710:
1163:
1183:
1376:
1049:
976:
896:
765:
1304:
3896:
36:
1502:, were active in the region and assisted the Germans in repressing the Polish population. In autumn 1943, Armia Krajowa started retaliation operations against the Lithuanian units and killed hundreds of mostly Lithuanian policemen and other collaborators during the first half of 1944. The conflict culminated in the massacres of Polish and Lithuanian civilians in June 1944 in the
1214:. Many Jewish synagogues were set on fire; on the following nights another 2,300 were killed." The killings provided justification for rounding up Jews and putting them in ghettos to "protect them", where by December 1941 in Kaunas, 15,000 remained, 22,000 having been executed. The executions were carried out at three main groups: in Kaunas (
1128:) in charge of local self-government. The Germans did not have enough manpower to staff local administration; therefore, most local offices were headed by the Lithuanians. Policy decisions would have been made by high-ranking Germans and actually implemented by low-ranking Lithuanians. The General Advisers were mostly a
1002:
against
Lithuanian cities and claimed lives of some 4,000 civilians. Most Russian aircraft were destroyed on the ground. Germans rapidly advanced, encountering only sporadic resistance from the Soviets and help from Lithuanians, who saw them as liberators and hoped that the Germans would re-establish
879:
rhetoric and accused
Lithuanians of kidnapping Soviet soldiers from their bases. Despite Lithuanian attempts to negotiate and resolve the issues, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum on June 14, 1940. Lithuanians accepted the ultimatum and Soviet military took control of major cities by June 15. The
1034:
began June 23 as
Soviets attempted to mount a counterattack, reinforced by tanks, but were overpowered by the 27th. It is estimated that the uprising involved some 16,000 to 30,000 people and claimed lives of about 600 Lithuanians and 5,000 Soviet activists. On June 24, Germans entered both Kaunas
1056:
During the first days of war, German military administration, chiefly concerned with the region's security, tolerated
Lithuanian attempts to establish their own administrative institutions and left a number of civilian issues to the Lithuanians. The Provisional Government in Kaunas attempted to
931:
was not introduced in
Lithuania. All land was nationalized, farms were reduced to 30 hectares (74 acres), and extra land (some 575,000 hectares (5,750 km)) was distributed to small farmers. In preparation for eventual collectivization, new taxes between 30% and 50% of farm production were
3042:** despite the title, this source contains several substantive mentions of Lithuania's circumstances. While Lithuania is not its primary topic, the histories of the two countries are closely interrelated and the mentions are well beyond passing references; several are three or more pages long
936:
was artificially depreciated to 3–4 times its actual value and withdrawn by March 1941. Before the elections to the People's
Parliament, the Soviets arrested some 2,000 prominent political activists. These arrests paralyzed any attempts to create anti-Soviet groups. An estimated 12,000 were
1545:, when Lithuania had 2,711,400 residents. Various authors provide different breakdowns but generally agree that the population losses between 1940 and 1953 were more than one million people, a third of the pre-war population. The three largest categories of this number are:
1057:
establish the proclaimed independence of
Lithuania and undo the damage of the one-year Soviet regime. During the six weeks of its existence, the Government issued about 100 laws and decrees, but they were largely not enforced. Its policies can be described as both
1536:
Lithuania suffered significant losses in World War II and the first post-war decade. Historians attempted to quantify population losses and changes, but their task was complicated by the lack of precise and reliable data. There were no censuses taken between the
1205:
Unlike in other Nazi-occupied countries where the
Holocaust was introduced gradually (first limiting Jewish civil rights, then concentrating Jews in ghettos, and only then executing them in death camps), executions in Lithuania started on the first days of war.
1280:
The genocide rate of Jews in
Lithuania, up to 95–97%, was the highest in Europe. This was primarily due, with few notable exceptions, to widespread Lithuanian cooperation with the German authorities. Jews were widely blamed for the previous Soviet regime (see
871:. This war delayed the occupation of Lithuania: the Soviets did not interfere with Lithuania's domestic affairs and Russian soldiers were well-behaved in their bases. As the Winter War ended in March and Germany was making rapid advances in the
1360:
Many members of the
Lithuanian construction units were asked to join the Waffen-SS, of whom up to 40% eventually did, although no Lithuanian national unit was ever formed under the Waffen-SS, and all volunteers served on an individual basis.
3935:
4533:
5099:
155:
941:." When farmers were unable to meet exorbitant new taxes, some 1,100 of the larger farmers were put on trial. On June 14–18, 1941, less than a week before Germany's invasion, some 17,000 Lithuanians were deported to
1006:
Lithuanians took up arms against the Soviet for independence. Groups of men took control of strategic objects such as railroads, bridges, communication equipment and food warehouses, protecting them from potential
849:, Lithuania's historical capital) in return for allowing five Soviet military bases in Lithuania (total 20,000 troops). The territories that Lithuania received from the Soviet Union were former territories of the
4538:
4563:
3928:
4568:
4548:
806:, Germany accounted for 75% of Lithuanian exports and 86% of its imports. To solidify its influence, Germany suggested a German–Lithuanian military alliance against Poland and promised to return the
1519:
1273:. Only about 2,000–3,000 of Lithuanian Jews were liberated from these camps. More survived by withdrawing into Russia's interior before the war broke out or by escaping the ghettos and joining the
3921:
1340:
213:
4573:
1140:
when they protested several German policies. Overall, local self-government was quite developed in Lithuania and helped to sabotage or hinder several German initiatives, including raising a
4651:
4528:
4558:
53:
3016:, in: 'Vilnius (Summer 1998), pp. 129-146; **Thoughts on Lithuania's Shadows of the Past: A Historical Essay on the Legacy of War, Part II, in: 'Vilnius' (Summer 1999), pp. 177-208...
