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an entire mythos of Jewish culpability for the sufferings of
Lithuania under the Soviet regime (and beyond). A LAF pamphlet read: "For the ideological maturation of the Lithuanian nation it is essential that anticommunist and anti-Jewish action be strengthened It is very important that this opportunity be used to get rid of the Jews as well. We must create an atmosphere that is so stifling for the Jews that not a single Jew will think that he will have even the most minimal rights or possibility of life in the new Lithuania. Our goal is to drive out the Jews along with the Red Russians. The hospitality extended to the Jews by Vytautas the Great is hereby revoked for all time because of their repeated betrayals of the Lithuanian nation to its oppressors." An extreme faction of the supporters of
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1075:: "Lithuanian Jews were among the first victims of the Holocaust The Germans carried out the mass executions signalling the beginning of the "Final Solution." See also, Konrad Kwiet, "The Onset of the Holocaust: The Massacres of Jews in Lithuania in June 1941." Annual lecture delivered as J. B. and Maurice Shapiro Senior Scholar-in-Residence at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on 4 December 1995. Published under the same title but expanded in Power, Conscience and Opposition: Essays in German History in Honour of John A Moses, ed. Andrew Bonnell et al. (New York: Peter Lang, 1996), pp. 107–21
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the Jewish population was believed to be incompatible. There were a number of additional factors, such as severe economic problems which led to the killing of Jews over personal property. Finally the Jews were seen as having supported the Soviet regime in
Lithuania during 1940–1941. During the period leading up to the German invasion, Jews were blamed by some for virtually every misfortune that had befallen Lithuania.
639:), subordinate to Nazi Germany's Security Police and Nazi Germany's Criminal Police, was created. It would be involved in various actions against the Jews and other enemies of the Nazi regime. Nazi commanders filed reports lauding the "zeal" of the Lithuanian police battalions, surpassing their own. The most notorious Lithuanian unit participating in the Holocaust was the
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succeeded in covering up their vanguard unit (Vorkommando) actions, and made them look like initiatives of the local population. Groups of partisans, civil units of nationalist-rightist anti-Soviet affiliation, initiated contact with the
Germans as soon as they entered the Lithuanian territories. A rogue unit of insurgents headed by
355:, (2,000–3,000), puts the number of Lithuanian Jews murdered in the Holocaust at 195,000 to 196,000. The numbers given by historians differ significantly, ranging from 165,000 to 254,000. The higher numbers probably include non-Lithuanian Jews and other Reich (empirical) dissenters labeled as
480:, told Berlin that by 28 June 1941 3,800 people had been killed in Kaunas and a further 1,200 in the surrounding towns. Klimaitis' men destroyed several synagogues and about sixty Jewish houses. In the 1990s the number of victims claimed by Stahlecker was questioned and thought to have probably been exaggerated.
928:" ("jew-girl") which was condemned by Faina Kukliansky, chair of the Jewish Community of Lithuania. Landsbergis said the poem was an attempt to show the ignorance of Lithuanian antisemites and requested support from "at least one smart and brave Jew ... who does not agree with Simasius." Lithuanian President
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was used intensively by Nazis in instigating antisemitic feelings among
Lithuanians. It built upon the pre-invasion antisemitic propaganda of the anti-Soviet Lithuanian Activist Front which had seized upon the fact that more Jews than Lithuanians supported the Soviet regime. This had helped to create
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Since
Lithuania regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the debate over Lithuanian participation in the Holocaust has been fraught with difficulty. Modern Lithuanian nationalists stress anti-Soviet resistance, but some Lithuanian partisans, seen in Lithuania as heroes in the struggle
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A combination of factors explains the participation of some
Lithuanians in genocide against Jews. Those include national traditions and values, including antisemitism, common throughout contemporary Central Europe, and a more Lithuanian-specific desire for a "pure" Lithuanian nation-state with which
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Before the German invasion, the Jewish population was estimated at 210,000. The
Lithuanian statistics department says there were 208,000 Jews as of 1 January 1941. This estimate, based on the officially accounted-for prewar emigration within the USSR (approx. 8,500), the number of escapees
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only a week before the German invasion. Some welcomed the Nazis as liberators, and they received support from
Lithuanian irregular militias against retreating Soviet forces. Many Lithuanians believed that Germany would allow the re-establishment of the country's independence. To appease the Germans,
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Two factors contributed to the speed of the destruction of
Lithuanian Jewry. The first was significant support for the "de-Jewification" of Lithuania from the Lithuanian population. The second was the German plan for early colonization of Lithuania – which shared a border with German East Prussia –
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on 25 June 1941 and gave agitation speeches in the city to instigate the murder of Jews. Initially this was in the former State
Security Department building, but officials there refused to take any action. Later, he gave speeches in the city. In an October 15 report, Stahlecker wrote that they had
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Since the 1990s there has been criticism of the Lithuanian government's efforts to accurately depict the history of the Holocaust, the continued praise for Lithuanian nationalists who allegedly collaborated with the Nazis in murdering hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian Jews and the government's
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Following the Holocaust, Lithuania became part of the USSR, whose government tried to minimize the unique suffering of the Jews. In Lithuania and throughout the Soviet Union, memorials did not mention Jews in particular; but instead were built to commemorate the suffering of "local inhabitants".
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countries. In 2008, the Center which had initially ranked Lithuania high during ongoing trials to bring Lithuanian war criminals to justice, noted in its annual report no progress and the lack of any real punishment from Lithuanian justice agencies for Holocaust perpetrators.
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supervision. Of the approximately 6,000 Jews who had lived in Memel, most had already fled when it was absorbed into the Reich on March 15, 1939. The remainder were expelled. Most fled into Lithuania proper, and most of these were killed after the Axis invasion in June 1941.
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organization. Overall, the nationalistic Lithuanian administration was interested in the liquidation of the Jews as perceived enemies and potential rivals of ethnic Lithuanians, and thus not only did not oppose Nazi Holocaust policy but in effect adopted it as their own.
628:(Kovno) on the night of 25–26 June 1941. Over a thousand Jews perished over the next few days in what was the first pogrom in Nazi-occupied Lithuania. Different sources give different figures, from 1,500 to 3,800, with additional victims in other towns of the region.
