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334:. Its peak stands 8,271 feet (2,521 m) above sea level. Hualālai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300,000 years ago. Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801, and being unusually inactive for the last 2,000 years, Hualālai is still considered active, and is expected to erupt again sometime in the next 100 years. The relative unpreparedness of the residents in the area caused by the lull in activity would worsen an eruption's consequences.
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1067:, on a scale of 1 to 9, all of Hualālai is listed as threat level 4. For comparison, almost all of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa is listed as threat levels 1 through 3. The volcano's flanks do not pose a lower threat to the population than the area near the rift zones because the distance is short and the slopes are steep; lava poses as much of a threat as it does near its source. The 2018
1020:
960:
Hualālai last erupted in 1800–1801. This eruption produced very fluid alkalic basalt lava flows that entered the ocean off the western tip of Hawaiʻi island. Although five vents were active at the time, only two produced flows that eventually reached the ocean. The total output volume of the flow is
489:
known as the North Kona slump. An area of about 1,000 km (390 sq mi), the slump consists of an intricate formation of beaches and scarps 2,000 to 4,500 m (6,600 to 14,800 ft) below the waterline. This area was explored more closely in a 2001 joint Japan-United States project
1319:
near the coastal edge to 6,300 ft (1,920 m) near the summit. Median annual rainfall is about 46.7 in (1,186 mm). Plentiful lava flows from the 19th century provide unique niches for vegetative and soil growth in the region. The southern section of the reserve, closest to the
1062:
Hualālai is expected to erupt again in the near future, as a 200- to 300-year estimated pause in activity is coming to an end. This presents a distinct hazard to the communities around it; for example, in the event of an eruption similar to the 1801 event, Kailua-Kona, which is 15 mi
1138:"Outside the (royal) enclosure, by the edge of the sea, was a spring called Ki'ope ... It was a gathering place for those who went swimming and a place where the surf rolled in and dashed on land when it was rough. It was deep enough there for boats to land when the tide was high".
570:
Hualālai is the third most active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi, behind Kīlauea and Mauna Loa. Although the two larger volcanos have each erupted over 150 times in the last 1,000 years, Hualālai has done so only thrice. Activity seems to recur at the volcano every 200 to 300 years.
481:
eruption a little over 100,000 years ago, and has continued to build since then, with at least three distinct trachyte flows recognized. The eruptions, although partially covered by flows from Hualālai and Mauna Loa, have built a distinctive structure known as the Puʻu
Anahulu ridge.
2098:
Ewert, John W.; Diefenbach, Angela K.; Ramsey, David W. (2018). "2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment". Scientific
Investigations Report (Report). Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5140. U.S. Geological Survey. p. 8.
1086:, indicative of activity at the volcano, has occurred. Hualālai is also monitored by several other instruments, including one continuous GPS instrument and several instruments on the flanks of adjacent volcanoes. In addition, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory uses
1303:
Several ecological reserves lie on the flanks of Hualālai. The Puʻu Waʻa Waʻa forest sanctuary was established in 1992 (along with the
Laupahoehoe sister reserve on Mauna Kea) as a testbed for long term ecological research about Hawaiian
548:, indicative of the submarine subphase of the volcano's construction, has been found in wells driven into the volcano at a depth of 75 ft (23 m). These lavas persisted until an estimated 130,000 years ago. Hualālai entered the
529:
574:
A recent calm period, with almost no earthquake or magmatic activity at Hualālai, has seen the growth of homes, businesses, and resorts on its flanks. The most recent major activity at the volcano was in 1929, when an intense
500:. Data collected showed that the lava flows there originated in shallow water 500 to 1,000 m (1,600 to 3,300 ft) deep, and that unlike similar slumps at other volcanoes, the slump at Hualālai formed gradually.
562:. More than half of this is under 3,000 years old, and about 12% is less than 1,000 years old. Between 1700 and 2016, eruptions originated from six vents; four of these lava flows poured into the sea to the west coast.
579:
rocked it, most likely caused by magmatic action near its peak. Although it has been relatively placid in the recent past, Hualālai is still potentially active, and is expected to erupt again in the next 100 years.
