56:
25:
1807:
443:, a roundworm frequently used in biological studies, that were starved of other nutrients. Higher doses of 0.4% provided no longevity benefit. However, worms exposed to 0.005% did not develop normally (their development was arrested). The authors argue that the worms were using ethanol as an alternative energy source in the absence of other nutrition, or had initiated a stress response. They did not test the effect of ethanol on worms fed a normal diet.
507:
used by regulatory bodies, the expected cancer deaths in this population would have been 302 with 70 caused by the extra ionizing radiation, with the remainder caused by natural background radiation. The observed cancer rate, though, was quite low at 7 cancer deaths when 232 would be predicted by the
494:
Hormesis has been observed in a number of cases in humans and animals exposed to chronic low doses of ionizing radiation. A-bomb survivors who received high doses exhibited shortened lifespan and increased cancer mortality, but those who received low doses had lower cancer mortality than the
Japanese
574:
proposed that exposing cells and organisms to mild stress should result in the adaptive or hormetic response with various biological benefits. This idea has preliminary evidence showing that repetitive mild stress exposure may have anti-aging effects in laboratory models. Some mild stresses used for
516:
No experiment can be performed in perfect isolation. Thick lead shielding around a chemical dose experiment to rule out the effects of ionizing radiation is built and rigorously controlled for in the laboratory, and certainly not the field. Likewise the same applies for ionizing radiation studies.
502:
steel was inadvertently used in the construction of over 100 apartment buildings, causing the long-term exposure of 10,000 people. The average dose rate was 50 mSv/year and a subset of the population (1,000 people) received a total dose over 4,000 mSv over ten years. In the widely used
105:
and nutrition, hormesis has regions extending from low-dose deficiencies to homeostasis, and potential toxicity at high levels. Physiological concentrations of an agent above or below homeostasis may adversely affect an organism, where the hormetic zone is a region of homeostasis of balanced
648:
centers whose whole primary operating principle is the assumption of radiation hormesis, or beneficial impact of small doses of radiation on human health. Countries such as
Germany and Austria at the same time have imposed very strict antinuclear regulations, which have been described as
117:
In the context of toxicology, the hormesis model of dose response is vigorously debated. The biochemical mechanisms by which hormesis works (particularly in applied cases pertaining to behavior and toxins) remain under early laboratory research and are not well understood.
475:, stated that other explanations are possible. For instance, the flock he studied might have harbored some low, subclinical infection and that mercury, well known to be antimicrobial, might have killed the infection that otherwise hurt reproduction in the untreated birds.
552:
from GWI veterans exhibited a significantly elevated level of NER repair. It was suggested that this increased NER capability in exposed veterans was likely a hormetic response, that is, an induced protective response resulting from battlefield exposure.
682:
A 2005 report commissioned by the French
National Academy concluded that evidence for hormesis occurring at low doses is sufficient and LNT should be reconsidered as the methodology used to estimate risks from low-level sources of radiation, such as
1947:
Latimer JJ, Alhamed A, Sveiven S, Almutairy A, Klimas NG, Abreu M, Sullivan K, Grant SG. Preliminary
Evidence for a Hormetic Effect on DNA Nucleotide Excision Repair in Veterans with Gulf War Illness. Mil Med. 2020 Feb 13; 185(1–2):e47–e52.
269:; the loss of heme oxygenase and subsequent loss of carbon monoxide signaling has catastrophic implications for an organism. In addition to physiological roles, small amounts of carbon monoxide can be inhaled or administered in the form of
335:
Physical exercise intensity may exhibit a hormetic curve. Individuals with low levels of physical activity are at risk for some diseases; however, individuals engaged in moderate, regular exercise may experience less disease risk.
1145:
Hopper, Christopher P.; De La Cruz, Ladie
Kimberly; Lyles, Kristin V.; Wareham, Lauren K.; Gilbert, Jack A.; Eichenbaum, Zehava; Magierowski, Marcin; Poole, Robert K.; Wollborn, Jakob; Wang, Binghe (2020-12-23).
1603:
Fillmore, Kaye
Middleton; Stockwell, Tim; Chikritzhs, Tanya; Bostrom, Alan; Kerr, William (2007). "Moderate Alcohol Use and Reduced Mortality Risk: Systematic Error in Prospective Studies and New Hypotheses".