227:. Historians attribute this to the massive collaboration in the genocide by the non-Jewish local paramilitaries, though the reasons for this collaboration are still debated. The Holocaust resulted in the largest loss of life in so short a period of time in the
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followed the advance of the German army units in June 1941 and immediately began organizing the murder of Jews in conquered territories. The first recorded action of the Einsatzgruppen (Einsatzgruppe A) unit took place on June 22, 1941, in the border town of
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While this article discusses the Holocaust on the Lithuanian territories, which primarily affected and resulted in the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry, tens of thousands of non-Lithuanian Jews also died on Lithuanian territories. This included primarily: 1)
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A" from Stahlecker's report. Marked "Secret Reich Matter", the map shows the number of Jews shot in Reichskommissariat Ostland. According to this map the estimated numbers of Jews killed in Lithuania was 136,421 by the date that his map was
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administration directed and supported the organized killing of Lithuanian Jews. Local Lithuanian auxiliaries of the Nazi occupation regime carried out logistics for the preparation and execution of the murders under Nazi direction. Nazi
494:(called Gorzdt in Yiddish and Garsden in German), one of the oldest Jewish settlements in the country and only 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Germany's recovered Memel. Approximately 201 Jews were shot that day, in what is known as the
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Historically Lithuanians have denied national participation in the Holocaust or said that Lithuanian participants in the genocide were fringe or extreme elements. The memories and the discussion of those events in Jewish and Lithuanian
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which makes it a crime to claim Poles or Polish authorities played any role in the Holocaust. In May 2020, on the 75th anniversary of end of World War II in Europe, the Lithuanian government sent its vice minister of foreign affairs,
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585:, writes that "The Lithuanians showed how to murder women and children, and perhaps made them accustomed to it...Indeed, at the onset of the invasion the German units killed mostly men, while the Lithuanians killed unselectively."
73:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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at the time linked Bolsheviks and Jews. There were other tropes, even more unpleasant. To a large extent the Nazis also relied on the physical preparation and execution of their orders by local Lithuanian collaborators.
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criticized the Lithuanian government for its unwillingness to prosecute Lithuanians involved in the Holocaust. In 2002 the Center declared its dissatisfaction with the Lithuanian government's efforts and launched
223:, most of them between June and December 1941. More than 95% of Lithuania's Jewish population was murdered over the three-year German occupation, a more complete destruction than befell any other country in the
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subsequently proposed a law that would require municipalities to follow rules from the national government "when installing, removing or changing commemorative plaques" but later tabled the proposed law.
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announced he would lead a committee to draft legislation declaring that neither Lithuania nor its leaders participated in the Holocaust. It is thought that the proposed law will likely be similar to the
1124:(Towards Freedom), commenced a spirited antisemitic crusade, reinforcing the identity of the Jew with communism in popular consciousness: "Jewry and Bolshevism are one, parts of an indivisible entity."
916:, which had previously been criticized for its whitewashing of the Holocaust, alleged that the plan to rename the streets was a plot by foreigners (mainly British and American). During the controversy
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have said "Lithuania has made slow but significant progress in the prosecution of suspected Lithuanian collaborators in the Nazi genocide". Lithuania was the first of the newly independent
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The post-Soviet Lithuanian government has on a number of occasions commemorated the Holocaust, made attempts to combat antisemitism, and brought some Nazi-era war criminals to justice. The
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Chronologically, the genocide in Lithuania can be divided into three phases: phase 1. summer to the end of 1941; phase 2. December 1941 – March 1943; phase 3. April 1943 – mid-July 1944.
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sentiments. Nazi Germany, which had seized the Lithuanian territories in the first week of the offensive, used this situation to its advantage and indeed in the first days permitted a
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The involvement of the local population and institutions, in relatively high numbers, in the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry became a defining factor of the Holocaust in Lithuania.
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aversion to accepting culpability for the Holocaust in Lithuania. In the 2010s Lithuanian society was characterized by Holocaust dismissal and a surge in anti-Semitic sentiment.
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The Lithuanian slaughter of its Jews: the testimonies of 121 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Lithuania, recorded by Leyb Koniuchowsky, in Displaced Persons' Camps (1946-48)
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1780:"Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941–1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej"
1120:, a group which also worked within the LAF, actually envisioned a racially exclusive "Aryan" Lithuanian state. With the start of German occupation, one of Kaunas' newspapers –
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As of 2020, the topic of the Holocaust in Lithuania and the role played by Lithuanians in the genocide, including several notable Lithuanian nationalists, remained unsettled.
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Documents Which Argue for Ethnic Cleansing (by Kazys Škirpa, Stasys Raštikis, Stasys Lozoraitis and Petras Klimas in 1940–1941 and by Birutė Teresė Burauskaitė in 2015)
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823:, among others, have been positively reviewed by Western and Jewish historians. The issue remains controversial. Contentious issues include the role of the
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498:. Some Lithuanian Communists were also among the victims. About 80,000 Jews had been killed by October and about 175,000 by the end of the year.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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attacked Soviet forces, seized power in several cities, spread anti-Semitic propaganda and carried out massacres of Lithuanian Jews and Poles.
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751:, the historian nominated as the Republic's next ambassador to Israel, delivered an address about the annihilation of Lithuania's Jews.
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also helped to shelter Jews. Lithuanians and Poles who risked their lives saving Jews were persecuted and often executed by the Nazis.
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536:. In the third phase, the destruction of Jews was again given a high priority; that phase liquidated the remaining ghettos and camps.
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to be established. For a brief period it appeared that the Germans would grant Lithuania significant autonomy, like that given to the
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1070:: "The Final Solution – the systematic overall physical extermination of Jewish communities one after the other – began in Lithuania.
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920:, Lithuania's first head of state after its independence from the Soviet Union, posted a poem on social media that referred to the
643:(a subdivision of German SD) from the Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno) area which killed tens of thousands of Jews, Poles and others in the
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Holocaust Legacy in Post-Soviet Lithuania: People, Places and Objects, p. 205, 2014, by Shivaun Woolfson, Bloomsbury Publishing
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1435:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: The Key Characteristics of Its History, and the Key Issues in Historiography and Cultural Memory"
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The Holocaust in Lithuania: The Key Characteristics of Its History, and the Key Issues in Historiography and Cultural Memory
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Other scholars say the Holocaust started in September 1939 with the onset of the Second World War, or even earlier, on
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Norwegian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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ghettos, (1,500–2,000), as well as the number of survivors in the concentration camps when they were liberated by the
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Not all of the Lithuanian populace supported the killings, and many hundreds risked their lives sheltering the Jews.
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Greenbaum, M. (2018). The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community 1316–1945. Gefen Publishing House.
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German soldiers and Lithuanians watch a "partisan" murder Jewish men at the Lietukis garage, Kovno, June 27, 1941.