756:
Dark grey to black vent lava spatter (including a 650-meter-long spatter rampart), cinders, ʻaʻā and pahoehoe basalt lava flows, including
Hualalai's longest lava flow (22 km). Collapse of vents produced
390:: a well-developed one approximately 50° to the northwest, a moderately developed one to the southeast, and a poorly developed one trending northward about 3 mi (5 km) east of the summit. Over 100
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Although Hualālai does experience several magnitude-4 earthquakes per year, these are attributed to a deep source off the coast of the north-western rift zone and are not related to the movement of magma.
425:, Hawaiian for "many-furrowed hill", a volcanic cone standing 372 m (1,220 ft) tall and measuring over 1.6 km (1 mi) in diameter. It extends for 9 km (6 mi), and has a
1129:(lands without water), the rugged volcanic terrain attracted much sea life, making it an appealing place to settle. There are two main attractions within the park: the Kaloko fishpond, an area of
418:
from 10 to 100 cm (4 to 39 in) thick. Of the volcanoes on the island, it is the third-tallest, third-youngest, third-most active, and second-smallest, making up just 7% of the island.
341:, dating back to before recorded history. The coast to its west in particular had several royal complexes. The volcano is also important ecologically, is home to many rare species and several
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classified Hualālai as a high threat volcano, with an overall threat score of 109, and ranked it 23rd among United States volcanoes most likely to threaten lives and infrastructure.
1202:
golf course and vacation home complex have also been built on the 1800 flow. Both the Kona
Village Resort and the Four Seasons Resort were damaged by the tsunami generated by the
1330:
1133:(rockwall fishponds) constructed of interlocking rocks across a natural embayment on the coast, and Honokōhau, a former extensive settlement on the south side of the park.
2807:
473:, a type of volcanic lava not found on other volcanoes on the island. Trachyte flows move more slowly than the typically "runny" Hawaiian lavas due to its high (over 62%)
1272:) grow along the summit. Many of the collapse craters in particular have vegetation, and a few even have respectably-sized "vertical forests" inside, including several
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432:
555:
Geological mapping of Hualālai indicates that as much as 80% of its surface has been topped by lava flows during the last 5,000 years, entirely composed of shield
2128:
82:
1011:. It is theorized that in the near past, Hualālai has been active around the same time as both Mauna Loa and Kilauea, although precise dating is impossible.
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is now located, 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Kailua-Kona. The eruption at Hualālai is believed to have been concurrent with an eruption at the nearby
530:
969:, that reached the ocean as two distinct lobes. On its way down, it overran a village and a valuable 3 mi (5 km) fishing pond. There is a local
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Although some of Hualālai is bare volcanic rock, most of it is covered by some form of vegetation. Bushes, ferns, and grass are common, and even a few
345:
near the summit, and is a popular hiking attraction. Today the coast near Hualālai is dotted by vacation resorts, some built on historic flows, and a
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has maintained a seismic recording station 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Hualālai's summit to monitor the volcano. During this time, not a single
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tree groves. The volcano is populated by many birds and animals; the coast in particular attracts many fish and sea-dependent animals, such as the
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owned a large ranch on the western side of the volcano. The road from Kailua-Kona up the slopes of Hualālai is named for Frank "Palani" Greenwell.
1407:
in the surrounding area. The Wai Aha spring reserve on the lower slopes of the mountain is somewhat swampy and is home to the flowering evergreen
1292:). Hualālai averages 18.27 in (46 cm) of rainfall per year. The summit gets more rain than the coast and is typically obscured in heavy
3361:
1871:
P.W. Lipmana; M.L. Coombs (2006). "North Kona slump: Submarine flank failure during the early(?) tholeiitic shield stage of
Hualalai Volcano".
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552:, the stage it is now in, about 100,000 years ago. Pumice and trachyte eruptions at Puʻu Waʻawaʻa may be a sign of this change.
378:. Being in the post-shield stage of development, Hualālai is overall much rougher in shape and structure than the more youthful
2298:
1523:
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flows, cinders and tuff at Waha Pele. Spatter cone erupted pahoehoe and ʻaʻā basalt lava flows. Cone collapsed causing violent
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528:
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estimated at over 300,000,000 m (0.072 cu mi). One volcanic vent, situated high on the slope, produced a large
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1997:
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The
Hawaiian forester and agriculturist: quarterly magazine of forestry, entomology, plant inspection and animal industry
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that after the failure of several offerings of animals and other items to the gods, the flow was finally stopped when
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composition (typical basalt is only 50% silica). Geologists hypothesize that Puʻu Waʻawaʻa originally formed during a
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threw a lock of his own hair into the fire. The Ka'ūpūlehu flow is also known for the particularly large quantity of
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1063:(24 km) from the volcano's summit, could be covered completely in a matter of hours. According to the USGS
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1043:. This was probably caused by magma movement near the surface, but there was no surface activity or eruption.
