Hokkien - Knowledge

2258: 52: 13127: 13315: 15896: 13141: 16691: 18621: 12967: 376: 13155: 13169: 12561: 2620: 2202: 1971: 19271: 11033: 2887:, etc. Historically, Xiamen had always been part of Tung'an County until after 1912. The Amoy dialect was the main prestige form of Hokkien known from the late 17th century to the Republican era. Due to this, dictionaries, bibles and other books about Hokkien from recent centuries and even to this day in certain places, like schools and churches, of certain countries, the Hokkien language is still known as "Amoy". 364: 2281: 2265: 2297: 2360:, but before that it had not attracted attention. The Amoy dialect is adopted as the 'Modern Representative Min Nan'. The Amoy dialect cannot simply be interpreted as a mixture of the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialects, but rather it is formed on the foundation of the Tung'an dialect with further inputs from other sub-dialects. It has played an influential role in history, especially in the 9037: 12714:

as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Taiwanese degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien

12679:

outcry from both older islander communities and more recent Mainlander immigrants prompted a general wave of education reform, during which these and other education restrictions were lifted. The general goal of assimilation remained, with Amoy Hokkien seen as less 'native', and therefore preferred.

9792:

In other cases, the same word can have different meanings in Hokkien and Mandarin. Similarly, depending on the region Hokkien is spoken in, loanwords from local languages (Malay, Tagalog, Burmese, among others), as well as other Chinese dialects (such as Southern Chinese dialects like Cantonese and

12678:

in 1949 drove party leaders to seek to both culturally and politically assimilate the islanders. As a result, laws were passed throughout the 1950s to suppress Hokkien and other languages in favor of Mandarin. By 1956, speaking Hokkien in ROC schools or military bases was illegal. However, popular

10283:

have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while

12701:

movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had developed quickly. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien

10525:

For other words, the classical Chinese meanings of certain words, which are retained in Hokkien dialects, have evolved or deviated significantly in other Chinese dialects. The following table shows some words that are both used in both Hokkien dialects and Mandarin Chinese, while the meanings in

2086:

Hokkien originated in the southern area of Fujian province, an important center for trade and migration, and has since become one of the most common Chinese varieties overseas. The major pole of Hokkien varieties outside of Fujian is nearby Taiwan, where immigrants from Fujian arrived as workers

2371:

heavily resembles the Tung'an dialect. All Hokkien dialects spoken throughout the whole of Taiwan are collectively known as Taiwanese Hokkien, or Holo locally, although there is a tendency to call these Taiwanese language for historical reasons. It is spoken by more Taiwanese than any Sinitic

12820:

While many Hokkien words have commonly used characters, they are not always etymologically derived from Classical Chinese. Instead, many characters are phonetic loans (borrowed for their sound) or semantic loans (borrowed for their meaning). As example of a phonetic loan character, the word

12662:

to be opened for trade with the outside world. From the mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused the Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialects from Quanzhou and

13457: 12892:

Moreover, unlike Cantonese, Hokkien does not have a universally accepted standardized character set. Thus, there is some variation in the characters used to express certain words and characters can be ambiguous. In 2007, the Ministry of Education of the

2720:, since they are the geographic and linguistic midpoint between the two, while the rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in Taiwan and Southeast Asia are respectively derived from varying proportions of the above principal dialects in southern Fujian. 13784: 7484:,, Teochew has only 51% intelligibility with the Tong'an Hokkien|Tung'an dialect (Cheng 1997) whereas Mandarin and Amoy Min Nan are 62% phonetically similar and 15% lexically similar. In comparison, German and English are 60% lexically similar. 11082:

are not unusual among Hokkien dialects, as speakers readily adopted indigenous terms of the languages they came in contact with. As a result, there is a plethora of loanwords that are not mutually comprehensible among Hokkien dialects.

13464: 13239:, 1.5 million in Singapore (2017), 1 million in Philippines (2010), 766,000 in Indonesia (2015), 350,000 in Cambodia (2001), 70,500 in Hong Kong (2016), 45,000 in Vietnam (1989), 17,600 in Thailand (1984), 13,300 in Brunei (2004) 1657:. As a result of the significant influence and historical presence of its sizable overseas diaspora, certain considerable to ample amounts of Hokkien loanwords are also historically present in the languages it has had historical 12671:, western diplomats usually learned Amoy as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or Southeast Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also tended towards the Amoy dialect. 5937:. In addition, many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words. This means that Hokkien dialects have between 5 and 7 phonemic tones. 7324:

also have historical linguistic roots with Hokkien, but are significantly divergent from it in terms of phonology and vocabulary, and thus have almost little to no practical face-to-face mutual intelligibility with Hokkien.

9836:

The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the

3647:

Unlike Mandarin, Hokkien retains all the final consonants corresponding to those of Middle Chinese. While Mandarin only preserves the and finals, Hokkien also preserves the , , and finals and has developed the

12799:, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters ( 10054:, which have both literary and colloquial readings. Literary readings are typically used when the numerals are read out loud (e.g. phone numbers, years), while colloquial readings are used for counting items. 2396:(Quanzhou). Several parts of the island are usually found to be specially inhabited by descendants of such emigrants, but in Taiwan, the various forms of the dialects mentioned prior are a good deal mixed up. 14288:

A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing About 12,000 Characters. Accompanied by a Short Historical and Statistical Account of

8984:

Hokkien dialects have a variety of negation particles that are prefixed or affixed to the verbs they modify. There are six primary negation particles in Hokkien dialects (with some variation in how they are

7557:

particle can be appended to a verb to indicate the state of an action. Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a statement into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker.

1861:, considered to be the earliest English-based Hokkien dictionary and the first major reference work in POJ, though its romanization system differs significantly from modern POJ. In this dictionary, the word 7479:

Although the Min Nan varieties of Teochew and Amoy are 84% phonetically similar including the pronunciations of un-used Chinese characters as well as same characters used for different meanings, and 34%

9833:) are usually used in spoken language, vulgar phrases and surnames. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents. 12654:

originated from Quanzhou. This was mainly due to the fact that Quanzhou had become an important trading and commercial port since the Tang dynasty and had prospered into an important city. After the

15450:- Chapter examining and detailing the history of Hokkien dictionaries and similar works and the history of Hokkien writing systems over the centuries, especially phonetic scripts for Hokkien 7553:. The time can be explicitly shown with time-indicating adverbs. Certain exceptions exist, however, according to the pragmatic interpretation of a verb's meaning. Additionally, an optional 1822:

is used in common parlance to refer to the Southern Min dialects of southern Fujian, and does not include reference to dialects of other Sinitic branches also present in Fujian such as the

14197: 7538:

by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a

5943:

is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan.

16308: 16299: 3100:

are more-or-less similar to that of Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the

13257:

Not designated but meets legal definition, that is "本法所稱國家語言，指臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言及臺灣手語。" ("a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language")

13030:(or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than 8025:), in the same way as normal nouns. In some dialects, possessive pronouns can also be formed with a nasal suffix, which means that possessive pronouns and plural pronouns are 2784:

of China from the prehistoric era to the 3rd century into Fujian that later became Min, which later split off into its respective branches, of which Hokkien descends from the

2257: 17499: 12995:, some writers create 'new' characters when they consider it impossible to use directly or borrow existing ones; this corresponds to similar practices in character usage in 18044: 6604: 13100:

seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from mainland Chinese groups but also from

6431: 2851:, became Fujian's main port where trade was legalized. From then, the Xiamen dialect, historically "Amoy", became the main principal dialect spoken overseas, such as in 12706:

movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the

12718:

Thus, by the 21st century, Taiwan had become one of the most significant Hokkien cultural hubs of the world. The historical changes and development in Taiwan had led

9823:, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, given names, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones ( 18006: 14762: 7369:

on the Zhangzhou dialect. There are some variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same.

18746: 17528: 13231:

Many of the 27.7 million Southern Min speakers in mainland China (2018), 13.5 million in Taiwan (2017), 2.02 million in peninsular Malaysia (2000), unknown in

6374: 2828: 15529: 13038:(U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC 16690: 15080:

Wong, Ting-Hong (May 2020). "Education and National Colonialism in Postwar Taiwan: The Paradoxical Use of Private Schools to Extend State Power, 1944–1966".

2361: 1924:, where the language was referred to as the "Language of Amoy" or as the "Amoy Vernacular" and by 1883, John Macgowan would publish another dictionary, the 6749: 2486: 2330: 2104: 18553: 18543: 6918: 6361:. The Hokkien spoken in most areas of the three counties of southern Zhangzhou have merged the coda finals -n and -ng into -ng. The initial consonant j ( 2338: 1614:, and elsewhere across the world. Mutual intelligibility between Hokkien dialects varies, but they are still held together by ethnolinguistic identity. 13410: 7004: 6882: 6505: 2178:). Most of the Min Nan dialects of this region have incorporated some foreign loanwords. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 80% of the 14733: 2364:, and was one of the most frequently learned dialects of Hokkien by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. 18548: 18307: 17855: 15636: 7036: 7020: 6970: 6902: 6769: 6680: 19305: 18462: 15507: 15431:"Xiamen at the Crossroads of Sino-Foreign Linguistic Interaction during the Late Qing and Republican Periods: The Issue of Hokkien Phoneticization" 12939: 6938: 6789: 6463: 13559: 15693: 9683:

As compared to Mandarin, Hokkien dialects prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes. For instance, the Mandarin noun suffix

6636: 6588: 6380:

The -ik or -ɪk final consonant that is preserved in the native Hokkien dialects of Zhangzhou and Xiamen is also preserved in the Nan'an dialect (

3060:"Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-Chew and Chin-Chew Dialects" 14320:

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-Chew and Chin-Chew Dialects

6568: 2520:

Among Malaysian Chinese of Penang, and other states in northern mainland Malaysia and ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Medan, with other areas in

1922:

Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects

13108:

groups who felt that it would slight their home languages. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate

12942:, which was adapted from POJ. Since 2006, it has been officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education and taught in Taiwanese schools. 2908:

produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century:

2376:

perspective, it forms a significant pole of language usage due to the popularity of Holo-language media. Douglas (1873/1899) also noted that

2188:("Our people's speech"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of overseas Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. 14189: 3130:

in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties. Along with other Min languages, which are not directly

2876: 1932:, many proscribe referring to the former as "Amoy", a usage that is more commonly found in older media and some conservative institutions. 19410: 2895:

Several playscripts survive from the late 16th century, written in a mixture of Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects. The most important is the

18629: 17867: 15198: 14906: 9845:(420–589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the 15051: 14139: 3638:

Approximant sounds , only occur word-medially, and are also realized as laryngealized , within a few medial and terminal environments.

17256: 12675: 2356:

In the late 1800s, the Amoy dialect attracted special attention, because Amoy was one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the

11047: 14480: 14432: 14399: 14338: 14303: 14157: 14117: 13909: 13864: 13690: 13656: 13623: 12707: 4384:

The following table illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts between various dialects. Pronunciations are provided in

15541: 17831: 17819: 15139: 14626: 9809:

is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (

9642:

in other Chinese varieties. That said, there are also many indigenous words that are unique to Hokkien and are potentially not of

19728: 17843: 17335: 13424: 14220: 14052: 13212: 8694:), which are collectively known as the locatives or sometimes coverbs in Chinese linguistics, are used to express '(to be) at': 18927: 14095:

Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo

13891: 12897:

formulated and released a standard character set to overcome these difficulties. These standard Chinese characters for writing

2312: 14580: 13788: 12722:

to become the most influential pole of the Hokkien dialect after the mid-20th century. Today, the Taiwanese prestige dialect (

1945:

branch of Southern Min consists of the Min varieties originating from Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen and the eastern counties of

19758: 18166: 16822: 16550: 15414: 15368:

Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance across National Borders

15354: 15182: 14809: 14361: 14269: 14004: 13979: 13932: 13722: 13543: 13377: 12743: 7350: 6812: 2510: 253: 13059: 13055: 2099:, especially in the last 120 years after immigration restrictions were relaxed, and even as immigrants during the period of 19298: 18977: 17114: 13825: 11043: 2872: 2864: 2672:

Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to 2-4 main principal dialects of origin: the original two being, the Quanzhou (

2776:

court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the

18819: 15686: 14952: 13458:"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" 13077: 13066: 3541: 3490: 3379: 2764:, causing the region for the first time in ancient times to incorporate Old Chinese dialects of which would later become 428: 14834:. SEALSVIII: 8th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (1998). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. p. 165. 14775: 14462: 13765: 13745: 13638: 13605: 12694:

from Taiwan in the 1990s and early 21st century led Taiwan to emerge as the new significant cultural hub for Hokkien.

