336:
347:
524:
design that was less efficient than any actual ancient harnesses used. While
Lefebvre's experiments clearly demonstrated that the throat and girth design he used rode up on horses and cut off their air, images from ancient art and partial yokes found by archaeologists suggested that with proper placement and the addition of a stiff partial yoke, the breastcollar remained on the chest, and wind was not in fact cut off while pulling. Further studies conducted in 1977 by Spruytte and Littauer, followed up by
61:
532:
428:
576:
233:
480:, and other developments in the agricultural system, the efficiency of the European peasant farmer in producing food increased, allowing further societal development in Europe. The surplus in food allowed labor specialization as farmers could change their occupation and focus on other skills, such as the purchase and selling of goods, resulting in the emergence of a merchant class within European society. The horse collar was one of the factors in the ending of the
548:
562:
50:
457:
440:
collars could only be worn by them without physical penalty. Additionally, the yoke used to harness oxen were made exclusive to each individual animal. However it was sometimes difficult to cultivate the land; based upon soil condition, it may have taken up to sixteen oxen to effectively use a single heavy plow. This made it difficult for farmers who lacked the capital to sustain such large numbers.
528:, with more accurately reconstructed ancient designs suggested that horses with ancient harness designs could pull nearly as much as with the more modern horse collar. The primary benefit to the use of the modern horse collar, it is argued, was that it allowed a lower point of attachment and in so doing increased the usability of horses for ploughing.
327:. The breastplate primarily kept the surcingle from slipping back, not as the primary pushing object. This results in the horse literally pulling the load, a less efficient use of the animal. The modern breastcollar has traces which transfer the pull directly from the breastcollar, but a horse collar still is more effective for pulling heavy loads.
492:
The French cavalry officer
Lefebvre des Noëttes experimented with the ancient throat-and-girth harness in comparison the later trace breast-harness and then finally the matured form of the medieval collar harness. In his experiment of 1910, he found that two horses (aided by effective traction) using
223:
which argued that there were at least three ancient traction systems shown in art, none of which choked the horses. The shoulder traction (ancient
Egyptian) and breast traction (Greek and Roman) artwork had been mis-seen and mis-drawn as a composite that matched neither. This he sought to demonstrate
211:
which restricted its breathing and reducing the pulling power of the horse. Thus, the harder a horse pulled, the more strongly it choked off its own breathing. Because of these supposed physical constraints, oxen were used in preference to horses for heavy work, as they do not have this problem due
439:
c. 920 AD, and became universal by the 12th century. The
Scandinavians were among the first to use a horse collar that did not constrain the breathing passages of the horses. Prior to this development, oxen still remained the primary choice of animal for farm labor, as all the previous harnesses and
357:
After the breastcollar harness, the next and final evolutionary stage was the collar harness. The collar allows a horse to use its full strength when pulling, essentially allowing the horse to push forward with its hindquarters into the collar. The fully developed collar harness was developed in
131:
A horse collar is oval rather than circular and it is by design not very flexible. It is a padded appliance that conforms well to the shape of the horse's body. It is constructed so that at all points of contact with the body of the horse it avoids the air passage. By protecting the airway of the
523:
However, the findings of
Lefebvre des Noëttes were not without challenges, notably the argument that there was an early partial horse collar, a dorsal yoke system, dating to ancient Rome, and that Lefebvre's designs did not accurately reflect those actually used, but rather created an inaccurate
467:
The creation of the horse collar removed the previous physical restrictions the old harness had on the animal, and allowed the horse to be able to exert its full strength in plowing. Originally, the structure of the old harness forced the horse to literally pull its workload, the horse collar's
418:
in 834 AD. According to evidence provided by Dr. Chang
Shuhong, the date of the painting is precisely 851 AD, yet Needham points out that there is universal consensus amongst historians that it was painted anytime between roughly 840 to 860 AD. This latter painting accurately depicts the horse
447:
to a task than an ox due to its greater speed. Horses generally also have greater endurance and can work more hours in a day. The centuries-long association that the
Europeans had with the use of horses allowed an easier transition from oxen-based harnesses to the horse collar.
115:, due to the horse's greater speed. Additionally, horses generally have greater endurance than oxen, and thus can work more hours each day. The importance and value of horses as a resource for improving agricultural production increased accordingly.