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rested after his eight-year campaign to unite the
Hawaiian isles. His death in 1819 triggered social chaos.
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traverses the western slopes with an upper route called the
Mamalahoa Highway and lower route named for
1039:($ 1.2 million as of 2010), and two earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.5 and 6.5 were felt as far away as
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1403:. The reserve measures 655 acres (265 ha) and protects an ecosystem that has since been largely
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1943:
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1315:, and lies within a mile of the volcano's summit on its northwestern flank. Elevation differs from
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17:
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1183:, where many of Hawaii's last kings spent their time, has been maintained as a museum since 1927.
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shook the volcano in 1929, lasting about a month. This caused $ 100,000 worth of damage to the
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426:
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of 3,071 ft (936 m). It is the westernmost of the five major volcanoes that form the
371:
240:
65:
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1907:
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that have been brought up in lava flows. Many prehistoric deposits, as well as those from the
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to measure slight changes in tilt and slope of Hualālai, indicative of magmatic movement.
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approximately 430 meters). Block and ʻaʻā trachyte lava flow of Puʻu
Anahulu and trachyte
733:. Lava flow eruption resumed building larger cone, with eruption of long ʻaʻā lava flows.
8:
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Today, the coast west of Hualālai is a popular location for vacation resorts, since the
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erupted by Hualālai volcano during the last 112,000 years into 419 rock units of eight
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Spatter deposits, ʻaʻā and pahoehoe basalt lava flows. Very active 2,400–1,900 years
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Hualālai has been a home to native people since ancient times. Centuries ago, the
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Lava spatter, cinders, extensively weathered ʻaʻā and pahoehoe lava flows and
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2426:"Marine Corps Base Hawaii G-3 Training Areas - Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA)"
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alkali basalt with minor amounts of picritic basalt, hawaiite and ankaramite
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1906:
David R. Sherrod; John M. Sinton; Sarah E. Watkins; Kelly M. Brunt (2007).
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known as the Saddle Road, crosses the plateau north of Hualālai, where the
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1027:. The two gray areas are the two major outflows from the 1800–1801 event.
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411:
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322:. It is the westernmost, third-youngest and the third-most active of the
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2505:"Hualalai 72, Hawaii (512151): Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary"
2275:
2190:"Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
2105:
1327:
The Honuaula forest reserve on the southwestern flank of the volcano at
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2558:. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. 1921. p. 203
2223:
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deposits. 5.5 km in volume, the largest-volume single eruption on
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Hualālai has been found just offshore of its northwest rift zone.
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311:
2129:"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Monthly Update - Hualalai Volcano"
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The other major outflow from the event reached the sea south of
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2456:"SummitPost – Hualalai – Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering"
970:
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1983:
USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2213, 1:50,000
362:
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2896:
2299:"2 Big Island resorts still closed because of tsunami damage"
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978:
889:
2159:"Historic Sites Review of a Proposed Mauna Loa Trail System"
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Hualālai is indicated as threat level 4 by the USGS in this
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Hualālai is the westernmost of the five volcanoes making up
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The area near Hualālai has been inhabited for centuries by
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were favored retreats of Hawaiian royalty long before the
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U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment
485:
Hualālai's westward-facing flank forms a large underwater
1297:
515:, contain xenoliths of large size and abundant quantity.
1803:
1801:
1799:
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crop grows on Hualālai's western slope near the town of
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lies on the shore west of Hualālai, over the site of an
888:
tuff. Spatter and cinders contain abundant xenoliths of
1870:
1117:
was built on the dry plateau east of the mountain. The
823:
Spatter deposits, ʻaʻā and pahoehoe basalt lava flows.