434:, therefore whether benefits of alcohol are derived from the behavior of consuming alcoholic drinks or as a homeostasis factor in normal physiology via metabolites from commensal microbiota remains unclear.
2256:"Dose–effect relationship and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation: The joint report of the Académie des Sciences (Paris) and of the Académie Nationale de Médecine"
180:
claiming descent from his formula and initially including flesh from poisonous animals, were consumed for centuries by emperors, kings, and queens as protection against poison and ill health. In the
206:
first described such a phenomenon in 1888 following his own observations that the growth of yeast could be stimulated by small doses of poisons. This was coupled with the work of German physician
566:
One of the areas where the concept of hormesis has been explored extensively with respect to its applicability is aging. Since the basic survival capacity of any biological system depends on its
1568:
Fillmore, Kaye
Middleton; Kerr, William C.; Stockwell, Tim; Chikritzhs, Tanya; Bostrom, Alan (2006). "Moderate alcohol use and reduced mortality risk: Systematic error in prospective studies".
621:(LNT), which assumes a strictly linear dependence between the risk of radiation-induced adverse health effects and radiation dose, implying that there is no safe dose of radiation for humans.
521:. The resulting materials are then free to interact with any environmental elements, and the energy released can also be used as a catalyst in further ionizing radiation interactions.
672:) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation all agree that radiation hormesis is not clearly shown, nor clearly the rule for radiation doses.
679:
stated in 2001 that evidence for radiation hormesis is insufficient and radiation protection authorities should continue to apply the LNT model for purposes of risk estimation.
524:
The resulting confusion in the low-dose exposure field (radiation and chemical) arise from lack of consideration of this concept as described by
Mothersill and Seymory.
676:
665:
370:
states that compounds inactivating ROS would lead to a reduction of oxidative stress and thereby produce an increase in lifespan, although this theory holds only in
237:; Calabrese and Baldwin wrote: "One percent (195 out of 20,285) of the published articles contained 668 dose-response relationships that met the entry criteria "
354:
are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a source of chemical energy.
218:
contributed to the rule's diminished credibility in the 1920s and 1930s. The term "hormesis" was coined and used for the first time in a scientific paper by
74:
to an environmental agent whereby low-dose amounts have a beneficial effect and high-dose amounts are either inhibitory to function or toxic. Within the
617:. This hypothesis is called radiation hormesis. For policy-making purposes, the commonly accepted model of dose response in radiobiology is the
2195:
426:
is believed to be hormetic in preventing heart disease and stroke, although the benefits of light drinking may have been exaggerated. The
1672:
699:
Hormesis remains largely unknown to the public, requiring a policy change for a possible toxin to consider exposure risk of small doses.
661:
517:
Ionizing radiation is released when an unstable particle releases radiation, creating two new substances and energy in the form of an
1467:"Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
508:
LNT model had they not been exposed to the radiation from the building materials. Ionizing radiation hormesis appears to be at work.
657:
1299:
Radak, Zsolt; Chung, Hae Y.; Koltai, Erika; Taylor, Albert W.; Goto, Sataro (2008). "Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis".
2238:
2207:
2155:
1995:
1852:
1088:
1381:
Sanz, Alberto; Stefanatos, Rhoda K.A. (1 March 2008). "The
Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging: A Critical View".
270:
306:
Many organisms maintain a hormesis relationship with oxygen, which follows a hormetic curve similar to carbon monoxide:
418:
2196:
Committee to Assess Health Risks from
Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council (2005).
608:
1798:
Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals
1465:
Bjelakovic, Goran; Nikolova, Dimitrinka; Gluud, Lise Lotte; Simonetti, Rosa G.; Gluud, Christian (28 February 2007).
1358:
468:
2171:
145:. The term "hormetics" is used for the study of hormesis. The word hormesis was first reported in English in 1943.
430:
of a typical healthy individual naturally ferments small amounts of ethanol, and in rare cases dysbiosis leads to
1418:"Epigenetic oxidative redox shift (EORS) theory of aging unifies the free radical and insulin signaling theories"
587:, and food restriction. Such compounds that may modulate stress responses in cells have been termed "hormetins".