471:
Following the introduction of the horse collar to Europe and its use being clearly evident by 1000 AD, the use of horses for ploughing became more widespread. Horses work roughly 50 percent faster than oxen. With the collar, combined with the
203:(510 BC–476 AD). With this "ancient harness", ploughs and carts were pulled using harnesses that had flat straps across the neck and chest of the animal, with the load attached at the top of the collar, above the neck, in a manner similar to a
307:
during the 7th to 10th centuries. After
Central Asia, the first breast-strap harness was spread to Europe by the 8th century (in depicted artwork), and became more widespread by the following 9th century (for example, depicted in a
271:. This type of harness put pressure upon the sternum, where the line of traction is directly linked with the skeletal system of the horse, allowing for nearly full exertion. It was in universal use by the time of the Chinese
394:). This Sui dynasty depiction (in cave 302) is of particular interest, since its depiction of the horse collar is not only more accurate (the same seen even in north and northwest China today), but it is used for a
386:
dated to 477–499 AD. In this painting the arching cross bar is clear, but the artist failed to clearly show the cushioned collar behind it, without which the whole design would have been rendered useless.
118:
The horse collar was very important to the development of many areas of the world. Wherever oxen were used and could be replaced with horses, the use of horses boosted economies, and reduced reliance on
224:
by building reproduction chariots and harness, and running them with suitable teams. These had to be borrowed ponies as horses were too large for the surviving
Egyptian chariot he used as a model.
96:
of the harness are attached. The collar allows the horse to use its full strength when pulling, essentially enabling the animal to push forward with its hindquarters into the collar. If wearing a
150:
Long before the horse collar harness, there was the less efficient throat-girth harness. This, it was claimed, could be found in many ancient civilizations, according to early 20th century
123:. This allowed people more free time to take on specialized activities, and consequently to the development of early industry, education, and the arts in the rise of market-based towns.
390:
The same basic design is seen in other painted
Chinese frescoes, one from 520 to 524 AD (with shafts projecting beyond the horses chest for sternal traction), and another circa 600 AD (
398:, not a horse. The Chinese had used camels often from the 2nd century BC onwards during the Han dynasty, and there was even a Camel Corps serving the military on the frontier of the
107:
From the time of the invention of the horse collar, horses became more valuable for plowing and pulling. When the horse was harnessed in the collar, the horse could apply 50% more
866:
370:
province, China. These paintings display an amply padded horse collar with no sign of a yoke. However, the earliest legitimate depiction of it in art is on a
104:, the horse had to pull with its less-powerful shoulders. The collar had another advantage over the yoke as it reduced pressure on the horse's windpipe.
884:
1052:
848:
1956:
319:
The problem with a breastcollar harness was that the actual shafts of the cart, chariot, or other vehicle are attached to a
402:. However, the adapted horse collar for camels would not have been common until the 6th century. In cave 156, there is a
893:
362:
China during the 5th century AD. The first questionable depiction of it in art appears on painted moulded-bricks in the
1914:
1004:
994:
1946:
581:
359:
158:
1045:
1907:
1616:
468:
development instead allowed the horse to push its workload, increasing the efficiency of its labor output.
1941:
17:
1669:
1038:
89:
1105:
324:
1951:
1422:
1442:
506:). However, a single horse with a more efficient collar harness could draw a weight of about
1684:
1325:
419:
collar, with a well-padded collar coming low on the chest and rising behind the cross-bar.
379:
335:
178:
8:
1499:
288:
189:
120:
35:
1851:
1141:
403:
208:
43:
1601:
1564:
1370:
1279:
1000:
933:
567:
414:
riding triumphantly after the recapture and conquest of the Dunhuang region from the
88:. The collar often supports and pads a pair of curved metal or wooden pieces, called
1936:
1574:
1517:
1427:
1110:
957:
525:
415:
196:
185:
54:
346:
1762:
1715:
1710:
1700:
589:
444:
443:
When the horse was harnessed with a horse collar, the horse could apply 50% more
108:
275:(202 BC – 220 AD), depicted in artwork of hundreds of different carvings, stone
1474:
1432:
1289:
1264:
1230:
1156:
1100:
1095:
909:
461:
363:
249:
132:
horse it became possible for the animal to use its full force to pull a load.
980:
Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century: The Structure of Everyday Life
921:
1930:
1889:
1757:
1674:
1414:
1398:
1355:
1350:
1269:
1220:
594:
553:
481:
300:
182:
174:
151:
77:
60:
31:
945:
531:
427:
1489:
1136:
1030:
997:: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
493:
the throat-and-girth harness were limited to pulling about 1100 lbs. (
411:
407:
350:
340:
284:
268:
257:
245:
232:
200:
101:
93:
1782:
1705:
1664:
1596:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1340:
1254:
1240:
1189:
1120:
599:
399:
391:
353:'s victory procession, showing horse collars for carriage pulling, c. 851
272:
65:
207:. These straps pressed against the horse's sterno-cephalicus muscle and
1606:
1345:
1274:
1115:
1061:
477:
1818:
1813:
1777:
1720:
1591:
1479:
1437:
1365:
1360:
1299:
1225:
1197:
1161:
547:
473:
320:
260:
by the 7th century, and was introduced to Europe by the 8th century.