410:. Much of the southern slope (above the modern town of
370:
Hualālai stands at 8,271 ft (2,521 m) with a
1050:, with epicenter just to the north in Kiholo Bay near
2315:
2246:"Four Seasons Resort Hualalai at Historic Ka'upulehu"
2097:
1794:
1697:"Hualalai Volcano: Kailua-Kona's intriguing neighbor"
999:. This 1801 flow, known as the Huʻehuʻe flow, formed
600:
age groups. These are summarized in the table below:
406:
about 0.3 mi (0.48 km) across atop a small
398:
are arranged along these rift zones. Hualālai has no
366:
An expedition down a lava conduit in Hualālai volcano
2802:
1444:
429:
of 275 m (902 ft), north of the summit at
2689:
1991:
1989:
1836:
1834:
1190:of the mountain causes many sunny days. The first,
1950:
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2213:
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2029:Volcanic hazards and disasters in human antiquity
2026:
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2397:
1986:
1831:
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2060:
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753:mostly central summit area and southeast flank
526:
490:to explore the volcano's flanks, utilizing the
414:) consists of lava flows covered by a layer of
2208:
1873:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1691:
1689:
1687:
592:(USGS) has divided the exposed lava flows and
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2675:
2156:
2543:
2363:
2179:
1715:
1607:
1605:
2470:
2341:. Kona Coffee Council. 2007. Archived from
2290:
2217:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1760:
1758:
1684:
1519:List of mountain peaks of the United States
386:. Hualālai's structure is denoted by three
326:that form the island of Hawaiʻi, following
2795:
2781:
2682:
2668:
2523:
2521:
2370:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 14.
1580:"Hualālai, Hawaiʻi's Third Active Volcano"
1248:
1237:provides a remote training ground for the
2406:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library
2357:
2104:
1981:Geologic Map of Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii;
1899:
1602:
1119:Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park
2625:United States Department of the Interior
2476:
2339:"Kona Coffee – What Makes It So Unique?"
2316:Oscar Voss; C.C. Slater (January 2007).
1928:
1755:
1252:
1101:
1018:
947:
917:Trachyte cone of Puʻu Waʻawaʻa (current
522:
361:
2518:
2477:Catalano, Hadley (September 19, 2006).
1908:"Geological Map of the State of Hawaii"
676:
512:
14:
3339:
2582:Hawai‛i Forest Reserve System web site
2066:
1995:
1639:"About the Pu'u Wa'awa'a Trail System"
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1524:List of volcanoes in the United States
1225:. The family of early coffee merchant
357:
301:
135:
27:Active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands
3362:Shield volcanoes of the United States
2776:
2663:
2530:"Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest"
2296:
2020:
1998:"Lava Flow Hazard Zone Maps:Hualalai"
1979:Moore. R. B. and Clague, D.A. (1991)
943:
881:northeastern and southwestern flanks
606:Lava stratigraphy of Hualalai volcano
2527:
2418:
2367:A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic
2218:Fullard-Leo, Betty (December 1997).
2031:. The Geological Society of America.
1194:, was built in 1961. Since then the
1057:
834:alkali basalt with minor amounts of
583:
44:View of Hualālai over 1800 lava flow
2616:Geographic Names Information System
2432:. February 22, 2002. Archived from
2027:McCoy, Floyd; Grant Heiken (2000).
1776:. Univ. of Hawaiʻi Press. pp.
1660:HVO, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
1559:
565:
24:
2992:
2067:Watson, John (December 18, 1997).
1952:"Hualalai – Kona's sleeping giant"
1768:; Abbott, Agatin Townsend (1970).
1125:settlement. Although it is called
1054:, caused much damage in the area.
1014:
421:A major subfeature of Hualālai is
25:
3408:
3347:Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii
2603:
2507:. Western Regional Climate Center
2043:"M6.7 – Island of Hawaii, Hawaii"
1948:
1743:. Hawaiian Center for Volcanology
1738:
854:mostly southern flank and summit
820:mostly northern flank and summit
3168:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
2157:Thomas S. Dye (March 25, 2005).
1942:
1893:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.029
1529:List of mountain peaks of Hawaii
1503:
1489:
1475:
1461:
1447:
1097:
162:
161:
154:
38:
3264:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
3259:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
3249:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
2691:The 13 major summits of Hawaiʻi
2621:United States Geological Survey
2570:
2497:
2458:. SummitPost.org. April 8, 2009
2391:
2331:
2309:
2264:
2238:
2150:
2121:
2091:
2035:
1973:
1864:
1809:"Volcano Information: Hualalai"
1548:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
1538:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
892:and ultramafic plutonic rocks.
590:United States Geological Survey
503:Hualālai is a known source for
263:Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
2297:Engle, Jane (March 28, 2011).
2222:. Coffee Times. Archived from
2220:"Kailua-Kona: A Royal Retreat"
2135:. June 3, 2021. Archived from
1996:Watson, John (July 18, 1997).
