1616:
929:
1066:
720:
895:, states that Hulegu starved the caliph to death, but there is no corroborating evidence for that. Most historians believe the Mongol and Muslim accounts that the caliph was rolled up in a rug and the Mongols rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth would be offended if touched by royal blood. All but one of his sons were killed. Baghdad was a depopulated, ruined city for several centuries. Smaller states in the region hastened to reassure Hulegu of their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to
873:
234:
1125:
53:
1668:. Hulegu's conquests also opened Iran to both European influence from the west and buddhist influence from the east. Thus, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under Hulegu's dynasty, Iranian historians began writing in Persian rather than Arabic. It is recorded however that he converted to
728:
1101:, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baybars and his troops, decided to march forwards with all his troops on the trail of the fleeing Egyptians. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians appeared from hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded by enemy forces as the hidden troops hit them from the sides and
1163:
Even while Berke was Muslim, out of Mongol brotherhood he at first resisted the idea of fighting Hulegu. He said, "Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world." But the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the
Ilkhanate
2115:
This called for the employment of engineers to engage in mining operations, to build siege engines and artillery, and to concoct and use incendiary and explosive devices. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a
1248:
Despite many attempts, neither Hulegu nor his successors were able to form an alliance with Europe, although Mongol culture in the West was in vogue in the 13th century. Many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Hulegu: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone
1105:
attacked the Mongol rear. Estimates of the size of the
Egyptian army range from 24,000 to 120,000. The Mongols broke free of the trap and even mounted a temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers had been depleted to the point that the outcome was inevitable. Refusing to surrender, the
880:
Death counts vary widely and cannot be easily substantiated: A low estimate is about 90,000 dead; higher estimates range from 200,000 to a million. The
Mongols looted and then destroyed. Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitalsâgrand buildings that had been the work of generationsâwere burned to the
1050:
had sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by the
Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against the Mongols. Although the Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognized the Mongols as the more immediate menace. Instead of
1018:
in Cairo demanding that Qutuz open his city or it would be destroyed like
Baghdad. Then, because food and fodder in Syria had become insufficient to supply his full force, and because it was a regular Mongol practice to move troops to the cooler highlands for the summer, Hulegu withdrew his main
1237:
From the head of the Mongol army, anxious to devastate the perfidious nation of the
Saracens, with the good-will support of the Christian faith (...) so that you, who are the rulers of the coasts on the other side of the sea, endeavor to deny a refuge for the Infidels, your enemies and ours, by
1870:"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets".
850:, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in the Baghdad army took place and Siege of Baghdad began. The attacking Mongols broke dikes and flooded the ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned.
861:. The battle was short by siege standards. By 5 February the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. The caliph tried to negotiate but was refused. On 10 February Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on 13 February and began a week of destruction. The
1051:
taking sides, the
Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces. In an unusual move, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks to march northward without hindrance through Crusader territory and even let them camp near Acre to resupply.
1023:, accompanied by Armenian, Georgian, and Frankish volunteers, which Hulegu considered sufficient. Hulegu then personally departed for Mongolia to play his role in the imperial succession conflict occasioned by the death some eight months earlier of
1148:. Berke Khan, a Muslim convert and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had promised retribution in his rage after Hulegu's sack of Baghdad and allied himself with the Mamluks. He initiated a large series of raids on Hulegu's territories, led by
845:
Hulegu's Mongol army set out for
Baghdad in November 1257. Once near the city he divided his forces to threaten the city on both the east and west banks of the Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph,
1139:
was established as Great Khan, Hulegu returned to his lands by 1262. When he massed his armies to attack the
Mamluks and avenge the defeat at Ain Jalut, however, he was instead drawn into civil war with
2127:"In May 1260, a Syrian painter gave a new twist to the iconography of the Exaltation of the Cross by showing Constantine and Helena with the features of Hulegu and his Christian wife Doquz Khatun" in
1038:
The
Mongols, for their part, attempted to form a Frankish-Mongol alliance with (or at least, demand the submission of) the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre, but
361:
1035:
in Syria, who not only needed to protect his own future from the Mongols but was eager to avenge for Islam the Mongol capture of Damascus, looting of Baghdad, and conquest of Syria.
1164:
led him to declare jihad because the Ilkhanids were hogging the wealth of North Iran and because of the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde not to sell slaves to the Mamluks.
785:
of Egypt. Möngke ordered Hulegu to treat kindly those who submitted and utterly destroy those who did not. Hulegu vigorously carried out the latter part of these instructions.
1680:
testifies his interest in that religion. Recent translations of various Tibetan monks' letters and epistles to Hulegu confirms that he was a lifelong Buddhist, following the
2371:"Oirats in the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Thirteenth to the Early Fifteenth Centuries: Two Cases of Assimilation into the Muslim Environment (MSR XIX, 2016)"
750:
charged Hulegu with leading a massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulegu's campaign sought the subjugation of the
1007:, had been killed by Hulegu this same year. With Baghdad ravaged and Damascus weakened, the center of Islamic power shifted to the Mamluk sultan's capital of Cairo.
