophrenia
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3678:Mental health
3674:
3673:Human factors
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3663:Socialization
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3623:paternal bond
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3500:
3496:
3488:
3487:NaĂŻve physics
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
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3453:Motor control
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3442:
3439:
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3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3416:
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3411:Ophidiophobia
3409:
3407:
3404:
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3401:Arachnophobia
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3329:
3328:Display rules
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3243:
3241:
3238:
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3233:
3231:
3230:Kin selection
3228:
3224:
3221:
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3216:
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3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
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3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Adaptationism
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3090:
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3067:
3055:
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3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
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3026:
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3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Konrad Lorenz
2969:
2967:
2966:Melanie Klein
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Sigmund Freud
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Human bonding
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
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2797:
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2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2739:0-7923-7478-9
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2707:0-679-73002-8
2703:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
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2645:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2554:0-679-76183-7
2550:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2490:
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2391:9780815634065
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2297:
2293:
2289:
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2270:
2264:
2258:
2257:0-202-30361-6
2254:
2250:
2244:
2236:
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2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2148:1-901250-54-7
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2123:0-415-04326-3
2119:
2116:. Routledge.
2115:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2030:
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2018:
2014:
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2000:
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1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:limbic system
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:breastfeeding
1770:
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1758:
1748:
1744:
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1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
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1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1680:Anthrozoology
1677:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:Paternal bond
1636:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:Breastfeeding
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:maternal bond
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:Maternal bond
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:According to
1462:
1455:Limerent bond
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
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1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
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1357:
1347:
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1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:Human bonding
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
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1234:
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1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
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1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
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1177:
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1125:
1123:
1118:
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1103:
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1100:
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1038:
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1023:
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982:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Platonic love
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Love triangle
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
723:Conjugal love
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:Types of love
694:
693:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
666:
665:
655:
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648:
643:
641:
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607:
605:
602:
600:
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592:
591:
588:
583:
582:
575:
572:
570:
569:Transgression
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:
545:
543:
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502:Unconditional
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42:Relationships
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4420:
4407:
4394:
4381:
4140:Sociobiology
3998:Neuroscience
3978:Intelligence
3609:
3524:Anthropology
3477:Color vision
3462:Multitasking
3441:Flynn effect
3436:Intelligence
3418:Folk biology
3161:Evolutionary
2961:Jerome Kagan
2956:Harry Harlow
2946:Erik Erikson
2894:
2779:
2765:
2758:
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2730:
2695:
2687:
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2521:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2459:
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2107:
2098:
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2083:
2074:
2053:. Retrieved
2040:
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2021:
2017:
1950:
1943:
1930:alexithymics
1922:
1917:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1851:
1828:Testosterone
1816:progesterone
1804:
1785:
1754:
1751:Neurobiology
1745:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1701:established
1693:
1691:
1664:progesterone
1661:
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1503:
1497:
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1478:
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1466:
1464:
1435:
1433:
1424:Pair bonding
1403:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1336:Male bonding
1317:
1288:
1287:
1233:Sacred Heart
1221:love deities
1141:
929:Amour-propre
878:Social views
853:Amour de soi
851:
807:Lovesickness
728:Courtly love
713:Broken heart
707:
357:
307:Polyfidelity
292:Non-monogamy
236:Life partner
226:Cohabitation
29:
4279:Determinism
4191:Coevolution
4135:Primatology
3973:Gender role
3878:Orientation
3758:Screen time
3615:Affectional
3597:Development
3276:Mate choice
3203:By-products
3171:Adaptations
3134:Cognitivism
2995:Controversy
2936:John Bowlby
2294:(1): 7–15.
2055:14 November
1982:Propinquity
1764:vasopressin
1715:World War I
1703:The Retreat
1541:John Bowlby
1410:quicksilver
1350:Early views
1305:interactive
1189:Love of God
1179:Love letter
1169:Bhakti yoga
1124:Portuguese
738:troubadours
532:Bride price
390:Meet market
321:Concubinage
106:Grandparent
4438:Categories
4226:Population
4221:Lamarckism
4067:behavioral
4045:Behavioral
3993:Narcissism
3938:Aggression
3728:Hypophobia
3718:Depression
3605:Attachment
3587:Universals
3551:Psychology
3529:Biological
3517:Musicology
3507:Aesthetics
3406:Basophobia
3213:Exaptation
3191:Reciprocal
2981:René Spitz
2592:, 931–936.
2575:, 313–395.
2533:, 779–818.