1861:
1772:
1767:
1679:
1507:
1402:
1315:
1294:
1284:
1249:
1151:
789:
383:
371:
309:
304:
49:
561:
1856:
1823:
1801:
1752:
1611:
1469:
1375:
1259:
1166:
1146:
707:
705:
703:
367:
313:
296:
292:
280:
264:
170:
162:
154:
456:
1659:
1650:
1484:
1215:
1193:
1087:
1074:
812:
750:
436:
276:
85:
39:
805:
803:
801:
773:
771:
723:
700:
667:
68:
wearing a horse collar (the horse is not yet fully harnessed).
1621:
1579:
1532:
1527:
1335:
1320:
681:
679:
651:
649:
647:
645:
604:
395:
375:
253:
237:
192:
166:
81:
693:
691:
1586:
1569:
1522:
1512:
1330:
875:
839:
830:
821:
798:
780:
768:
759:
741:
732:
609:
279:, and stamped bricks showing it featured on horses pulling
244:
The throat-girth design was not improved until the Chinese
213:
204:
97:
714:
676:
658:
642:
688:
503:
460:
The horse collar pictured in the former coat of arms of
431:
Earliest European depiction of a horse collar, c. 800 AD
1554:
1073:
535:
Horses in highly decorative harness with horse collars.
112:
256:. The Chinese breast harness became known throughout
161:. This type of collar was supposedly used in ancient
1742:
543:
283:. This type of breast-strap harness became known in
934:"A History of Collar Harnessing in Source-Pictures"
140:
38:. For "head collar", used to restrain a horse, see
366:(220–265 AD) era tomb of Bao Sanniang at Zhaohua,
339:Earliest depiction of a horse collar, c. 477–499,
1928:
1188:
1025:Science and Technology in Medieval European Life
1397:
922:"Roman Traction Systems – The Dorsal Yoke"
248:or "breastcollar" harness developed during the
111:to a task in a given time period than could an
84:'s neck and shoulders when pulling a wagon or
1046:
987:Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations
451:
80:that is used to distribute the load around a
1060:
1800:
946:"Roman Traction Systems – Load Limits"
635:
633:
631:
629:
1053:
1039:
958:"Roman Traction Systems – Conclusion"
34:. For the American football maneuver, see
857:
487:
626:
530:
455:
426:
410:Chinese general and provincial governor
345:
334:
240:from the ancient to medieval era, c. 147
231:
145:
59:
48:
227:
212:to anatomical differences and could be
14:
1929:
1011:A History of the Middle Ages, 300–1500
982:, University of California Press, 1992
795:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, Plate CCXXI
435:The horse collar eventually spread to
263:Its first depiction in artwork was on
1878:
1840:
1799:
1741:
1638:
1553:
1396:
1187:
1072:
1034:
484:and transition from the Middle Ages.
30:This article is about an element of
1639:
1555:Tack accessories and training tools
818:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 319–320.
756:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 324–325.
729:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 308–312.
711:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 311–315.
673:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 305–308.
236:The breast-collar harness, used in
24:
1879:
1027:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006
999:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986.
25:
1968:
1915:Category:Horse tack and equipment
995:Science and Civilisation in China
1743:Historic or ceremonial equipment
1013:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008
973:The History of Farming Machinery
574:
560:
546:
141:Predecessors to the horse collar
1841:
1309:Component parts and accessories
975:, Oxford University Press, 2005
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
881:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 327.
845:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 317.
836:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 321.
827:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 320.
809:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 326.
786:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 323.
777:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 322.
765:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 325.
747:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 316.
738:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 311.
720:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 310.
685:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 305.
664:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 304.
655:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 312.
582:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
360:Southern and Northern dynasties
697:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 28.