15430: 15308: 15289: 14846: 14745: 14564: 14414: 14381: 12608: 7260: 6352: 2659: 2241: 2018: 1506: 1460: 17: 12955: 12590: 2000: 17139: 15895: 15526: 6370: 6366: 15462: 13043: 2578:

There are also Hokkien speakers scattered throughout other parts of Indonesia—including Jakarta and the island of

19753: 19743: 19291: 18899: 16420: 11942: 9842: 9806: 4389: 418: 9764:

In other bisyllabic words, the syllables are inverted, as compared to Mandarin. Examples include the following:

19748: 17606: 17249: 15679: 12586: 2641: 2223: 1996: 1320: 1034: 743: 658: 457: 319: 14983:[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese). Taiwan: Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011 19502: 19361: 19215: 18669: 17134: 17109: 17104: 12925: 12711: 7490:, which is sometimes considered Southern Min, has almost no mutual intelligibility with any form of Hokkien. 2905: 1402: 1334: 1273: 1048: 987: 757: 696: 471: 15622:

A Dictionary of the Hok-Këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms

13034:, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use an (stand-alone; spaced) 9889:

This table displays some widely used characters in Hokkien that have both literary and colloquial readings:

19738: 19274: 19185: 18709: 16478: 16425: 16081: 14334: 13248:

Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.

13202: 10287:

This table shows some Hokkien dialect words from Classical Chinese, as contrasted to the written Mandarin:

3518: 3438: 2897: 12710:

in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed

12630:

was historically the cultural center for Hokkien, as various traditional Hokkien cultural customs such as

7754:

Choice of grammatical function words also varies significantly among the Hokkien dialects. For instance, (

4305: 4291: 4258: 4219: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4118: 4098: 4076: 4069: 4056: 4048: 4022: 4011: 3998: 3956: 3911: 3880: 3867: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3105: 3101: 1859:

Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms

19733: 19190: 19062: 18987: 18644: 16471: 16126: 16048: 15764: 12691: 7503: 7349:, is also heavily based on Tung'an dialect while incorporating some vowels of Zhangzhou dialect, whereas 5949: 3529: 3063: 2175: 1127: 836: 550: 314: 181: 7376:

has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in

5918:

According to the traditional Chinese system, Hokkien dialects have 7 or 8 distinct tones, including two

19700: 19232: 19205: 19082: 18994: 18741: 18721: 15374: 15257: 13576: 7461: 7457: 3550: 3298: 3291: 2100: 1193: 907: 616: 289: 15234: 14764:

Grammatical Function Words 乞, 度, 共, 甲, 將 and 力 in Li Jing Ji 荔鏡記 and their Development in Southern Min

7561:

Hokkien dialects preserve certain grammatical reflexes and patterns reminiscent of the broad stage of

18784: 17482: 17242: 17124: 16543: 16371: 15818: 15739: 15004: 14292:(in English and Hokkien). Macao: The Honorable East India Company's Press, by G.J. Steyn and Brother. 14172: 12951: 12765: 10750: 6362: 3484: 3143: 2796: 2773: 2583: 1214: 928: 637: 14318: 13314: 8986: 8008:

is typically suffixed in Southeast Asian Hokkien dialects (with the exception of Philippine Hokkien)

7502:; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the 2115:

variants, but since then, the Amoy dialect, also known as the Xiamen dialect, has become the modern

19158: 19143: 19133: 18847: 16778: 16452: 16055: 15868: 15407:

The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century

14633: 14138:

Lee, Fabio Yuchung; José, Regalado Trota; Caño, José Luis Ortigosa; Chang, Luisa (12 August 2023).

13997:

The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century

12582: 12571: 7566: 7543: 7519: 2812: 2637: 2219: 1992: 1981: 31: 15597:("New Edition" (With Chinese Character Glosses) ed.). London: Presbyterian Church of England. 19170: 17409: 16446: 16232: 16116: 14948: 13712: 13093: 12837:

but originally with the meaning of "water". As an example of a semantic loan character, the word

12651: 12575: 11059: 7810:

Hokkien dialects differ in the pronunciation of some pronouns (such as the second person pronoun

3373: 3364: 3307: 2792: 2630: 2212: 1985: 1937: 1654: 1618: 19163: 19012: 15036: 14977: 13674: 51: 19569: 19389: 19314: 19104: 18947: 17545: 17119: 16492: 16485: 16265: 16199: 15702: 15210: 15010: 13207: 12795:). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on 10762: 10275:, where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated, and later words from 7539: 3155: 3139: 2852: 2808: 2096: 829:ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ / ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄩˇ 125: 15559: 15319: 13115:

Hokkien was finally made an official language of Taiwan in 2018 by the ruling DPP government.

11658:. Examples of loans considered by native speakers to be part of the language already include: 7476:, but it is less so amongst the forementioned group, Quanzhou dialect, and Zhangzhou dialect. 3050:

Other popular 19th century works are also like those of Rev. John Macgowan's 1883 dictionary,

19763: 19415: 19099: 19022: 18736: 18714: 17469: 17302: 16435: 16385: 15941: 15654: 15616: 15058: 13481: 10279:

as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in

8161: 7783: 7473: 6369:) is not present in most dialects of Hokkien spoken in Quanzhou, having been merged into the 3386: 3040: 2781: 1854: 1626: 13853: 13392: 6489: 19624: 19527: 18867: 18835: 18664: 17789: 17284: 17084: 16536: 16247: 16093: 16039: 15324: 14099: 13365: 13105: 11756: 11638:, also incorporate words from these languages. Speakers today will also often directly use 11627: 7748: 7449: 7421: 3496: 3396: 2490: 1630: 1515: 14826: 14286: 14093: 11178: 3223: 3211: 8: 19680: 19602: 19597: 19510: 19485: 19111: 19077: 18912: 18879: 18726: 18654: 18571: 18412: 18407: 18161: 17971: 17477: 16827: 16430: 16020: 15847: 15778: 15620: 15538: 15514: 14713: 13197: 13109: 12877:, among others. In other cases, new characters have been invented. For example, the word 12750: 11336: 7453: 7429: 7354: 6828: 3510: 3460: 3425: 3346: 3337: 3330: 3323: 2917: 2860: 2769: 2703: 2603: 2514: 2498: 2413: 2381: 2092: 1674: 1634: 233: 14934: 14920: 14825:

Lim, Beng Soon; Teoh, Boon Seong (2007). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul; Gil, David (eds.).

12985: 12928:. Use of POJ has been actively promoted since the late 19th century, and it was used by 2463:, &c. In many of these places there is also a great mixture of emigrants from Swatow 2372:

language except Mandarin, and it is known by a majority of the population; thus, from a

1818:), the province from which the language hails. In Southeast Asia and the English press, 19515: 19227: 19094: 19057: 18942: 18840: 18774: 18769: 18659: 18649: 18275: 18253: 18146: 17954: 17949: 17872: 17860: 17848: 17836: 17824: 17348: 17194: 17061: 16977: 16936: 16921: 16810: 16802: 16756: 16271: 15880: 15746: 15592: 15501: 15391: 15151: 15097: 14687: 14637: 14519: 14511: 14474: 14426: 14393: 14328: 14297: 14111: 14033: 13903: 13708: 13684: 13650: 13617: 13348: 13192: 12992: 12934: 11911: 11888: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11094: 8012: 7554: 7523: 7481: 7417: 7401: 7358: 7245: 7052: 6863: 6727: 6537: 5934: 3403: 3258: 3242: 3182:; 'close' have the same vowel but differ only by aspiration of the initial and 2971: 2884: 2717: 2591: 2568: 2564: 2482: 2435:

prefecture; Manila and other parts of the Philippines have great numbers from Chin-chew

2184: 1897: 1642: 248: 218: 65: 17079: 15030: 14874: 13952: 13400: 13023: 12914: 12769:(1566), the earliest known Southern Min colloquial text, which mixes both Hokkien and 10307: 7259:

Various dialects per region descended variously and mixed from the above as well (See

4385: 1388: 1355: 1259: 1069: 973: 778: 682: 492: 354: 279: 19660: 19655: 19645: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19577: 19537: 19455: 19420: 19351: 19138: 19128: 19007: 18972: 18827: 18779: 18731: 18498: 18351: 18285: 18141: 18126: 17797: 17774: 17728: 17653: 17579: 17459: 17427: 17381: 17320: 17310: 17275: 17099: 17094: 16995: 16773: 16744: 16739: 16379: 16339: 16317: 16282: 16276: 16241: 16179: 16173: 16153: 15947: 15935: 15918: 15826: 15772: 15752: 15602: 15588: 15441: 15410: 15395: 15350: 15333: 15304: 15285: 15178: 15101: 14805: 14741: 14560: 14523: 14469:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 288. 14357: 14265: 14235: 14151: 14103: 14067: 14000: 13975: 13928: 13898:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 610. 13761: 13741: 13718: 13645:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 607. 13612:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 609. 13539: 13396: 13373: 12996: 12943: 12898: 12894: 12810: 12796: 12782: 12719: 12702:

became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The

11643: 11090: 11086: 10770: 10746: 8134: 7550: 7507: 7499: 7405: 7373: 7334: 7285: 7253: 7211: 6954: 6783: 6723: 6582: 6447: 6402: 4458: 4423: 3475: 3273: 3263: 3159: 3131: 3089: 3075: 3055: 2880: 2868: 2572: 2545: 2525: 2494: 2478: 2357: 2322: 2167: 2112: 1917: 1913: 1563: 1559: 1297: 1177: 1169: 1011: 891: 886: 878: 720: 600: 592: 228: 213: 130: 15550: 14421:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 99. 14388:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. p. 99. 12809:; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien, as is the case with 11097:, contains many loanwords from these languages. Many words have also been formed as 2768:. The massive migration of Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the 424: 19723: 19650: 19592: 19557: 19547: 19532: 19447: 19244: 18764: 18639: 18503: 18493: 18478: 18424: 18346: 18297: 18258: 18207: 18121: 18073: 18057: 17937: 17897: 17892: 17779: 17733: 17679: 17674: 17664: 17658: 17487: 17432: 17417: 17293: 17265: 17089: 17018: 16926: 16872: 16749: 16659: 16638: 16400: 16360: 16330: 16304: 16254: 16212: 16121: 16098: 15991: 15971: 15928: 15853: 15716: 15606: 15383: 15089: 14899: 14587: 14503: 13970:

Lien, Chinfa (2015). "Min languages". In Wang, William S.-Y.; Sun, Chaofen (eds.).

13808: 13414: 13340: 13182: 13174: 13160: 13097: 13051: 11956: 11855: 11669: 11651: 11647: 11348: 10280: 10051: 9846: 7805: 7765: 7515: 7437: 7425: 7409: 7389: 7309: 6896: 6763: 6620: 6521: 3253: 3187: 2999: 2983: 2957: 2716:) as well. The Amoy and Tong'an dialects are historically mixtures of Quanzhou and 2560: 2458: 2326: 2179: 2147: 2116: 2108: 1670: 1658: 1571: 1477: 1471: 1431: 1092: 801: 515: 135: 15978: 15115: 13282: 2485:, leaning a little closer to the Quanzhou dialect, possibly due to being from the 1867:

was used. In 1869, POJ was further revised by John Macgowan in his published book

1800:'Hokkien language') in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines 19670: 19665: 19587: 19582: 19552: 19520: 19490: 19195: 19175: 19072: 19032: 19017: 18756: 18606: 18596: 18576: 18533: 18528: 18394: 18358: 18341: 18331: 18270: 18088: 18024: 17966: 17914: 17909: 17811: 17707: 17702: 17611: 17558: 17553: 17533: 17518: 17513: 17454: 17449: 17439: 17422: 17394: 17366: 17343: 17215: 16972: 16967: 16949: 16903: 16888: 16816: 16786: 16768: 16674: 16607: 16392: 16346: 16205: 16087: 16026: 15860: 15807: 15798: 15784: 15566:

A manual for learning Hokkien written by a Spanish missionary in the Philippines.

15545: 15533: 15282:

Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology—the Classification of Miin and Hakka

13331:(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", 13081: 13070: 12756: 12737: 12687: 12622: 11352: 11055: 9860:

Some commonly seen sound correspondences (colloquial → literary) are as follows:

9794: 7562: 7188: 7136: 7117: 7101: 6932: 6806: 3268: 3019:), and describes the Quanzhou dialect. The oldest extant edition dates from 1831. 2823:

rebellion. Waves of migration from the north in this era brought the language of

2373: 2151: 2143:); the former is from Zhangzhou Hokkien, whereas the latter comes from Mandarin. 1950: 1823: 1155: 864: 578: 274: 223: 117: 15663:

Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘!