696:
2974:"Lithuanian Collaboration during the Second World War: Past Realities, Present Perceptions: Collaboration and Resistance during the Holocaust: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
3127:
I believe the US Justice Department is considered "a reputable institution" if not though, this may well qualify as written by an expert since afaik it concerns their litigation
1210:
A entered Lithuania one day behind the Wehrmacht invasion to encourage self-cleansing. According to German documents, on June 25–26, 1941, "about 1,500 Jews were eliminated by
5059:
4878:
4783:
1459:
There was no significant violent resistance directed against the Nazis originating from the Lithuanian society. In 1943, several underground political groups united under the
2329:
1194:, Lithuania was home to about 210,000 or 250,000 Jews and was one of the greatest centers of Jewish theology, philosophy, and learning which preceded even the times of the
2439:
307:
5235:
830:
transferred Lithuania to the Soviet sphere of influence, which was the justification for the Soviet Union to occupying Lithuania on June 15, 1940 and establishing the
377:
919:), real estate larger than 170 square metres (1,800 sq ft), private enterprises with more than 20 workers or more than 150,000 litas of gross receipts were
5074:
4909:
4486:
4347:
4337:
4302:
3256:
Vareikis, Vygantas (2009). "In the Shadow of the Holocaust: Lithuanian-Jewish Relations in the Crucial Years 1940-1944". In Bankier, David; Gutman, Israel (eds.).
1261:. Vilnius Ghetto was liquidated, while Kaunas and Šiauliai were turned into concentration camps and survived until July 1944. Remaining Jews were sent to camps in
1027:, which had gang-pressed them when Lithuania and the Lithuanian Army changed hands. Smaller, less organized groups emerged in other cities and in the countryside.
867:
as a "virtual sacrifice of independence." Similar pacts were proposed to Latvia, Estonia, and Finland. Finland was the only state to refuse, and that sparked the
100:
17:
4641:
3085:
393:
72:
4944:
4327:
1490:) was eventually formed in 1944 under Lithuanian command, but was disbanded by the Nazis only a few months later for refusing to obey orders. In particular,
689:
5225:
4332:
4322:
2939:
79:
4312:
4307:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
1491:
1370:
415:
923:. This disruption in management and operations created a sharp drop in production. Russian soldiers and officials were eager to spend their appreciated
1015:, founder of LAF, had been preparing for the uprising since at least March 1941. The activists proclaimed Lithuanian independence and established the
5220:
5018:
4297:
4176:
2996:, presented in April 2002 at the "Reichskommissariat Ostland" conference at Uppsala University and Södertörn University College, now published in:
1460:
1120:
and took over all government functions in Lithuania. The Provisional Government resigned on August 5; some of its ministers became General Advisers (
187:
86:
5161:
4813:
3170:
Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2006). "Lithuanian Collaboration during the Second World War: Past Realities, Present Perceptions". In Tauber, Joachim (ed.).
827:
682:
456:
388:
880:
following day identical ultimatums were issued to Latvia and Estonia. To legitimize the occupation, the Soviets staged elections to the so-called
3352:
505:
410:
3239:
3190:
3162:
838:
280:
68:
1482:
division from the local population as they had in other countries, but widespread coordination between resistance groups led to a boycot. The
5240:
4685:
4186:
777:
256:
5156:
3330:
270:
1250:
1145:
600:
437:
275:
5250:
1954:
1388:
1298:
709:
4708:
2145:
1418:
The activities of Soviet partisans in Lithuania were partly coordinated by the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement headed by
233:
218:
2858:
5245:
5185:
4720:
3954:
1528:, a two-fold military-political operation to rout German forces and "liberate the Soviet Baltic peoples" beginning in summer 1944.
1096:
The Germans did not recognize the Lithuanian government, and at the end of July formed their own civil administration, part of the
543:
136:
837:
Almost immediately after the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, the Soviets pressured the Lithuanians into signing the
791:
4949:
4929:
4853:
4553:
223:
208:
4670:
3136:
3115:
I believe the Wilson Center is considered "a reputable institution" if not though, this may well qualify as written by an expert
93:
4924:
4919:
4798:
4628:
1809:(1939-10-03). "Latvia Gets Delay on Moscow Terms; Lithuania Summoned as Finland Awaits Call to Round Out Baltic 'Peace Bloc'".
1322:
1162:
228:
4646:
2070:
4675:
4665:
4543:
3271:
2985:
2660:
2324:
Anušauskas, Arvydas; Bubnys, Arūnas; Kuodytė, Dialia; Jakubčionis, Algirdas; Titinis, Vytautas; Truska, Liudas, eds. (2005).
587:
1467:
or VLIK). It became mostly active outside of Lithuania among emigrants and deportees, and was able to establish contacts in
5215:
4873:
4763:
4713:
1483:
1334:
928:
885:
538:
4959:
798:. Lithuania was initially assigned to the German sphere, likely due to its economic dependence on German trade. After the
4985:
4808:
4423:
2700:
1016:
753:
737:
605:
2992:
This presentation is in part a modified summary and collation of my studies presented in earlier venues: *;My reports **
1035:
and Vilnius without a fight. Within a week, the Germans had sustained 3,362 losses, but controlled the entire country.
5230:
3035:
1328:
1066:
841:. According to this treaty, Lithuania gained about 6,880 square kilometres (2,660 sq mi) of territory in the
799:
781:
528:
513:
479:
349:
326:
4491:
4342:
2793:
2622:
2540:
1230:
were killed before 1942, many by or with the active participation of Lithuanians in units, such as Police Battalions.
911:
policies were implemented. On July 1, all political, cultural, and religious organizations were closed, with only the
826:, which were in the Soviet sphere of influence. To compensate the Soviet Union for this loss, a secret codicil to the
4954:
4680:
3027:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
2928:
2905:
2886:
2841:
2782:
2763:
2742:
2719:
2586:
2529:
2460:
2428:
2407:
2384:
2337:
2052:
1429:
1020:
533:
119:
5146:
4863:
3977:
3323:
1444:, and later engaged in sabotage and guerrilla operations against the Nazi occupation. In July 1944, as part of its
1226:). In Lithuania, by 1 December 1941, over 120,000 Lithuanian Jews had been killed. It is estimated that 80% of the
858:
595:
339:
4659:
3913:
4868:
4838:
3086:"The Tragedy of the Holocaust in Lithuania: From the Roots of the Identity to the Efforts towards Reconciliation"
1199:
745:
344:
144:
4160:
5210:
5023:
4848:
4793:
4125:
3070:
1498:
resulted in a low-level conflict between Poles and Lithuanians. Nazi-sponsored Lithuanian units, primarily the
1346:
823:
819:
652:
57:
4904:
4899:
4520:
4408:
4219:
1182:
610:
312:
4481:
5069:
5064:
5054:
4964:
4773:
4768:
4743:
4636:
1375:
1270:
1136:
for unpopular decisions. Three of the advisers resigned within months, and other four were deported to the
912:
642:
5028:
4939:
4239:
3316:
1262:
1211:
1137:
787:
773:
647:
302:
242:
195:
154:
5038:
5033:
4758:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4272:
2864:
1307:
1175:
1157:
1098:
986:
On June 22, 1941, the territory of the Lithuanian SSR was invaded by two advancing German army groups:
970:
721:
442:
1412:
4969:
4655:
1380:
1266:
1198:. The Holocaust in Lithuania can be divided into three stages: mass executions (June–December 1941),
876:
4753:
4180:
4090:
4075:
1538:
1499:
568:
398:
4858:
4803:
4778:
2520:
Kamuntavičius, Rūstis; Kamuntavičienė, Vaida; Civinskas, Remigijus; Antanaitis, Kastytis (2001).