3076:
354:
788:
Hulegu marched out with perhaps the largest Mongol army ever assembled â by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting men were gathered for Hulegu's
1156:
in 1263. This was the first open war between Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for his failure, Hulegu killed Berke's
3004:
347:
1031:
quickly assembled his well-trained and equipped 20,000-strong army at Cairo and invaded Palestine. He then allied himself with a fellow Mamluk leader,
3071:
1233:, Austria. The letter stated Hulegu's intention to capture Jerusalem for the benefit of the Pope and asked for Louis to send a fleet against Egypt:
3947:
2591:
1382:
Manggugan Khatun â married firstly to her cousin Chakar GĂŒregen (son of Buqa Timur and niece of Ăljei Khatun), married secondly to his son Taraghai
3410:
2492:"Letters for the Khans: Six Tibetan Epistles for the Mongol Rulers Hulegu and Khubilai, and the Tibetan Lama Pagpa. Co-authored with Jampa Samten"
876:
Hulegu (left) imprisons the Caliph among his treasures to starve him to death. Medieval depiction from "Le livre des merveilles", 15th century.
1229:, offering an alliance. It is unclear whether the letter ever reached Louis IX in Paris â the only manuscript known to have survived was in
3554:
1718:
1178:
Hulegu's mother Sorghaghtani successfully navigated Mongol politics, arranging for all of her sons to become Mongol leaders. She was a
637:
3322:
3314:
430:
404:
1293:
Bulughan agha â married Jorma GĂŒregen, son of Jochi (from Tatar tribe, brother of Nukdan khatun) and Chechagan Khatun, daughter of
2801:
4035:
3562:
642:
3618:
2663:
2292:
2021:
1333:
Todogaj Khatun â married to Tengiz GĂŒregen, married secondly to Sulamish his son, married thirdly to Chichak, son of Sulamish
662:
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991:
The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful dynasty that had ruled large parts of the
3645:
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had hidden the bulk of their forces in the hills to wait in ambush for the Mongols to come into range. The Mongol leader
755:
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and numerous mosques were profaned. Many historical accounts describe the three Christian rulers Hethum, Bohemond, and
480:
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2139:
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1940:
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1110:, were cut down and killed that day. The battle of Ain Jalut established a high-water mark for the Mongol conquest.
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laid siege to the city on 29 January 1258, constructing a palisade and a ditch and wheeling up siege engines and
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In 1260 Mongol forces combined with those of their Christian vassals in the region, including the army of the
881:
ground. The caliph was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered.
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and his forces proceeded southeast toward the 'Spring of Goliath' (Known in Arabic as 'Ain Jalut') in the
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Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".
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and an embassy to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy was apparently intercepted in Sicily by
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865:, containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to
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in 1255. He easily destroyed the Lurs, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of
782:
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321:
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1207:
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667:
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309:
28:
1965:
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without a fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people in early 1256. He chose
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Deep Ditches and Well-Built Walls: a Reappraisal of the Mongol Withdrawal from Europe in 1242
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2013:
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2735:
2540:(Adventure, Comedy), Orhan GĂŒnsiray, Fatma Girik, TĂŒlay Akatlar, ĂztĂŒrk Serengil, Yerli Film
1632:
Hulegu Khan fell seriously ill in January 1265 and died the following month on the banks of
1459:
Arighan Agachi (d. 8 February 1265) â daughter of Tengiz GĂŒregen; from camp of Qutui Khatun
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entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though some modern historians such as
928:
2116:
thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance.
1615:
1042:
had forbidden such an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased when
2833:
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1226:
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888:
313:
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2017:
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Qutluqqan Khatun â married firstly to Yesu Buqa GĂŒregen, son of Urughtu Noyan of the
1518:
1471:
1448:
Eshil â married to Tuq TemĂŒr and then his brother (son of Abdullah Aqa, a general of
1089:
and fought relentlessly for many hours. The Mamluk leader Baybars mostly implemented
1039:
1000:
869:, was destroyed. Citizens attempted to flee but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers.
801:
759:
688:
274:
210:
171:
2370:
1960:
1892:
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in 1259, conquering the Ayyubid dynasty and sending advance patrols as far ahead as
699:
in 1217. Nothing much is known of Hulegu's childhood except of an anecdote given in
3693:
3653:
3106:
2626:. Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.
2535:
2409:
2381:
2255:
1928:
1835:
1817:
1437:
1412:
1019:
force to Iran near Azerbaijan, leaving behind one tumen (10,000 men or less) under
937:
442:
20:
2259:
1046:
caused an incident resulting in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered,
3787:
2717:
2653:
2597:
Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700 A.D.
1827:
1661:
1645:
1014:
toward Cairo. So he had a threatening letter delivered by an envoy to the Mamluk
941:
862:
847:
767:
732:
727:
329:
719:
591:
339:
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2706:
2632:
A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1633:
1082:
1043:
1004:
973:
521:
118:
69:
19:
This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate. For the Chagatai khan, see
3800:
3774:
2740:, by Nicolas Kinloch, published in History Today, Volume 67 Issue 6 June 2017.
1703:. His reign as the ruler of Ilkhanate was peaceful and tolerant to diversity.