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Lithuanian Attitudes toward the Jewish Minority in the Aftermath of the Holocaust: The Lithuanian Press, 1991–1992
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Matthäus, Jürgen (2007). "Operation Barbarossa and the onset of the Holocaust". In Christopher R. Browning (ed.).
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441:. German soldiers and Lithuanian civilians, including women and children, watch the slaughter from the background
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in Kaunas, helped some six thousand Jews flee Europe by issuing transit visas so that they could travel through
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court ruled that swastikas could be displayed publicly and were symbols of "Lithuania's historical heritage."
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states to enact legislation to protect and mark off Holocaust-related sites. In 1995, president of Lithuania
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Lithuanian militiamen in Kovno round up Jews during an early pogrom. Kovno, Lithuania, June 25–July 8, 1941.
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On the Relations between the Baltic Peoples and their Jewish Neighbors before, during and after World War II
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against Soviet occupation, were also Nazi collaborators who cooperated in the murder of Lithuanian Jewry.
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2054:. Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia. 2003. Archived from
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1862:"Vokiečių ir lietuvių saugumo policija (1941–1944) (German and Lithuanian security police: 1941–1944)"
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Some scholars have noted that the German Final Solution and the Holocaust actually began in Lithuania.
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However, people guilty of Nazi collaboration and crimes against Jews were often deported or executed.
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Most Lithuanian Jews perished in the first months of the occupation and before the end of 1941. The
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The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942
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differ considerably. Lithuanian historiography in the past two decades has improved, compared to
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in 1939 and 2) Jews from various Western countries shipped to extermination sites in Lithuania.
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The hard long road toward the truth: on the sixtieth anniversary of the holocaust in Lithuania.
1501:(4 – Winter 1975). Archived from the original on 17 December 2010 – via Internet Archive.
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for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. In addition, many members of the
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before 1918. The city was semi-autonomous in the period of Lithuanian independence, under
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1237:"The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Massacre of Jews by Lithuanians at the Lietūkis garage on 27 June 1941 during the
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Double Genocide: Lithuania wants to erase its ugly history of Nazi collaboration
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and the participation of Lithuanian civilians and volunteers in the Holocaust.
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3160:
3155:
3135:
3077:
3067:
2967:
2920:
2737:
2490:"Landsbergis about Jewish community leader: she has no clue what she's doing"
2341:
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1732:
1450:
1419:
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901:
721:
625:
574:
German soldiers and Lithuanians watch the burning of a synagogue, 9 July 1941
518:
465:
438:
329:
224:
3047:
2572:
2326:"Reflections on the Holocaust in Lithuania: A new Book by Alfonsas Eidintas"
2325:
2262:
888:
In 2019 the issue gained national political attention when Vilnius' liberal
5562:
4712:
4697:
4692:
4666:
4619:
4551:
4513:
4263:
3538:
3435:
3405:
3246:
3211:
3140:
3125:
3087:
3052:
2796:
in Lithuanus/Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences, vol. 47, 4.
2785:
2712:
1682:
1088:
1072:
897:
662:
419:
301:
295:
on 22 June 1941, came after a year of Soviet occupation that culminated in
246:
235:
220:
5588:
2768:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia: Lithuania
1826:"Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Their Results"
1655:"Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Their Results"
1283:"Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Their Results"
1252:
724:
in 1938, or with Hitler's rise to power as Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
5568:
5085:
4702:
4556:
3231:
3165:
3082:
3072:
2443:"Following Poland's lead, Lithuania proposes controversial Holocaust law"
1411:
1046:
921:
848:
732:
589:
2878:
Jewish children on the streets of the Kovno ghetto. Lithuania, 1941–1943
2303:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 1–16. Archived from
1191:"On This Day: Nazis liquidate Vilnius Ghetto, slaughter Lithuanian Jews"
856:
491:
411:
242:, including Lithuania, marked a sharp intensification of the Holocaust.
5557:
5392:
5165:
4943:
3575:
3420:
2811:
2017:
1067:
582:
578:
514:
95:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2903:
The Holocaust in Lithuania, and Its Obfuscation, in Lithuanian Sources
2856:
Kovno, Lithuania, Jews who were murdered by Lithuanian nationalists...
2055:
1099:(5,000); there were also a number of smaller ghettos and labor camps.
772:
Parts of this article (those related to did the law pass?) need to be
367:
283:
on 10 October, exchanging the predominantly Polish and Jewish city of
5397:
5203:
2892:
2358:
Holocaust Legacy in Post-Soviet Lithuania: People, Places and Objects
371:
216:
5058:
3518:
2807:
2772:
905:
647:. Another Lithuanian organization involved in the Holocaust was the
528:
In the second phase, the Holocaust slowed, and Germans used Jews as
4923:
4723:
2761:
1005:
883:
379:
352:
3624:
2168:
Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space
877:
740:
652:
621:
522:
348:
3923:
3506:
1473:"The Security Policy of Lithuania and the 'Integration Dilemma'"
651:. Many Lithuanian supporters of the Nazi policies came from the
453:. During the days before the German occupation of Lithuania the
70:
5433:
2195:
The Making of the Holocaust: Ideology and Ethics in the Systems
2014:"Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic Origin"
744:
682:
667:
604:
502:
362:
Some intervened to rescue Jews. From 16 July to 3 August 1940,
356:
344:
287:(Lithuanian:Vilno) to Lithuania, for military concessions, and
4798:
904:, who ordered and oversaw the killings of Lithuanian Jews in
284:
2647:
The Holocaust in Lithuania, 1941–1945: A Book of Remembrance
2589:
2411:. Simon Wiesenthal Center. November 16, 2008. Archived from
3504:
2915:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
2386:. Association of Lithuanian Jews in Israel. Archived from
685:
has recognized 891 Lithuanians (as of January 1, 2017) as
460:
A notable massacre began on the night of 25–26 June, when
234:
The events in the western regions of the USSR occupied by
2810:
Information and updates on the ongoing debate, edited by
2164:
1648:
1646:
2773:
The Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2657:. Translated by Boyarin, Jonathan. David Solly Sandler.