13:
1:
1957:Technology in the Middle Ages
989:, Blue Bridge, Virginia, 2006
615:
267:-ware boxes from the ancient
1908:Glossary of equestrian terms
1617:Draw reins and running reins
1077:, components and accessories
1016:Spruytte, J., Littauer, M.,
620:
378:(cave 257) from the Chinese
219:In 1972, Spruytte published
7:
539:
323:(type of strap) around the
10:
1973:
1130:Components and accessories
965:
452:Impact of the horse collar
135:
29:
1902:
1885:
1874:
1847:
1836:
1809:
1795:
1748:
1737:
1693:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1560:
1549:
1498:
1413:
1409:
1392:
1308:
1239:
1208:
1204:
1183:
1129:
1086:
1082:
1068:
1023:Wigelsworth, Jeffrey R.,
422:
126:
42:. For the character, see
1062:Horse equipment and tack
985:Chamberlain, J. Edward,
910:"Roman Traction Systems"
330:
53:Two horse collars, with
1106:Australian stock saddle
287:and elsewhere with the
221:Ancient Harness Systems
27:Part of a horse harness
1947:History of agriculture
1438:Bearing rein/overcheck
1020:, Hyperion Books, 1990
536:
488:Weight pulling studies
464:
432:
354:
343:
241:
69:
57:
1018:Early Harness Systems
534:
459:
430:
349:
338:
235:
146:Earliest predecessors
63:
52:
1326:Mechanical hackamore
854:Chamberlain, p. 109.
380:Northern Wei dynasty
252:(481–221 BC) era in
228:Breastcollar harness
159:Lefebvre des Noëttes
1500:Horse-drawn vehicle
890:Wigelsworth, p. 10.
325:barrel of the horse
121:subsistence farming
36:horse-collar tackle
1942:Chinese inventions
978:Braudel, Fernand,
537:
465:
433:
355:
344:
242:
199:(550–323 BC), and
70:
58:
44:Horace Horsecollar
1924:
1923:
1898:
1897:
1870:
1869:
1832:
1831:
1791:
1790:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1630:
1629:
1602:Longeing cavesson
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1443:Blinders/blinkers
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1316:Noseband/cavesson
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1009:Riddle, John M.,
992:Needham, Joseph,
568:Technology portal
16:(Redirected from
1964:
1876:
1875:
1838:
1837:
1797:
1796:
1739:
1738:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1551:
1550:
1465:Collar and hames
1411:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1206:
1205:
1185:
1184:
1111:McClellan saddle
1084:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1031:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
873:
872:Braudel, p. 345.
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
766:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
698:
695:
686:
683:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
653:
640:
637:
584:
579:
578:
577:
570:
565:
564:
556:
551:
550:
526:Georges Raepsaet
519:
518:
514:
511:
502:
501:
497:
406:painting of the
216:to their loads.
197:Classical Greece
195:(2700–1450 BC),
188:(1600–1050 BC),
181:(1570–1070 BC),
21:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1894:
1881:
1866:
1843:
1828:
1805:
1787:
1763:Abumi (stirrup)
1744:
1725:
1716:Livestock crush
1689:
1641:
1640:Other equipment
1626:
1556:
1537:
1494:
1405:
1380:
1304:
1235:
1200:
1171:
1125:
1078:
1064:
1059:
971:Bolich, Susan,
968:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
769:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
701:
696:
689:
684:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
654:
643:
638:
627:
623:
618:
590:Collar (animal)
580:
575:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
542:
516:
512:
509:
507:
499:
495:
494:
490:
454:
425:
333:
230:
173:(1400–800 BC),
148:
143:
138:
129:
92:, to which the
76:is a part of a
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:Transportation
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:(horseshoeing)
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1685:Leg protection
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Grooming tools
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1475:Harness saddle
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Bit mouthpiece
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Kimblewick bit
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1231:Bitless bridle
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Saddle blanket
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:English saddle
1098:
1096:Western saddle
1092:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
990:
983:
976:
967:
964:
962:
961:
956:Weller, J. A.
949:
944:Weller, J. A.
937:
932:Weller, J. A.
925:
920:Weller, J. A.
913:
908:Weller, J. A.
901:
899:Bolich, p. 55.
892:
883:
874:
865:
863:Riddle, p. 159
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
797:
788:
779:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
699:
687:
675:
666:
657:
641:
639:Riddle, p. 162
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
571:
557:
541:
538:
489:
486:
453:
450:
424:
421:
416:Tibetan Empire
364:Three Kingdoms
332:
329:
316:ship burial).