1024:
747:
743:
286:
4004:
3861:
3792:
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2917:
2810:
2674:
The Mughal Emperors And the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia
2454:
The Mughal Emperors And The Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia
2217:
2031:
1730:
1496:
1215:
1198:. Hulegu sent multiple communications to Europe in an attempt to establish a
779:
297:
3856:
1932:
1514:
Yeshichin Agachi, a lady from the KĂŒr'lĂŒĂŒt tribe; from camp of Qutui Khatun
1265:
Hulegu had fourteen wives and concubines with at least 21 issues with them:
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1726:
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1637:
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1403:
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1310:
1302:
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1074:
960:. This force conquered Muslim Syria, a domain of the Ayyubid dynasty. They
704:
278:
262:
158:
150:
129:
3206:
2413:
2007:
282:
3927:
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2701:
2009:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominanceâand Why They Fall
1366:Ăljei Khatun â half-sister of Guyuk, daughter of Toralchi GĂŒregen of the
1281:
1136:
1027:. But upon receiving news of how few Mongols now remained in the region,
821:
805:
793:
708:
290:
2079:
New Yorker, April 25, 2005, Ian Frazier, "Invaders - Destroying Baghdad"
1152:. Hulegu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the
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1149:
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133:
87:
2577:
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
1925:
Buddhism in Iran: An Anthropological Approach to Traces and Influences
1379:
Jamai Khatun â married Jorma GĂŒregen after her sister Bulughan's death
1093:
in an attempt to lure the Mongol forces into chasing him. Baybars and
3841:
3831:
3196:
3176:
3171:
3130:
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2385:
2235:(Master's thesis). Royal Holloway University of London. pp. 7â9.
1923:
Vaziri, Mostafa (2012). "Buddhism during the Mongol Period in Iran".
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1535:
1502:
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301:
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Mediating Sacred Kingship: Conversion and Sovereignty in Mongol Iran
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on 1 March 1260. A Christian Mass was celebrated in the
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A daughter (married to Esen Buqa GĂŒregen, son of Noqai Yarghuchi)
1506:
1427:
1416:
1408:
1357:
1327:
1287:
1195:
1186:(often referred to as "Nestorianism") and Hulegu was friendly to
1107:
1098:
1047:
1032:
1020:
977:
965:
872:
854:
809:
763:
696:
258:
185:
2779:
1426:
Tuqtani (or Toqiyatai) Egechi (d. 20 February 1292) â sister of
3917:
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3221:
3191:
3151:
2901:
2861:
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2851:
2841:
2233:
In What Sense Can Ayn Jalut be Viewed as a Decisive Engagement?
1843:
1542:
1481:
1475:
1399:
1367:
1339:
1277:
1254:
1250:
1230:
1194:, was also a Christian, as was his closest friend and general,
1157:
992:
910:
accompanied the Hulegu during his conquest of the Middle East.
907:
817:
797:
736:
296:
Hulegu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the
233:
227:
24:
1338:
Yesunchin Khatun (d. January/February 1272) â a lady from the
1124:
52:
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3942:
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3826:
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whole Mongol army that had remained in the region, including
1102:
1094:
1078:
1028:
1015:
996:
896:
771:
684:
325:
266:
200:
3347:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
1573:
Taraghai Khatun â married to Taghai Timur (renamed Musa) of
1276:
before reaching Iran) â daughter of Toralchi GĂŒregen of the
3912:
3866:
3226:
3156:
2496:
Trails of The Tibetan Tradition: Papers for Elliot Sperling
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1665:
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751:
305:
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against the Muslims. In 1262, he sent his secretary
2459:
1644:. His funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to feature
2156:
1794:
1577:(son of Shigu GĂŒregen) and TemĂŒlun Khatun (daughter of
756:
destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins)
2471:
2350:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2212:(Master's thesis). University of Calgary. p. 32.
3077:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2046:"Six Essays from the Book of Commentaries on Euclid"
1894:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
808:
to retreat to Anatolia. From at least 1257 onwards,
778:, and finally, the submission or destruction of the
2579:. Cambridge University Press; Reissue ed., (1968).
2287:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 186â.
2180:
1073:When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the
2562:The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1891:
1421:Tubshin â Viceroy of Khorasan during Abaqa's reign
1085:. They met the Mongol army of about 12,000 in the
3072:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1135:After the succession was settled and his brother
1010:Hulegu intended to send forces southward through
932:Hulegu and Queen Doquz Qatun depicted as the new
369:
4002:
1695:. Another of his proteges were Juvayni brothers
1238:having your subjects diligently patrol the seas.
1221:On 10 April 1262, Hulegu sent a letter, through
3492:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2280:
1593:tribe, married secondly Tukel, son of Yesu Buqa
1385:Baba Khatun â married to Lagzi GĂŒregen, son of
2093:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
320:, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the
2795:
2343:Letter from Hulegu to Saint Louis, quoted in
2274:
2089:
1749:Portrayed by Zhang Jingda and Zhang Bolun in
1551:Kuchuk (died in infancy after a long illness)
1167:
355:
2975:
2618:. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint ed., 1990.
2489:
2435:
1971:
1664:state, and ultimately the modern country of
1433:Boraqchin Agachi, from camp of Qutui Khatun
2090:Josef W. Meri (2005). Josef W. Meri (ed.).
1927:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 111â131.
913:
2802:
2788:
2121:
1822:
1812:
746:had been installed as Great Khan in 1251.
362:
348:
51:
2704:, appeared in the 25 April 2005 issue of
2590:
2465:
16:Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. 1217â1265)
2629:
2245:
2165:
1889:
1672:as he neared death, against the will of
1656:Hulegu Khan laid the foundations of the
1636:(then called Jaghatu) and was buried on
1614:
1123:
1064:
927:
871:
726:
718:
2648:
2477:
2356:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2186:
1676:. The erection of a Buddhist temple at
766:, the submission or destruction of the
758:, the submission or destruction of the
4003:
3422:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3381:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2533:
2230:
1922:
1852:
1598:A concubine from Qutui Khatun's camp:
1376:(b. 23 October 1256, d. 26 April 1282)
1218:, and Rychaldus was returned by ship.