374:
island and Dutch colony that required no entry visa, or
3903:
Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2893:Центр исследования геноцида и резистенции жителей Литвы
594:
547:
473:
279:
invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Soviet Union
5316:
1643:
1625:"Japan's Abe seeks Baltic support against North Korea"
2114:
The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews in Lithuania
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1432:
982:
253:, on the Jewish community. One prevalent antisemitic
2742:
Our People: Discovering Lithuania's Hidden Holocaust
2619:
A "Jew-Communist" Stereotype in Lithuania, 1940–1941
2577:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2463:"Holocaust still haunts Lithuania – DW – 08/14/2019"
1902:
Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR
1688:
Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
914:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
501:
Most Jews in Lithuania were not required to live in
66:
1230:
1087:Three major ghettos in Lithuania were established:
2220:
1967:
1899:
1802:
1753:"The first mass execution of the Jews of Gargždai"
1537:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
2846:Lietukis Garage Massacre in Kaunas (27 June 1941)
2584:We Are Here: Memories of the Lithuanian Holocaust
1591:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects"
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1356:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects"
1267:
1156:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects"
5974:
2586:(Illustrated ed.). University of Nebraska Press.
2573:The Holocaust in Lithuania between 1941 and 1944
2354:
1511:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
884:Vilnius Street renaming and memorial controversy
747:(Lithuanian parliament) held a session in which
696:
245:The occupying Nazi German administration fanned
5091:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2637:The Shadow of Death: The Holocaust in Lithuania
2593:Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Empire
2165:Walkowitz, Daniel J.; Lisa Maya Knauer (2004).
1488:
1207:
464:ordered his 800 Lithuanian troops to begin the
3459:List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations
2950:
2484:
2482:
1930:
1691:. Indiana University Press. pp. 97, 102.
1596:The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation
1519:
1361:The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation
1161:The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation
449:began on June 22, 1941 and coincided with the
337:
91:accompanying your translation by providing an
57:Click for important translation instructions.
44:expand this article with text translated from
5604:
5451:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
3939:
3490:
2936:
2319:
2317:
2301:Lithuania and the Jews: The Holocaust Chapter
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1774:
1772:
896:, renamed a street that had been named after
414:had historically been a member of the German
328:Map titled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by
2652:
2537:
1049:who sought refuge in Lithuania escaping the
963:Lithuanian collaboration during World War II
754:
554:Lithuanian collaboration during World War II
5618:
5150:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2764:– Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum, Lithuania
2649:(3 vols.). (R. L. Cohen, Ed.). Gefen Books.
2479:
1889:
1887:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
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1568:
958:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force (1944)
5611:
5597:
3946:
3932:
3497:
3483:
2943:
2929:
2726:Tumasonis, R., & Levinson, J. (2006).
2546:. University of Washington. Archived from
2314:
2260:
2241:
1962:
1951:
1924:
1769:
1532:
1470:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
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1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
862:In January 2020 Lithuanian Prime Minister
729:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
378:(which, upon independence in 1975, became
192:resulted in the near total eradication of
138:
2137:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
566:marching Jewish men through Vilnius, 1941
2883:Association of Lithuanian Jews in Israel
2384:"Can Lithuania face its Holocaust past?"
2291:
1893:
1884:
1681:
1565:
1309:
1234:
661:
569:
557:
432:
323:
3449:Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany
2590:Vesna Drapac; Gareth Pritchard (2017).
2218:
2076:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1931:Michalski, Czesław (Winter 2000–2001).
1389:
1387:
1385:
1334:
1134:
968:Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania
319:
293:The German invasion of the Soviet Union
14:
5975:
3289:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions
2778:Memorial to Murdered Jews of Lithuania
2381:
2223:Job: The Story of a Holocaust Survivor
2191:
2171:. Duke University Press. p. 188.
1859:
1846:
1823:
1711:
1652:
1627:. AFP. 14 January 2018. Archived from
1280:
5592:
5315:
5136:
4767:
4258:
4257:
3927:
3478:
2924:
2751:. Northern Illinois University Press.
2703:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
2630:Lithuanian Political Science Yearbook
2110:
2106:
2104:
1830:The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews
1659:The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews
1588:
1393:
1353:
1287:The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews
1188:
1153:
1091:(with a population of about 20,000),
402:, as well as residents of Lithuania.
103:{{Translated|no|Holocaust i Litauen}}
4738:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
2717:East European Politics and Societies
2323:
2117:. Berghahn Books. pp. 240–241.
2035:
1974:. McFarland & Company. pp.
1906:. Indiana University Press. p.
1544:. McFarland & Company. pp.
1439:East European Politics and Societies
1382:
758:
548:Participation of local collaborators
300:some people expressed significantly
297:mass deportations across the Baltics
251:annexation of Lithuania in June 1940
26:
5543:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2612:Jews, Lithuanians and the Holocaust
2261:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (Winter 2001).
912:. The Lithuanian government-backed
804:, and the work of scholars such as
666:Holocaust mass graves near city of
612:and encouraged by Germans from the
511:Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941
405:
24:
5137:
2802:How did Lithuanians wrong Litvaks?
2749:Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000
2728:The Shoah (Holocaust) in Lithuania
2565:
2382:Zuroff, Efraim (August 28, 2001).
2101:
2079:"Žydų gelbėjimas (Rescue of Jews)"
1478:. NATO Academic Forum. p. 21.
1189:Reich, Aaron (23 September 2021).
1105:
1081:
1059:
1038:
714:
418:, and had belonged to Germany and
25:
5994:
3953:
3325:Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
2755:
2596:. Palgrave, MacMillan Education.
2020:. January 1, 2008. Archived from
1784:Institute of National Remembrance
948:Collaboration during World War II
829:Lithuanian Provisional Government
306:Lithuanian Provisional Government
5106:Polish leaders and intellectuals
4596:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3517:
3505:
3454:History of the Jews in Lithuania
2292:MacQueen, Michael (2005-07-03).
2052:"NCSJ Country Report: Lithuania"
1933:"Ponary – Golgota Wileńszczyzny"
1016:
1004:
992:
953:History of the Jews in Lithuania
763:
382:). Japanese government official
271:History of the Jews in Lithuania
249:by blaming the Soviet regime's
31:
2866:Lithuanian Testimonies' Project
2639:, University Press of Kentucky.
2538:Miller-Korpi, Katy (May 1998).
2531:
2507:
2455:
2435:
2426:
2401:
2375:
2348:
2324:Senn, Alfred E. (Winter 2001).
2285:
2212:
2185:
2158:
2131:
2070:
2006:
2000:"Names of Righteous by Country"
1992:
1745:
1705:
1675:
1617:
1482:
144:Burning synagogue in Lithuania.
5034:Attack on the twentieth convoy
4847:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
2834:Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto
2799:Kulikauskas, Andrius. (2015),
2696:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2685:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2544:Encyclopedia of Baltic History
2540:"The Holocaust in the Baltics"
2227:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1464:
1433:Stanislovas Stasiulis (2020).