2234:0226428486
2009:References
1596:increases
1517:Attachment
1440:monogamous
1320:attachment
1238:Similarity
1211:Philosophy
1201:Love magic
896:Patriotism
832:Puppy love
812:Lovestruck
750:Friendship
574:Repression
559:Infidelity
472:Attachment
373:Engagement
352:Activities
246:Friendship
221:Girlfriend
199:Partner(s)
4071:cognitive
4063:Affective
3948:Cognition
3902:Sexuality
3888:Pair bond
3648:Education
3305:Cognition
3223:Inclusive
3163:processes
3151:Criticism
2976:Mary Main
2774:1474-7049
2505:Article:
2316:214766685
1997:Socionics
1883:Weak ties
1853:Prolactin
1848:Prolactin
1842:Prolactin
1812:estradiol
1594:lactation
1573:A mother
1506:limerence
1461:Limerence
1436:pair bond
1434:The term
1430:Pair bond
1361:Symposium
1328:affection
986:Philautia
889:Free love
884:Anarchist
847:Self-love
787:Limerence
755:cross-sex
733:courtship
703:Affection
554:Hypergamy
526:Practices
514:Sexuality
487:Limerence
447:Widowhood
437:Annulment
363:Courtship
326:Courtesan
302:Polyamory
254:cross-sex
216:Boyfriend
167:Polyandry
4340:Memetics
4100:Ethology
4058:genetics
3893:Physical
3858:Jealousy
3813:Activity
3619:maternal
3575:Religion
3563:Morality
3541:Language
3422:taxonomy
3235:Mismatch
3181:Cheating
3176:Altruism
2745:Articles
2662:Archived
2620:337–351.
2510:Archived
2451:30513112
2411:PLOS ONE
2363:265–273.
2338:Archived
2312:ProQuest
2308:58400000
2273:BBC News
1960:See also
1836:cortisol
1796:dopamine
1781:cortisol
1760:oxytocin
1757:hormones
1741:oxytocin
1590:oxytocin
1449:polygyny
1398:In 1809
1370:universe
1366:kingdoms
1326:such as
1324:emotions
1158:Concepts
1071:Islamic
900:Chinese
782:Intimacy
760:romantic
669:a series
667:Part of
624:Stalking
604:Domestic
497:Platonic
482:Jealousy
477:Intimacy
467:Affinity
331:Mistress
316:Cicisbeo
287:Monogamy
268:Intimate
250:romantic
231:Same-sex
172:Polygyny
162:Polygamy
126:marriage
70:adoptive
4241:Species
4013:Suicide
3848:Fantasy
3828:Arousal
3610:Bonding
3499:Culture
3323:Display
3310:Emotion
3218:Fitness
3107:History
2780:Express
2630:513–518
2442:6279040
2419:Bibcode
1902:Harvard
1602:anxiety
1592:during
1393:bondage
1385:Spinoza
1138:Yaghan
1130:Saudade
1116:Caritas
1039:Indian
923:French
915:Yuanfen
842:Romance
817:Passion
708:Bonding
609:Elderly
547:service
509:Passion
442:Divorce
423:Breakup
417:Endings
405:Wedding
395:Romance
358:Bonding
248: (
141:Husband
111:Sibling
79:Kinship
66:Genetic
48:Outline
4419:
4406:
4393:
3983:Memory
3943:Autism
3910:female
3843:Desire
3580:Origin
3556:Speech
3546:Origin
3318:Affect
3047:Others
2843:Theory
2772:
2737:
2704:
2682:23–32.
2551:
2476:4 June
2449:
2439:
2388:
2314:
2306:
2255:
2231:
2145:
2120:
1822:, and
1791:, the
1309:liking
1301:people
1297:people
1101:Latin
1093:Chesed
1086:Jewish
1063:Maitrī
1054:Bhakti
1022:Storgḗ
1013:Pragma
1004:Philos
995:Philia
599:Dating
385:Mating
368:Dating
282:Casual
272:sexual
136:Spouse
116:Cousin
99:mother
94:father
89:Parent
84:Family
3953:Crime
3536:Crime
3467:Sleep
3457:skill
3297:Areas
2724:Books
2304:S2CID
2050:(PDF)
2024:1971.
1953:grief
1820:DHEAS
1769:labor
1479:bonds
1356:Plato
1332:trust
1031:Xenia
977:Mania
968:Ludus
950:Agape
938:Greek
594:Child
587:Abuse
542:dowry
537:dower
428:Legal
58:Types
4464:Love
3906:male
3267:Male
2770:ISSN
2735:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2478:2011
2447:PMID
2386:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2161:See
2143:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2057:2021
1830:and
1771:and
1762:and
1692:The
1678:and
1644:and
1525:and
1330:and
1107:Amor
1077:Ishq
1045:Kama
959:Eros
765:zone
677:Love
492:Love
270:and
258:zone
146:Wife
3805:Sex
3482:Eye
2668:."
2437:PMC
2427:doi
2296:doi
2225:261
1832:FSH
1676:Pet
906:Ren
124:By
68:or
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2573:28
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2324:^
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671:on
256:/
252:/
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