1054:
906:A thousand squads of northern Chinese
3741:
3252:
2974:
2821:
2783:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2368:
1660:and thus paved the way for the later
1462:Ajai (d. February 1265) â Viceroy of
1128:Coin of Hulegu, with the symbol of a
714:
343:
113:
3253:
3005:Administrative divisions and vassals
2005:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1898:. Rutgers University Press. p.
1309:tribe and TĂŒmelĂŒn behi (daughter of
1160:, and Berke did the same in return.
816:of every major religious variety in
310:Mongols sacked and destroyed Baghdad
3272:
2676:. Thames and Hudson Limited; 2007.
2655:The Mongols and the West: 1221â1410
2490:Martin, Dan; Samten, Jampa (2014).
2284:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
2207:
2038:
1994:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1831:
1821:
1706:
1548:Suleiman (executed with his father)
834:
13:
2392:
1999:
1586:Mangligach Agachi (Tribe unknown)
1243:Letter from Hulegu to Saint Louis.
853:The Mongols under Chinese general
804:as his power base, while ordering
687:, one of Genghis Khan's sons, and
14:
4077:
2809:
2687:
2518:
2129:Cambridge History of Christianity
2096:. Psychology Press. p. 510.
1949:
1648:. His tomb has never been found.
1538:tribe; from camp of Dokuz Khatun
1320:Takshin (d. 12 September 1270 of
964:and, under the Christian general
308:. Under Hulegu's leadership, the
2534:Yilmaz, Atif (10 October 1962),
1621:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
1505:(executed on 18 January 1284 by
1290:(died en route to Iran in 1270s)
703:and he once met his grandfather
232:
2822:
2560:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
2527:
2512:
2483:
2446:
2429:
2420:
2362:
2337:
2239:
2224:
2201:
2192:
2171:
2144:
2083:
2072:
1864:
2634:. Cambridge University Press.
2554:
2153:N. 184 JulyâAugust 2008, p. 43
2063:
1983:
1916:
1883:
1848:
1766:
1719:Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
984:have questioned this story as
920:Mongol invasions of the Levant
831:were a part of Hulegu's army.
42:
23:. For the Xiongnu chanyu, see
1:
4036:13th-century monarchs in Asia
3992:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3689:Division of the Mongol Empire
2260:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
2208:Pow, Lindsey Stephen (2012).
2131:Vol. 5 Michael Angold p. 387
1877:
1570:Irqan Agachi (Tribe unknown)
1557:Qutluq Buqa (died in infancy)
1440:on his way to Iran in 1260s)
1398:Nogachin Aghchi, a lady from
1305:â daughter of Chigu Noyan of
335:
2728:to Hulegu and his attack on
1534:El Agachi â a lady from the
1499:, from camp of Dokuz Khatun
1113:
261:ruler who conquered much of
7:
4046:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs
2939:Manghit / Mangudai
2696:about Hulegu's conquest of
2494:. In Roberto Vitali (ed.).
2404:Brack, Jonathan Z. (2016).
2198:Atlas des Croisades, p. 108
1795:
1565:Shiba'uchi (d. Winter 1282)
1356:, daughter of Uyku (son of
950:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
924:Mongol raids into Palestine
887:, a book on the travels of
723:The siege of Alamût in 1256
177:
58:Painting of Hulegu Khan on
10:
4082:
3742:
3718:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2498:. Amnye Machen Institute.
2347:, Thierry Delcourt, p. 151
2133:Cambridge University Press
2012:(1st ed.). New York:
1811:
1491:Ajuja Agachi, a lady from
1210:, who was allied with the
1190:. Hulegu's favorite wife,
1171:
1168:Communications with Europe
1117:
1058:
917:
838:
626:Hungary and Croatia (
18:
4066:13th-century Mongol khans
3989:
3900:
3819:
3752:
3748:
3737:
3681:
3630:
3533:(1223 / 1236â40)
3479:
3456:
3439:(1257 / 1284â88)
3409:
3334:
3279:
3268:
3248:
3139:
3085:
3062:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2997:
2993:
2970:
2885:
2832:
2828:
2817:
2768:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2732:. Dated 12 November 2002.
2630:Runciman, Steven (1987).
2521:Glimpses of World History
2069:Sicker 2000, p. 111.
1839:
1776:
1752:The Legend of Kublai Khan
1651:
1260:
1003:. The last Ayyubid king,
954:Hethum I, King of Armenia
611:Poland and Bohemia (
578:
571:
552:
520:
462:
412:
391:
386:
381:
226:
216:
206:
196:
184:
170:
140:
124:
109:
97:
93:
83:
75:
68:
50:
38:
2720:compares Vice President
2658:. Taylor & Francis.
2537:Cengiz Han'in hazineleri
2369:Landa, Ishayahu (2018).
2281:Johan Elverskog (2011).
1759:
1744:Cengiz Han'ın Hazineleri
1729:in the 1956 Indian film
1627:
1527:Khabash â posthumous son
962:captured Aleppo by siege
914:Conquest of Syria (1260)
863:Grand Library of Baghdad
695:princess and a niece of
257:8 February 1265), was a
3015:Invasions and conquests
2934:Paiza / Gerege
2724:and Secretary of State
2714:An Osama bin Laden tape
2575:Boyle, J.A., (Editor).