1797:
2326:
437:
In 2012, researchers at UCLA found that tiny amounts (1 mM, or 0.005%) of ethanol doubled the lifespan of
410:
234:
378:, "nutritional and genetic interventions to boost antioxidants have generally failed to increase life span."
595:
Hormesis suggests dangerous substances have benefits. Concerns exist that the concept has been leveraged by
194:
All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison.
1343:
2011:
Rattan, S. I. (2008). "Principles and practice of hormetic treatment of aging and age-related diseases".
1698:"Caenorhabditis elegans Battling Starvation Stress: Low Levels of Ethanol Prolong Lifespan in L1 Larvae"
684:
545:
71:
2341:
618:
504:
359:
295:
193:
1696:
Castro, Paola V.; Khare, Shilpi; Young, Brian D.; Clarke, Steven G. (2012). Singh, Shree Ram (ed.).
158:
87:
1752:"Enhanced reproduction in mallards fed a low level of methylmercury: An apparent case of hormesis"
1257:
645:
499:
355:
540:(GWI) were likely exposed to stresses from toxic chemicals and/or radiation. The DNA damaging (
1892:
Mothersill C, Seymour C (2009). "Implications for environmental health of multiple stressors".
1080:
669:
464:
439:
283:
Hormetic zone / region of homeostasis: small amount of carbon monoxide has a positive effect:
2331:
431:
211:
2172:"Scientist says some pollution is good for you — a disputed claim Trump's EPA has embraced"
1969:
1901:
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supposedly made himself immune to a variety of toxins by regular exposure to small doses.
8:
2336:
1256:
Hopper, Christopher P.; Zambrana, Paige N.; Goebel, Ulrich; Wollborn, Jakob (June 2021).
708:
367:
345:
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in living animals, but can be toxic in high amounts, even in a managed clinical setting.
1905:
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1810: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The possible effect of small amounts of oxidative stress is under laboratory research.
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2107:"Stress-Response Hormesis and Aging: "That which Does Not Kill Us Makes Us Stronger""
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study supports the possibility of mitohormesis, indicating that supplementation with
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Mild Stress and Healthy Aging: Applying hormesis in aging research and interventions
2088:
1988:
Mild Stress and Healthy Aging: Applying hormesis in aging research and interventions
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Heinz, Gary H.; Hoffman, David J.; Klimstra, Jon D.; Stebbins, Katherine R. (2010).
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such studies on the application of hormesis in aging research and interventions are
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to weaken environmental regulations of some well-known toxic substances in the US.
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in mitochondria by the proponents of the free-radical theory of aging promoted by
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2255:
1714:
992:
262:
250:
2294:
Poumadere, M. (2003). Hormesis: public health policy, organizational safety and
2229:
Evaluation of the Linear-Nonthreshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation
2199:
Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2
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Deficiency zone: an absence of carbon monoxide signaling has toxic implications
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International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology: Mitochondria and Longevity
1312:
1147:
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787:
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The hypothesis of hormesis has generated the most controversy when applied to
210:, who studied animals given low doses of drugs, eventually giving rise to the
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1983:
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207:
1953:
1801:
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841:
544:) effects of such exposures can be, at least partially, overcome by the DNA
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Whether this concept applies to humans remains to be shown, although a 2007
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185:
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1106:"The frequency of U-shaped dose responses in the toxicological literature"
650:
580:
567:
203:
181:
177:
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576:
549:
472:
398:
233:
evaluated the concept of hormesis. Over 600 substances show a U-shaped
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102:
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eggs. The author of the study, Gary Heinz, who led the study for the
394:
390:
134:
1751:
1218:
1024:"Hormesis: A revolution in toxicology, risk assessment and medicine"
36:. The reason given is: seems relatively widely accepted concept now.
2233:. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 2001.
1767:
596:
533:
315:
79:
60:
1602:
1342:
Bárcena, Clea; Mayoral, Pablo; Quirós, Pedro M. (1 January 2018).
633:
629:
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423:
170:
141:
1639:
Painter, Kelly; Cordell, Barbara J.; Sticco, Kristin L. (2021),
1464:
1258:"A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins"
1567:
637:
459:, a potent neurotoxic pollutant, improved the hatching rate of
83:
1148:"Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host–Gut Microbiome Communication"
2311:
2260:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
265:). The majority of endogenous carbon monoxide is produced by
1869:"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures"
1749:
1255:
1144:
979:
Kaiser, Jocelyn (2003). "Sipping from a Poisoned Chalice".
