638:
646:
917:, and Chinese overseas communities. Membership is overwhelmingly ethnically Chinese but there are also Japanese members and a few white American members. The Hongmen are divided into branches, of which there are believed to be approximately 180. The largest of the branches, Wu Sheng Shan, consists of perhaps 180,000 members. Membership is said to be primarily working class, and is also said to include a considerable membership in the armed forces of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
38:
983:
Because of the
Hongmen's revolutionary character and mysterious quality, their future was unclear after the Republic of China central government moved to Taiwan. For a long time, the Republic of China on Taiwan did not openly allow the Hongmen to operate. After martial law ended in 1989, Ge Shan
900:
Following the overthrow of the Qing
Dynasty of China in 1911, the Hongmen suddenly found themselves without purpose. From then on, the Hongmen diverged into various groups. When some Hongmen groups based within China could no longer rely on donations from sympathetic locals; being unable to resume
1059:
The
Hongmen continues to exist within numerous overseas Chinese communities, albeit with rapidly aging memberships; its main purposes today are to act as fraternities among overseas Chinese, and to participate in charitable activities. On 28 July 1992 the Hongmen held their 3rd Worldwide Hongmen
795:
made membership in such societies illegal, driving them into the arms of the anti-Qing resistance, for whom they now served as an organizational model. The 18th century saw a proliferation of such societies, some of which were devoted to overthrowing the Qing, such as the
Tiandihui, which had
1060:
Conference in the United States. Over 100 worldwide representatives attended for two days of discussion and adopted organizational rules, proclaimed the founding of a worldwide
Hongmen association. First session President Li Zhipeng announced the construction of the Hongmen headquarters in
761:) in Beijing. He concluded that the Tiandihui was founded in 1761 and its roots lay in mutual aid rather than national politics. His interpretation was further developed by his student Qin Baoqi and confirmed by independent research by the Taiwanese scholar Zhuang Jifa.
727:, although the Hongmen might be said to have differed in its nature from others. The name of the "Three Harmonies Society" (the "Sanhehui" grouping of the Tiandihui) is in fact the source of the term "Triad" that has become synonymous with Chinese
896:
During the late 19th century, branches of the
Hongmen were formed by Chinese communities overseas, notably the United States, Canada, and Australia, where they are nowadays known as "Chinese Freemasons."
1232:
684:, the Tiandihui's ancestral organization. As the Tiandihui spread through different counties and provinces, it branched off into many groups and became known by many names, including the
1285:
Rites of
Belonging: Memory, Modernity, and Identity in a Malaysian Chinese Community By Jean DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi Published by Stanford University Press, 2004;
1051:) was incorporated under the Canadian Corporations Act on 31 May 1971, and registered on 22 July 1971. The Barkerville headquarter was donated to British Columbia government.
987:
Under the influence of Chiang Kai-shek, the
Hongmen attempted to remain somewhat secretive, but in recent years the organization's activities have been more transparent.
928:
historic
Chinese figure who embodies righteousness, patriotism, and loyalty; and they all share certain rituals and traditions such as the concept of brotherhood and a
1548:
1080:
1026:
1233:"WingChunPedia - the One and Only Wing Chun Encyclopedia! | WCP / Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies-Collected Information by Rene Ritchie browse"
1236:
800:
counties of
Zhangzhou in 1766. By 1767, Lu Mao had organized within the Tiandihui a campaign of robberies to fund their revolutionary activities.
842:
784:, where they joined a local cult and left disenchanted. Of the four, Ti Xi soon left for Guangdong, where he organized a group of followers in
1541:
1045:
The Canadian branch was established in 1863 in Barkerville, British Columbia. In 1971, Chinese Freemasons National Headquarters of Canada (
1310:
The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony By Constance Mary Turnbull Published by Athlone Press, 1972; p. 9, 420
2007:
731:. Because of that heritage, the Tiandihui (more commonly known there as "Triads') is both controversial and prohibited in Hong Kong.
1534:
920:
Hongmen members worldwide continue to observe certain common traditions: they all stress their patriotic origin; they all revere
2017:
1460:
1439:
1418:
1298:
1073:
A biography based on the Canadian Chinese Freemasons documents titled 'History of Hongmen and Chinese Freemasons in Canada' (
2002:
696:
concept, although the title "Hongmen" is also claimed by some criminal groups. Branches of the Hongmen were also formed by
990:
The organization also has numerous business interests, and is reportedly trying to open a martial arts school in Taiwan.