1842:"When Hualalai Turned Viscous"
1653:
1586:. 18 June 2001. Archived from
1429:), and a dense undergrowth of
1391:) trees and an undergrowth of
1320:summit, has been split into a
861:ʻaʻā and pahoehoe lava flows.
857:Spatter deposits, extensively
235:Estimated: over 300,000 years
13:
1:
2428:. MCBH Kaneohe Bay, HI, USA:
1815:. 2 June 2008. Archived from
1553:
1375:) forest stand, with smaller
469:. The cone is constructed of
233:Oldest-dated rock: 128,000 BP
3372:Pleistocene shield volcanoes
3367:Polygenetic shield volcanoes
3274:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
2578:"Big Island Forest Reserves"
2069:"Lava Flow Hazard Zone Maps"
1171:of Hawaii. It was here that
1076:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
995:, destroying the village of
60:8,271 ft (2,521 m)
7:
2166:Nature Conservancy web site
1662:"Hualālai Volcano, Hawaiʻi"
1440:
10:
3413:
3188:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
3178:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
3173:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
2364:Gerald Kinro (June 2003).
1243:United States Marine Corps
1048:2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
1005:Kona International Airport
518:
352:
70:3,071 ft (936 m)
3377:Holocene shield volcanoes
3236:
3158:
3068:
3003:
2990:
2979:North Arch volcanic field
2827:South Arch volcanic field
2815:
2697:
2655:Aerial photos of Hualalai
2398:Lloyd J. Soehren (2004).
1367:, preserves an extensive
933:is 106,000 ± 6,000 years
492:remotely operated vehicle
283:
278:
268:
251:
239:
227:
222:
209:
195:
181:
148:
143:
128:
118:
113:
74:
64:
54:
49:
37:
32:
3183:2018 lower Puna eruption
2650:USGS page about Hualalai
2638:Global Volcanism Program
2430:Marine Corps Base Hawaii
1955:. Kailua-Kona, HI, USA:
1227:Henry Nicholas Greenwell
347:National Historical Park
3319:Puna Geothermal Venture
3254:Haleakalā National Park
2643:Smithsonian Institution
2479:"Huehue Hualalai Trail"
2404:on Hawaiian place names
1413:Metrosideros polymorpha
1270:Metrosideros polymorpha
1249:Ecology and environment
1235:Pohakuloa Training Area
675:flows formed during AD
133:Hawaiian pronunciation:
3060:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
2997:
2274:. 2009. Archived from
1347:19.50694°N 155.91139°W
1261:
1204:2011 Sendai earthquake
1140:
1110:
1065:lava-flow hazard zones
1028:
988:that came up with it.
957:
793:mostly northern flank
679:. Five vents along NW
626:Surface area (percent)
537:
449:19.77083°N 155.83222°W
402:, although there is a
367:
291:Multiple trails exist.
98:19.69222°N 155.86722°W
3015:French Frigate Shoals
2996:
2194:National Park Service
1358:Honuaula State Forest
1290:Himantopus himantopus
1256:
1147:, court attendant of
1136:
1105:
1022:
951:
632:Location of exposures
540:Lava attributed to a
532:
365:
303:[huwəˈlaːlɐi]
2947:East Molokai Volcano
2942:West Molokai Volcano
2226:on 25 September 2010
2133:US Geological Survey
1772:Volcanoes in the Sea
1672:on 18 September 2007
1617:Summits of the World
1590:on 18 September 2007
1469:United States portal
1435:Sadleria cyatheoides
1389:Sophora chrysophylla
1381:Myoporum sandwicense
1352:19.50694; -155.91139
667:deposits with black
629:Number of rock units
454:19.77083; -155.83222
330:and the much larger
137:[huəˈlaːlei]
103:19.69222; -155.86722
3382:Pleistocene Oceania
3357:Mountains of Hawaii
3294:Mauna Loa eruptions
3193:Keanakakoi eruption
2727:Kaunu o Kaleihoohie
2588:on February 6, 2010
2106:10.3133/sir20185140
1885:2006JVGR..151..189L
1427:Freycinetia arborea
1342: /
1257:Hualālai seen from
1196:Four Seasons Resort
1192:Kona Village resort
956:of Hualālai volcano
914:northeastern flank
609:
598:chronostratigraphic
444: /
358:Structural features
94: /
3387:Quaternary Oceania
2998:
2804:Hawaiian volcanism
2400:"lookup of Palani"
2345:on 3 November 2010
2008:on 28 October 2011
1741:"Hualalai Volcano"
1613:"Hualalai, Hawaii"
1286:black-winged stilt
1262:
1239:United States Army
1111:
1029:
958:
944:1800–1801 eruption
900:more than 100,000
727:phreatic eruptions
677:1800–1801 eruption
603:
538:
368:
50:Highest point
3332:
3331:
3279:Kīlauea eruptions
3269:Hawaiian eruption
3198:ʻAilāʻau eruption
3159:Notable eruptions
3020:Gardner Pinnacles
2770:
2769:
2528:Kauffman, Boone.