511:
2216:
882:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
2221:
2219:
1828:
Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Threshold Assumption
677:
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
666:
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
133:
for "rapid motion, eagerness", itself from ancient Greek
82:
is generally favorable. An example is the breathing of
1695:
1298:
78:, the biological response to low-dose amounts of some
2054:
2052:
2050:
1825:
Sanders, Charles (2010). Sanders, Charles L. (ed.).
1638:
1341:
876:
Hochberg CH, Semler MW, Brower RG (September 2021).
875:
536:(1991) who suffered from the persistent symptoms of
358:(ROS) have been discarded as unwanted byproducts of
2298:. Human & experimental toxicology, 22(1), 39-41
1349:. In LĂłpez-OtĂn, Carlos; Galluzzi, Lorenzo (eds.).
1344:"Chapter Two - Mitohormesis, an Antiaging Paradigm"
1200:
609:
Health effects of radon § Intentional exposure
59:A low dose of a chemical agent may trigger from an
2226:
2047:
1072:
2059:Rattan, Suresh I.S. (2008). "Hormesis in aging".
1891:
139:to excite. The same Greek root provides the word
2318:
1103:
86:, which is required in low amounts (in air) via
1745:
1743:
1647:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1201:Motterlini, Roberto; Otterbein, Leo E. (2010).
2145:
1981:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1673:"The Real Danger of Booze-Making Gut Bacteria"
1380:
1203:"The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide"
2104:
1513:"The Importance of Hormesis to Public Health"
1510:
527:
294:Toxicity zone: excessive exposure results in
1740:
1292:
826:"Hormesis: a fundamental concept in biology"
823:
257:kingdoms, where it has essential roles as a
97:, hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon to
1936:
819:
817:
815:
153:A form of hormesis famous in antiquity was
1885:
1511:Calabrese, Edward J.; Cook, Ralph (2006).
1458:
1075:The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science
1064:
878:"Oxygen toxicity in critically ill adults"
624:Nonetheless, many countries including the
63:the opposite response to a very high dose.
2271:
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1802:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41021-018-0114-3
1723:
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512:Chemical and ionizing radiation combined
453:Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry
54:
2253:
2100:
2098:
1824:
1070:
769:
658:United States National Research Council
253:is produced in small quantities across
2319:
2247:
2105:Gems, David; Partridge, Linda (2008).
2058:
2010:
1756:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
1415:
978:
931:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
871:
869:
756:
694:
222:and J. Ehrlich in 1943 in the journal
110:, the hormetic zone is similar to the
16:Characteristic of biological processes
967:
924:
483:
320:Hormetic zone / region of homeostasis
2095:
1800:. Genes and Environment, 40(1), 26.
1670:
1079:. USA: Regnery Publishing. pp.
330:
276:Regarding the hormetic curve graph:
18:
2312:International Dose-Response Society
2013:Human & Experimental Toxicology
866:
561:
271:carbon monoxide-releasing molecules
13:
1894:Journal of Radiological Protection
419:Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
346:Antioxidant § Health research
245:
14:
2353:
2305:
1517:Environmental Health Perspectives
1416:Brewer, Gregory J. (March 2010).
1104:Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA (2001).
469:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
126:The term "hormesis" derives from
1805:
451:In 2010, a paper in the journal
446:
23:
2288:
2189:
2164:
2146:Le Bourg; Rattan, eds. (2008).
2139:
2004:
1975:
1861:
1818:
1790:
1689:
1664:
1632:
1618:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.01.005
1596:
1570:Addiction Research & Theory
1561:
1504:
1409:
1374:
1249:
1194:
556:
339:
286:essential as a neurotransmitter
226:, volume 33, pp. 517–541.
1138:
1097:
918:
590:
411:Alcohol consumption and health
289:beneficial as a pharmaceutical
1:
1207:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1022:Calabrese, Edward J. (2004).
749:
2273:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.013
2202:. National Academies Press.
1715:10.1371/journal.pone.0029984
1353:. Elsevier. pp. 35–77.