1525:
1167:
1129:
950:
563:
420:
46:
4509:
4110:
3200:
1806:
1289:
exploited the anti-Soviet sentiment and increased already existing, traditional anti-Semitism.
1246:
850:
464:
321:
3122:
2730:
2709:
2395:
4690:
4252:
4224:
2876:
2576:
2372:
1453:
1116:
854:
752:. In hopes of re-establishing independence or regaining some autonomy, Lithuanians organized
667:
3171:
3052:
3014:
Thoughts on Lithuania's Shadows of the Past: A Historical Essay on the Legacy of War, Part I
2418:
1475:). It persisted abroad for many years as one of the groups representing Lithuania in exile.
1048:
975:
5182:
5141:
5104:
4833:
4614:
4267:
4229:
4150:
4145:
4065:
3137:"Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Lithuania: Reversed Memories of the Second World War"
1542:
1396:
1395:. Both began sabotage and guerrilla operations against German forces immediately after the
966:
795:
489:
4247:
3285:[Vytautas Magnus University during the Nazi Occupation and Anti-Nazi Resistance].
2449:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.).
2441:
Lietuvos gyventojų aukos ir nuostoliai Antrojo pasaulinio karo ir pokario 1940—1959 metais
2153:
8:
4914:
4441:
4352:
4257:
4045:
4030:
4020:
3108:
2661:"The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania"
1503:
1311:
1223:
1121:
1078:
1031:
938:
729:
657:
573:
2994:
Foreign Saviors, Native Disciples: Perspectives on Collaboration in Lithuania, 1940–1945
1419:
927:
and caused massive shortages of goods. To turn small peasants against large landowners,
900:
5001:
4598:
4433:
4317:
4262:
4070:
4010:
3233:
3184:
3156:
1811:
1507:
1357:, were involved in mass killings, and are thought to have executed 78,000 individuals.
1258:
1107:
1090:
881:
863:
811:
662:
553:
363:
4446:
3226:
Forest Brothers. Anti-communist underground in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia 1944-1956
2998:
Collaboration and Resistance during the Holocaust. Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
1659:
1399:. The most important Polish resistance organization in Lithuania was, as elsewhere in
1303:
1242:
915:
and its youth branch allowed to exist. All banks (including all accounts above 1,000
803:
5109:
4135:
4060:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3267:
3205:
3173:"Kollaboration" in Nordosteuropa: Erscheinungsformen und Deutungen im 20. Jahrhundert
3109:"341. The Perception of the Holocaust: Public Challenges and Experience in Lithuania"
3066:
3031:
2981:
2953:
2924:
2917:
2901:
2882:
2837:
2805:
2778:
2759:
2738:
2715:
2636:
2609:
2582:
2552:
2525:
2508:
2483:
2456:
2424:
2403:
2380:
2359:
2333:
2048:
1445:
1282:
1074:
991:
889:
617:
484:
4015:
3308:
982:
in German-occupied Lithuania, June 1941. Photograph attributed to Wilhelm Gunsilius.
895:
289:
5177:
4055:
4025:
3943:
3901:
3294:
3283:"Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas nacių okupacijos metais ir antinacinė rezistencija"
3058:
2675:
2067:
1472:
1425:
1392:
1274:
1254:
987:
946:
933:
916:
872:
622:
523:
518:
469:
354:
4843:
4461:
4451:
4080:
3969:
3257:
3222:
Leśni bracia. Podziemie antykomunistyczne na Litwie, Łotwie i w Estonii 1944-1956
2973:
2753:
2450:
2074:
1862:
1437:
1400:
1354:
1286:
1227:
1219:
1207:
1171:
1082:
1070:
920:
741:
713:
474:
4748:
2471:
2348:
1012:
764:
4883:
4818:
4456:
4277:
2872:
1495:
1058:
1008:
995:
842:
831:
807:
744:
on January 28, 1945. At first the Germans were welcomed as liberators from the
3062:
2597:
2519:
2496:
1186:
Lithuanian collaborators (with white armbands) arresting the Jews in July 1941
5204:
4934:
4823:
4140:
4130:
4100:
4085:
4040:
3149:
Mediated Memories: Narratives and Iconographies of the Holocaust in Lithuania
2957:
2878:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999
2809:
2640:
2613:
2556:
2512:
2487:
2363:
1468:
1449:
1428:
in Lithuania also fought against the Nazi occupation. In September 1943, the
1404:
1238:
1195:
1191:
979:
924:
908:
165:
3217:
2794:"Reflections on the Holocaust in Lithuania: A New Book by Alfonsas Eidintas"
1257:
issued an order to liquidate all ghettos and transfer the remaining Jews to
1202:
period (1942 – March 1943), and final liquidation (April 1943 – July 1944).
4788:
4155:
4000:
3945:
3299:
3282:
2829:
2813:
2644:
2560:
1441:
1234:
1062:
733:
558:
175:
170:
2679:
2452:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
2396:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of Major Stages and Their Results"
1471:
countries and get support for resistance operations inside Lithuania (see
5094:
4115:
4050:
3204:. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 396–397.
2688:
2398:. In Nikžentaitis, Alvydas; Schreiner, Stefan; Staliūnas, Darius (eds.).
1520:
Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1944)
1433:
4828:
2980:. Vol. 158.2004. University of California Press. pp. 313–359.
2472:"Gyventojų trėmimo į SSRS gilumą mastas (1941 m. gegužės–birželio mėn.)"
1422:
and partly by the Central Command of the Partisan Movement of the USSR.
5136:
4120:
4105:
4005:
3263:
3054:
The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews in Lithuania - Berghahn Series
3025:
2900:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.
1215:
1086:
868:
548:
2349:"Lietuvos laisvinimo veikla Vakaruose įsigalint detantui 1970–1974 m."