2377:978-0-8248-2678-9
2318:"Hawaii Highways"
2303:Los Angeles Times
1957:West Hawaii Today
1852:. August 12, 2004
1787:978-0-87022-495-9
1177:Mokuaikaua Church
1127:kekaha ʻaʻole wai
1058:Future monitoring
965:flow, dubbed the
941:
940:
584:Lava stratigraphy
550:post-shield stage
546:Tholeiitic basalt
376:island of Hawaiʻi
316:island of Hawaiʻi
295:
294:
123:Hawaiian language
16:(Redirected from
3404:
3392:Holocene Oceania
3352:Active volcanoes
3035:Lisianski Island
2995:
2832:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2646:
2628:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:. Archived from
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2481:. Archived from
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2436:on June 29, 2011
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2278:on June 28, 2010
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2251:Travel + Leisure
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:. April 25, 2010
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2075:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:. Archived from
1993:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1949:Lucas, Carolyn.
1947:
1946:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:. pp. 48–50
1912:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1879:(1–3): 189–216.
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1736:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:. peakbagger.com
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1513:
1511:Volcanoes portal
1508:
1507:
1499:
1497:Mountains portal
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1397:Rubus hawaiensis
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1278:green sea turtle
1231:Hawaii Route 200
1212:Queen Kaʻahumanu
1208:Hawaii Belt Road
1152:
1123:ancient Hawaiian
1080:earthquake swarm
1074:Since 1971, the
1033:earthquake swarm
658:northwest flank
610:
602:
577:earthquake swarm
566:Eruption history
525:
507:, rock from the
468:
467:
465:
464:
463:
461:
456:
455:
450:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
339:Hawaiian natives
320:Hawaiian Islands
305:
287:
204:Hawaiian Islands
199:
165:
164:
158:
139:
134:
119:Language of name
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3397:Cenozoic Hawaii
3337:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3299:Pāhoehoe (lava)
3232:
3208:Kīlauea Caldera
3160:
3154:
3071:
3064:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2818:
2811:
2801:
2771:
2766:
2693:
2688:
2631:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2589:
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2551:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2485:on 13 July 2011
2475:
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2270:
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2256:
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2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1788:
1766:Macdonald, G.A.
1763:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1685:
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1357:
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1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1251:
1181:Huliheʻe Palace
1154:
1142:
1115:Ahu A Umi Heiau
1108:Kaloko fishpond
1100:
1084:harmonic tremor
1060:
1017:
1015:Recent activity
967:Kaʻūpūlehu flow
946:
836:picritic basalt
714:southern flank
586:
568:
531:
523:
521:
459:
457:
453:
451:
447:
446:
443:
438:
435:
433:
431:
430:
404:collapse crater
360:
355:
343:nature reserves
310:) is an active
285:
234:
197:
177:
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132:
102:
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96:
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45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3330:
3329:
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3316:
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3306:
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3296:
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3286:
3281:
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3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Powers Caldera
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
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3127:
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3112:
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3087:
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3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2629:
2605:
2604:External links
2602:
2600:
2599:
2569:
2542:
2517:
2496:
2469:
2447:
2417:
2390:
2376:
2356:
2330:
2308:
2289:
2263:
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2207:
2178:
2149:
2120:
2090:
2079:on 2 June 2010
2059:
2034:
2019:
1985:
1972:
1927:
1898:
1863:
1830:
1819:on 2 June 2013
1793:
1786:
1754:
1714:
1703:. July 8, 2004
1683:
1652:
1649:on 2009-02-06.