15438:

Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World

14847:"The Analytic Causatives Of Early Modern Southern Min In Diachronic Perspective" 13953:"The analytic causatives of early modern Southern Min in diachronic perspective" 13831: 11288: 11263: 11239: 11203: 11118: 11101:

from Mandarin, and speakers will often directly use Mandarin vocabulary through

4375:

Oral vowel sounds are realized as nasal sounds when preceding a nasal consonant.

3015:"Understanding of the collected sounds") was written around 1800 by Huang Qian ( 2956:(1626–1642), a primarily Spanish-Hokkien dictionary (with additional incomplete 19480: 19366: 19356: 19335: 19249: 19239: 19210: 19200: 18917: 18889: 18601: 18586: 18488: 18439: 18434: 18419: 18363: 18302: 18184: 18156: 18136: 18083: 18052: 18029: 18019: 18014: 17976: 17959: 17904: 17769: 17751: 17669: 17643: 17584: 17504: 17492: 17444: 17399: 17389: 17315: 17041: 17013: 16944: 16898: 16792: 16761: 16716: 16669: 16643: 16612: 16602: 16597: 16462: 16440: 16354: 16323: 16259: 16219: 16193: 16167: 16144: 16067: 16013: 15985: 15954: 15832: 15758: 15521: 14870: 14856:. Paris, France: Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale: 1–34. 14734:"Historical Significance of Certain Distinct Grammatical Features in Taiwanese" 13187: 12639: 11344: 11340: 10766: 10276: 8126: 7574: 7445: 7385: 7362: 7205: 7142: 7095: 3280: 3135: 2856: 2844: 2827:

into the Fujian region, which gave Hokkien and all the other Min languages its

2824: 2800: 2729: 2599: 2541: 2405: 2350: 2171: 1694: 1638: 1531: 1294: 1141: 1008: 850: 717: 564: 264: 238: 84: 18620: 15629: 14957: 14507: 14106:). Manila: Keng Yong – via Catálogo BNE (Biblioteca Nacional de España). 13074: 13063: 13000: 2367:

The Modern Representative form of Hokkien spoken around the Taiwanese city of

56: 19717: 19675: 19470: 19050: 18862: 18857: 18429: 18373: 18368: 18336: 18323: 18199: 18151: 18078: 18034: 17924: 17761: 17684: 17523: 17371: 17358: 16867: 16850: 16797: 16664: 16633: 16617: 16186: 16108: 15874: 15839: 15791: 15445: 14323:(in English and Hokkien). 57 & 59 Ludgate Hill, London: Trübner & Co. 13509: 13302: 13146: 13039: 12703: 12698: 12635: 12631: 11655: 11102: 10754: 10745:

Some commonly used words, shared by all Min Chinese languages, came from the

8478: 7433: 7366: 7313: 7168: 7092: 6845: 6358: 5919: 4418: 3570:

may be nasalized; voiced oral stops may be nasalized into voiced nasal stops.

3241:

pronunciation differ only in the second syllable in consonant voicing and in

3035:) describes the Zhangzhou dialect. The oldest extant edition dates from 1818. 2928: 2587: 2553: 2521: 2088: 1843: 1804:

In parts of Southeast Asia and in the English-speaking communities, the term

1666: 1646: 1622: 1523: 1207: 921: 630: 243: 16521:

indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

15337: 12970:

The character for the third-person pronoun 'they' in some Hokkien dialects,

11929: 11923: 18922: 18872: 18248: 18131: 18104: 17648: 17638: 17210: 16913: 16734: 16699: 16160: 16076: 16032: 15961: 13704: 13419: 13132: 12921: 12918: 12910: 12760: 12668: 9841:(206 BCE – 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the 9820: 9643: 9631: 7305: 7289: 7249: 6849: 6733: 6709: 4406: 3649: 3566: 3314: 3183: 2987: 2975: 2934:

Vocabulario de la Lengua Española y China / Vocabulario Hispanico y Chinico

2816: 2785: 2506: 2334: 2159: 2080: 2040: 1929: 1909: 1893: 1835: 1690: 1519: 1378: 1249: 1099: 963: 808: 672: 522: 375: 208: 150: 94: 15570: 15387: 14662: 14032:

Monograph Series. Vol. 14. Chinese University Press. pp. 42–76.

12966: 12885: 7751:

are required when using numerals, demonstratives and similar quantifiers.

7392:

and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some

2031:

Hokkien is spoken in the southern seaward quarter of Fujian, southeastern

19475: 19283: 19067: 19041: 18937: 18907: 18884: 18852: 18591: 18581: 18385: 18280: 18265: 18228: 18176: 17997: 17988: 17884: 17723: 17598: 17325: 17155: 16987: 16959: 16708: 16582: 16559: 16506: 15721: 13328: 12770: 12683: 12659: 12647: 12643: 12092: 10268: 9850: 9838: 9647: 7570: 7397: 7321: 7293: 7281: 7088: 7066: 6697: 6674: 6654: 6650: 6481: 6023: 5940: 2777: 2765: 2737: 2595: 2155: 2052: 2048: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1686: 1583: 1287: 1001: 710: 284: 186: 145: 140: 15671: 15093: 14140:"1. Taiwan. Mesa Redonda. Fabio Yuchung Lee, José Regalado, Luisa Chang" 14037: 12748:

Hokkien texts can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the

9547:) is used infrequently, mostly found in literary compounds and phrases: 19405: 18483: 18457: 18223: 18189: 17694: 17621: 17129: 16862: 16857: 16845: 15608:

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

15594:

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

15475: 15146: 14515: 14467:

Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy

14419:

Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy

14386:

Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy

13959:. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 973–1011. 13896:

Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

13767:

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

13747:

Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

13643:

Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

13610:

Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy

13352: 13307: 13278: 13035: 12697:

In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and

10272: 7413: 7301: 7297: 7288:, are sometimes considered as not Hokkien anymore, besides being under 7273: 7074: 6694: 6660: 4411: 3416: 3031:"Compilation of the fifteen elegant and vulgar sounds") by Xie Xiulan ( 2820: 2804: 2644: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2226: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2162:

from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Myanmar,

2044: 1662: 1186: 900: 609: 15365: 14875:"How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language" 11969:, but examples of the 3 decimal place logic have produced words like: 11934: 7280:, including the Haifeng and Lufeng dialect), Chaw'an / Zhao'an (詔安話), 5810: 5707: 5604: 5501: 5398: 5295: 5192: 5089: 4986: 4883: 4780: 4677: 4574: 4471: 1928:. Due to possible conflation between the language as a whole with its 19465: 19460: 19430: 18932: 18683: 18674: 18402: 18292: 17944: 17932: 17743: 17574: 17005: 16499: 16140: 15905: 15712: 15018:(in Chinese). Hyweb Technology Co. pp. 1873–. GGKEY:TPZ824QU3UG. 13405: 12859:. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle 12664: 12655: 10758: 10356: 8026: 7840:). Personal pronouns found in the Hokkien dialects are listed below: 7487: 7472:

Tong'an, Xiamen, Taiwanese, Singaporean dialects as a group are more

7441: 7393: 7377: 7317: 7202: 6203: 5927: 4438: 3093: 3085: 2733: 2732:

period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the

2287: 2064: 1954: 1682: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1553: 1228: 956:

Man5 naam4 waa6 / Man4 naam4 waa6 / Man5 naam4 jyu5 / Man4 naam4 jyu5

942: 651: 347: 332: 191: 15284:. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 14190:"World's Oldest and Largest Spanish-Chinese Dictionary Found in UST" 13892:"Extent of the Amoy Vernacular, and its Sub-division into Dialects." 13606:"Extent of the Amoy Vernacular, and its Sub-division into Dialects." 13344: 12560: 10262: 9797:), are commonly integrated into the vocabulary of Hokkien dialects. 7518:), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are 7333:

The Xiamen dialect is a variant of the Tung'an dialect. Majority of

2619: 2201: 1970: 19425: 19222: 18808: 18449: 17630: 17234: 17071: 17053: 14612:

Complete and Not-So-Complete Tonal Neutralization in Penang Hokkien

14610: 13679:(in English & Amoy Hokkien). London: London Missionary Society. 13168: 12847:, which can also mean "meat" but originally with the pronunciation 12814: 12627: 11918: 11897: 11079: 9854: 7381: 7342: 6467: 5931: 4453: 4428: 3002:

describing Hokkien varieties at the beginning of the 19th century:

2749: 2271: 2032: 1698: 1678: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1549: 1235: 1113: 949: 822: 536: 436: 19254: 15655:

Voyager – Spacecraft – Golden Record – Greetings From Earth – Amoy

15572:

Lūi-chi̍p Ngá-sio̍k-thong Si̍p-ngó͘-im / Huìjí yǎsú tōng shíwǔ yīn

6357:

Hokkien is spoken in a variety of accents and dialects across the

1742:'Southern Min speech') in China, Taiwan, Philippines, and Malaysia 368:

Distribution of Southern Min languages, with Hokkien in dark green

19121: 18801: 18517: 16001: 14962: 13236: 13027: 13012: 11343:

and other Malaysian Hokkien dialects tend to draw loanwords from

9639: 7779: 5923: 4463: 4443: 3081: 2979: 2848: 2745: 2567:

is also largely derived from the Quanzhou dialect, particularly

2466: 2418: 2337:, originating from the cities of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, historical 2163: 1946: 1611: 1595: 432: 10765:

languages. They include the following examples, compared to the

3024:

Lūi-chi̍p Ngé-sio̍k-thong Si̍p-ngó͘-im (Huìjí Yǎsútōng Shíwǔyīn)

2150:

communities in Southeast Asia, as well as in the United States (

1709:

Hokkien speakers in different regions refer to the language as:

19640: 19180: 18982: 15914: 15729: 13639:"Variations of Spelling in Other Books on the Language of Amoy" 13391: 12947: 12929: 11907: 11463: 11098: 10315: 7535: 7531: 7346: 7338: 7304:

have some to little mutual intelligibility with Hokkien, while

6297: 6104: 4448: 4433: 3356: 2840: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2537: 2529: 2368: 2346: 2303: 2076: 2068: 1901: 1809: 1808:() is etymologically derived from the Hokkien pronunciation of 1650: 1607: 1567: 1527: 994:

Bân-lâm-uē / Bân-lâm-uā / Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gír

980:

Bân-lâm-ōe / Bân-lâm-ōa / Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gír

783:

Bân-lâm-ōe / Bân-lâm-ōa / Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gír

80: 16528: 13372:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, 3045:"A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language" 1302: 1016: 725: 19542: 18693: 15910: 15725: 15057:[Taiwanese/Chinese Online Dictionary]. Archived from 14958:"Teochew, another Minnan language – Oung-Heng HENG | PG 2019" 13232: 13101: 13019: 13008: 13004: 11582: 11572: 11562: 11525: 11492: 11482: 11435: 11406: 11373: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11269: 11221: 11209: 11159: 11147: 11009: 10937: 10911: 10885: 10859: 10833: 10807: 7764:) (denoting the causative, passive or dative) is retained in 7412:) loanwords, while it is also currently a norm to frequently 6853: 3097: 2741: 2549: 2533: 2072: 2056: 2036: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1791: 1785: 1771: 1757: 1745: 1729: 1713: 1407: 1393: 1278: 1264: 992: 978: 701: 687: 76: 57: 13569:

Selection Principles of Taiwanese Min Nan Chinese Characters

2439:, and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam 2431:, are crowded with emigrants, especially from the Chang-chew 2321:

Southern Fujian is home to four principal Hokkien dialects:

13736: 13734: 13050:. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents 12715:

poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien.

11602: 11455: 11423: 11394: 9635: 7828:), and also differ in how to form plural pronouns (such as 7527: 7511: 2803:, led a military expedition to suppress a rebellion of the 2579: 2502: 2477:

In modern times though, a mixed dialect descended from the

2060: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1449: 1446: 363: 14772:

Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology

14494:

Tay, Mary W. J. (1970). "Hokkien Phonological Structure".

9693:

is not found in Hokkien words, while another noun suffix,

1912:, as one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the 1440: 435:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

15584:

The oldest known rhyme dictionary of a Zhangzhou dialect.