1426:
1400:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1303:
1241:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1195:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1182:
1106:
1082:
1060:
1039:
739:, speaking before the Israeli
715:
400:Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland
396:German-occupied Western Poland
289:subsequently annexed Lithuania
281:signed a treaty with Lithuania
101:You may also add the template
13:
1:
3513:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania
2783:Atamukas, Solomonas. (2001),
1128:
697:Comprehension and remembrance
264:
238:in the first weeks after the
5371:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4562:Extermination through labour
1898:. In Zvi Y. Gitelman (ed.).
1832:. Rodopi. pp. 214–215.
1757:Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania
1661:. Rodopi. pp. 205–206.
1471:Miniotaite, Grazina (1999).
1318:University of Nebraska Press
1289:. Rodopi. pp. 218–219.
691:Polish minority in Lithuania
410:The Lithuanian port city of
7:
5553:Righteous Among the Nations
4768:
4239:Righteous Among the Nations
2973:Related articles by country
2780:(w/ photos of the memorial)
2744:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2653:Koniuchowsky, Leyb (2020).
2077:Sakaitė, Viktorija (1998).
1593:. In David Cesarani (ed.).
1358:. In David Cesarani (ed.).
1158:. In David Cesarani (ed.).
936:
687:Righteous Among the Nations
338:Estimated number of victims
127:Genocide of Lithuanian Jews
10:
5999:
5983:The Holocaust in Lithuania
5290:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5260:Lithuanian Security Police
5179:Reich Security Main Office
4146:Evidence and documentation
3862:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)
3705:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius)
3294:Lithuanian Security Police
2952:The Holocaust in Lithuania
2888:Как литовцы евреев убивали
2861:District of Kaunas / Kovno
2817:The Holocaust in Lithuania
2762:Lithuanian Holocaust Atlas
1894:MacQueen, Michael (1998).
1235:MacQueen, Michael (1998).
900:and removed a memorial to
633:Lithuanian Security Police
564:Lithuanian Security Police
551:
451:June Uprising in Lithuania
412:Klaipėda (Memel in German)
268:
209:Reichskommissariat Ostland
190:The Holocaust in Lithuania
133:The Holocaust in Lithuania
65:Machine translation, like
5920:
5882:
5624:
5506:Books and other resources
5493:
5409:
5338:
5334:
5311:
5245:
5217:
5158:
5145:
5132:
5071:
5019:
4972:
4909:
4879:
4817:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4763:
4721:
4680:
4632:
4618:
4580:
4539:
4439:
4396:
4274:
4270:
4253:
4169:
4138:
4038:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
3965:
3961:
3890:
3840:
3805:
3731:
3718:
3692:
3681:
3597:
3586:
3526:
3464:Songs of the Vilna Ghetto
3444:
3391:HKP 562 forced labor camp
3383:
3342:
3317:
3276:
3269:
3204:
3116:
3023:
3016:
2958:
2361:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2355:Shivaun Woolfson (2014).
2083:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
1866:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
1721:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
825:Lithuanian Activist Front
755:Controversy and criticism
637:Lietuvos saugumo policija
581:, the chief historian of
455:Lithuanian Activist Front
447:Axis invasion of the USSR
310:Lithuanian Activist Front
179:
165:
157:
149:
137:
46:the corresponding article
5096:People with disabilities
5029:Aid and Rescue Committee
3823:Great Synagogue of Vilna
3401:Kauen concentration camp
3396:Kailis forced labor camp
3365:Ninth Fort November 1941
2808:Holocaust In The Baltics
2219:Freeman, Joseph (1996).
2138:Vanagaitė, Rūta (2016).
1489:Thomas Remeikis (1975).
1451:10.1177/0888325419844820
1029:
973:The Holocaust in Estonia
810:Valentinas Brandišauskas
517:near Kaunas, and in the
507:Nazi concentration camps
5619:The Holocaust in Europe
5237:Order Police battalions
3896:List of Lithuanian Jews
3816:Red Synagogue of Jonava
3103:Franz Walter Stahlecker
2198:. Rodopi. p. 117.
1860:Bubnys, Arūnas (1997).
1824:Bubnys, Arūnas (2004).
1653:Bubnys, Arūnas (2004).
1281:Bubnys, Arūnas (2004).
1111:The propaganda line of
978:The Holocaust in Latvia
840:Simon Wiesenthal Center
601:Franz Walter Stahlecker
540:in accordance with the
470:Franz Walter Stahlecker
112:For more guidance, see
5667:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5086:Soviet urban residents
4177:International response
4151:Contemporary knowledge
3807:Destroyed / demolished
3360:Kaunas 29 October 1941
2907:Kulikauskas, Andrius.
2711:Stasiulis, S. (2020).
2192:Mineau, André (1999).
1599:. Routledge. pp.
1394:Kwiet, Konrad (1998).
1164:. Routledge. pp.
671:
649:Lithuanian Labor Guard
620:, started anti-Jewish
575:
567:
476:commanding officer of
442:
386:, vice consul for the
334:
18:Holocaust in Lithuania
5533:Memorials and museums
5471:Reparations Agreement
5466:Holocaust restitution
5044:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4567:Human experimentation
4406:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3857:Knesses Beis Yitzchak
2747:Weeks, T. R. (2015).
2610:Eidintas, A. (2003).
1364:. Routledge. p.
1118:Augustinas Voldemaras
869:Polish Holocaust bill
845:Operation Last Chance
802:Soviet historiography
665:
631:On 24 June 1941, the
573:
561:
436:
327:
269:Further information:
203:Generalbezirk Litauen
114:Knowledge:Translation
85:copyright attribution
4733:Jewish Ghetto Police
4602:Politische Abteilung
4497:Risiera di San Sabba
4358:Natzweiler-Struthof
3756:Beit Medrash Hagadol
3571:Khmelnytsky Uprising
3227:Bronislovas Paukštys
3146:Shmerke Kaczerginski
3063:Aleksandras Lileikis
2701:Senn, A. E. (2007).
2582:Cassedy, E. (2012).
2263:"The Burden of 1941"
1589:Porat, Dina (2002).
1354:Porat, Dina (2002).
1320:. pp. 244–294.
1154:Porat, Dina (2002).
918:Vytautas Landsbergis
320:Destruction of Jewry
229:history of Lithuania
5883:States with limited
5511:Days of remembrance
5424:Holocaust survivors
5419:Depopulated shtetls
5270:Rollkommando Hamann
5116:Jehovah's Witnesses
4934:Kamianets-Podilskyi
3996:Bohemia and Moravia
3299:Rollkommando Hamann
3098:Rudolf Joachim Seck
2645:Issrof, S. (2002).