1630:
1601:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:Hawaii hotspot
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1455:Oceania portal
1442:
1439:
1399:) and various
1322:bird sanctuary
1282:Chelonia mydas
1250:
1247:
1169:westernization
1135:
1099:
1096:
1059:
1056:
1016:
1013:
945:
942:
939:
938:
935:before present
929:(Big island).
915:
912:
909:
906:
901:
898:
894:
893:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:10,000–25,000
867:
863:
862:
855:
852:
849:
846:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:alkali basalt
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:before present
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:alkali basalt
782:
779:
775:
774:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:alkali basalt
742:
739:
735:
734:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:alkali basalt
703:
700:
696:
695:
659:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:less than 225
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:before present
614:
585:
582:
567:
564:
535:Hawaiʻi island
520:
517:
509:Earth's mantle
400:summit caldera
359:
356:
354:
351:
324:five volcanoes
293:
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289:
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249:
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246:Shield volcano
243:
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3324:Volcano House
3322:
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3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
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3284:Lava fountain
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
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3270:
3267:
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3260:
3257:
3255:
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3199:
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3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Necker Island
3048:
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3033:
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3018:
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2885:
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2880:
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2856:
2855:Pauahi Crater
2852:
2848:
2845:
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2840:
2838:
2835:
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2622:
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2617:
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270:Last eruption
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241:Mountain type
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129:Pronunciation
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63:
59:
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19:
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3314:Pele's tears
3304:Pele (deity)
3203:Halemaʻumaʻu
3045:Midway Atoll
2951:
2937:Penguin Bank
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2873:
2716:
2636:
2614:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2581:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2554:
2533:. Retrieved
2509:. Retrieved
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2366:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2266:
2255:, retrieved
2249:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2198:. Retrieved
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2132:
2123:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2037:
2028:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1980:
1975:
1960:. Retrieved
1919:. Retrieved
1901:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1771:
1745:. Retrieved
1739:Rubin, Ken.
1705:. Retrieved
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1665:
1655:
1647:the original
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1616:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1434:
1426:
1412:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1326:
1306:moist forest
1302:
1289:
1281:
1269:
1263:
1217:Much of the
1216:
1185:
1173:Kamehameha I
1161:Holualoa Bay
1155:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1112:
1092:
1073:
1061:
1045:
1030:
990:
975:Kamehameha I
966:
959:
908:less than 1
808:3,000–5,000
781:1,500–3,000
605:
604:
587:
573:
569:
554:
542:shield-stage
539:
502:
496:
484:
422:
420:
416:volcanic ash
369:
336:
300:(pronounced
297:
296:
274:1800 to 1801
198:Parent range
3309:Pele's hair
3289:Limu o Pele
3244:ʻAʻā (lava)
3213:Kīlauea Iki
2851:Kīlauea Iki
1623:21 February
1350: /
1337:155°54′41″W
1294:cloud cover
1266:ōhiʻa lehua
1219:Kona coffee
1188:rain shadow
1165:Keauhou Bay
923:pyroclastic
767:Strombolian
759:pit craters
683:. Abundant
616:Age (years
460:Puu Waa Waa
452: /
439:155°49′56″W
412:Kailua-Kona
408:lava shield
229:Age of rock
101: /
89:155°52′02″W
76:Coordinates
3341:Categories
3025:Kure Atoll
2890:Kahoʻolawe
2757:Kōnāhuanui
2752:Lānaʻihale
2722:Puʻu Kukui
2633:"Hualalai"
2611:"Hualālai"
2592:August 21,
2511:2011-02-06
2143:2021-06-19
1921:2009-04-12
1554:References
1405:deforested
1373:Acacia koa
1356: (
1334:19°30′25″N
1310:dry forest
1284:) and the
1274:eucalyptus
1157:Kamakahonu
1131:loko kuapa
997:Kaʻūpūlehu
993:Kiholo Bay
983:ultramafic
954:pit crater
919:prominence
886:palagonite
844:ankaramite
773:activity.