1955:"Killing Jews in the yard of NKVD garage in June 1941 (ex "Lietūkis")"
4202:
4035:
3995:
3340:
3249:
Holocaust Legacy in Post-Soviet Lithuania. People, Places and Objects
2149:
1479:
1141:
1133:
999:
815:
749:
717:
35:
5151:
4095:
2627:
1024:
957:. These persecutions were key in soliciting support for the Nazis.
954:
903:
initiated the first mass deportations of Lithuanians in June 1941.
2323:
3209:
2623:"Lithuanian resistance to German mobilization attempts 1941-1944"
1408:
1318:
Lithuanians formed several units that actively assisted Germans:
942:
892:
claiming that Lithuania has voluntarily joined the Soviet Union.
861:
in September 1939. The Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty was described by
846:
2598:"Žydai: "kaimynai" ar "svetimieji"? Etninių mažumų problematika"
1387:
The majority of anti-Nazi resistance in Lithuania came from the
4583:
2978:
The Mass Persecution and Murder of Jews: The Summer and Fall of
2923:. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress.
2420:
The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security
1253:
for the benefit of German military industry. On June 21, 1943,
1353:
10 of the Lithuanian police battalions, working with the Nazi
810:, but Lithuania held to its policy of strict neutrality. When
2944:
945:, where many perished due to inhumane living conditions (see
786:
In August 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the
2860:
Lietuvių pagalbinės policijos (apsaugos) 12-asis batalionas
2330:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
2966:
Secondary sources believed to meet Eastern Europe criteria
2689:"Preparations, Conduct of 1944 Baltic Operation Described"
1285:) and were resented for welcoming Soviet troops. Targeted
1065:. The government organized volunteer forces, known as the
1314:: "The German soldier is fighting for you, work for him".
3198:
Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Juozas Brazaitis".
960:
2836:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
2775:
Lithuania in Crisis: Nationalism to Communism 1939–1940
2541:"Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952"
857:
of 1920 and occupied by the Soviet Union following the
2755:
The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940
990:, which took over western and northern Lithuania, and
3338:
3057:(illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. p. 283.
2711:
Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe
1524:
The Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania as part of the
3891:
69:"German occupation of Lithuania during World War II"
2915:Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Sedaitis, Judith B. (1997).
1233:The surviving 43,000 Jews were concentrated in the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2916:
1541:, when Lithuania had 2,028,971 residents, and the
1069:(TDA), to serve as a basis for the re-established
853:, disputed between Poland and Lithuania since the
768:Various territorial changes of Lithuania 1939–1941
5236:Military history of Lithuania during World War II
4432:
2731:"The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects"
2448:
1461:Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania
1019:on June 23. Vilnius was taken by soldiers of the
5202:
2146:"Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto"
1052:Administrative map of Reichskommissariat Ostland
3197:
2497:"Sovietiniai diversantai Lietuvoje (1941–1944)"
2143:
1492:the relations between Lithuanians and the Poles
1371:Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
1089:. At the time a rogue unit led by the infamous
3083:
2914:
2735:The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation
2371:Baumel, Judith Tydor; Laqueur, Walter (2001).
27:Period of Lithuanian history from 1941 to 1945
3929:
3324:
3146:
2370:
1513:
1093:rampaged through the city and the outskirts.
1073:, but the battalion was soon employed by the
778:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
690:
4999:
4200:
3975:
3967:
998:. The first attacks were carried out by the
828:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
3280:
3012:, in: 'Lituanus' 47:4 (2001), pp. 47-60; **
3004:*;My articles in Vilnius at the conference
2895:
2856:
2620:
2494:
2094:
2092:
794:, dividing Central and Eastern Europe into
3936:
3922:
3331:
3317:
3238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3169:
3161:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3123:June 1999 United States Justice Department
3023:
2971:
2940:"Lietuvos gyventojų dinamika ir struktūra"
2898:Lietuvos gyventojai: Per du tūkstantmečius
2772:
2469:
2265:
2263:
1891:Anušauskas et al. (2005), pp. 116–117, 119
1878:
1876:
1465:Vyriausias Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas
1379:A Holocaust memorial near the site of the
1299:Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany
1003:their independence or at least autonomy.
839:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
697:
683:
3298:
3134:
3050:
2217:
2215:
2137:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1166:Map attached to a January 1942 report by
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3255:
3246:
2830:"Klaipėdos krašto aneksija 1939–1940 m."
2707:
2658:
2346:
2089:
1984:
1982:
1913:
1911:
1478:In 1943, the Nazis attempted to raise a
1374:
1302:
1181:
1161:
1047:
974:
894:
763:
708:
5226:Germany–Soviet Union military relations
3084:Gruodyte, Edita; Adomaityte, Aurelija.
2827:
2686:
2621:Mackevičius, Mečislovas (Winter 1986).
2538:
2437:
2416:
2286:
2284:
2260:
2080:
2061:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1873:
1560:Estimated demographic losses by period
1456:in an attempt to recapture that city.
1174:, shows the number of Jews murdered in
1132:institution that the Germans used as a
18:Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany
14:
5203:
4591:
4416:
4212:
3988:
3106:
2871:
2595:
2393:
2212:
2194:
2042:
2024:Baumel & Laqueur (2001), pp. 51–52
1894:
1407:). The Polish commander of the Wilno (
1325:– 26 battalions with 12,000–13,000 men
1323:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
3917:
3312:
3100:
2937:
2834:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
2751:
2728:
2400:The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews
1979:
1929:
1920:
1917:Anušauskas et al. (2005), pp. 120–121
1908:
1805:
1531:
1494:were poor. Pre-war tensions over the
961:German invasion and Lithuanian revolt
5241:Military history of the Soviet Union
5221:Germany–Lithuania military relations
3216:
2791:
2574:
2281:
2027:
1484:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
1335:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
1038:
899:Communist Party of Lithuania leader
886:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
740:on June 22, 1941, to the end of the
596:Baltic diplomatic services (1940–91)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3030:(illustrated ed.). McFarland.
2701:Joint Publications Research Service
1017:Provisional Government of Lithuania
907:Soon after the occupation started,
738:German invasion of the Soviet Union
24:
3259:Nazi Europe and the Final Solution
1329:Lithuanian Construction Battalions
1067:Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas
1023:, many of them deserters from the
782:Sovietization of the Baltic states
514:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
480:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
25:
5262:
5251:World War II occupied territories
4371:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
1882:Kamuntavičius (2001), pp. 408–409
1178:. Lithuania shows 136,421 deaths.