14715:

A Dialectal and Phonological Analysis of Penghu Taiwanese

14559:(in Chinese). Fujian renmin chuban she. pp. 17, 28. 14221:"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2" 14053:"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 1" 12827:

meaning "beautiful" might be written using the character

2408:

originate from these dialects. Douglas (1873) notes that

1240: 954: 663: 15429:

Hompot, Sebestyén (2018). Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).

14774:. National Tsing Hua University: 179–216. Archived from 13754: 13731: 12984:

Hokkien is registered as "Southern Min" per RFC 3066 as

12533: 12474: 12422: 12370: 12318: 12266: 12214: 12162: 9819:), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the 9036: 6353:

Taiwanese Hokkien § Quanzhou–Zhangzhou inclinations

1198: 912: 621: 14854:

Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages

13957:

Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages

12980:, is now supported by the Unicode Standard, at U+2A736. 11941:

Philippine Hokkien usually follows the 3 decimal place

2944:(1617), a Spanish–Hokkien dictionary, with definitions. 1726:'Southern Min language') in China, Taiwan, and Malaysia 12958:

of Chinese characters and Latin letters is also seen.

12540: 12481: 12429: 12377: 12325: 12273: 12221: 12169: 12093:

Comparison with Mandarin and Sino-Xenic pronunciations

3620:, is often pronounced very 'thick' so as to change to 15661: 11549: 11512: 11461: 2901:, with extant manuscripts dating from 1566 and 1581. 2594:, and Southern Vietnam, though there is notably more 1777: 1548:), from the first characters of the urban centers of 1507: 1498: 1489: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1174: 1160: 1146: 1132: 1118: 1104: 883: 869: 855: 841: 827: 813: 597: 583: 569: 555: 541: 527: 15580:

Compilation of the Fifteen Elegant and Vulgar Sounds

13955:. In Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. (eds.). 13946: 13944: 13296: 13122: 12883:

meaning "they" might be written using the character

12843:

meaning "meat" might be written using the character

12690:

hub to shift from Xiamen to Taiwan. The flourishing

12682:

However, from the 1980s onwards, the development of

12526: 12467: 12415: 12363: 12311: 12259: 12207: 12155: 11608: 3052:"English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect" 2960:

part), giving equivalent words, but not definitions.

2602:

background among descendants of Chinese migrants in

2575:

dialects with some influence from the Amoy dialect.

2182:

in the Philippines, among which is known locally as

2103:. The Taiwanese dialect mostly has origins with the 1908:), the principal port in southern Fujian during the 1570:. Hokkien is also widely spoken within the overseas 15258:"Hokkien Should Be Given Official Status, Says Tsu" 14828:

Malay Lexicalized Items in Penang Peranakan Hokkien

14354:

The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage

12817:lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character. 11634:and due to recent 20th century modern contact with 10757:. Some terms are thought be cognates with words in 9800: 8477:States and qualities are generally expressed using 2524:, Indonesia, a distinct descendant dialect form of 2170:) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly 1483: 1480: 1437: 1434: 1219: 933: 642: 15320:"Linguistic Nationalism: The Case of Southern Min" 14844: 13676:English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect 13411:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 12913:using one of several systems. A popular system is 12692:Taiwanese Min Nan entertainment and media industry 12686:pop music and media industry in Taiwan caused the 6392:) but are pronounced as -iak in Quanzhou Hokkien. 5926:consonants. The entering tones can be analysed as 2819:, led a military expedition force to suppress the 2606:, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Southern Vietnam. 2091:, fleeing the Qing dynasty during the 20 years of 1926:English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect 15301:The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan 14020:Yue, Anne O. (1999). "The Min translation of the 13941: 13015:, thus creating problems in computer processing. 11945:used worldwide, but still retains the concept of 11626:, as a result of centuries-old contact with both 10263:Semantic differences between Hokkien and Mandarin 7261:Taiwanese Hokkien#Quanzhou–Zhangzhou inclinations 3230:cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ / cha̋u-kiáⁿ / cha̋u-káⁿ / chő͘-kiáⁿ 1715:Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gír / Bân-lâm-ú 19715: 14137: 13950: 13854:"2010 Population and Household Census in Taiwan" 13779: 13777: 13703: 13242: 2692:) dialects, and in later centuries Xiamen/Amoy ( 15515:Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala 14865: 14863: 13536:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 13370:Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology 11244: 11184: 11124: 7737: 7594: 3084:inventories among Chinese varieties, with more 543:ㄈㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ 16370: 15817: 15347:Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language 15028: 14725: 13271: 11251: 11191: 11131: 11105:. Among these include the following examples: 9257: 9164: 8566: 8498: 6838:Sin-ka-pho Hok-kiàn-ōe / Sin-ka-po Hok-kiàn-ōe 2756:region, which in ancient times was originally 2563:profess ancestry from Hokkien-speaking areas; 1889:; from then on, "Hokkien" is used more often. 1522:languages, native to and originating from the 1120:ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄠˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ 19299: 17250: 16544: 15687: 15557: 15425:(1620), the oldest extant grammar of Hokkien. 14170: 14085: 13974:. Oxford University Press. pp. 160–172. 13774: 12813:. For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese 12723: 12667:. From the mid-19th century until the end of 11817: 11779: 11773: 11759: 11750: 11722: 11716: 11678: 11672: 11469: 11351:as well as other Chinese dialects, primarily 11307: 11286: 11261: 11215: 11201: 11176: 11153: 11141: 11116: 10995: 10973: 10950: 10923: 10897: 10871: 10845: 10819: 10793: 10710: 10681: 10648: 10619: 10590: 10561: 10508: 10494: 10475: 10461: 10442: 10428: 10409: 10395: 10376: 10362: 10339: 10325: 9147:) is general and can negate almost any verb: 1763: 1751: 1339: 1325: 1053: 1039: 762: 748: 476: 462: 19049: 16231: 15558:Mançano, Melchior; Feyjoó, Raymundo (1620). 15506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14860: 14218: 14171:Mançano, Melchior; Feyjoó, Raymundo (1620). 14050: 11614: 8481:that do not require a verb meaning 'to be': 7384:have a substantial number of loanwords from 7152:Peng-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa / Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa 2384:) has been settled mainly by emigrants from 15494:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china 15022: 15000: 14998: 14923:. 17 September 2022 – via Wiktionary. 14907:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan 14586:(in Chinese). 1 August 2007. Archived from 13364: 13112:supporters, and the proposal did not pass. 12589:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 10284:others are wholly innovative developments. 9703:is used in many nouns. Examples are below: 9646:origin, while others are shared by all the 7577:, both similar to Archaic Chinese grammar. 2913:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china 1999:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 19313: 19306: 19292: 19270: 19040: 17257: 17243: 16551: 16537: 15694: 15680: 15527:at UST Miguel de Benavidez Library, Manila 15317: 14909:]. Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. 14609:Chang, Yueh-chin; Hsieh, Feng-fan (2013), 14608: 13972:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 13951:Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain (2006). 13283:"Languages of Singapore – Ethnologue 2017" 12676:retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan 10840:'son', 'child', 'whelp', 'a small amount' 7292:(Min Nan). On the other hand, those under 2552:, an almost identical variant is known as 2453:[Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos] 1960: 1629:, and it remains today as the most spoken 374: 362: 50: 15701: 15641:BSOP Biblical Seminary of the Philippines 15200:Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ tuījiàn yòng zì (dì 1 pī) 14736:. In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.). 14721:(BA thesis). Williams College. p. 4. 13770:. London: Presbyterian Church of England. 13750:. London: Presbyterian Church of England. 13561:Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ hànzì zhī xuǎnyòng yuánzé 13418: 12609:Learn how and when to remove this message 11089:, as a result of linguistic contact with 9291:) is used to negate imperative commands: 7467: 7372:Additionally, extensive contact with the 4379: 3138:, Hokkien is of considerable interest to 2970:These texts appear to record a primarily 2839:During around the late 17th century when 2660:Learn how and when to remove this message 2242:Learn how and when to remove this message 2019:Learn how and when to remove this message 1892:Historically, Hokkien was also known as " 1782:'our people's speech') in the Philippines 15615: 15488:A playscript from the late 16th century. 15049: 14995: 14284: 14026:Contemporary Studies on the Min Dialects 13672: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13385: 12965: 12759:friars in the Philippines. Another is a 12658:in 1842, Xiamen became one of the major 12506: 12454: 12402: 12350: 12298: 12246: 12194: 12142: 11058:by adding descriptive text and removing 8660:"Yesterday was the Mid-Autumn festival." 7768:(also unique to the Jinjiang dialect is 7357:, is based on the Tung'an dialect, with 3655:The vowels of Hokkien are listed below: 3573:Nasal stops mostly occur word-initially. 2427:and other parts of the Dutch possessions 2316:Locations of Hokkien varieties in Fujian 2127:come from the Chinese name of the city ( 2095:, as immigrants during the 200 years of 1625:amongst overseas Chinese communities of 18965: 15601: 15587: 15363: 15279: 15209:(in Chinese), Jiaoyu bu, archived from 15035:. Presbyterian Mission Press. pp. 14824: 14460: 14412: 14379: 14356:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102. 14316: 14187: 13889: 13760: 13740: 13636: 13603: 12074:, and same idea for succeeding numbers 12047:, and same idea for succeeding numbers 12010:, and same idea for succeeding numbers 11983:, and same idea for succeeding numbers 7241:Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gú / Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí 6547:Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe 3218:cha-po͘-kiáⁿ / ta-po͘-kiáⁿ / ta-po͘-káⁿ 3186:of the vowel. In addition, Hokkien has 2993: 2362:relations of Western nations with China 1773:Lán-lâng-ōe / Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe 1409:Lán-lâng-uē / Lán-nâng-uē / Nán-nâng-uē 1395:Lán-lâng-ōe / Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe 1360:Lán-lâng-ōe / Lán-nâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe 429:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 380:Polities by number of Hokkien speakers 14: 19716: 15657:, includes translation and sound clip 15611:( ed.). London: Trübner & Co. 15428: 15404: 15172: 14937:. 5 April 2022 – via Wiktionary. 14900:"Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ chángyòng cí cídiǎn" 14894: 14892: 14799: 14259: 13994: 13927:. Berlin: LINCOM Europa. p. 120. 13817: 13800: 13277: 11650:), or other Philippine languages like 10267:Quite a few words from the variety of 9630:The majority of Hokkien vocabulary is 2146:There are many Min Nan speakers among 1176: 890: 885: 599: 409: Significant minority populations 19287: 17238: 17176: 17039: 16823:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 16570: 16532: 15675: 15551:at Filipinas Heritage Library, Manila 15298: 14738:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies 14711: 14657: 14655: 14479:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14431:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14398:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14375: 14373: 14302:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14264:. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 64–65. 14177:– via Universitat de Barcelona. 14156:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14133: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14116:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 13908:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 13885: 13883: 13881: 13711:; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). 13689:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 13668: 13666: 13655:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 13622:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 13599: 13597: 13439: 13046:—to encode a new combining character 12946:has also developed a system based on 12924:in China and later by the indigenous 12901:are now taught in schools in Taiwan. 12755:, written around 1593 by the Spanish 12744:Comparison of Hokkien writing systems 10740: 10526:Mandarin Chinese have been modified: 7351:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 7075:Haklau Min / Hai Lok Hong / Hailufeng 6813:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 5948: 4329: 4137: 3062:, and its 1899 New Edition with Rev. 2847:, which overshadowed the old port of 2511:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 1653:. This applied to a lesser extent to 1621:, Hokkien historically served as the 17264: 17115:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet 15344: 15235:"RFC 3066 Language code assignments" 15079: 15052:"Tâi-bûn/Hôa-bûn Sòaⁿ-téng Sû-tián" 14869: 14760: 14740:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 393. 14551: 14536: 14445: 14351: 14337:) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 14188:Zulueta, Lito B. (8 February 2021). 14091: 13969: 13963: 13925:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology 13533: 13427:from the original on 13 October 2023 12587:adding citations to reliable sources 12554: 11026: 10753:suggested that these languages were 9901:Spoken pronunciations / explications 8269:The interrogative pronouns include: 7001:Southern Zhangzhou Hokkien dialects 6879:Northern Zhangzhou Hokkien dialects 3080:Hokkien has one of the most diverse 2760:country, populated with non-Chinese 2642:adding citations to reliable sources 2613: 2224:adding citations to reliable sources 2195: 1997:adding citations to reliable sources 1964: 1731:Bân-lâm-ōe / Bân-lâm-ōa / Bîn-lâm-ōe 27:Sinitic language spoken in East Asia 15440:. 17/18. OSTASIEN Verlag: 167–205. 15421:- An analysis and facsimile of the 15255: 14889: 14493: 14019: 13922: 13846: 13538:. Facts on File. pp. 289–290. 13502: 13327: 13251: 13087: 13042:in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, 13011:. Some of these are not encoded in 11615: 11470: 7420:, Tagalog, and in some cases other 6915:) (Transitionary with Amoy dialect) 6418:Coastal Quanzhou Hokkien dialects ( 24: 17040: 15272: 14845:Chappell, Hilary; Alain Peyraube. 14731: 14652: 14370: 14124: 13878: 13663: 13594: 13399:; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). 13333:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12731: 11955:; 'ten thousand' from the 9084:Other negative particles include: 8160:Hokkien dialects use a variety of 6555:Inland Quanzhou Hokkien dialects ( 3576:Quanzhou and nearby may pronounce 2986:, an old port that is now part of 2950:(1620), a Spanish–Hokkien grammar. 2752:and later began to enter into the 2723: 1935:In the classification used by the 107: 25: 19775: 15632:, a dictionary of Quanzhou speech 15455: 14200:from the original on 7 April 2022 12776: 7747:As in many east Asian languages, 7542:to further specify its status or 5888: 5785: 5682: 5579: 5476: 5373: 5270: 5167: 5064: 4961: 4858: 4755: 4652: 4549: 3565: 3549: 3540: 3528: 3517: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3459: 3437: 3402: 3395: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3363: 3345: 3336: 3329: 3313: 3306: 3297: 3290: 2939:Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya 2915:(1593), a Hokkien version of the 2906:Spanish friars in the Philippines 2399: 2280: 2191: 2035:, as well as the eastern part of 1764: 1752: 19269: 18747:Literary and colloquial readings 18619: 17140:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme 16689: 15894: 15522:at Biblioteca Nacional de España 13313: 13167: 13153: 13139: 13125: 13096:, a party with about 10% of the 12559: 11031: 10672:'to eat' (largely superseded by 9807:literary and colloquial readings 9801:Literary and colloquial readings 9035: 8664:To indicate location, the words 8576:With noun complements, the verb 3233:; 'girl', which for the 3162:initials. For example, the word 3008:Lūi-im Biāu-ngō͘ (Huìyīn Miàowù) 2974:with some attested Quanzhou and 2890: 2618: 2295: 2279: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2200: 2119:for the language in China. Both 1969: 1476: 1430: 1280:Ho̍h-ló-uē / Hô-ló-uē / Hō-ló-uē 1266:Ho̍h-ló-ōe / Hô-ló-ōe / Hō-ló-ōe 1074:Ho̍h-ló-ōe / Hô-ló-ōe / Hō-ló-ōe 16558: 15256:Lin, Mei-chun (10 March 2002). 15249: 15227: 15191: 15166: 15132: 15108: 15073: 15043: 14970: 14941: 14927: 14913: 14838: 14818: 14793: 14754: 14705: 14680: 14619: 14602: 14573: 14545: 14530: 14487: 14454: 14439: 14406: 14345: 14310: 14285:Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832). 14278: 14253: 14212: 14181: 14164: 14044: 14013: 13988: 13916: 13783: 13697: 13630: 13552: 13527: 13510:"Hokkien, adjective & noun" 12976: 12904: 12879: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12839: 12833: 12831:, which can also be pronounced 12823: 12805: 12791: 12728:) is heard on Taiwanese media. 