769:, and sub-
741:750-1,500
717:Vent lava
689:ultramafic
513:1801 event
458: (
436:19°46′15″N
427:prominence
388:rift zones
372:prominence
86:19°41′32″N
66:Prominence
3228:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
3218:Mauna Ulu
3161:and vents
3090:Daikakuji
3072:Seamounts
3040:Maro Reef
2927:West Maui
2922:Haleakalā
2879:Mauna Kea
2869:Mauna Loa
2863:Mauna Ulu
2859:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2732:Kawaikini
2712:Haleakalā
2707:Mauna Loa
2702:Mauna Kea
2272:"Kū kiʻo"
2115:2328-0328
1317:sea level
1259:Honokōhau
1031:A severe
1009:Mauna Loa
986:xenoliths
859:weathered
685:xenoliths
681:rift zone
635:Comments
623:Rock type
613:Age Group
505:xenoliths
380:Mauna Loa
332:Mauna Loa
252:Volcanic
144:Geography
56:Elevation
2984:Waiʻanae
2964:Honolulu
2932:Molokaʻi
2874:Hualālai
2837:Māhukona
2817:Windward
2806:topics (
2717:Hualālai
2410:July 26,
2323:7 August
2282:June 23,
2257:June 23,
2171:July 26,
2052:July 26,
1676:7 August
1666:usgs.gov
1441:See also
1223:Holualoa
1198:and the
1052:Māhukona
1041:Honolulu
931:K-Ar age
904:trachyte
840:hawaiite
763:Hawaiian
702:200–700
692:plutonic
669:pahoehoe
471:trachyte
308:Hawaiian
298:Hualālai
279:Climbing
218:Hualālai
211:Topo map
182:Location
169:Hualālai
33:Hualālai
18:Hualalai
3150:Yuryaku
3130:Nintoku
3100:Hancock
3095:Detroit
3085:Colahan
3070:Emperor
3005:Leeward
2974:Koʻolau
2953:Niʻihau
2847:Kīlauea
2842:Hawaiʻi
2742:Olokuʻi
2737:Kamakou
2562:18 July
2535:18 July
2489:27 June
2462:17 June
2383:26 July
2349:18 July
2230:18 July
2200:27 June
2083:16 June
2012:16 June
1969:Alt URL
1962:16 June
1881:Bibcode
1856:16 June
1823:16 June
1747:15 June
1707:18 July
1420:climber
1415:), the
1268:trees (
1143:—
1025:mapping
952:Na One
927:Hawaiʻi
771:Plinian
719:spatter
694:rocks.
671:basalt
646:alkali
557:alkalic
519:History
384:Kīlauea
353:Geology
328:Kīlauea
318:in the
314:on the
312:volcano
223:Geology
186:Hawaiʻi
3237:Topics
3115:Kimmei
3080:Abbott
3030:Laysan
2969:Kaʻena
2911:Lānaʻi
2904:Kaʻula
2897:Kauaʻi
2884:Kohala
2762:Hāʻupu
2747:Kaʻala
2374:
2113:
1784:
1594:9 June
1431:ʻAmaʻu
1423:ʻIeʻie
1393:ʻĀkala
1385:Māmane
1383:) and
1313:biomes
1206:. The
1200:Kūkiʻo
1163:, and
1003:where
971:legend
665:cinder
648:basalt
594:tephra
560:basalt
479:pumice
475:silica
392:cinder
114:Naming
3145:Yomei
3140:Suiko
3125:Meiji
3110:Kammu
3105:Jingū
3055:Nihoa
3007:Isles
2959:Oʻahu
2819:Isles
2162:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1417:woody
1409:ōhiʻa
1401:ferns
979:mafic
890:mafic
497:Kaikō
487:slump
3135:Ojin
3120:Koko
2917:Maui
2808:list
2594:2010
2564:2010
2537:2010
2491:2010
2464:2010
2442:2012
2412:2010
2385:2010
2372:ISBN
2351:2010
2325:2010
2284:2010
2259:2010
2232:2010
2202:2010
2173:2010
2111:ISSN
2085:2010
2073:USGS
2054:2010
2047:USGS
2014:2010
2002:USGS
1964:2010
1915:USGS
1858:2010
1850:USGS
1825:2010
1813:USGS
1782:ISBN
1749:2010
1709:2010
1701:USGS
1678:2015
1625:2013
1596:2004
1584:USGS
1377:Naio
1308:and
1296:and
1241:and
1106:The
1046:The
981:and
963:ʻaʻā
851:185
842:and
731:tuff
723:lava
721:and
673:lava
662:Vent
588:The
495:ROV
394:and
382:and
258:belt
216:USGS
190:U.S.
2101:doi
1889:doi
1877:151
1778:441
1437:).
1369:koa
1298:vog
1088:GPS
1082:or
878:63
848:15
817:98
814:25
790:49
787:38
750:14
729:of
687:of
306:in
254:arc
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