40:
352:
in development projects. Since 2003, in an effort to seek greater value for money, much of the funding by the
Housing Corporation for new house building has been channelled to fewer than 80 "developing housing associations" that have achieved "partner status" through partner programme agreements. Long-term
351:
Subsidies for new homes (often termed 'social housing grant') amount to sizeable public investments. In its 2008–11 prospectus, the
Housing Corporation stated that in the three-year period to 2011 investment would be "at least £8 billion". The majority of this would go to housing associations for use
260:
Housing associations are generally considered as private entities in that they are not owned or directly controlled by the state. This status, however, has been challenged by a number of legal rulings. In 2004 the
British government accepted an EU ruling that considered housing associations as public
276:
in certain circumstances. The court stated that the housing association sector was 'permeated by state control and influence with a view to meeting the government's aims for affordable housing, and in which RSLs work side by side with, and can in a very real sense be said to take the place of, local
166:
government, when rules were introduced that prevented councils subsidising their housing from local taxes, channelled grants for construction of new social housing to housing associations and allowed council tenants to buy their homes at a large discount. This, combined with cost-cutting initiatives
122:
In
Australia, the term "housing association" refers to larger, growth-oriented 'not-for-dividend' community-housing providers. Smaller community housing providers may include trusts, cooperatives etc. State and territory-owned public housing represents about 80% of social housing in Australia. Over
182:
facilitated the transfer of council housing to not-for-profit housing associations. The 1988 Act redefined housing associations as non-public bodies, permitting access to private finance, which was a strong motivation for transfer as public sector borrowing had been severely constrained. These new
280:
This issue had wider political significance since housing associations' borrowing (which stood at approximately £30 billion in 2006) does not contribute to the UK's public sector borrowing requirement, the control of which is both a stated government objective and part of the EU's criteria for
78:
Housing associations provide a wide range of housing, some managing large estates of housing for families, while the smallest may perhaps manage a single scheme of housing for older people. Much of the supported accommodation in the UK is also provided by housing associations, with specialist
406:
keep in repair and proper working order the installations in the dwelling for the supply of water, gas, and electricity, and for sanitation (including basins, sinks, baths and sanitary conveniences, but not other fixtures, fittings and appliances for making use of the supply of water, gas or
289:
A feature of housing associations is that, although the larger housing associations usually have paid staff, a committee or board of management made up of volunteers, or paid non-executive members, has overall responsibility for the work of the organisation. A board might include residents,
302:
Housing associations' day-to-day activities are funded by rent and service charges payments made by, or on behalf of, those living in its properties. In this sense, housing associations are run as commercial entities and the majority do not depend on donations for their general activities.
378:
The HCA implemented a new government policy of "affordable rents" for its 2011–15 funding round, requiring associations to set rents at up to 80% of market rents so that less up-front capital subsidy would be required. In
September 2013, a group of
455:(formerly the National Federation of Housing Associations) claimed that at the start of 2003 they had around 1,400 non-profit housing organisations in their membership, owning or managing approximately 1.8 million homes across England.
183:
housing associations were also the providers of most new public-sector housing. By 2003 36.5% of the social rented housing stock was held by housing associations. Currently, some of the biggest housing associations in the UK are
59:" for people in need of a home. Any budget surplus is used to maintain existing housing and to help finance new homes and it cannot be used for personal benefit of directors or shareholders. Although independent, they are
444:
363:, the proportion of the cost of new homes met by capital grants was scaled back by the government, so borrowing became the primary source of funding for investment. Much of this was simply borrowed from banks and
737:
152:
431:
602:
290:
representatives from local authorities and community groups, business people and politicians. There are more than 30,000 voluntary board members running housing associations throughout
792:
856:
171:
transferring their housing stock to housing associations. These organisations are often referred to as large-scale voluntary transfer organisations or local housing companies.
900:
991:
438:
825:
926:
649:
598:
411:
If a landlord refuses to repair a rented property, the tenant can take action to require them to carry out necessary works and claim compensation.
549:
769:
802:
711:
860:
904:
167:
in local government and a housing benefit scheme that was more generous to housing associations than local authorities, led to many
419:
There are four industry bodies representing housing associations working in the UK, each covering a respective country. They are:
681:
833:
407:
electricity), and keep in repair and proper working order the installation in the dwelling for space heating and heating water.
253:, irrespective of status (private, public, for-profit or not-for-profit). As of 2012, the terms registered social landlord and
39:
930:
56:
17:
995:
490:
123:
the years these public housing entities have had different names including: 'housing commissions', and 'housing trusts'.