2635:Gordon, H. (2000).
2571:Bubnys, A. (2005).
2519:www.baltictimes.com
2448:The Times of Israel
2111:Levin, Dov (2000).
2024:on October 15, 2009
1964:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1534:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1253:10.1093/hgs/12.1.27
737:Algirdas Brazauskas
134:
5494:History and memory
5398:Forced euthanasia
5346:Nazi racial policy
5049:Danish underground
4896:Operation Reinhard
4891:Wannsee Conference
3416:Marcinkonys Ghetto
3222:Petronėlė Lastienė
3186:Yitzhak Wittenberg
3181:Elchonon Wasserman
3093:Adrian von Renteln
3058:Algirdas Klimaitis
3033:Algimantas Dailidė
2871:2012-04-22 at the
2839:2015-06-15 at the
2822:2018-10-30 at the
2791:2020-07-27 at the
2730:. VAGA Publishers.
2690:Levin, D. (1990).
2679:Levin, D. (1993).
2624:2018-02-26 at the
2390:on October 5, 2013
1970:Poland's Holocaust
1540:Poland's Holocaust
1412:10.1093/hgs/12.1.3
1051:invasion of Poland
894:Remigijus Šimašius
864:Saulius Skvernelis
672:
614:Sicherheitspolizei
610:Algirdas Klimaitis
576:
568:
534:German war economy
462:Algirdas Klimaitis
443:
392:Japanese territory
335:
153:June–December 1941
132:
93:interlanguage link
5968:
5967:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5429:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5376:Jewish emigration
5366:Hitler's prophecy
5361:Haavara Agreement
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5295:Ypatingasis būrys
5192:Sicherheitsdienst
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5067:
5066:
4987:Bielski partisans
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4590:Totenkopfverbände
4249:
4248:
3921:
3920:
3852:Kelm Talmud Torah
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3677:
3676:
3549:Paneriai massacre
3472:
3471:
3431:Švenčionys Ghetto
3338:
3337:
3309:Ypatingasis būrys
3265:
3264:
3176:Abraham Sutzkever
3151:Zelig Kalmanovich
3024:Perpetrators and
2664:978-0-9946195-1-8
2234:978-0-275-95586-1
2205:978-90-420-0705-5
2178:978-0-8223-3364-7
2151:978-609-01-2208-2
2124:978-965-308-084-3
2085:(in Lithuanian).
1985:978-0-7864-0371-4
1917:978-0-253-33359-9
1868:(in Lithuanian).
1839:978-90-420-0850-2
1723:(in Lithuanian).
1668:978-90-420-0850-2
1610:978-0-415-15232-7
1555:978-0-7864-0371-4
1375:978-0-415-15232-7
1327:978-0-8032-5979-9
1296:978-90-420-0850-2
1175:978-0-415-15232-7
1113:Jewish Bolshevism
1095:(17,500) and the
874:Povilas Poderskis
806:Alfonsas Eidintas
793:
792:
749:Alfonsas Eidintas
641:Ypatingasis būrys
618:Sicherheitsdienst
424:League of Nations
277:German and Soviet
187:
186:
174:Ypatingasis būrys
125:
124:
58:
54:
16:(Redirected from
5990:
5921:Dependencies and
5625:Sovereign states
5613:
5606:
5599:
5590:
5589:
5478:Holocaust denial
5456:Nuremberg trials
5446:Postwar violence
5401:
5336:
5335:
5313:
5312:
5275:Special Brigades
5265:Nederlandsche SS
5232:Police Regiments
5156:
5155:
5134:
5133:
4994:Ghetto uprisings
4982:Jewish partisans
4929:Harvest Festival
4901:Holocaust trains
4787:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4765:
4764:
4630:
4629:
4526:
4504:
4486:
4467:
4449:
4272:
4271:
4255:
4254:
3963:
3962:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3844:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3700:Kaunas Synagogue
3690:
3689:
3685:
3630:Chabad-Lubavitch
3595:
3594:
3590:
3554:Jewish partisans
3521:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3355:Kaunas June 1941
3274:
3273:
3021:
3020:
2974:
2964:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2687:, 7(2), 247–262.
2676:
2632:(01/2000), 1–36.
2614:, Versus Aureus.
2607:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2258:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2144:. Alma littera.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2058:on 30 April 2002
2048:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1943:. Archived from
1928:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1821:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1586:
1563:
1562:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1232:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1110:
1086:
1064:
1043:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:
995:
988:
818:
798:historiographies
788:
785:
779:
767:
766:
759:
719:
562:A member of the
496:Garsden massacre
416:Hanseatic League
406:Holocaust events
142:
135:
131:
104:
98:
71:Google Translate
56:
52:
35:
34:
27:
21:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5964:
5922:
5916:
5902:Northern Cyprus
5884:
5878:
5799:North Macedonia
5620:
5617:
5587:
5574:
5489:
5405:
5399:
5388:Madagascar Plan
5381:Kindertransport
5330:
5329:
5299:
5241:
5213:
5198:Ordnungspolizei
5154:
5141:
5120:
5063:
5015:
4968:
4939:Maly Trostenets
4910:Mass executions
4905:
4875:
4813:
4772:
4747:
4717:
4676:
4614:
4576:
4535:
4524:
4502:
4484:
4465:
4447:
4435:
4392:
4266:
4245:
4165:
4156:Hidden children
4134:
3992:Czechoslovakia
3957:
3952:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3842:
3828:
3801:
3721:
3714:
3683:
3673:
3588:
3582:
3522:
3512:
3503:
3473:
3468:
3440:
3426:Šiauliai Ghetto
3411:Lukiškės Prison
3379:
3334:
3313:
3261:
3257:Jan Zwartendijk
3252:Chiune Sugihara
3200:
3196:Wolf Durmashkin
3131:Alexander Bogen
3118:
3112:
3038:Erich Ehrlinger
3025:
3012:
2972:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2873:Wayback Machine
2841:Wayback Machine
2824:Wayback Machine
2793:Wayback Machine
2758:
2734:Vanagaite, Ruta
2665:
2626:Wayback Machine
2604:
2568:
2566:Further reading
2563:
2553:
2551:
2550:on 7 March 2008
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2496:(in Lithuanian)
2488:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2259:
2242:
2235:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2102:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1961:
1952:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1892:
1885:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1822:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1651:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1631:on 29 July 2019
1623:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1587:
1566:
1556:
1531:
1520:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1431:
1427:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1352:
1335:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1279:
1268:
1233:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1071:
1066:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1003:
993:
991:
983:
943:Chiune Sugihara
939:
930:Gitanas Nausėda
910:Plungė massacre
886:
812:
789:
783:
780:
777:
768:
764:
757:
699:
645:Ponary massacre
556:
550:
542:Generalplan Ost
478:Einsatzgruppe A
408:
388:Empire of Japan
384:Chiune Sugihara
364:Jan Zwartendijk
340:
322:
314:Slovak Republic
273:
267:
240:German invasion
214:Nazi-controlled
183:190,000–195,000
145:
128:
121:
120:
119:
102:
96:
59:
53:(December 2023)
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5923:other entities
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5874:United Kingdom
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5687:Czech Republic
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5483:trivialization
5475:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5461:Eichmann trial
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Nuremberg Laws
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5339:Early elements
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:Early elements
5317:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:Arajs Kommando
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5226:Einsatzgruppen
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5139:Responsibility
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4918:Einsatzgruppen
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4882:Final Solution
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4743:Ústredňa Židov
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4708:Theresienstadt
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4627:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Einsatzgruppen
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Mittelbau-Dora
4350:
4341:
4336:
4334:Kraków-Płaszów
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4224:Rescue of Jews
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3899:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3882:Tomchei Tmimim
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3735:
3733:Still standing
3726:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3710:Vilnius Kenesa
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:TDA battalions
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Einsatzgruppen
3280:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Anna Borkowska
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:Jacob Wygodzki
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Joachim Hamann
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2831:
2826:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2756:External links
2754:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:Zuroff, Efraim
2731:
2724:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2698:, 5(1), 53–56.