2523:. Penguin Random House.
1979:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
1977:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven.
1933:10.1057/9781137022943_7
1890:Grousset, René (1970).
1687:Hulegu also patronized
1619:The funeral of Hulegu (
1554:Khoja (died in infancy)
1430:, niece of Dokuz Khatun
1208:Manfred, King of Sicily
1069:Hulegu leading his army
841:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
792:in 1253. He arrived at
277:, he was a grandson of
29:Halaku (disambiguation)
4026:13th-century Buddhists
3672:(1260 / 1301)
3400:(1274 / 1281)
3067:Franco-Mongol alliance
2564:. Facts on File, Inc.
2231:Corbyn, James (2015).
1691:and his researches in
1624:
1601:Toqai Timur (d. 1289)
1272:Guyuk Khatun (died in
1246:
1200:Franco-Mongol alliance
1174:Franco-Mongol alliance
1132:
1070:
958:Bohemond VI of Antioch
945:
877:
754:of southern Iran, the
739:
724:
79:1256 â 8 February 1265
60:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
27:. For other uses, see
2439:The Pageant Of Persia
2436:Henry Filmer (1937).
2378:Mamlƫk Studies Review
2050:World Digital Library
1618:
1541:Hulachu (executed by
1521:during Abaqa's reign
1517:YesĂŒder â Viceroy of
1235:
1214:and in conflict with
1127:
1068:
931:
875:
735:of Hulegu's siege of
730:
722:
62:, early 14th century.
4056:Converts to Buddhism
3563:Serbia and Bulgaria
2248:Central Asian Survey
2151:Le Monde de la Bible
1990:John Joseph Saunders
1966:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
1701:Shams al-Din Juvayni
1693:Maragheh observatory
1322:urinary incontinence
372:Mongol invasions and
4051:Mongolian Buddhists
3810:Khagans of the Yuan
3539:Poland and Bohemia
3315:Khwarazmian Empire
3040:Society and economy
2672:Robinson, Francis.
2519:Nehru, Jawaharlal.
1806:'Surplus';
1480:Ildar (executed by
1091:hit-and-run tactics
1087:Battle of Ain Jalut
1061:Battle of Ain Jalut
1055:Battle of Ain Jalut
683:Hulegu was born to
643:Bulgaria and Serbia
3555:Holy Roman Empire
3010:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2452:Francis Robinson,
2006:Chua, Amy (2007).
1625:
1436:Taraghai (died by
1249:(Hulegu), Argone (
1227:Louis IX of France
1223:John the Hungarian
1184:Church of the East
1133:
1071:
956:and the Franks of
946:
878:
740:
725:
715:Military campaigns
314:Islamic Golden Age
4061:Founding monarchs
3998:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3710:KaiduâKublai war
3702:BerkeâHulagu war
3694:Toluid Civil War
3475:
3474:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3047:House of Borjigin
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2778:
2777:
2769:Succeeded by
2737:Hulegu the Mongol
2665:978-1-317-87898-8
2456:, pp. 19 & 36
2294:978-0-8122-0531-2
2023:978-0-385-51284-8
1805:
1793:
1689:Nasir al-Din Tusi
1545:in October 1289)
1268:Principal wives:
1040:Pope Alexander IV
1025:Great Khan Möngke
1001:Arabian Peninsula
783:Mamluke Sultanate
760:Abbasid Caliphate
742:Hulegu's brother
701:Jami' al-Tawarikh
691:, an influential
689:Sorghaghtani Beki
680:
679:
675:
674:
638:Holy Roman Empire
275:Sorghaghtani Beki
240:
239:
211:Sorghaghtani Beki
63:
4073:
4031:Il-Khan emperors
3796:
3783:
3780:Töregene Khatun
3770:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3467:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3401:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3300:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3250:
3249:
3212:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3202:Sarai Batu/Berke
3107:Chagatai Khanate
2995:
2994:
2972:
2971:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2752:Preceded by
2744:
2743:
2669:
2645:
2611:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2386:10.6082/M1B27SG2
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2177:Grousset, p. 588
2175:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1887:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1770:
1707:In popular media
1662:Safavid dynastic
1474:during reign of
1466:during reign of
1438:lightning strike
1257:) are recorded.
1253:), and Cassano (
1244:
1212:Mamluk Sultanate
1120:BerkeâHulagu war
835:Siege of Baghdad
658:Byzantine Thrace
384:
383:
376:
364:
357:
350:
341:
340:
322:Mamluk Sultanate
256:
245:, also known as
236:
115:
57:
55:
44:
36:
35:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3977:
3896:
3815:
3794:
3781:
3768:
3744:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3515:Volga Bulgaria
3508:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3471:
3465:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3370:Southern China
3363:
3355:
3354:Northern China
3346:
3344:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3298:
3290:
3264:
3263:
3236:
3135:
3112:House of Ăgedei
3081:
3052:House of Ăgedei
3020:Destructiveness
2989:
2988:
2958:
2895:
2881:
2824:
2813:
2808:
2774:
2765:
2757:
2718:Osama bin Laden
2690:
2666:
2642:
2614:Morgan, David.
2608:
2600:Da Capo Press.
2592:Hildinger, Erik
2557:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2402:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2126:
2122:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2024:
2016:. p. 111.