993:10.1126/science.302.5644.376
685:deep geological repositories
668:(a body commissioned by the
662:National Academy of Sciences
478:
135:
121:
7:
1914:10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S02
1434:10.1016/j.exger.2009.11.007
1395:10.2174/1874609810801010010
1164:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586
702:
240:
10:
2358:
2124:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.01.001
1270:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001
894:10.1164/rccm.202102-0417CI
606:
546:nucleotide excision repair
528:Nucleotide excision repair
487:
408:
404:
343:
235:dose–response relationship
148:
72:dose-response relationship
2254:Tubiana, Maurice (2005).
2073:10.1016/j.arr.2007.03.002
1873:World Health Organization
1845:10.1007/978-3-642-03720-7
1582:10.1080/16066350500497983
1313:10.1016/j.arr.2007.04.004
788:10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.007
619:linear no-threshold model
505:linear no-threshold model
455:showed that low doses of
360:oxidative phosphorylation
301:
296:carbon monoxide poisoning
32:This article needs to be
2025:10.1177/0960327107083409
1422:Experimental Gerontology
1040:10.1038/sj.embor.7400222
273:as a therapeutic agent.
101:or other stressors. In
2061:Ageing Research Reviews
1671:Yong, Ed (2019-09-20).
1641:"Auto-brewery Syndrome"
1301:Ageing Research Reviews
1123:10.1093/toxsci/62.2.330
944:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602507
842:10.15698/mic2014.05.145
776:Ageing Research Reviews
356:Reactive oxygen species
157:, the practice whereby
1606:Annals of Epidemiology
1483:10.1001/jama.297.8.842
1110:Toxicological Sciences
927:"Nutritional hormesis"
770:Mattson, M. P (2007).
675:A United States-based
670:United States Congress
465:U.S. Geological Survey
440:Caenorhabditis elegans
374:. However, in over 19
214:. Arndt's advocacy of
64:
2327:Clinical pharmacology
1954:10.1093/milmed/usz177
1383:Current Aging Science
1071:Bethell, Tom (2005).
925:Hayes, D. P. (2007).
824:Calabrese EJ (2014).
603:Radiation controversy
432:auto-brewery syndrome
397:may increase disease
261:(subcategorized as a
58:
1831:. Berlin: Springer.
729:Stochastic resonance
519:electromagnetic wave
498:In Taiwan, recycled
1906:2009JRP....29...21M
1837:2010rhln.book.....S
1158:(24): 13273–13311.
1034:(Suppl 1): S37–40.
709:Calorie restriction
695:Policy consequences
368:free-radical theory
2296:risk communication
1796:Sutou, S. (2018).
1264:. 111–112: 45–63.
772:"Hormesis defined"
724:Radiation hormesis
615:ionizing radiation
490:Radiation hormesis
484:Ionizing radiation
415:Alcohol and cancer
220:Chester M. Southam
175:polypharmaceutical
112:therapeutic window
65:
2240:978-0-929600-69-7
2209:978-0-309-09156-5
2176:Los Angeles Times
2157:978-1-4020-6868-3
1997:978-1-4020-6868-3
1854:978-3-642-42566-0
1090:978-0-89526-031-4
572:biogerontologists
500:radiocontaminated
331:Physical exercise
310:Deficiency zone:
212:Arndt–Schulz rule
53:
52:
2349:
2342:Health paradoxes
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1982:Le Bourg, Eric;
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325:oxidative stress
259:neurotransmitter
231:Edward Calabrese
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409:Main articles:
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383:epidemiological
376:clinical trials
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323:Toxicity zone:
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263:gasotransmitter
251:Carbon monoxide
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246:Carbon monoxide
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1677:The Atlantic
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550:Lymphocytes
401:in humans.
204:Hugo Schulz
182:Renaissance
178:electuaries
99:xenobiotics
88:respiration
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2321:Categories
2182:2020-08-11
1970:PMC7353836
1878:2017-02-16
1682:2021-05-04
1658:2021-05-04
1645:StatPearls
1496:11 October
1366:11 October
782:(1): 1–7.
750:References
640:, and the
577:heat shock
488:See also:
473:Beltsville
399:prevalence
344:See also:
216:homeopathy
190:Paracelsus
167:Mithridate
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570:ability,
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495:average.
479:Radiation
395:vitamin E
391:vitamin A
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122:Etymology
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316:asphyxia
241:Examples
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