12519: 12513: 12461: 12409: 12357: 12305: 12253: 12201: 12149: 12083: 12070: 12056: 12043: 12033: 12019: 12006: 11992: 11979: 11965: 11951: 11902: 11883: 11869: 11850: 11840: 11830: 11812: 11802: 11792: 11778:, which itself is from Spanish 11768: 11745: 11735: 11721:, which itself is from Spanish 11711: 11701: 11691: 11664: 11597: 11540: 11507: 11450: 11418: 11389: 11361: 11281: 11233: 11171: 11111: 11003: 10981: 10959: 10931: 10905: 10879: 10853: 10827: 10801: 10718: 10689: 10656: 10627: 10598: 10569: 10502: 10469: 10436: 10403: 10370: 10333: 10253: 10246: 10236: 10229: 10217: 10210: 10200: 10193: 10181: 10174: 10164: 10157: 10145: 10135: 10128: 10116: 10109: 10099: 10092: 9843:Northern and Southern dynasties 9829: 9815: 9746: 9723: 9713: 9699: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9586: 9572: 9558: 9539: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9498: 9484: 9470: 9447: 9437: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9396: 9382: 9368: 9349: 9337: 9332: 9316: 9302: 9283: 9269: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9211: 9194: 9177: 9158: 9127: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9072: 9060: 9044: 9030: 9018: 8994: 8975:"They're sleeping at home now." 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8908: 8894: 8880: 8866: 8852: 8838: 8824: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8761: 8747: 8733: 8719: 8705: 8686: 8676: 8666: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8625: 8611: 8597: 8578: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8528: 8511: 8492: 8460: 8450: 8440: 8427: 8417: 8407: 8397: 8384: 8374: 8361: 8351: 8338: 8328: 8318: 8308: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8257: 8247: 8234: 8224: 8211: 8197: 8184: 8170: 8149: 8139: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8082: 8068: 8054: 8040: 8021: 8004: 7983: 7972: 7961: 7945: 7934: 7923: 7907: 7896: 7890: 7875: 7864: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7792: 7786:and Xiamen, whose dialects use 7774: 7760: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7675: 7658: 7641: 7624: 7607: 7588: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7197: 7177: 7161: 7151: 7126: 7110: 7083: 7061: 7045: 7029: 7013: 6992: 6979: 6963: 6947: 6927: 6911: 6891: 6872: 6837: 6821: 6798: 6778: 6758: 6742: 6718: 6689: 6669: 6645: 6629: 6613: 6597: 6577: 6561: 6546: 6530: 6514: 6498: 6476: 6456: 6440: 6424: 6411: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 3229: 3217: 3202: 3192: 3178: 3168: 3120: 3023: 3007: 2978:features, from the old port of 2807:. In 885, (during the reign of 2712: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2629:needs additional citations for 2211:needs additional citations for 2139: 1869:A Manual Of The Amoy Colloquial 1814: 1685:spoken sporadically across the 1408: 1394: 1303: 1279: 1265: 1241: 1220: 1199: 1017: 993: 979: 955: 934: 913: 726: 702: 688: 664: 643: 622: 338: 19729:Southern Min-language dialects 15280:Branner, David Prager (2000). 15082:History of Education Quarterly 15032:Essays on the Chinese Language 14541:. London: SOAS. pp. 9–11. 14030:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 13474: 13358: 13321: 13225: 12909:Hokkien can be written in the 12724: 12499: 12447: 12395: 12343: 12291: 12239: 12187: 12135: 11299: 11262: 11238: 11216: 11202: 11177: 11154: 11142: 10728: 10699: 10666: 10637: 10608: 10579: 10516: 10483: 10450: 10417: 10384: 10347: 9784: 9774: 9756: 9733: 9689: 9676: 8586:) serves as the verb 'to be'. 8015:can be marked by the particle 3610:throughout different dialects. 3173: 3163: 3126: 3110: 2707: 2693: 2683: 2673: 2296: 2133: 2128: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1719: 1544: 1526:, in the southeastern part of 1340: 1326: 1175: 1161: 1147: 1133: 1119: 1105: 1054: 1040: 884: 870: 856: 842: 828: 814: 763: 749: 598: 584: 570: 556: 542: 528: 477: 463: 13: 1: 17135:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme 17110:Taiwanese Romanization System 17105:Kienning Colloquial Romanized 16571: 15370:by Picus Sizhi Ding (review)" 13823: 13806: 13264: 12926:Presbyterian Church in Taiwan 12781:Hokkien can be written using 11959:, so 'ten thousand' would be 11282:chúi-ké / chúi-kóe / chúi-kér 9625: 9533:"They do not have any money." 7569:(direct linkage of verbs and 7567:serialization of verb phrases 7388:and to a lesser extent, from 7361:on the Quanzhou dialect, and 7328: 6955:Zhangzhou City Proper dialect 6710:Amoy-Tong'an Hokkien dialects 2954:Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum 2449:[peninsular Malaysia] 2158:emigrants to the region were 1778: 254:Southern Peninsular Malaysian 64:featuring Hokkien written in 19759:Languages of the Philippines 19275:List of varieties of Chinese 17177: 15177:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 14978:"Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ wàilái cí" 14877:. University of Pennsylvania 14804:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 14712:Ratte, Alexander T. (2009). 14627:"Nán'ān fāngyán fùcí fēnxī" 13865:Taiwan Ministry of Education 13575:(in Chinese), archived from 13203:List of Hokkien dictionaries 12961: 12865:is variously represented by 11583: 11573: 11563: 11526: 11493: 11483: 11436: 11407: 11374: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11270: 11222: 11210: 11160: 11148: 11022: 11010: 10996: 10974: 10951: 10938: 10924: 10912: 10898: 10886: 10872: 10860: 10846: 10834: 10820: 10808: 10794: 10711: 10682: 10649: 10620: 10591: 10562: 10509: 10495: 10476: 10462: 10443: 10429: 10410: 10396: 10377: 10363: 10340: 10326: 9357:) indicates the past tense: 8812:"I am here waiting for you." 7743:"Did you go to buy a watch?" 6522:Quanzhou City Proper dialect 3627:Some dialects may pronounce 3069: 2925:Dictionarium Sino Hispanicum 2898:Romance of the Litchi Mirror 2791:In 677 (during the reign of 2404:The varieties of Hokkien in 1885: 1879: 1873: 1863: 1792: 1786: 1772: 1758: 1746: 1730: 1714: 1633:in the region, including in 1534:. It is also referred to as 320:Taiwan Ministry of Education 58: 7: 15561:Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu 15423:Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu 15117:《網路社會學通訊期刊》第45期，2005年03月15日 14461:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 14450:. London: SOAS. p. 13. 14413:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 14380:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 14317:Douglas, Carstairs (1873). 14234:(1): 95–186. Archived from 14219:Van der Loon, Piet (1967). 14174:Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu 14051:Van der Loon, Piet (1966). 13923:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). 13890:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 13637:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 13604:Douglas, Carstairs (1899). 13118: 12541: 12534: 12527: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12378: 12371: 12364: 12326: 12319: 12312: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12170: 12163: 12156: 11943:Hindu-Arabic numeral system 11609: 11550: 11513: 11462: 11245: 11185: 11125: 9867:ch-, chh- (, , , ) → s (, ) 9650:dialects (e.g. 'congee' is 8979: 7799: 7549:A verb itself indicates no 7526:, seldom do words indicate 6346: 3598:is often interchanged with 3149: 3043:based his 1832 dictionary, 2972:Zhangzhou-descended dialect 2948:Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu 2942:por las letraz de el A.B.C. 2904:In the early 17th century, 2176:British Straits Settlements 10: 19780: 19233:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 15375:China Review International 15345:Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). 15141:有感于厦门学校“闽南语教学进课堂”_博客臧_新浪博客 14552:Zhou, Changji 周長楫 (2006). 14146:(in Spanish and Mandarin). 12938:. A more recent system is 12741: 12735: 12620: 12550: 11736:pān-kong-sek/pān-kong-siak 10944:'to kill', 'to slaughter' 9621:They are really unfilial." 7803: 7493: 7244:)* (Transitionary between 6864:Zhangzhou Hokkien dialects 6350: 6022: 3635:, or a sound very like it. 3073: 2998:Chinese scholars produced 2964:Vocabulario de letra china 2609: 2412:Singapore and the various 1627:all dialects and subgroups 290:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 29: 19701:Singaporean Sign Language 19693: 19633: 19568: 19501: 19446: 19439: 19398: 19379: 19344: 19328: 19321: 19267: 19151: 19120: 19031: 18956: 18898: 18818: 18793: 18755: 18702: 18628: 18617: 18564: 18516: 18471: 18448: 18393: 18384: 18322: 18241: 18216: 18198: 18175: 18112: 18103: 18066: 18043: 18005: 17996: 17987: 17923: 17883: 17810: 17788: 17760: 17742: 17716: 17693: 17629: 17620: 17597: 17567: 17544: 17468: 17408: 17380: 17357: 17334: 17301: 17292: 17283: 17272: 17203: 17187: 17183: 17172: 17148: 17070: 17052: 17048: 17035: 17004: 16986: 16958: 16935: 16912: 16887: 16838: 16725: 16707: 16698: 16687: 16652: 16626: 16590: 16581: 16577: 16566: 16516: 16461: 16413: 16298: 16139: 16107: 16065: 16000: 15903: 15892: 15710: 15582:] (in Chinese). 1818. 15492:Cobo, Juan, O.P. (1593). 15364:Francis, Norbert (2014). 15318:DeBernardi, Jean (1991). 15006: 14508:10.1017/S0022226700002371 14194:Philippine Daily Inquirer 14066:(1): 1–43. Archived from 13590:– via ws.moe.edu.tw 13534:West, Barbara A. (2009). 13514:Oxford English Dictionary 13213:Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list 13026:can be represented using 12971: 12884: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12844: 12828: 12800: 12786: 12766:Tale of the Lychee Mirror 12493: 12441: 12389: 12337: 12285: 12233: 12181: 12129: 12078: 12065: 12051: 12038: 12028: 12014: 12001: 12000:'one hundred thousand' – 11987: 11974: 11960: 11946: 11878: 11864: 11835: 11825: 11797: 11787: 11730: 11696: 11686: 11593: 11578: 11568: 11558: 11545: 11536: 11521: 11503: 11488: 11478: 11446: 11431: 11402: 11384: 11369: 11308: 11294: 11287: 11252: 11192: 11132: 11117: 10673: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10143: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 9824: 9810: 9779: 9769: 9751: 9741: 9728: 9718: 9708: 9694: 9684: 9680:, as in other dialects). 9672: 9651: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9580: 9566: 9552: 9544: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9492: 9478: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9390: 9376: 9362: 9354: 9326: 9323: 9310: 9296: 9288: 9278: 9274: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9205: 9188: 9171: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9049: 9023: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8902: 8888: 8874: 8860: 8846: 8832: 8818: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8755: 8741: 8727: 8713: 8699: 8691: 8681: 8671: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8619: 8605: 8591: 8583: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8522: 8505: 8486: 8472: 8465: 8455: 8445: 8432: 8422: 8412: 8402: 8389: 8379: 8366: 8356: 8343: 8333: 8323: 8313: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8262: 8252: 8239: 8229: 8216: 8206: 8202: 8189: 8179: 8175: 8154: 8144: 8125:"My husband's surname is 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8076: 8062: 8048: 8034: 8016: 7999: 7978: 7967: 7956: 7940: 7929: 7918: 7902: 7885: 7881: 7870: 7859: 7787: 7769: 7755: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7669: 7652: 7635: 7618: 7601: 7582: 7573:) and the infrequency of 7235: 7225: 7215: 7192: 7172: 7156: 7146: 7121: 7105: 7078: 7056: 7040: 7024: 7008: 6987: 6974: 6958: 6942: 6922: 6906: 6886: 6867: 6832: 6816: 6793: 6773: 6753: 6737: 6722:) (Transitionary between 6713: 6684: 6664: 6640: 6624: 6608: 6592: 6572: 6556: 6541: 6525: 6509: 6493: 6471: 6451: 6435: 6425:Choân-chiu Hái-kháu khiuⁿ 6419: 6406: 6403:Quanzhou Hokkien dialects 6389: 6385: 6381: 6314: 6296: 6288: 6268: 6253: 6202: 6154: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6027: 5993: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5809: 5808: 5706: 5705: 5603: 5602: 5500: 5499: 5397: 5396: 5294: 5293: 5191: 5190: 5088: 5087: 4985: 4984: 4882: 4881: 4779: 4778: 4676: 4675: 4573: 4572: 4470: 4469: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4371:(*)Only certain dialects 3731: 3728: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3642: 3536: 3509: 3424: 3409: 3394: 3392: 3371: 3362: 3279: 3250: 3222: 3210: 3197: 3188:labial initial consonants 3158:, unaspirated as well as 3115: 3032: 3028: 3016: 3012: 2966:(1643), by Francisco Diaz 2834: 2342: 1797: 1768:'Hoklo speech') in Taiwan 1697:with Hokkien as the base 1539: 1419: 1401: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1351: 1347: 1333: 1319: 1314: 1293: 1286: 1272: 1255: 1248: 1234: 1227: 1213: 1206: 1192: 1185: 1168: 1154: 1140: 1126: 1112: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1047: 1033: 1028: 1007: 1000: 986: 969: 962: 948: 941: 927: 920: 906: 899: 877: 863: 849: 835: 821: 807: 800: 795: 791: 787: 774: 770: 756: 742: 737: 716: 709: 703:Hok-kiàn-uē / Hok-kiàn-uā 695: 689:Hok-kiàn-ōe / Hok-kiàn-ōa 678: 671: 657: 650: 636: 629: 615: 608: 591: 577: 563: 549: 535: 521: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497:Hok-kiàn-ōe / Hok-kiàn-ōa 488: 484: 470: 456: 452: 447: 415: 373: 361: 345: 330: 325: 313: 305:Official language in 303: 298: 261: 202: 174: 114: 100: 90: 72: 49: 44: 39: 16779:Banana colloquial speech 15660:(The voyager clip says: 15574: 15544:11 December 2023 at the 15466: 15405:Klöter, Henning (2011). 15299:Chung, Raung-fu (1996). 15202: 15173:Klöter, Henning (2005). 15140: 15116: 15053: 15014: 14979: 14901: 14800:Klöter, Henning (2005). 14763: 14634:Fujian Normal University 14628: 14615:– via Academia.edu 14598:– via ntcu.edu.tw. 14582: 14556: 14554:Mǐnnán fāngyán dà cídiǎn 14333:: CS1 maint: location ( 14260:Klöter, Henning (2005). 13995:Klöter, Henning (2011). 13563: 13482: 13218: 12991:When writing Hokkien in 12932:'s first newspaper, the 12763:script of a play called 12077:Other Hokkien variants: 12064:'one hundred million' – 12050:Other Hokkien variants: 12013:Other Hokkien variants: 11986:Other Hokkien variants: 11863:Other Hokkien variants: 11824:Other Hokkien variants: 11786:Other Hokkien variants: 11729:Other Hokkien variants: 11685:Other Hokkien variants: 11557:Other Hokkien variants: 11520:Other Hokkien variants: 11477:Other Hokkien variants: 11430:Other Hokkien variants: 11401:Other Hokkien variants: 11368:Other Hokkien variants: 11306:Other Hokkien variants: 11260:Other Hokkien variants: 11200:Other Hokkien variants: 11140:Other Hokkien variants: 11016:'mango' (Austroasiatic) 10705:'to hang', 'to suspend' 10604:'tiny', 'small, 'young' 10050:This feature extends to 6562:Choân-chiu Hú-siâⁿ khiuⁿ 5913: 2799:, together with his son 2740:gradually migrated from 2689:Chiang-chiu / Cheng-chiu 2417:[such as Penang and 2166:, Indonesia (the former 2097:rule by the Qing dynasty 2051:and other cities in the 1704: 1321:Traditional Chinese 1035:Traditional Chinese 935:Mên-nam-fa / Men nam ngi 871:Mǐn-nán-huà / Mǐn-nán-yǔ 857:Min-nan-hua / Min-nan-yü 843:Miinnanhuah / Miinnanyeu 744:Traditional Chinese 458:Traditional Chinese 45:Min Nan, Quanzhang, Amoy 32:Hokkien (disambiguation) 15666:太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦!) 15662: 15532:8 February 2021 at the 15512:Hokkien version of the 15349:. Singapore: Springer. 15029:Thomas Watters (1889). 13863:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 13714:Language Atlas of China 13673:Macgowan, John (1883). 