1043:
1021:29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps
4859:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
3894:
2524:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga.
2470:Gurjanovas, Aleksandras (1997).
2455:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2257:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 395
2006:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 164
1997:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 165
1988:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 171
1976:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 163
1967:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 162
1935:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 140
1926:Anušauskas et al. (2005), p. 123
1292:
1151:
788:German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact
153:
34:
5246:Occupation of the Baltic states
4839:Norway (Administrative Council)
3147:Malinauskaitė, Gintarė (2019).
2857:Stoliarovas, Andriejus (2008).
2792:Senn, Alfred E. (Winter 2001).
2758:. London: Hurst & Company.
2522:Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms
2444:(in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.).
2304:
2293:
2272:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2203:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1970:
1961:
1947:
1938:
1885:
1855:
1641:⇨ Murdered during the Holocaust
884:, which then asked to join the
875:, the Soviets heightened their
45:needs additional citations for
2714:. Cambridge University Press.
2668:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1846:
1837:
1834:Sabaliūnas (1972), pp. 157–158
1828:
1819:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1347:Homeland Protection Detachment
1102:, which was divided into four
994:, which took over most of the
949:). Some of the many political
13:
1:
4864:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
3281:Veilentienė, Audronė (2016).
2495:Janavičienė, Audronė (1997).
2125:Stoliarovas (2008), pp. 15–16
1752:
1678:⇨ War refugees from Lithuania
1552:victims of Soviet repressions
1364:
1331:– 5 battalions with 2,500 men
759:
4637:Army Group Rear Area Command
3944:Administrative divisions in
3024:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007).
2972:Sužiedelis, Saulius (2006).
2896:Vaitiekūnas, Stasys (2006).
2777:. Indiana University Press.
2733:. In Cesarani, David (ed.).
2578:Lithuania: Stepping Westward
2423:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2043:Buttar, Prit (21 May 2013).
1796:Eidintas (1999), pp. 172–173
1430:United Partisan Organization
1383:in Subačiaus Street, Vilnius
913:Communist Party of Lithuania
457:Soviet re-occupation in 1944
7:
5216:German military occupations
5019:Belgium and Northern France
4642:Belgium and Northern France
3047:Full text available online
2919:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
2773:Sabaliūnas, Leonas (1972).
2708:Peterson, Roger D. (2001).
2539:Kaszeta, Daniel J. (1988).
2417:Clemens, Walter C. (2001).
1138:Stutthof concentration camp
1081:for mass executions of the
10:
5267:
4521:Civil Administration Areas
4126:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
3247:Woolfson, Shivaun (2014).
3228:] (in Polish). Lublin.
2865:Vytautas Magnus University
2863:(Thesis) (in Lithuanian).
2659:MacQueen, Michael (1998).
2377:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
2328:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
2269:Vaitiekūnas (2006), p. 143
2248:Vaitiekūnas (2006), p. 150
2098:Bubnys (2004), pp. 216–218
1624:(June 1941 – January 1945)
1517:
1514:Soviet re-occupation, 1944
1368:
1310:in Lithuania with text in
1296:
1176:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1158:The Holocaust in Lithuania
1155:
1144:unit or providing men for
1099:Reichskommissariat Ostland
971:June Uprising in Lithuania
964:
792:Secret Additional Protocol
771:
722:the Holocaust in Lithuania
653:Lithuania–Russia relations
265:Mutual Assistance Treaties
5231:Jewish Lithuanian history
5170:
5129:
5122:
5087:
5047:
5011:
4998:
4978:
4892:
4736:
4729:
4701:
4627:
4607:
4582:
4519:
4508:
4474:
4407:
4391:North Brabant and Limburg
4386:South Holland and Zeeland
4381:North Holland and Utrecht
4376:Gelderland and Overijssel
4361:
4290:
4238:
4199:
4169:
3966:
3953:
3889:
3348:
3287:Kauno istorijos metraštis
3063:10.1163/9789401208895_005
2881:. Yale University Press.
2752:Rauch, Georg von (2006).
2602:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
2501:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
2476:Genocidas Ir Resistencija
2438:Damušis, Adolfas (1990).
2379:. Yale University Press.
2352:Genocidas Ir Rezistencija
2347:Banionis, Juozas (2004).
2310:Damušis (1990), pp. 25–26
2209:Mackevičius (Winter 1986)
1843:Rauch (2006), pp. 219–221
1708:
1669:
1615:
1567:
1564:
1488:Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė
1381:HKP 562 forced labor camp
859:Soviet invasion of Poland
257:Soviet occupation in 1940
4629:Military administrations
4161:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
2828:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
2693:Military History Journal
2596:Liekis, Šarūnas (2002).
2230:Muriev (1984), pp. 22–28
1852:Vardys (1997), pp. 49–53
1714:Second Soviet occupation
1555:refugees or repatriates.
1549:victims of the Holocaust
1526:Baltic Offensive in 1944
1500:Lithuanian Secret Police
1436:, attempted to start an
951:prisoners were massacred
754:a Provisional Government
746:repressive Soviet regime
643:Estonia–Russia relations
2394:Bubnys, Arūnas (2004).
2191:Peterson (2001), p. 164
2068:Einsatzgruppen Archives
1787:Eidintas (1999), p. 170
1599:(June 1940 – June 1941)
1596:First Soviet occupation
1413:Aleksander Krzyżanowski
1222:), and in countryside (
1168:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1146:forced labor in Germany
814:in September 1939, the
774:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
756:that lasted six weeks.
648:Latvia–Russia relations
243:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
196:Baltic–Soviet relations
5000:
4730:Puppet administrations
4534:Carinthia and Carniola
4201:
3976:
3968:
3948:and German occupations
3300:10.7220/2335-8734.16.8
3251:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3201:Encyclopedia Lituanica
3006:Holocaust in Lithuania
2938:Zundė, Pranas (1964).
2687:Muriyev, Dado (1984).
2239:Eidintas (1999), p. 45
1957:. Liutauras Ulevičius.
1905:Lane (2001), pp. 51–52
1384:
1315:
1187:
1179:
1125:
1053:
983:
904:
851:Second Polish Republic
812:Germany invaded Poland
769:
725:
5211:Generalbezirk Litauen
4181:Reichsfestung Belgrad
3107:Sužiedelis, Saulius.
2575:Lane, Thomas (2001).