330:
306:
New housing generally receives economic subsidies, the source of which will depend on where the association is based:
575:
533:
458:
In the 2000s, some larger associations formed regional groups for purposes including lobbying government bodies. The
250:
249:, or in Wales with the Welsh Government. From 2010 to 2012, associations were termed registered providers under the
228:
224:
656:
368:
744:
567:
272:
EWHC 1377 (Admin) ruled that housing associations were public authorities and as a result could be subject to
1012:
505:
399:, which applies to tenancies entered into after 1961. In summary, section 11 provides that a landlord shall:
371:, these institutions ceased to offer long-term loans, so developing associations are increasingly turning to
353:
396:
311:
208:
200:
131:
Housing associations first appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century as part of the growth in
452:
424:
403:
keep in repair the structure and exterior of the dwelling, including drains, gutters and external pipes;
232:
459:
31:
323:
315:
245:(RSL) is the technical name for social landlords that in England were formerly registered with the
777:
236:
52:
624:
314:(HCA), the exception being funding in London which from April 2012 is the responsibility of the
715:
500:
204:
60:
158:
They increased in importance over the last decades of the twentieth century due to changes to
475:
184:
140:
322:. The Housing Corporation's regulatory role was split out to a separate body from 2010, the
689:
495:
8:
337:
319:
246:
84:
265:
571:
529:
395:
A landlord's obligations are set out in several pieces of legislation, including the
188:
163:
116:
875:"NIFHA » The Northern Ireland Housing Associations' Charitable Trust (NIHACT)"
364:
360:
359:
Housing associations borrow money to pay for new homes and improvements. After the
344:
343:
In Wales, the regulation and funding of housing associations is carried out by the
179:
175:
168:
88:
797:
384:
273:
80:
599:"REIT moves into Scotland using housing association only registered in England"
485:
380:
372:
153:
Metropolitan
Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes
144:
112:
72:
64:
1006:
480:
196:
159:
148:
92:
220:
136:
132:
104:
108:
356:
loans (LOBOs) have been taken out in the past by housing associations.
199:, to name just a few. Some housing associations have partnerships with
96:
67:. They are now the United Kingdom's major providers of new housing for
650:"Local Government: Divisional Court decides RSL is a public authority"
874:
857:"London boroughs call for judicial review of affordable rents policy"
550:"Housing Associations in England – implications for Northern Ireland"
100:
526:
Housing
Associations and Housing Policy: A Historical Perspective
310:
In
England, housing associations are funded and regulated by the
291:
68:
75:
schemes to help those who cannot afford to buy a home outright.
628:
219:
Housing associations may be constituted using various forms of
192:
135:
and voluntary organisations brought about by the growth of the
975:
793:"Spotlight on Newham Council over high interest 'LOBO' loans"
965:
954:
257:
are both used as alternative names for housing association.
682:"The Tenant Services Authority and the Housing Corporation"
980:
329:
In
Northern Ireland, the same role is carried out by the
960:
927:"Super seven join forces on eastern promise | News"
565:
43:
Housing association development in Royal
Tunbridge Wells
970:
462:
group of London's largest associations was followed by
985:
326:(TSA), but merged again into the HCA from April 2012.
568:
The evolution of stock transfer housing associations
971:
Northern Ireland Federation of Housing Associations
901:"Model is broken say mega-associations | News"
738:"The National Affordable Housing Programme 2008–11"
445:
Northern Ireland Federation of Housing Associations
712:"Affordable Housing Capital Funding Guide 2014–15"
235:and companies. They may or may not be registered
27:Organisations providing low-cost "social housing"
1004:
336:In Scotland, this function is fulfilled by the
714:. Homes and Communities Agency. Archived from
566:Hal Pawson, Cathy Fancie (10 September 2003).
255:private registered providers of social housing
281:membership of the European single currency.
961:Scottish Federation of Housing Associations
559:
432:Scottish Federation of Housing Associations
318:. The HCA's predecessor until 2008 was the
270:Weaver v. London and Quadrant Housing Trust
823:
390:
297:
261:bodies for the purposes of procurement.
211:, working with 15 housing associations.
38:
854:
826:"End of the line for long-term lending"
824:Hollander, Gavriel (11 November 2011).
523:
14:
1005:
790:
570:(Report). Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
992:"The Rise of the Housing Association"
743:. Housing Corporation. Archived from
55:organisations that provide low-cost "
855:Sharman, Laura (23 September 2013).
655:. Pinsentmasons.com. Archived from
491:Arms-length management organisation
47:In Ireland and the United Kingdom,
24:
898:
414:
331:Northern Ireland Housing Executive
225:industrial and provident societies
25:
1024:
948:
251:Housing and Regeneration Act 2008
929:. Inside Housing. Archived from
903:. Inside Housing. Archived from
859:. LocalGov.co.uk. Archived from
776:. 9 January 2009. Archived from
605:from the original on 9 July 2021
919:
892:
867:
848:
817:
784:
762:
601:. Inside Housing. 20 May 2019.
214:
986:Chartered Institute of Housing
981:Social Housing Law Association
791:Mayhew, Freddy (6 July 2015).
730:
704:
674:
642:
617:
591:
542:
517:
375:to raise funds for expansion.
207:is the largest social housing
13:
1:
528:. New York: Macmillan Press.
511:
506:Category:Housing associations
354:lender option borrower option
284:
201:real estate investment trusts
397:Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
312:Homes and Communities Agency
209:real estate investment trust
7:
955:National Housing Federation
625:"Housing association homes"
469:
425:National Housing Federation
10:
1029:
387:to challenge this policy.