2688:
2677:
2663:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2530:
2506:
2478:
2454:
2434:
2425:
2400:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2313:
2310:on 2006-05-15.
2284:
2240:
2233:
2211:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2123:
2100:
2069:
2034:
2005:
1991:
1984:
1950:
1947:on 2007-02-07.
1923:
1916:
1883:
1845:
1838:
1801:
1768:
1744:
1713:Bubnys, Arūnas
1704:
1697:
1674:
1667:
1642:
1616:
1609:
1564:
1554:
1518:
1481:
1463:
1445:(1): 261–279.
1425:
1381:
1374:
1333:
1326:
1302:
1295:
1266:
1206:
1181:
1174:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1089:Vilnius ghetto
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1013:
1001:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
938:
935:
885:
882:
791:
790:
771:
769:
762:
756:
753:
711:Final Solution
698:
695:
549:
546:
486:Einsatzgruppen
407:
404:
339:
336:
321:
318:
266:
263:
196:(Litvaks) and
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:Einsatzgruppen
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
126:
123:
122:
118:
117:
110:
99:
77:
74:
63:
60:
41:
40:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5995:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5971:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Faroe Islands
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:South Ossetia
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Liechtenstein
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Nazi eugenics
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Topf and Sons
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5247:Collaborators
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:Referat IV B4
5183:
5182:
5181: (RSHA)
5180:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5172:Schutzstaffel
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:Organizations
5157:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Romani people
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Working Group
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Kastner train
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:Kristallnacht
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4609:Sanitätswesen
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4572:Death marches
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4398:Extermination
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Sachsenhausen
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Herzogenbusch
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Bergen-Belsen
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4276:Concentration
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:United States
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:and colonies
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:The Holocaust
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:Trakai Kenesa
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:Denominations
3596:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Kaunas Ghetto
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:The Holocaust
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3375:Švenčionėliai
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3330:Paper Brigade
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Antanas Poška
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Ephraim Oshry
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Rozka Korczak
3159:
3157:
3156:Vitka Kempner
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Josef Glazman
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Jonas Noreika
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Hinrich Lohse
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:collaborators
3022:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2968:The Holocaust
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2723:(1), 261–279.
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:Eidintas, A.
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2603:9781137385345
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2429:
2415:on 2012-02-29
2414:
2410:
2404:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2368:9781472522955
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1939:(in Polish).
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1790:on 2007-10-17
1789:
1785:
1782:(in Polish).
1781:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1698:0-253-33359-8
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:Gitelman, Zvi
1678:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1474:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:Shavli Ghetto
1094:
1093:Kaunas Ghetto
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1069:
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466:Kaunas pogrom
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439:Kaunas pogrom
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38:
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5970:
5912:Transnistria
5763:
5563:Yizkor books
5224:
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4864:in Lithuania
4824:
4722:
4607:
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4523:
4501:
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3539:Vilna Ghetto
3533:
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3510:
3436:Vilna Ghetto
3406:Kovno Ghetto
3350:Jäger Report
3277:Perpetrators
3247:Anton Schmid
3212:Kazys Binkis
3141:Jay M. Ipson
3126:Chaim Yellin
3108:Martin Weiss
3088:Helmut Rauca
3053:Bruno Kittel
2963:Main article
2951:
2800:
2784:
2748:
2741:
2727:
2720:
2716:
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2388:the original
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2305:the original
2300:
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2140:
2133:
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2056:the original
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
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1969:
1945:the original
1940:
1936:
1926:
1901:
1869:
1865:
1829:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
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1724:
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1658:
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1629:the original
1619:
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1539:
1507:cite journal
1498:
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1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1442:
1438:
1428:
1406:(12): 3–26.
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587:
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532:to fuel the
530:forced labor
527:
505:nor sent to
500:
484:
482:
459:
444:
429:
420:East Prussia
409:
361:
341:
274:
260:
247:antisemitism
244:
236:Nazi Germany
233:
221:World War II
207:
201:
189:
188:
166:Organised by
129:
89:edit summary
80:
51:
48:in Norwegian
43:
5950:Isle of Man
5885:recognition
5859:Switzerland
5794:Netherlands
5569:Never again
5400:(Action T4)
5326:Remembrance
5111:Homosexuals
5081:Soviet POWs
5009:Częstochowa
4557:Gas chamber
4368:Ravensbrück
4309:Gross-Rosen
4304:Flossenbürg
4187:Philippines
4119:Yugoslavia
4078:Netherlands
4006:Sudetenland
3242:Ona Šimaitė
3232:Karl Plagge
3166:Abba Kovner
3117:Victims and
3083:Mike Pasker
3073:Franz Murer
1794:10 February
1047:Polish Jews
922:Virgin Mary
908:during the
849:Soviet bloc
813: [
733:post-Soviet
603:arrived in
590:Nazi German
302:antisemitic
198:Polish Jews
5829:San Marino
5789:Montenegro
5769:Luxembourg
5749:Kazakhstan
5652:Azerbaijan
5558:Yad Vashem
5538:Uniqueness
5393:Nisko Plan
5166:Nazi Party
4974:Resistance
4944:Ninth Fort
4809:Vel' d'Hiv
4581:Nazi units
4519:Westerbork
4509:Amersfoort
4363:Neuengamme
4344:Mauthausen
4324:Kaiserwald
4294:Buchenwald
4073:Luxembourg
3783:(Joniškis)
3775:(Joniškis)
3684:Synagogues
3576:Vilna Gaon
3421:Ninth Fort
3318:Resistance
3119:resistance
3048:Karl Jäger
2812:Dovid Katz
2740:. (2020).