2278:Damušis (1990), p. 30
2144:Rosenberg, Jennifer.
1863:"The face of cruelty"
1717:(January 1945 – 1953)
1543:Soviet census of 1959
1510:(Dubinki) massacres.
1454:Operation Ostra Brama
1397:Nazi invasion of 1941
1378:
1306:
1185:
1165:
1117:Generalbezirk Litauen
1106:(General Districts).
1051:
978:
939:enemies of the people
898:
855:Polish-Lithuanian War
772:Further information:
767:
712:
668:Russians in Lithuania
5183:Strength Through Joy
5142:Weather Station Kurt
4844:Norway (Quisling II)
4091:Munich–Upper Bavaria
4076:March of Brandenburg
2729:Porat, Dina (2002).
2221:Snyder (2003), p. 84
2086:Porat (2002), p. 161
1825:Vardys (1997), p. 47
1778:Clemens (2001), p. 6
1658:⇨ War refugees from
1212:Lithuanian partisans
967:Operation Barbarossa
818:took control of the
800:March 1939 ultimatum
796:spheres of influence
490:Lithuanian partisans
203:Non-aggression pacts
54:improve this article
5002:Reichskommissariats
4834:Norway (Quisling I)
4764:Chechnya-Ingushetia
4424:Bohemia and Moravia
4409:Partial annexations
4220:Danzig–West Prussia
3093:repozytorium.uni.pl
3008:in Vilnius 2002: **
2680:10.1093/hgs/12.1.27
2301:(2005), pp. 388–395
2173:Kaszeta (Fall 1988)
1561:
1337:– 10,000–12,000 men
1259:concentration camps
1224:Rollkommando Hamann
1126:generalinis tarėjas
1079:Rollkommando Hamann
1032:Battle of Raseiniai
748:which had occupied
730:military occupation
658:Russians in Estonia
574:Congress of Estonia
544:Territorial changes
322:People's Parliament
4434:General Government
4111:Schleswig-Holstein
3101:Criterion problems
3051:Dov Levin (2000).
3010:The Burden of 1941
3000:, ed. David Gaunt
2373:"Baltic Countries"
2326:Lietuva, 1940–1990
2200:Lane (2001), p. 57
2134:Janavičienė (1997)
2107:Senn (Winter 2001)
2073:2008-10-26 at the
1812:The New York Times
1559:
1532:Demographic losses
1385:
1341:Self-Defence units
1316:
1247:Švenčionys Ghettos
1188:
1180:
1108:Adrian von Renteln
1091:Algirdas Klimaitis
1054:
984:
953:by the retreating
905:
864:The New York Times
824:Warsaw Voivodeship
820:Lublin Voivodeship
770:
726:
663:Russians in Latvia
554:Singing Revolution
364:Welles Declaration
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5118:
5117:
5088:Other occupations
5083:
5082:
4994:
4993:
4709:Adriatic Littoral
4702:Operational Zones
4623:
4622:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4470:
4469:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4286:
4285:
4195:
4194:
3911:
3910:
3273:978-1-84545-410-4
2987:978-0-520-02600-1
2948:(in Lithuanian).
2604:(in Lithuanian).
2503:(in Lithuanian).
2478:(in Lithuanian).
2354:(in Lithuanian).
2299:Anušauskas et al.
1944:Gurjanovas (1997)
1750:
1749:
1506:(Glinciszki) and
1446:Operation Tempest
1403:, the Home Army (
1283:Jewish Bolshevism
1112:Generalkommisssar
1075:Einsatzkommando 3
1039:German occupation
992:Army Group Centre
890:Soviet propaganda
707:
706:
618:Kersten Committee
506:Under Soviet rule
485:Latvian partisans
378:German occupation
281:Soviet-Lithuanian
234:German–Lithuanian
219:Soviet–Lithuanian
145:Occupation of the
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5258:
5127:
5126:
5009:
5008:
5005:
4734:
4733:
4721:Alpine Foothills
4589:
4588:
4539:Gebiet Bialystok
4517:
4516:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4413:
4359:
4358:
4273:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
4236:
4235:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4151:Westphalia-South
4146:Westphalia-North
4066:Magdeburg-Anhalt
3986:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3902:Lithuania portal
3899:
3898:
3897:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3277:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3213:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3178:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3112:
3111:. Wilson Center.
3096:
3090:
3076:
3041:
3018:
2961:
2934:
2922:
2911:
2892:
2868:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2812:. Archived from
2788:
2769:
2748:
2725:
2704:
2683:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2643:. Archived from
2617:
2592:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2559:. Archived from
2535:
2516:
2491:
2466:
2445:
2434:
2413:
2390:
2367:
2343:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2152:. Archived from
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2040:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1562:
1558:
1473:Operation Jungle
1450:Polish Home Army
1426:Jewish partisans
1420:Antanas Sniečkus
1393:Soviet partisans
1389:Polish partisans
1275:Jewish partisans
1255:Heinrich Himmler
988:Army Group North
947:June deportation
934:Lithuanian litas
929:collectivization
901:Antanas Sniečkus
873:Battle of France
736:lasted from the
732:of Lithuania by
699:
692:
685:
623:Helsinki Accords
588:State continuity
524:Operation Jungle
519:Operation Priboi
470:Baltic offensive
355:June deportation
157:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5190:
5186:holiday resorts
5166:
5114:
5079:
5043:
4990:
4974:
4888:
4725:
4697:
4619:
4603:
4578:
4511:
4496:
4466:
4428:
4395:
4357:
4282:
4234:
4191:
4165:
4046:Halle-Merseburg
4031:Electoral Hesse
4021:Eastern Hanover
3958:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3344:
3337:
3307:
3274:
3231:
3230:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3135:Malinauskaite.