2004:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1959:
1950:
1943:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1796:Huâleguâ/QĂŒlegĂŒ
1782:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1740:ĂztĂŒrk Serengil
1709:
1654:
1646:human sacrifice
1630:
1402:; from camp of
1360:) and widow of
1263:
1245:
1242:
1176:
1170:
1122:
1116:
1063:
1057:
1044:Julian of Sidon
926:
916:
843:
837:
733:Mughal painting
717:
681:
676:
553:Other invasions
377:
373:
370:
368:
338:
330:Abbasid Dynasty
300:, founding the
281:and brother of
254:
166:
155:Yesuncin Khatun
136:
117:
114:8 February 1265
102:
64:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4079:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
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3930:
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3915:
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3904:
3902:
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3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
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3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3793:Oghul Qaimish
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
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3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
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3651:
3643:
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3632:
3628:
3627:
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3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Mongol Armenia
3054:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
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2879:
2874:
2869:
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2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:Regnal titles
2742:
2741:
2733:
2711:
2707:The New Yorker
2694:A long article
2689:
2688:External links
2686:
2685:
2684:
2670:
2664:
2650:Jackson, Peter
2646:
2640:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2588:
2573:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2526:
2511:
2504:
2482:
2480:, p. 176.
2470:
2468:, p. 148.
2466:Hildinger 1997
2458:
2445:
2442:. p. 224.
2428:
2426:Morgan, p. 139
2419:
2414:2027.42/133445
2391:
2361:
2359:, p. 315.
2349:
2336:
2334:, p. 166.
2324:
2322:, p. 178.
2312:
2310:, p. 173.
2300:
2293:
2273:
2254:(4): 531â547.
2238:
2223:
2200:
2191:
2179:
2170:
2168:, p. 307.
2155:
2143:
2120:
2102:
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2071:
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2037:
2022:
1998:
1982:
1970:
1948:
1941:
1915:
1908:
1881:
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1761:
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1723:
1708:
1705:
1653:
1650:
1634:Zarrineh River
1629:
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1612:
1611:
1610:
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1300:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1262:
1259:
1240:
1169:
1166:
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1083:Jezreel Valley
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1005:An-Nasir Yusuf
974:Umayyad Mosque
915:
912:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
768:Ayyubid states
716:
713:
678:
677:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
624:
609:
604:
599:
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589:
587:Volga Bulgaria
584:
576:
575:
569:
568:
567:
566:
561:
554:
550:
549:
548:
547:
542:
531:
524:
522:Southeast Asia
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
466:
460:
459:
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455:
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439:
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428:
423:
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410:
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402:
395:
389:
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382:
379:
378:
367:
366:
359:
352:
344:
337:
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328:and ended the
238:
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126:
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121:
119:Zarrineh River
116:(aged 47)
111:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
56:
48:
47:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Kerait people
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
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4006:
3993:
3988:
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3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Chagatai Khan
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
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3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:Latin Empire
3569:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
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3497:
3495:
3487:
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3484:
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3478:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
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3435:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:Northern Yuan
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Imperial Seal
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:Pax Mongolica
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Mongol Empire
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:, written by
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2682:0-500-25134-7
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:9780521347723
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2624:0-631-17563-6
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:0-306-81065-4
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:0-521-06936-X
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:0-8160-4671-9
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2505:9788186227725
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2345:Les Croisades
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2166:Runciman 1987
2162:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2140:0-521-81113-9
2137:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2117:
2105:
2103:0-415-96690-6
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:"HulÄgu Khan"
1957:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1942:9781137022943
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1909:9780813513041
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1829:
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1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:Portrayed by
1737:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:Portrayed by
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:Portrayed by
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
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1622:
1617:
1606:
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1587:
1585:
1580:
1576:
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1569:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
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1544:
1540:
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1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
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1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:â Viceroy of
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:(Otchi Noyon)
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:Pope Urban IV
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
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851:
849:
842:
832:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
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803:
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791:
786:
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781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
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753:
749:
745:
738:
734:
729:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
577:
574:
570:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
551:
546:
543:
540:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
468:
467:
465:
461:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
411:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:and weakened
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Mongol Empire
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
248:
244:
235:
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
179:
175:
173:
169:
162:
160:
157:
154:
152:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
112:
108:
105:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
61:
54:
49:
41:
40:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4016:1210s births
3876:
3762:Genghis Khan
3531:Kievan Rus'
3509:(1237â1300s)
3501:(1237â1300s)
3345:Western Xia
3307:Qara Khitai
3140:Major cities
3119:Golden Horde
3095:Yuan dynasty
2982:Organization
2916:
2867:Khong Tayiji
2760:
2754:
2736:
2726:Colin Powell
2705:
2673:
2654:
2631:
2615:
2596:
2576:
2561:
2542:, retrieved
2536:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2495:
2485:
2478:Jackson 2014
2473:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2405:
2377:
2364:
2357:Jackson 2014
2352:
2344:
2339:
2332:Jackson 2014
2327:
2320:Jackson 2014
2315:
2308:Jackson 2014
2303:
2283:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2187:Jackson 2014
2182:
2173:
2150:
2146:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2107:. Retrieved
2092:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2040:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1964:
1924:
1918:
1893:
1885:
1866:
1847:
1768:
1750:
1743:
1731:
1717:
1686:
1682:Kagyu school
1674:Doquz Khatun
1655:
1638:Shahi Island
1631:
1579:Genghis Khan
1404:Qutui Khatun
1394:Concubines:
1393:
1374:Möngke TemĂŒr
1354:Dokuz Khatun
1311:Genghis khan
1303:Qutui Khatun
1267:
1264:
1247:
1236:
1220:
1192:Doquz Khatun
1188:Christianity
1177:
1162:
1134:
1079:Sultan Qutuz
1075:Jordan River
1072:
1037:
1016:Sultan Qutuz
1009:
990:
982:David Morgan
947:
905:
882:
879:
852:
848:Al-Musta'sim
844:
787:
741:
705:Genghis Khan
682:
648:Latin Empire
436:Nizari state
393:Central Asia
295:
279:Genghis Khan
263:Western Asia
250:
246:
242:
241:
176:
163:Ăljei Khatun
159:Qutui Khatun
151:Doquz Khatun
147:Guyuk Khatun
130:Shahi Island
43:á Źá Šá Żá Ąá á Š á Źá á á á š
39:Hulegu Khan
33:
4021:1265 deaths
4011:Hulagu Khan
3837:Sartaq Khan
3806:Kublai Khan
3801:Möngke Khan
3775:Ăgedei Khan
3754:Great Khans
3720:(1314â1318)
3712:(1268â1301)
3664:(1260â1323)
3648:(1253â1256)
3631:Middle East
3525:(1238â1239)
3466:(1221â1327)
3325:(1219â1256)
3317:(1219â1221)
3299:(1264â1308)
3291:(1207-1308)
3157:Azov (Azaq)
2823:Terminology
2722:Dick Cheney
2702:Ian Frazier
2616:The Mongols
2555:Works cited
2109:28 November
1348:(1234â1282)
1330:(1246â1284)
1282:Checheikhen
1144:'s brother
1137:Kublai Khan
934:Constantine
822:Middle East
794:Transoxiana
744:Möngke Khan
486:Eastern Xia
476:Western Xia
400:Qara Khitai
312:ending the
291:Kublai Khan
287:Möngke Khan
243:Hulegu Khan
21:Qara HĂŒlegĂŒ
4005:Categories
3973:Nogai Khan
3857:Ăzbeg Khan
3788:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3682:Civil wars
3670:Palestine
3579:Lithuania
3499:Circassia
3232:Xacitarxan
3217:Soltaniyeh
2954:Darughachi
2772:Abaqa Khan
2766:1256â1265
2544:1 February
2408:(Thesis).
1878:References
1832:ÙÙÙۧÙÙ ŰźŰ§Ù
1823:ÙÙÙŰ§Ú©Ù ŰźŰ§Ù
1714:Kurt Katch
1642:Lake Urmia
1560:3 daughter
1387:Arghun Aqa
1280:tribe and
1172:See also:
1150:Nogai Khan
999:, and the
986:apocryphal
918:See also:
893:Marco Polo
884:Il Milione
814:Christians
802:Azerbaijan
597:Durdzuketi
582:Kievan Rus
336:Background
134:Lake Urmia
88:Abaqa Khan
3842:Orda Khan
3832:Batu Khan
3696:(1260â64)
3640:(1241â43)
3638:Anatolia
3613:(1287â88)
3605:(1285â86)
3597:(1264â65)
3589:(1259â60)
3581:(1258â59)
3557:(1241â42)
3549:(1241â42)
3541:(1240â41)
3517:(1229â36)
3507:Chechnya
3447:(1300â02)
3411:Southeast
3390:(1253â56)
3372:(1235â79)
3364:(1231â60)
3356:(1211â34)
3309:(1216â18)
3297:Sakhalin
3257:Campaigns
3207:Saray-JĂŒk
3197:Samarkand
3172:Karakorum
3131:Ilkhanate
2889:Political
2716:in which
2268:203044817
2218:879481083
2032:123079516
2014:Doubleday
1790:romanized
1773:Mongolian
1697:Ata Malik
1658:Ilkhanate
1604:Qurumushi
1575:Khongirad
1536:Khongirad
1503:Qonqurtai
1307:Khongirad
1204:Rychaldus
1180:Christian
1142:Batu Khan
1114:Civil War
1077:in 1260,
1012:Palestine
968:, seized
891:merchant
867:astronomy
859:catapults
774:based in
711:in 1224.
653:Lithuania
602:Circassia
464:East Asia
453:Palestine
421:Caucassus
414:West Asia
374:conquests
302:Ilkhanate
283:Ariq Böke
273:princess
265:. Son of
255:c. 1217 â
178:See below
84:Successor
3968:Boroldai
3948:Khubilai
3928:Bo'orchu
3901:Military
3795:(regent)
3782:(regent)
3769:(regent)
3654:Baghdad
3603:Hungary
3547:Hungary
3490:Georgia
3437:Vietnam
3289:Siberia
3187:Maragheh
3087:Khanates
3035:Religion
3030:Military
2979:Politics
2929:Kurultai
2892:Military
2652:(2014).
2594:(1997).