13094:Taiwan Solidarity Union 13080:14 January 2006 at the 13022:characters required by 12753:en letra y lengua china 11060:less pertinent examples 10549:(and Classical Chinese) 10271:spoken in the state of 8147:). In formal contexts, 7400:, there are also a few 7284:, and controversially, 7201:)* (Transitionary with 7087:)* (Transitionary with 7065:)* (Transitionary with 6693:)* (Transitionary with 6673:)* (Transitionary with 6605:Highland Nan'an dialect 2793:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 2679:Choân-chiu / Chôaⁿ-chiu 2117:prestige representative 2087:during the 40 years of 1961:Geographic distribution 1938:Language Atlas of China 1756:'Taiwanese speech') or 1655:mainland Southeast Asia 1619:maritime Southeast Asia 1335:Simplified Chinese 1049:Simplified Chinese 758:Simplified Chinese 472:Simplified Chinese 19754:Languages of Indonesia 19744:Languages of Singapore 19315:Languages of Singapore 17120:Daighi tongiong pingim 15617:Medhurst, Walter Henry 14636:. 2010. Archived from 14496:Journal of Linguistics 13420:10.5281/zenodo.7398962 13208:List of Hokkien people 12981: 11993:chi̍t-bān chi̍t-chheng 11957:Chinese numeral system 11927:("rubber") or Spanish 11818: 11780: 11774: 11760: 11751: 11749:, from either Tagalog 11723: 11717: 11679: 11673: 11603: 11456: 11424: 11395: 9898:Reading pronunciations 9870:k-, kh- (, ) → ch (, ) 9281:), a concatenation of 8162:demonstrative pronouns 7468:Mutual intelligibility 6964:Chiang-chiu-chhī khioⁿ 6931:) (Transitionary with 6895:) (Transitionary with 6782:) (Transitionary with 6762:) (Transitionary with 6670:Tōa-chhân Chûiⁿ-lō͘-ōe 6649:) (Transitionary with 6581:) (Transitionary with 6480:) (Transitionary with 6432:Coastal Nan'an dialect 4380:Dialectal sound shifts 3118:; 'bamboo' is 3104:initial, which is now 3047:, on the latter work. 2853:Taiwan under Qing rule 2809:Emperor Xizong of Tang 2489:dialect, is spoken by 2475: 738:Southern Min / Min Nan 417:This article contains 95:Hokkien / Hoklo people 19749:Languages of Malaysia 16421:Central Tibeto-Burman 15564:(in Spanish). Manila. 15474:]. Archived from 15388:10.1353/cri.2014.0008 15303:. Taipei: Crane Pub. 14761:Lien, Chinfa (2002). 14352:Kane, Daniel (2006). 13705:Wurm, Stephen Adolphe 13470:on 19 September 2021. 13401:"Glottolog 4.8 - Min" 13366:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 13069:10 March 2021 at the 12969: 12917:, developed first by 12742:Further information: 12708:Ministry of Education 11933:("rubber") + Hokkien 11654:, vocabulary through 8987:written in characters 7474:mutually intelligible 7250:Amoy-Tong'an dialects 6719:Ē-mn̂g Tâng-oaⁿ khiuⁿ 6690:Tōa-chhân Thô-goân-ōe 6531:Choân-chiu-chhǐ khiuⁿ 6351:Further information: 3172:; 'open' and 3041:Walter Henry Medhurst 2447:, the Malay Peninsula 2410: 2180:ethnic Chinese people 2055:; Singapore; Brunei; 1855:Walter Henry Medhurst 1759:Ho̍h-ló-ōe / Hô-ló-ōe 19380:Indigenous languages 15625:. Macao: C.J. Steyn. 15325:Sino-Platonic Papers 15216:on 23 September 2010 14966:. 19 September 2019. 14537:Fang, Meili (2010). 14446:Fang, Meili (2010). 14100:Early Modern Spanish 13861:Government of Taiwan 13717:. Longman. Map B12. 13106:Taiwanese aboriginal 13044:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 12583:improve this section 11973:'eleven thousand' – 11757:Early Modern Spanish 11628:Philippine languages 11355:. Examples include: 9455:) when negated (not 9435:The verb 'to have', 7740:go buy have watch no 7565:. This includes the 7422:Philippine languages 7396:. Meanwhile, in the 7162:Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-ōa 3624:, or very nearly so. 3221:; 'boy' and 3140:historical linguists 3114:) in Mandarin (e.g. 3058:'s 1873 dictionary, 2994:19th century sources 2877:American Philippines 2811:), the two brothers 2744:to the mouth of the 2638:improve this article 2491:Chinese Singaporeans 2433:[Zhangzhou] 2313:class=notpageimage| 2220:improve this article 2063:and other cities in 1993:improve this section 815:Mǐnnánhuà / Mǐnnányǔ 30:For other uses, see 19739:Languages of Taiwan 19440:Immigrant languages 16828:Singaporean Hokkien 16479:Proto-Tibeto-Burman 15094:10.1017/heq.2020.25 14781:on 16 November 2011 14581:"Shēngdiào xìtǒng" 14241:on 25 February 2021 14092:Cobo, Juan (1593). 14073:on 24 February 2021 14022:Doctrina Christiana 13834:on 4 September 2016 13393:Hammarström, Harald 13198:Languages of Taiwan 13110:Taiwan independence 12751:Doctrina Christiana 11337:Singaporean Hokkien 11056:improve the article 9431:"They did not eat." 9263:"They cannot read." 8013:Possessive pronouns 7524:synthetic languages 7504:subject–verb–object 7462:Southern Sorsogonon 7458:Northern Sorsogonon 7355:Singaporean Hokkien 6829:Singaporean Hokkien 4396: 3660: 3564:All consonants but 3209:Another example is 2918:Doctrina Christiana 2873:Spanish Philippines 2861:Straits Settlements 2770:Disaster of Yongjia 2604:Peninsular Malaysia 2515:Singaporean Hokkien 2509:. Variants include 2499:Chinese Indonesians 2429:[Indonesia] 2414:Straits Settlements 19734:Languages of China 19228:Cantonese Bopomofo 19095:Chinese characters 19023:Written Sichuanese 17607:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 17062:Chinese characters 16811:Philippine Hokkien 16803:Kelantan Peranakan 16757:Zhangzhou dialects 16472:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 16414:Proposed groupings 15603:Douglas, Carstairs 15589:Douglas, Carstairs 15478:on 7 February 2017 15472:Litchi Mirror Tale 15154:on 8 November 2018 14732:Li, Y. C. (1986). 14663:"Chinese, Min Nan" 14640:on 31 January 2019 13762:Douglas, Carstairs 13742:Douglas, Carstairs 13397:Haspelmath, Martin 13395:; Forkel, Robert; 13193:Languages of China 12993:Chinese characters 12982: 12935:Taiwan Church News 12783:Chinese characters 11921:"), using Tagalog 11912:Philippine English 11889:Philippine English 11624:Philippine Hokkien 11416:'stone', 'rock' – 11095:Formosan languages 10785:Foochow Romanized 10741:Words from Min Yue 10614:'thin', 'slender' 9260:not know character 7359:Philippine Hokkien 7246:Zhangzhou dialects 7178:Mî-lân Hok-kiàn-oā 6822:Lâm-Má Hok-kiàn-oē 6728:Zhangzhou dialects 6614:Téng Lâm-oaⁿ khiuⁿ 6538:Philippine Hokkien 4395: 3658: 3206:; 'life'. 3000:rhyme dictionaries 2885:French Cochinchina 2718:Zhangzhou dialects 2565:Philippine Hokkien 2528:has developed. In 2483:Zhangzhou dialects 2441:[Thailand] 2437:[Quanzhou] 2425:[Jakarta] 2093:Ming loyalist rule 2039:in China; Taiwan; 1853:was first used by 1631:variety of Chinese 1564:national languages 182:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 106:tens of millions ( 66:Chinese characters 19709: 19708: 19689: 19688: 19375: 19374: 19281: 19280: 19263: 19262: 19090: 19089: 19008:Written Cantonese 19003: 19002: 18785:Classical grammar 18780:Cantonese grammar 18615: 18614: 18512: 18511: 18318: 18317: 18237: 18236: 18099: 18098: 17806: 17805: 17593: 17592: 17483:Chengdu–Chongqing 17276:Sinitic languages 17232: 17231: 17228: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17204:Rime dictionaries 17168: 17167: 17164: 17163: 17100:Hinghwa Romanized 17095:Foochow Romanized 17031: 17030: 17027: 17026: 16996:Zhanjiang dialect 16883: 16882: 16740:Quanzhou dialects 16685: 16684: 16526: 16525: 16409: 16408: 16294: 16293: 16135: 16134: 15890: 15889: 15416:978-90-04-18493-0 15356:978-981-287-593-8 15184:978-3-447-05093-7 15175:Written Taiwanese 15061:on 6 October 2014 14811:978-3-447-05093-7 14802:Written Taiwanese 14363:978-0-8048-3853-5 14271:978-3-447-05093-7 14262:Written Taiwanese 14104:Zhangzhou Hokkien 14006:978-90-04-18493-0 13981:978-0-19-985633-6 13934:978-3-89586-629-6 13724:978-962-359-085-3 13545:978-0-816-07109-8 13379:978-0-7748-0192-8 13311:(23rd ed., 2020) 12944:Xiamen University 12899:Taiwanese Hokkien 12895:Republic of China 12811:written Cantonese 12797:Classical Chinese 12720:Taiwanese Hokkien 12684:Taiwanese Min Nan 12619: 12618: 12611: 12548: 12547: 11293:) from Mandarin ( 11087:Taiwanese Hokkien 11077: 11076: 11020: 11019: 10892:'back', 'dorsum' 10771:Min Dong language 10747:Old Yue languages 10738: 10737: 10690:kôan, koâiⁿ, kûiⁿ 10550: 10523: 10522: 10260: 10259: 10048: 10047: 9895:Chinese character 9805:The existence of 9445:) is replaced by 8164:, which include: 8135:reflexive pronoun 7990: 7989: 7551:grammatical tense 7510:is followed by a 7500:analytic language 7482:lexically similar 7374:Japanese language 7254:Quanzhou dialects 7212:Taiwanese Hokkien 6986:Nanjing dialect ( 6873:Chiang-chiu khioⁿ 6844:Riau Hokkien (in 6784:Zhangzhou dialect 6724:Quanzhou dialects 6583:Zhangzhou dialect 6441:Hái Lâm-oaⁿ khiuⁿ 6344: 6343: 6254:Quanzhou, Fujian 5911: 5910: 4369: 4368: 3682: 3616:, sometimes into 3561: 3560: 3478: 3454: 3432: 3420: 3359: 3326: 3287: 3090:Standard Mandarin 3076:Hokkien phonology 3056:Carstairs Douglas 2881:Dutch East Indies 2869:British Hong Kong 2865:British Singapore 2843:were lifted, the 2829:literary readings 2748:to the coasts of 2736:of China. Ethnic 2682:) and Zhangzhou ( 2670: 2669: 2662: 2561:Chinese Filipinos 2546:Strait of Malacca 2544:while across the 2526:Zhangzhou Hokkien 2505:province and the 2495:Malaysian Chinese 2445:[Myanmar] 2392:(Zhangzhou), and 2358:Treaty of Nanking 2345:, now Xiamen and 2252: 2251: 2244: 2168:Dutch East Indies 2029: 2028: 2021: 1918:Carstairs Douglas 1914:Treaty of Nanking 1900:pronunciation of 1898:Zhangzhou Hokkien 1560:Taiwanese Hokkien 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1310: 1309: 1093:Standard Mandarin 1024: 1023: 802:Standard Mandarin 733: 732: 659:Yale Romanization 516:Standard Mandarin 443: 442: 425:rendering support 421:phonetic symbols. 315:Regulated by 18:Hokkien (dialect) 16:(Redirected from 19771: 19444: 19443: 19399:Creole languages 19386:Johor-Riau Malay 19326: 19325: 19308: 19301: 19294: 19285: 19284: 19273: 19272: 19245:Taiwanese Hangul 19134:Mainland Chinese 19047: 19046: 19038: 19037: 18963: 18962: 18640:Standard Chinese 18623: 18391: 18390: 18110: 18109: 18003: 18002: 17994: 17993: 17876: 17864: 17852: 17840: 17828: 17627: 17626: 17299: 17298: 17290: 17289: 17266:Chinese language 17259: 17252: 17245: 17236: 17235: 17185: 17184: 17174: 17173: 17090:Hainan Romanized 17050: 17049: 17037: 17036: 17019:Wenchang dialect 16927:Jianyang dialect 16873:Sanxiang dialect 16750:Yongchun dialect 16705: 16704: 16693: 16660:Manjiang dialect 16588: 16587: 16579: 16578: 16568: 16567: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16530: 16529: 16368: 16367: 16229: 16228: 16063: 16062: 15898: 15815: 15814: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15673: 15672: 15665: 15651: 15649: 15647: 15637:"Amoy Resources" 15626: 15612: 15598: 15583: 15565: 15511: 15505: 15497: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15449: 15435: 15420: 15399: 15360: 15341: 15314: 15295: 15266: 15265: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15231: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15215: 15208: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15170: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15150:. Archived from 15136: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15125: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15077: 15071: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15047: 15041: 15040: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15008: 15002: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14988: 14974: 14968: 14967: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14931: 14925: 14924: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14896: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14867: 14858: 14857: 14851: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14822: 14816: 14815: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14786: 14780: 14769: 14758: 14752: 14751: 14729: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14659: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14645: 14623: 14617: 14616: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14595: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14549: 14543: 14542: 14534: 14528: 14527: 14491: 14485: 14484: 14478: 14470: 14458: 14452: 14451: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14430: 14422: 14410: 14404: 14403: 14397: 14389: 14377: 14368: 14367: 14349: 14343: 14342: 14332: 14324: 14314: 14308: 14307: 14301: 14293: 14282: 14276: 14275: 14257: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14246: 14240: 14225: 14216: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14185: 14179: 14178: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14155: 14147: 14135: 14122: 14121: 14115: 14107: 14089: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14072: 14057: 14048: 14042: 14041: 14017: 14011: 14010: 13992: 13986: 13985: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13948: 13939: 13938: 13920: 13914: 13913: 13907: 13899: 13887: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13858: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13841: 13839: 13830:. Archived from 13827:經歷台南同安腔與員林漳州腔的異同 13821: 13815: 13814: 13804: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13781: 13772: 13771: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13738: 13729: 13728: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13688: 13680: 13670: 13661: 13660: 13654: 13646: 13634: 13628: 13627: 13621: 13613: 13601: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13587: 13581: 13574: 13556: 13550: 13549: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13463:. Archived from 13462: 13454: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13422: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13362: 13356: 13355: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13303:Chinese, Min Nan 13300: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13275: 13258: 13255: 13249: 13246: 13240: 13229: 13183:Hokkien Kelantan 13177: 13175:Languages portal 13172: 13171: 13163: 13161:Singapore portal 13158: 13157: 13156: 13149: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13135: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13098:Legislative Yuan 13088:Political status 12978: 12973: 12888: 12881: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12807: 12802: 12793: 12788: 12727: 12726: 12688:Hokkien cultural 12614: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12594: 12563: 12555: 12544: 12537: 12530: 12521: 12515: 12508: 12501: 12495: 12485: 12478: 12471: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12443: 12433: 12426: 12419: 12411: 12404: 12397: 12391: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12359: 12352: 12345: 12339: 12329: 12322: 12315: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12287: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12235: 12225: 12218: 12211: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12183: 12173: 12171:saku/satsu/shaku 12166: 12159: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12131: 12097: 12096: 12085: 12080: 12072: 12067: 12058: 12053: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12027:'one million' – 12021: 12016: 12008: 12007:chi̍t-pah-chheng 12003: 11994: 11989: 11981: 11976: 11967: 11962: 11953: 11948: 11904: 11896:'rubber shoes' ( 11885: 11880: 11871: 11866: 11852: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11821: 11814: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11754: 11747: 11737: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11713: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11666: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11606: 11599: 11595: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11553: 11547: 11542: 11538: 11529: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11505: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11459: 11452: 11448: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11377: 11371: 11363: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11301: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11283: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11248: 11243:) from Japanese 11242: 11235: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11188: 11183:) from Japanese 11182: 11181: 11173: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11128: 11123:) from Japanese 11122: 11121: 11113: 11072: 11069: 11063: 11035: 11034: 11027: 11013: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10961: 10954: 10953: 10941: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10918:'home', 'house' 10915: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10889: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10863: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10837: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10811: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10776: 10775: 10730: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10701: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10675: 10668: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10639: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10610: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10581: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10548: 10529: 10528: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10290: 10289: 10281:Mandarin Chinese 10255: 10248: 10238: 10231: 10219: 10212: 10202: 10195: 10183: 10176: 10166: 10159: 10147: 10137: 10130: 10118: 10111: 10101: 10094: 10057: 10056: 10052:Hokkien numerals 9892: 9891: 9857:), its capital. 