3103:
3088:
3073:
3038:
2988:
2931:
2908:
2889:
2873:Snyder, Timothy
2848:
2846:
2844:
2819:
2817:
2785:
2766:
2745:
2722:
2663:
2650:
2648:
2589:
2566:
2564:
2532:
2463:
2431:
2410:
2387:
2340:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:Banionis (2004)
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2075:Wayback Machine
2066:
2062:
2055:
2041:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:MacQueen (1998)
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1716:
1660:Klaipėda Region
1623:
1621:Nazi occupation
1598:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1534:
1522:
1516:
1401:occupied Poland
1373:
1367:
1355:Einsatzkommando
1308:Nazi propaganda
1301:
1295:
1287:Nazi propaganda
1228:Lithuanian Jews
1220:Ponary massacre
1218:), in Vilnius (
1208:Einsatzkommando
1172:Einsatzgruppe A
1170:, commander of
1160:
1154:
1083:Lithuanian Jews
1071:Lithuanian Army
1046:
1041:
973:
965:Main articles:
963:
937:imprisoned as "
888:. This allowed
882:People's Seimas
877:anti-Lithuanian
804:Klaipėda Region
784:
762:
742:Battle of Memel
724:(June 24, 1941)
720:soldier during
714:Lithuanian Jews
703:
674:
673:
672:
637:
629:
628:
627:
590:
580:
579:
578:
508:
498:
497:
496:
475:Courland Pocket
465:Battle of Narva
459:
449:
448:
447:
425:
403:
380:
370:
369:
368:
336:
299:
271:Soviet–Estonian
267:
259:
249:
248:
247:
224:German–Estonian
209:Soviet–Estonian
205:
190:
180:
146:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5006:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4884:Zuyev Republic
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Czechoslovakia
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Main Franconia
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Cologne–Aachen
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3961:
3955:Administrative
3951:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:(1918–present)
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3278:
3272:
3253:
3244:
3214:
3195:
3167:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3044:
3043:
3037:978-0786429134
3036:
3020:
3019:
2986:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2935:
2929:
2912:
2906:
2893:
2887:
2869:
2854:
2842:
2825:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2726:
2720:
2705:
2684:
2656:
2618:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2492:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2292:
2280:
2271:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2088:
2079:
2060:
2053:
2045:Between Giants
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1907:
1893:
1884:
1872:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1769:Skirius (2002)
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1533:
1530:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1496:Vilnius Region
1366:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1251:forced to work
1156:Main article:
1153:
1150:
1104:Generalbezirke
1045:
1044:Administration
1042:
1040:
1037:
1009:scorched earth
996:Vilnius Region
962:
959:
843:Vilnius Region
832:Lithuanian SSR
808:Vilnius Region
802:regarding the
761:
758:
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
592:
591:
586:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Lithuanian SSR
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
477:
472:
467:
461:
460:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
429:
424:
423:
418:
413:
407:
402:
401:
396:
391:
385:
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
350:from Lithuania
347:
342:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
293:
292:
290:Orzeł incident
286:
285:
284:
283:
278:
276:Soviet-Latvian
273:
261:
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
246:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
229:German–Latvian
226:
221:
216:
214:Soviet–Latvian
211:
199:
198:
192:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
150:
149:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Russia (KONR)
4943:
4941:
4940:Russia (ODNR)
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:zone réservée
4657:
4656:Atlantic Wall
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Burgundy (SS)
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:Upper Silesia
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Lower Silesia
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3903:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
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2999:
2995:
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2970:
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2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2930:0-8133-1839-4
2926:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2907:5-420-01585-4
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2888:0-300-10586-X
2884:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2845:
2843:9986-9216-9-4
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2816:on 2020-07-27
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2784:0-253-33600-7
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2765:1-85065-233-3
2761:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2744:0-415-15232-1
2740:
2737:. Routledge.
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2721:0-521-77000-9
2717:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2647:on 2019-08-05
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2588:0-415-26731-5
2584:
2581:. Routledge.
2580:
2579:
2573:
2563:on 2007-09-27
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2531:5-415-01502-7
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:0-312-22458-3
2458:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2430:0-8476-9859-9
2426:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2409:90-420-0850-4
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2386:0-300-08432-3
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2339:9986-757-65-7
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2156:on 2005-09-20
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2116:Liekis (2002)
2113:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2054:9781780961637
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:Gedye, G.E.R.
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
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1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:) region was
1410:
1406:
1405:Armia Krajowa
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1345:
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1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:Collaboration
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:Gaon of Vilna
1193:
1192:the Holocaust
1184:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1152:The Holocaust
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
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1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
980:Kaunas pogrom
977:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
932:enacted. The
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Sovietization
902:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
779:
775:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
719:
716:and a German
715:
711:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
678:
677:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
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633:
632:
624:
621:
619:
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612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
593:
589:
584:
583:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Tautas fronte
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
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501:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
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471:
468:
466:
463:
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458:
453:
452:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
406:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
384:
379:
374:
373:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:Sovietization
325:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
279:
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272:
269:
268:
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263:
262:
258:
253:
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232:
230:
227:
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220:
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212:
210:
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206:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
184:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:Baltic states
164:
163:
161:
160:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:Baltic states
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5147:Schatzgräber
4569:West Prussia
4549:Lower Styria
4487:Holland (SS)
4258:Upper Danube
4253:Lower Danube
4056:Hesse-Nassau
4026:East Prussia
3996:Baden-Alsace
3959:Nazi Germany
3957:divisions of
3946:Nazi Germany
3290:
3286:
3258:
3248:
3225:
3221:
3199:
3179:. Wiesbaden.
3172:
3148:
3092:
3053:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2918:
2897:
2877:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2833:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:the original
2801:
2797:
2774:
2754:
2734:
2710:
2696:
2692:
2674:(1): 27–48.
2671:
2667:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2632:
2626:
2605:
2601:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2548:
2544:
2521:
2504:
2500:
2479:
2475:
2451:
2440:
2419:
2399:
2376:
2355:
2351:
2325:
2317:Bibliography
2306:
2295:
2290:Zundė (1964)
2274:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2082:
2063:
2044:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1972:
1963:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1887:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1713:
1620:
1595:
1535:
1523:
1487:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1442:Vilna Ghetto
1424:
1417:
1386:
1359:
1352:
1317:
1279:
1232:
1204:
1189:
1130:rubber stamp
1115:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1055:
1029:
1013:Kazys Škirpa
1005:
985:
921:nationalized
906:
862:
836:
822:and eastern
785:
734:Nazi Germany
727:
529:Estonian SSR
432:
426:
404:
382:
340:from Estonia
334:Deportations
333:
313:to Lithuania
296:
264:
202:
176:Soviet Union
171:Nazi Germany
116:
110:January 2011
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5024:Netherlands
4824:Netherlands
4564:Sudetenland
4512:occupations
4348:Vistulaland
4225:Sudetenland
4177:Prinz-Eugen
4081:Mecklenburg
3293:: 195–217.