2055:21 March
1808:Chagatay
1670:Buddhism
1519:Khorasan
1484:in 1296)
1464:Anatolia
1274:Mongolia
1241:â
1154:Caucasus
970:Damascus
889:Venetian
826:mainland
776:Damascus
508:Sakhalin
426:Anatolia
405:Khwarezm
318:Damascus
269:and the
221:Buddhism
217:Religion
191:Borjigin
104:Mongolia
3938:Boroqul
3933:Guo Kan
3923:Negudar
3908:Subutai
3808: (
3646:Alamut
3619:Serbia
3611:Poland
3595:Thrace
3587:Poland
3523:Alania
3388:Yunnan
3323:Persia
3281:Central
3260:Battles
3167:Bolghar
3162:Bukhara
3147:Almalik
2949:Kheshig
2877:Tarkhan
2730:Baghdad
2698:Baghdad
1996:, 1971.
1849:XĂčliĂšwĂč
1836:Chinese
1818:Persian
1804:
1792::
1507:Tekuder
1497:Khitans
1472:Georgia
1470:and of
1428:Irinjin
1417:Shirvan
1409:Yoshmut
1358:Toghrul
1328:Tekuder
1288:Jumghur
1284:Khatun
1196:Kitbuqa
1182:of the
1108:Kitbuqa
1099:Kitbuqa
1048:Kitbuqa
1033:Baybars
1021:Kitbuqa
978:Kitbuqa
966:Kitbuqa
908:sappers
855:Guo Kan
810:Muslims
764:Baghdad
697:Toghrul
693:Keraite
668:Gazaria
592:Cumania
564:Siberia
533:Burma (
529:Vietnam
443:Baghdad
271:Keraite
141:Consort
101:c. 1217
3918:Muqali
3892:Ghazan
3887:Arghun
3877:Hulegu
3767:Tolui
3743:People
3704:(1262)
3662:Syria
3656:(1258)
3621:(1291)
3573:(1242)
3565:(1242)
3481:Europe
3464:India
3445:Burma
3431:(1293)
3420:Burma
3398:Japan
3379:Tibet
3362:Korea
3222:Tabriz
3192:Qarshi
3152:Avarga
2998:Topics
2902:Jarlig
2862:Jinong
2857:Khanum
2852:Khatun
2842:Khagan
2834:Titles
2762:Ilkhan
2680:
2662:
2638:
2622:
2604:
2583:
2568:
2502:
2291:
2266:
2216:
2138:
2100:
2030:
2020:
1939:
1906:
1846::
1844:pinyin
1838::
1828:Arabic
1783:á Źá Šá Żá Ąá á Š
1778:Đ„ÒŻĐ»ŃĐłÒŻ
1755:(2013)
1746:(1962)
1732:Halaku
1722:(1944)
1652:Legacy
1591:Dörben
1543:Arghun
1482:Ghazan
1476:Arghun
1400:Cathay
1370:tribe
1342:tribe
1340:Suldus
1295:TemĂŒge
1261:Family
1255:Ghazan
1251:Arghun
1231:Vienna
1158:ortogh
993:Levant
952:under
944:bible.
942:Syriac
824:, and
820:, the
818:Europe
798:Alamut
748:Möngke
737:Alamut
709:Kublai
663:Serbia
632:Second
617:Second
607:Alania
573:Europe
539:Second
448:Levant
431:Persia
306:Persia
289:, and
259:Mongol
251:Hulagu
247:HĂŒlegĂŒ
228:Tamgha
207:Mother
197:Father
125:Burial
70:Ilkhan
25:Hulugu
3963:Kadan
3958:Bayan
3943:Jelme
3882:Abaqa
3872:Kebek
3852:Toqta
3847:Berke
3827:Jochi
3820:Khans
3457:South
3429:Java
3182:Majar
3124:Wings
2944:TĂŒmen
2924:Yassa
2907:Ărtöö
2872:Noyan
2374:(PDF)
2264:S2CID
1813:ÙÙÛÚŻÙ
1760:Notes
1628:Death
1607:Hajji
1493:China
1468:Abaqa
1450:Abaqa
1444:Baydu
1413:Arran
1368:Oirat
1362:Tolui
1346:Abaqa
1315:Börte
1278:Oirat
1225:, to
1146:Berke
1103:Qutuz
1095:Qutuz
1029:Qutuz
997:Egypt
940:in a
938:Helen
897:Syria
806:Baiju
780:Bahri
772:Syria
707:with
685:Tolui
628:First
621:Third
613:First
559:India
535:First
513:Japan
503:Korea
498:Tibet
471:China
326:Cairo
267:Tolui
201:Tolui
186:House
172:Issue
76:Reign
3913:Jebe
3867:Duwa
3336:East
3273:Asia
3227:Ukek
3177:Dadu
2985:Life
2912:Orda
2847:Khan
2755:none
2678:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2546:2021
2500:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2214:OCLC
2136:ISBN
2111:2011
2098:ISBN
2057:2013
2028:OCLC
2018:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1802:lit.
1727:Pran
1699:and
1666:Iran
1415:and
1313:and
1130:hare
936:and
922:and
901:Gaza
829:Asia
812:and
790:army
752:Lurs
545:Java
491:Song
387:Asia
110:Died
98:Born
3953:Aju
2410:hdl
2382:doi
2256:doi
1963:at
1929:doi
1900:358
1840:æçć
1742:in
1716:in
1678:ណoy
1640:in
1495:or
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762:in
481:Jin
324:in
304:in
249:or
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2026:.
1992:,
1951:^
1935:.
1902:.
1842:;
1834:;
1830::
1826:;
1820::
1816:;
1810::
1799:,
1787:,
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988:.
903:.
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615:,
537:,
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2416:.
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2220:.
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