250:Warring States
229:
226:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
128:
125:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1969:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Horse harness
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1891:
1890:Horse trailer
1888:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Kura (saddle)
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Horse blanket
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Breast collar
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1415:Horse harness
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Horse harness
1395:
1391:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Bit converter
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Liverpool bit
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:and bit parts
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Double bridle
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:0-521-07060-0
1002:
998:
996:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
970:
969:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
804:
802:
792:
783:
774:
772:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
706:
704:
694:
692:
682:
680:
670:
661:
652:
650:
648:
646:
636:
634:
632:
630:
625:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Horse harness
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
572:
569:
563:
558:
555:
554:Horses portal
549:
544:
533:
529:
527:
521:
505:
485:
483:
482:feudal system
479:
475:
469:
463:
458:
449:
446:
441:
438:
429:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
348:
342:
337:
328:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
234:
225:
222:
217:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:Shang dynasty
180:
176:
175:ancient Egypt
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
133:
124:
122:
116:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:horse harness
75:
67:
62:
56:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:horse harness
19:
1913:
1906:
1464:
1024:
1017:
1010:
993:
986:
979:
972:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
791:
782:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
669:
660:
522:
491:
470:
466:
442:
434:
412:Zhang Yichao
408:Tang dynasty
389:
356:
351:Zhang Yichao
341:Northern Wei
318:
285:Central Asia
269:State of Chu
262:
258:Central Asia
246:breast-strap
243:
220:
218:
201:ancient Rome
149:
130:
117:
106:
102:breastcollar
74:horse collar
73:
71:
1842:Occupations
1783:Hipposandal
1706:Picket line
1597:Bitting rig
1523:Sled/sleigh
1460:Horse brass
1453:Shadow roll
1448:Lines/reins
1341:Mecate rein
1255:Snaffle bit
1142:Breastplate
1121:Pack saddle
600:Draft horse
400:Tarim Basin
392:Sui dynasty
273:Han dynasty
179:New Kingdom
177:during the
66:draft horse
18:Horsecollar
1931:Categories
1694:Restraints
1607:Side reins
1565:Martingale
1371:Tongue-tie
1346:Curb chain
1275:Pelham bit
1209:Headstalls
1198:hackamores
1116:Sidesaddle
616:References
478:heavy plow
1819:Hoof boot
1814:Horseshoe
1778:Caparison
1721:Rein hook
1653:equipment
1592:Surcingle
1480:Surcingle
1428:Breeching
1403:carriages
1366:Lip strap
1361:Bit guard
1300:Bit shank
1280:Spade bit
1226:Hackamore
1162:Saddlebag
621:Citations
474:horseshoe
321:surcingle
297:Bohemians
1862:Strapper
1824:Caulkins
1802:Farriery
1773:Shabrack
1768:Frentera
1680:Fly mask
1508:Carriage
1295:Bit ring
1285:Ring bit
1250:Curb bit
1152:Tapadero
540:See also
404:panorama
384:painting
372:Dunhuang
310:tapestry
305:Russians
281:chariots
157:officer
1937:Chaldea
1857:Hostler
1753:Barding
1612:Chambon
1470:Crupper
1376:Sallong
1260:Gag bit
1194:bridles
1167:Pannier
1147:Stirrup
1088:Saddles
1075:Saddles
966:Sources
515:⁄
498:⁄
368:Sichuan
314:Oseberg
312:of the
293:Magyars
277:reliefs
265:lacquer
209:trachea
171:Assyria
167:Sumeria
165:, both
163:Chaldea
155:cavalry
136:History
64:Modern
1711:Twitch
1701:Hobble
1660:Halter
1651:Stable
1485:Terret
1433:Bridle
1351:Fiador
1216:Bridle
1003:
520:tons.
476:, the
437:Europe
423:Europe
382:, the
303:, and
190:Minoan
152:French
127:Design
94:traces
86:plough
40:halter
1852:Groom
1622:Gogue
1580:Quirt
1533:Wagon
1528:Sulky
1518:Coach
1490:Trace
1336:Romal
1331:Reins
1321:Bosal
1137:Girth
605:Oxbow
462:Jeppo
445:power
396:camel
376:mural
374:cave
331:China
301:Poles
289:Avars
254:China
238:China
214:yoked
193:Crete
186:China
109:power
100:or a
90:hames
82:horse
55:hames
1665:Lead
1587:Spur
1575:Crop
1570:Whip
1513:Cart
1401:and
1241:Bits
1196:and
1190:Bits
1001:ISBN
610:Yoke
205:yoke
169:and
98:yoke
504:ton
1933::
1192:,
800:^
770:^
702:^
690:^
678:^
644:^
628:^
299:,
295:,
291:,
113:ox
72:A
1054:e
1047:t
1040:v
517:2
513:1
510:+
508:1
500:2
496:1
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