369:2007–2008 financial crisis
243:Registered social landlord
126:
29:
324:Tenant Services Authority
143:. Early examples are the
79:projects for people with
316:Greater London Authority
30:Not to be confused with
966:Community Housing Cymru
524:Malpass, Peter (2000).
439:Community Housing Cymru
32:homeowners' association
686:www.housingcorp.gov.uk
501:Homeowners association
391:Landlord's obligations
298:Funding and regulation
205:Civitas Social Housing
71:, while many also run
61:regulated by the state
44:
957:(covers England only)
476:Decent Homes Standard
227:, but there are also
185:Clarion Housing Group
141:Industrial Revolution
115:, and people fleeing
85:learning disabilities
63:and commonly receive
42:
1013:Housing associations
662:on 24 September 2015
496:Housing Action Trust
174:The Housing Acts of
49:housing associations
18:Housing associations
907:on 4 September 2012
863:on 17 October 2015.
443:Northern Ireland –
338:Scottish Government
320:Housing Corporation
247:Housing Corporation
139:in the wake of the
718:on 18 October 2014
365:building societies
266:English High Court
264:Subsequently, the
162:brought in by the
45:
899:Dowler, Crispin.
770:"LOBOs explained"
750:on 1 October 2012
189:Sanctuary Housing
117:domestic violence
53:non-profit making
16:(Redirected from
1020:
999:
998:on 14 July 2009.
994:. Archived from
943:
942:
940:
938:
933:on 4 August 2012
923:
917:
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914:
912:
896:
890:
889:
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864:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
836:on 4 August 2012
832:. Archived from
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
801:. Archived from
788:
782:
781:
780:on 11 July 2015.
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
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728:
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725:
723:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
688:. Archived from
678:
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671:
669:
667:
661:
654:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
595:
589:
588:
586:
584:
563:
557:
556:
554:
546:
540:
539:
521:
466:in East Anglia.
367:, but after the
361:Housing Act 1988
345:Welsh Government
99:), the formerly
89:substance misuse
73:shared ownership
21:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1003:
1002:
990:
951:
946:
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925:
924:
920:
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908:
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893:
883:
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873:
872:
868:
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849:
839:
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818:
808:
806:
805:on 10 July 2015
798:Newham Recorder
789:
785:
768:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
740:
736:
735:
731:
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710:
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705:
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693:
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679:
675:
665:
663:
659:
652:
648:
647:
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633:
631:
623:
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608:
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597:
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582:
580:
578:
564:
560:
552:
548:
547:
543:
536:
522:
518:
514:
472:
417:
415:Industry bodies
393:
385:judicial review
381:London boroughs
373:corporate bonds
300:
287:
274:judicial review
217:
160:council housing
129:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1001:
1000:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
950:
949:External links
947:
945:
944:
918:
891:
866:
847:
830:Inside Housing
816:
783:
774:Inside Housing
761:
729:
703:
692:on 2 June 2011
673:
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616:
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576:
558:
541:
534:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
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498:
493:
488:
486:Public housing
483:
478:
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448:
441:
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428:
416:
413:
409:
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341:
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299:
296:
286:
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277:authorities'.
216:
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145:Guinness Trust
137:middle classes
128:
125:
113:asylum seekers
65:public funding
57:social housing
26:
9:
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906:
902:
895:
880:
879:www.nifha.org
876:
870:
862:
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820:
804:
800:
799:
794:
787:
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771:
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739:
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577:1-86134-545-3
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535:0-333-65558-3
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497:
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489:
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482:
481:Council house
479:
477:
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473:
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282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
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258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
233:co-operatives
230:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Peabody Trust
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
172:
170:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
149:Peabody Trust
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:philanthropic
124:
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110:
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81:mental health
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894:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
861:the original
850:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
829:
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807:. Retrieved
803:the original
796:
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778:the original
773:
764:
752:. Retrieved
745:the original
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690:the original
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657:the original
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607:. Retrieved
593:
581:. Retrieved
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463:
457:
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418:
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218:
215:Legal status
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109:ex-offenders
105:young people
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48:
46:
36:
634:19 December
430:Scotland –
223:. Many are
95:or illegal
976:Housingnet
840:19 January
696:2 February
512:References
464:East Seven
423:England –
285:Management
91:problems (
83:issues or
754:1 October
237:charities
1007:Category
603:Archived
470:See also
437:Wales –
169:councils
164:Thatcher
151:and the
101:homeless
809:10 July
583:3 March
555:. 2016.
447:(NIFHA)
292:England
193:L&Q
127:History
93:alcohol
87:, with
937:9 July
911:9 July
884:8 June
722:9 July
666:9 July
629:GOV.UK
609:20 May
574:
532:
434:(SFHA)
229:trusts
748:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
553:(PDF)
427:(NHF)
97:drugs
939:2015
913:2015
886:2017
842:2012
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756:2012
724:2015
698:2022
668:2015
636:2012
611:2019
585:2017
572:ISBN
530:ISBN
451:The
195:and
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178:and
176:1985
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460:G15
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