2673:1223277746
2524:2023-08-02
2500:2023-08-02
2472:2023-08-02
2419:2009-03-15
2394:2009-03-15
2028:2009-03-15
2018:Yad Vashem
1762:2023-12-11
1738:2006-06-09
1635:14 January
1456:January 4,
1200:2023-08-19
1129:References
1068:Dina Porat
855:In 2010 a
583:Yad Vashem
579:Dina Porat
552:See also:
515:Ninth Fort
275:After the
265:Background
194:Lithuanian
5940:Gibraltar
5764:Lithuania
5516:Education
5411:Aftermath
5323:Aftermath
5285:Trawnikis
5209:Wehrmacht
5204:Waffen-SS
5004:Białystok
4832:Bucharest
4804:Marseille
4681:Elsewhere
4642:Białystok
4454:Breendonk
4431:Treblinka
4284:Auschwitz
4068:Lithuania
3798:(Vilnius)
3764:Merchants
3635:Chernobyl
3615:Ashkenazi
3610:Orthodoxy
2705:. Rodopi.
2342:0024-5089
2279:0024-5089
2141:Mūsiškiai
2095:1392-3463
1878:1392-3463
1733:1392-3463
1420:8756-6583
1261:8756-6583
999:Lithuania
656:Iron Wolf
372:Caribbean
343:from the
291:in 1940.
225:Holocaust
217:Lithuania
107:talk page
5977:Category
5960:Svalbard
5945:Guernsey
5892:Abkhazia
5844:Slovenia
5839:Slovakia
5814:Portugal
5672:Bulgaria
5501:Academia
4954:Piaśnica
4924:Babi Yar
4852:Jedwabne
4791:Roundups
4724:Judenrat
4688:Budapest
4459:Mechelen
4421:Majdanek
4378:Stutthof
4339:Majdanek
4234:by Poles
4192:Portugal
4170:Response
4161:Timeline
4139:Overview
4001:Slovakia
3988:Bulgaria
3872:Rameiles
3867:Ponevezh
3843:Yeshivas
3767:(Jonava)
3759:(Jonava)
3665:Vizhnitz
3660:Veretzky
3620:Hasidism
3566:Timeline
3205:Rescuers
3003:Slovakia
2869:Archived
2837:Archived
2820:Archived
2789:Archived
2622:Archived
2554:13 March
2494:Delfi EN
2330:Lituanus
2267:Lituanus
2062:13 March
1966:(1997).
1937:Konspekt
1715:(1997).
1685:(1998).
1536:(1997).
1495:Lituanus
1122:Į Laisvę
1011:Genocide
937:See also
857:Klaipėda
492:Gargždai
380:Suriname
353:Red Army
333:created.
83:provide
5869:Ukraine
5819:Romania
5779:Moldova
5737:Ireland
5732:Iceland
5727:Hungary
5717:Germany
5712:Georgia
5702:Finland
5697:Estonia
5692:Denmark
5677:Croatia
5662:Belgium
5657:Belarus
5647:Austria
5642:Armenia
5637:Andorra
5632:Albania
5528:Lessons
4964:Rumbula
4837:Dorohoi
4818:Pogroms
4770:Victims
4620:Ghettos
4552:Gas van
4540:Methods
4514:Schoorl
4492:Bolzano
4440:Transit
4426:Sobibor
4416:Chełmno
4383:Vaivara
4319:Hinzert
4264:ghettos
4217:Vatican
4123:Croatia
4113:Ukraine
4103:Belarus
4093:Romania
4045:Hungary
4028:Germany
4018:Estonia
4013:Denmark
3983:Belgium
3978:Austria
3973:Albania
3795:Zamelis
3749:Čekiškė
3693:Current
3640:Komarno
3625:Breslov
3605:Karaite
3561:History
3008:Ukraine
2983:Estonia
2978:Belarus
2002:. 2017.
1601:165–166
1166:161–162
1023:Germany
985:Portals
926:žydelka
892:mayor,
878:Vilnius
774:updated
741:Knesset
653:fascist
622:pogroms
523:Vilnius
503:ghettos
483:German
376:Surinam
368:Curaçao
349:Vilnius
308:of the
212:in the
206:of the
105:to the
87:in the
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5955:Jersey
5897:Kosovo
5864:Turkey
5854:Sweden
5834:Serbia
5824:Russia
5809:Poland
5804:Norway
5784:Monaco
5754:Latvia
5722:Greece
5707:France
5682:Cyprus
5434:Bricha
5200:(Orpo)
5073:Others
5059:Żegota
5021:Rescue
4999:Warsaw
4959:Ponary
4869:Kaunas
4672:Warsaw
4657:Lublin
4647:Kraków
4634:Poland
4478:Drancy
4411:Belzec
4388:Warsaw
4299:Dachau
4207:Turkey
4202:Sweden
4128:Serbia
4108:Russia
4088:Poland
4083:Norway
4063:Latvia
4033:Greece
4023:France
3877:Telshe
3742:Alanta
3722:Former
3650:Ruzhin
3589:Groups
3527:Topics
3384:Places
3370:Ponary
3343:Events
3270:Groups
3017:People
2998:Russia
2993:Poland
2988:Latvia
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472:, the
357:Jewish
345:Kaunas
180:Deaths
158:Target
5930:Åland
5849:Spain
5774:Malta
5744:Italy
5548:Humor
5521:Films
5218:Units
4949:Odesa
4799:Izieu
4713:Vilna
4698:Minsk
4693:Kovno
4667:Radom
4531:Sereď
4348:Gusen
4329:Kauen
4260:Camps
4197:Spain
4182:Japan
4056:Libya
4050:Italy
3780:White
3655:Seret
3645:Koson
2308:(PDF)
2297:(PDF)
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1872:(1).
1476:(PDF)
1030:Notes
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5174:(SS)
4857:Lviv
4842:Iași
4782:Jews
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