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normal civilian lives after years of hiding, they turned to illegal activities – thus giving birth to the modern
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845:("Vast or Red Flower Pavilion"), where they swore to devote themselves to the mission of "Fan Qing Fu Ming" (
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371:
192:
1452:"Secret Societies" Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia
1364:
Lecture by Dr. David Chuenyan Lai: History of Hongmen and Chinese Freemasons in Canada 黎全恩博士講座：【洪門及加拿大洪門史論】
1341:
1819:
1650:
1642:
88:
1750:
956:, by contrast, the Hongmen is not only legal, but politically influential; this is not surprising, since
902:
637:
913:
The Hongmen is believed to consist of about 300,000 members worldwide, members found in mainland China,
788:. In 1761, he returned to Fujian and organized his followers from both provinces to form the Tiandihui.
739:
Republican-era scholars generally thought that the Tiandihui was founded by Ming loyalists in the early
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Today, the Hongmen is an illegal society in Hong Kong because of its traditional association with the
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On 1 January 2004, Nan Hua Shan Tang was registered with Taiwan's Ministry of the Interior.
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Chinese fraternal organization, currently secular but historically religious and secretive
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The founders of the Tiandihui—Ti Xi, Li Amin, Zhu Dingyuan, and Tao Yuan—were all from
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In 1768 anti-Qing Tiandihui rebel Zhao Liangming claimed to be a descendant of the
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The Tiandihui began to claim that their society was born of an alliance between
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Ownby, David (1995). "The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion".
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The Origins of the Tiandihui: The Chinese Triads in Legend and History
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Tiandihui (Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, Republic of China)
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Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840–1950
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Tang formed and started exchange with the outside world.
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to resist the Manchu invasion of China. In 1964, scholar
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grouping is today more or less synonymous with the whole
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1027:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1979:
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1178:Alexander Wylie: Secret Societies in China, in
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859:'Oppose Qing and restore Ming').
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1980:
1407:Jean Chesneaux; Lucien Bianco (1972).
796:established itself in the Zhangpu and
1530:
1469:
1449:Ownby, David; Heidhues, Mary (1993).
1191:
1428:Murray, Dian H.; Qin, Baoqi (1994).
1037:minister in the Chinese government.
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649:Hongmen seal, 19th century Guangdong
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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704:. Its current iteration is purely
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2008:Organizations established in 1761
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996:
980:, groups not unlike the Hongmen.
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665:(the Vast Family), is a Chinese
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749:On the Origins of the Tiandihui
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2018:1760s establishments in China
1828:Secret societies in Singapore
1434:. Stanford University Press.
1413:. Stanford University Press.
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310:Thian-tē-hōe or Thian-tōe-hōe
1472:The Journal of Asian Studies
1397:Resources in other libraries
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841:)—by the Qing forged at the
698:Chinese communities overseas
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2003:1761 establishments in Asia
1566:China, Hong Kong, and Macau
1270:Ownby & Heidhues (1993)
1204:Ownby & Heidhues (1993)
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1083:of University of Victoria.
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144:天地會 (Chinese Traditional)
1993:Economic history of China
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1353:5月23日黎全恩博士讲座:【洪门及加拿大洪门史论】
1140:Ngee Heng Kongsi of Johor
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209:Heaven and Earth Society
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146:天地会 (Chinese Simplified)
1988:Triad (organized crime)
1258:Murray & Qin (1994)
1220:Murray & Qin (1994)
1135:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
791:A century earlier, the
534:Three Harmonies Society
518:Simplified Chinese
372:Simplified Chinese
193:Simplified Chinese
1715:Hai San Secret Society
1081:Dr. David Chuenyan Lai
893:before dying in 1826.
747:published the article
667:fraternal organization
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1945:Đồng Xuân Labor Union
776:, on the border with
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134:Criminal organization
1105:China Zhi Gong Party
56:improve this article
1150:Tong (organization)
1019:traditional Chinese
676:in the vein of the
674:folk religious sect
669:and historically a
139:
1781:Post-Soviet states
1331:百年历史的华人社团 加拿大洪门达权社
1320:Chinese Freemasons
1110:Da Cheng Rebellion
1011:simplified Chinese
835:), and Li Shikai (
702:Chinese Freemasons
651:
643:
137:
2023:History of Fujian
1975:
1974:
1793:Azerbaijani mafia
1772:Waray-Waray gangs
1628:Mumbai underworld
1462:978-0-7656-4116-8
1441:978-0-8047-6610-4
1420:978-0-8047-0790-9
1378:Library resources
1342:「唐人街之父」新書 揭早期洪門秘史
1299:978-0-8047-4486-7
1239:on 2 October 2011
1079:) was written by
962:Republic of China
909:The Hongmen today
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809:Shaolin Monastery
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1180:China Researches
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930:secret handshake
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1598:Big Circle Gang
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1558:Organized crime
1555:
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1519:Hongmen website
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1484:10.2307/2059958
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1455:. M.E. Sharpe.