3218:Wnuk, Rafał
1573:Vaitiekūnas
1434:Abba Kovner
1349:– 6,000 men
1343:– 3,000 men
1110:became the
1063:antisemitic
1059:anti-Soviet
845:(including
534:Latvian SSR
345:from Latvia
5205:Categories
5157:Bassgeiger
5137:New Swabia
5105:San Marino
4930:Montenegro
4854:Montenegro
4676:Luxembourg
4554:Luxembourg
4338:Vandalland
4303:Beskidland
4230:Wartheland
4203:Reichsgaus
4016:Düsseldorf
3264:Yad Vashem
3151:. Marburg.
3072:9653080849
2849:2008-03-14
2820:2009-03-07
2651:2009-03-07
2567:2009-03-07
2402:. Rodopi.
2160:2006-06-29
1753:References
1369:See also:
1365:Resistance
1312:Lithuanian
1216:Ninth Fort
1122:Lithuanian
1087:Ninth Fort
869:Winter War
760:Background
611:Lithuanian
569:Rahvarinne
549:Baltic Way
438:Resistance
433:Occupation
416:Resistance
411:Occupation
394:Resistance
389:Occupation
303:to Estonia
188:Background
80:newspapers
5178:Nordstern
5162:Edelweiss
5070:Turkestan
5060:Don-Volga
4960:Turkestan
4910:Cossackia
4849:Macedonia
4809:Lithuania
4714:Ljubljana
4599:Bialystok
4584:Districts
4248:Carinthia
4141:Weser-Ems
4131:Thuringia
4101:Pomerania
4086:Moselland
4041:Franconia
3341:Lithuania
3339:Years in
3234:cite book
3210:74-114275
3185:cite book
3157:cite book
2958:0002-208X
2810:0024-5089
2641:0024-5089
2614:1392-3463
2557:0024-5089
2513:1392-3463
2488:1392-3463
2364:1392-3463
2150:About.com
1743:1,122,600
1740:1,066,000
1737:1,155,600
1508:Dubingiai
1504:Glitiškės
1480:Waffen-SS
1452:launched
1271:Auschwitz
1142:Waffen-SS
1134:scapegoat
1011:tactics.
1000:Luftwaffe
816:Wehrmacht
750:Lithuania
718:Wehrmacht
636:Aftermath
443:Holocaust
427:Lithuania
421:Holocaust
399:Holocaust
308:to Latvia
5171:Proposed
5152:Holzauge
5055:Caucasia
5048:Proposed
4986:Brittany
4979:Proposed
4970:Wallonia
4955:Slovakia
4905:Bulgaria
4879:Wallonia
4869:Slovakia
4784:Flanders
4666:Slovakia
4615:Brussels
4608:Proposed
4574:Zichenau
4544:Lorraine
4492:Lombardy
4475:Proposed
4363:Westland
4353:Wallonia
4333:Nordmark
4328:Gothland
4318:Flanders
4313:Burgundy
4291:Proposed
4263:Salzburg
4170:Proposed
4156:Westmark
4096:NSDAP/AO
4001:Bayreuth
3978:Altreich
3353:Pre-1918
3220:(2018).
2875:(2003).
2798:Lituanus
2628:Lituanus
2545:Lituanus
2071:Archived
1746:997,000
1729:530,000
1673:105,000
1667:140,000
1653:170,000
1636:373,800
1438:uprising
1391:and the
1263:Stutthof
1243:Šiauliai
1025:Red Army
955:Red Army
790:and its
601:Estonian
297:Ultimata
137:a series
135:Part of
5130:Founded
5110:Tunisia
5095:Finland
5065:Muscovy
5039:Ukraine
5034:Ostland
5012:Founded
4965:Ukraine
4935:Romania
4925:Hungary
4900:Belarus
4874:Ukraine
4799:Hungary
4779:Denmark
4769:Croatia
4759:Belarus
4754:Austria
4744:Albania
4737:Founded
4647:Croatia
4592:Founded
4442:Galicia
4417:Founded
4323:Galicia
4308:Brabant
4240:Austria
4213:Founded
4187:Holland
4116:Silesia
4051:Hamburg
3989:Founded
1869:. 2011.
1867:VilNews
1815:: 1, 6.
1726:656,800
1723:486,000
1720:530,000
1704:38,800
1698:100,000
1692:⇨ Other
1687:60,000
1670:120,000
1664:150,000
1650:165,000
1647:200,000
1644:200,000
1633:330,000
1630:504,000
1627:464,600
1611:93,200
1608:135,600
1602:161,000
1590:(1964)
1583:Damušis
1568:Source
1469:Western
1440:in the
1432:led by
1409:Vilnius
1235:Vilnius
1190:Before
1085:in the
943:Siberia
847:Vilnius
606:Latvian
559:Sąjūdis
383:Estonia
94:scholar
5100:Monaco
5029:Norway
4950:Serbia
4920:Greece
4915:France
4893:Exiled
4794:Greece
4789:France
4686:Serbia
4681:Poland
4671:Greece
4652:France
4529:Alsace
4510:German
4462:Warsaw
4452:Lublin
4447:Kraków
4343:Venice
4278:Vienna
4268:Styria
4121:Swabia
4106:Saxony
4006:Berlin
3270:
3208:
3069:
3034:
2984:
2956:
2927:
2904:
2885:
2840:
2808:
2804:(47).
2781:
2762:
2741:
2718:
2639:
2635:(32).
2612:
2585:
2555:
2551:(34).
2528:
2511:
2486:
2459:
2427:
2406:
2383:
2362:
2336:
2051:
1701:45,000
1695:54,600
1684:64,000
1681:60,000
1605:76,000
1585:(1990)
1580:(2005)
1578:Truska
1575:(2006)
1565:Period
1448:, the
1267:Dachau
1245:, and
1239:Kaunas
1200:ghetto
925:rubles
780:, and
405:Latvia
139:on the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5123:Other
4819:Lokot
4814:Lepel
4804:Italy
4691:Banat
4559:Posen
4457:Radom
4298:Banat
4036:Essen
3224:[
3177:(PDF)
3140:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
3002:et al
2945:Aidai
2664:(PDF)
1758:Notes
1734:Total
1588:Zundė
917:litas
101:JSTOR
87:books
5075:Ural
4829:Nias
4749:Asch
3970:Gaus
3883:2024
3878:2023
3873:2022
3868:2021
3863:2020
3858:2019
3853:2018
3848:2017
3843:2016
3838:2015
3833:2014
3828:2013
3823:2012
3818:2011
3813:2010
3808:2009
3803:2008
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