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1905:
1904:Kurdish mafia
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1899:Turkish mafia
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1808:Chechen mafia
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1667:Israeli mafia
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891:Kapitan China
889:as its first
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333:Thiên Địa Hội
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1862:Bamboo Union
1522:(in Chinese)
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1409:
1382:
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1337:
1326:
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1281:
1265:
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1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1227:
1215:
1199:
1192:Ownby (1995)
1187:
1179:
1174:
1100:Bamboo Union
1058:
1044:
1031:Jiang Zuojun
1000:
992:
989:
986:
982:
974:Xingzhonghui
951:
939:
919:
912:
899:
895:
883:Malay States
875:Koh Lay Huan
872:
868:Song dynasty
861:
843:Honghua Ting
829:), Hu Dedi (
805:Ming dynasty
802:
793:Qing dynasty
790:
763:
748:
745:Cai Shaoqing
741:Qing dynasty
738:
713:British rule
710:
701:
693:
689:
685:
662:
658:
654:
652:
621:Saⁿ-ha̍p-hōe
605:Southern Min
556:Hanyu Pinyin
459:Southern Min
410:Hanyu Pinyin
294:Southern Min
265:T'ien-ti-hui
251:ㄊㄧㄢ ㄉㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
231:Hanyu Pinyin
173:Chinese name
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1837:South Korea
1806:(including
1760:Philippines
1730:Sio Sam Ong
1588:Wo Shing Wo
1160:Xiantiandao
1155:Tongmenghui
1115:Five Elders
1068:Biographies
958:Sun Yat-sen
237:Tiān Dì Huì
71:"Tiandihui"
1982:Categories
1927:Đại Cathay
1922:Bình Xuyên
1725:Mamak Gang
1583:Sun Yee On
1272:, p.
1206:, p.
1167:References
1125:Green Gang
1076:洪門及加拿大洪門史論
978:Guangfuhui
970:Kuomintang
754:關於天地會的起源問題
576:San-ho-hui
570:Wade–Giles
562:Sān Hé Huì
451:Hung4 Mun4
424:Wade–Giles
327:Vietnamese
259:Wade–Giles
82:newspapers
2013:Zhangzhou
1820:Singapore
1643:Indonesia
1610:Snakehead
1603:Shui Fong
1593:Wo Hop To
1500:162946271
1383:Tiandihui
1243:23 August
1095:14K Triad
936:Hong Kong
922:Lord Guan
778:Guangdong
770:Zhangzhou
717:Hong Kong
694:Tiandihui
680:loyalist
671:secretive
655:Tiandihui
475:Hông-mn̂g
164:Tiandihui
138:Tiandihui
1883:Chao pho
1876:Thailand
1844:Kkangpae
1744:Pakistan
1708:Malaysia
1088:See also
1062:Honolulu
1048:加拿大洪門民治黨
881:and the
725:"Triads"
686:Sanhehui
591:Jyutping
494:Sanhehui
445:Jyutping
430:Hung-men
416:Hóng Mén
280:Jyutping
245:Bopomofo
112:May 2009
1941:'s gang
1939:Dung Hà
1935:'s gang
1933:Năm Cam
1929:'s gang
1914:Vietnam
1735:Wah Kee
1692:Lebanon
1633:Dacoity
1492:2059958
1301:; p. 26
1130:Hai San
926:deified
866:of the
847:Chinese
786:Huizhou
782:Sichuan
766:Zhangpu
735:History
706:secular
690:Hongmen
663:Hongmen
612:Hokkien
466:Hokkien
348:Hongmen
301:Hokkien
152:Founded
96:scholar
18:Hongmen
1892:Turkey
1854:Taiwan
1683:Yakuza
1660:Israel
1651:Preman
1573:Triads
1498:
1490:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1380:about
1297:
1289:
1041:Canada
1021::
1013::
954:Taiwan
948:Taiwan
942:triads
915:Taiwan
903:Triads
887:Penang
849::
798:Pinghe
774:Fujian
711:Under
688:. The
657:, the
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1960:Yemen
1676:Japan
1620:India
1496:S2CID
1488:JSTOR
1055:Other
103:JSTOR
89:books
1457:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1245:2011
976:and
924:, a
879:Siam
856:lit.
851:反淸復明
678:Ming
653:The
155:1761
75:news
1578:14K
1480:doi
1274:185
1023:致公黨
1015:致公党
1001:In
952:In
838:李式開
832:胡德帝
826:馬超興
820:方大洪
814:蔡德忠
715:in
615:POJ
524:三合会
510:三合會
469:POJ
304:POJ
199:天地会
185:天地會
58:by
1984::
1494:.
1486:.
1476:54
1474:.
1293:,
1208:10
1064:.
1029:.
1017:;
944:.
932:.
905:.
870:.
853:;
772:,
768:,
708:.
378:洪门
364:洪門
1810:)
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1502:.
1482::
1465:.
1444:.
1423:.
1276:.
1247:.
1210:.
1194:.
1009:(
751:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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