9847:prestige dialect 9831: 9826: 9817: 9812: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9653: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9588: 9582: 9574: 9568: 9560: 9554: 9546: 9541: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9500: 9494: 9486: 9480: 9472: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9411: 9408: 9405: 9398: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9356: 9351: 9339: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9318: 9312: 9304: 9298: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9259: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9213: 9207: 9196: 9190: 9179: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8896: 8890: 8882: 8876: 8868: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8840: 8834: 8826: 8820: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8763: 8757: 8749: 8743: 8735: 8729: 8721: 8715: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8656: 8655:poeh-ge̍h-choeh. 8651: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8627: 8626:poeh-ge̍h-choeh. 8621: 8613: 8607: 8599: 8593: 8585: 8580: 8568: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8530: 8524: 8513: 8507: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8157:) is also used. 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8133:The most common 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8084: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8023: 8018: 8006: 8001: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7958: 7947: 7946:lí-lâng, lú-lâng 7942: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7920: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7872: 7866: 7861: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7806:Hokkien pronouns 7794: 7789: 7776: 7771: 7762: 7757: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7677: 7671: 7660: 7654: 7643: 7637: 7626: 7620: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7506:pattern (i.e. a 7310:Sanxiang dialect 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7199: 7194: 7179: 7174: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7128: 7123: 7112: 7107: 7085: 7084:Hái-Lo̍k-hong-ōa 7080: 7063: 7058: 7047: 7046:Chiuⁿ-phó͘ khioⁿ 7042: 7031: 7026: 7015: 7010: 7005:Dongshan dialect 6994: 6989: 6981: 6976: 6965: 6960: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6924: 6913: 6908: 6897:Quanzhou dialect 6893: 6888: 6883:Changtai dialect 6874: 6869: 6839: 6834: 6823: 6818: 6800: 6795: 6780: 6775: 6764:Quanzhou dialect 6760: 6755: 6744: 6739: 6720: 6715: 6691: 6686: 6671: 6666: 6661:Datian Frontlect 6647: 6642: 6631: 6626: 6621:Yongchun dialect 6615: 6610: 6599: 6594: 6579: 6574: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6532: 6527: 6516: 6511: 6506:Luojiang dialect 6500: 6495: 6490:Jinjiang dialect 6478: 6473: 6458: 6453: 6442: 6437: 6426: 6421: 6413: 6412:Choân-chiu khiuⁿ 6408: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6071: 6065: 6059: 5983:light departing 5946: 5945: 5930:, giving 5 or 6 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4397: 4394: 4307: 4293: 4260: 4221: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4120: 4100: 4078: 4071: 4058: 4050: 4024: 4013: 4000: 3958: 3913: 3882: 3869: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3806: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3680: 3661: 3657: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3553: 3544: 3532: 3521: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3463: 3452: 3441: 3430: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3248: 3247: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160:voiced consonant 3128: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3009: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2622: 2614: 2459:Ho Chi Minh City 2353:, respectively. 2344: 2299: 2298: 2283: 2282: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2204: 2196: 2148:overseas Chinese 2141: 2135: 2130: 2024: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1973: 1965: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1871:. In this book, 1866: 1816: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1671:Hokkien Kelantan 1572:Chinese diaspora 1546: 1541: 1530:in southeastern 1510: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1411: 1410: 1397: 1396: 1370: 1369: 1343: 1342: 1329: 1328: 1306: 1305: 1282: 1281: 1268: 1267: 1244: 1243: 1223: 1222: 1202: 1201: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1164: 1163: 1150: 1149: 1136: 1135: 1122: 1121: 1108: 1107: 1084: 1083: 1057: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1020: 1019: 996: 995: 982: 981: 958: 957: 937: 936: 916: 915: 895: 894: 893: 888: 873: 872: 859: 858: 845: 844: 831: 830: 817: 816: 793: 792: 766: 765: 752: 751: 729: 728: 705: 704: 691: 690: 667: 666: 646: 645: 625: 624: 604: 603: 602: 587: 586: 573: 572: 559: 558: 545: 544: 531: 530: 507: 506: 480: 479: 466: 465: 445: 444: 408: 402: 396: 390: 385: ≥1,000,000 384: 378: 366: 357: 340: 335: 267: 120: 109: 61: 54: 37: 36: 21: 19779: 19778: 19774: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19769: 19768: 19714: 19713: 19710: 19705: 19685: 19629: 19564: 19497: 19435: 19394: 19371: 19340: 19317: 19312: 19282: 19277: 19259: 19196:Tongyong Pinyin 19176:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 19164:Dungan Cyrillic 19147: 19116: 19086: 19027: 19018:Written Hokkien 18999: 18958: 18952: 18928:Middle Mandarin 18894: 18814: 18789: 18751: 18698: 18631: 18624: 18611: 18560: 18508: 18467: 18444: 18380: 18314: 18233: 18212: 18194: 18171: 18095: 18062: 18039: 17983: 17919: 17879: 17870: 17858: 17846: 17834: 17822: 17802: 17784: 17756: 17738: 17712: 17689: 17616: 17589: 17563: 17540: 17464: 17404: 17376: 17353: 17330: 17279: 17268: 17263: 17233: 17220: 17216:Jianzhou Ba Yin 17199: 17188:Proto-languages 17179: 17160: 17144: 17125:Bbánlám pìngyīm 17066: 17044: 17023: 17000: 16982: 16978:Yong'an dialect 16973:Shaxian dialect 16968:Sanming dialect 16954: 16950:Jiangle dialect 16931: 16922:Jian'ou dialect 16908: 16904:Xianyou dialect 16891: 16879: 16834: 16817:Malacca Straits 16787:Malacca Straits 16769:Longyan dialect 16721: 16694: 16681: 16675:Nanlang dialect 16648: 16622: 16608:Changle dialect 16573: 16562: 16557: 16527: 16522: 16512: 16463:Proto-languages 16457: 16405: 16372:Greater Siangic 16366: 16303: 16290: 16227: 16131: 16103: 16061: 16005: 15996: 15908: 15899: 15886: 15819:Greater Magaric 15813: 15740:West Himalayish 15720: 15706: 15700: 15645: 15643: 15635: 15576: 15569: 15546:Wayback Machine 15539:at NCTU, Taiwan 15534:Wayback Machine 15499: 15498: 15491: 15481: 15479: 15468: 15461: 15458: 15453: 15433: 15417: 15357: 15311: 15292: 15275: 15273:Further reading 15270: 15269: 15254: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15233: 15232: 15228: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15206: 15204: 15197: 15196: 15192: 15185: 15171: 15167: 15157: 15155: 15142: 15138: 15137: 15133: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15109: 15078: 15074: 15064: 15062: 15055: 15048: 15044: 15027: 15023: 15016: 15005:Sidong Feidong 15003: 14996: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14976: 14975: 14971: 14956: 14953:Wayback Machine 14946: 14942: 14933: 14932: 14928: 14919: 14918: 14914: 14903: 14898: 14897: 14890: 14880: 14878: 14871:Mair, Victor H. 14868: 14861: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14831: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14798: 14794: 14784: 14782: 14778: 14767: 14765: 14759: 14755: 14748: 14730: 14726: 14718: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14686: 14685: 14681: 14671: 14669: 14661: 14660: 14653: 14643: 14641: 14630: 14625: 14624: 14620: 14607: 14603: 14593: 14591: 14590:on 21 July 2011 14584: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14567: 14558: 14550: 14546: 14535: 14531: 14492: 14488: 14472: 14471: 14459: 14455: 14444: 14440: 14424: 14423: 14411: 14407: 14391: 14390: 14378: 14371: 14364: 14350: 14346: 14326: 14325: 14315: 14311: 14295: 14294: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14258: 14254: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14223: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14201: 14186: 14182: 14169: 14165: 14149: 14148: 14136: 14125: 14109: 14108: 14090: 14086: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14018: 14014: 14007: 13993: 13989: 13982: 13968: 13964: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13921: 13917: 13901: 13900: 13888: 13879: 13869: 13867: 13856: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13837: 13835: 13822: 13818: 13810:臺南市福建省同安方言的色彩較濃 13805: 13801: 13793: 13790:《第十屆閩方言國際學術研討會》 13782: 13775: 13759: 13755: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13702: 13698: 13682: 13681: 13671: 13664: 13648: 13647: 13635: 13631: 13615: 13614: 13602: 13595: 13585: 13583: 13582:on 8 March 2021 13579: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13557: 13553: 13546: 13532: 13528: 13518: 13516: 13508: 13507: 13503: 13493: 13491: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13475: 13467: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13440: 13430: 13428: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13363: 13359: 13345:10.2307/2718766 13326: 13322: 13312: 13301: 13297: 13287: 13285: 13276: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13154: 13152: 13145: 13140: 13138: 13131: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13090: 13082:Wayback Machine 13071:Wayback Machine 13048:dot above right 12964: 12954:. The use of a 12952:Bbánlám pìngyīm 12907: 12806:thè-jī, thòe-jī 12779: 12746: 12740: 12738:Written Hokkien 12734: 12732:Writing systems 12625: 12623:Hokkien culture 12615: 12604: 12598: 12595: 12580: 12564: 12553: 12095: 12071:chi̍t-pah-tháng 12044:chi̍t-bīn-tháng 11980:cha̍p-it-chheng 11816:, from Spanish 11772:, from Tagalog 11715:, from Tagalog 11249: 11189: 11129: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11053: 11036: 11032: 11025: 10814:'foot and leg' 10743: 10695:'tall', 'high' 10547: 10265: 9803: 9634:. Many Hokkien 9628: 9623: 9591: 9577: 9563: 9535: 9503: 9489: 9475: 9433: 9401: 9387: 9373: 9345: 9321: 9307: 9265: 9219: 9202: 9185: 9168: 8982: 8977: 8913: 8899: 8885: 8871: 8857: 8843: 8829: 8814: 8766: 8752: 8738: 8724: 8710: 8662: 8630: 8616: 8602: 8574: 8536: 8519: 8502: 8475: 8339:sím-mih sî-chūn 8131: 8087: 8073: 8059: 8045: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7888: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7862: 7808: 7802: 7745: 7683: 7666: 7649: 7632: 7615: 7598: 7563:Archaic Chinese 7520:topic-prominent 7496: 7470: 7331: 7270: 7221:Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú 7189:Longyan dialect 7137:Malacca Straits 7102:Haifeng dialect 7053:Zhao'an dialect 7037:Zhangpu dialect 7021:Yunxiao dialect 7014:Tang-soaⁿ khioⁿ 6993:Lâm-chēng khioⁿ 6980:Liông-hái khioⁿ 6971:Longhai dialect 6933:Longyan dialect 6912:Hái-chhng khioⁿ 6903:Haicang dialect 6892:Tiôⁿ-thòa khioⁿ 6807:Malacca Straits 6779:Koàn-kháu khiuⁿ 6770:Guankou dialect 6750:Tong'an dialect 6681:Taoyuan dialect 6630:Éng-chhun khiuⁿ 6515:Lo̍k-kang khiuⁿ 6499:Chìn-kang khiuⁿ 6355: 6349: 6155:Tainan, Taiwan 6028:Xiamen, Fujian 5989:light entering 5980:dark departing 5916: 5814: 5711: 5608: 5505: 5402: 5299: 5196: 5093: 4990: 4887: 4784: 4681: 4578: 4475: 4382: 3659:Hokkien Finals 3645: 3400: 3383: 3368: 3152: 3078: 3072: 2996: 2893: 2837: 2726: 2724:Southern Fujian 2699:Ē-mn̂g / Ēe-mûi 2666: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2635: 2623: 2612: 2540:, it is called 2402: 2374:socio-political 2319: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2248: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2217: 2205: 2194: 2154:). Many ethnic 2152:Hoklo Americans 2025: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1990: 1974: 1963: 1877:was changed to 1824:Fuzhou language 1747:Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú 1707: 1695:mixed languages 1508: 1479: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1433: 1429: 1200:Foh loh ghae ho 1156:Tongyong Pinyin 1128:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 865:Tongyong Pinyin 837:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 579:Tongyong Pinyin 551:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 423:Without proper 411: 410: 406: 404: 400: 398: 394: 392: 388: 386: 382: 369: 353: 331: 306: 299:Official status 294: 275:Written Hokkien 268: 263: 198: 177: 170: 121: 118:Language family 116: 103: 102:Native speakers 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19777: 19767: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19703: 19697: 19695: 19694:Sign languages 19691: 19690: 19687: 19686: 19684: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19637: 19635: 19631: 19630: 19628: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19606: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19585: 19580: 19574: 19572: 19566: 19565: 19563: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19525: 19524: 19523: 19518: 19507: 19505: 19499: 19498: 19496: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19452: 19450: 19441: 19437: 19436: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19402: 19400: 19396: 19395: 19393: 19392: 19387: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19376: 19373: 19372: 19370: 19369: 19364: 19359: 19354: 19348: 19346: 19342: 19341: 19339: 19338: 19332: 19330: 19323: 19322:Main languages 19319: 19318: 19311: 19310: 19303: 19296: 19288: 19279: 19278: 19268: 19265: 19264: 19261: 19260: 19258: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19240:Taiwanese kana 19237: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19220: 19219: 19218: 19213: 19211:Lessing-Othmer 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19168: 19167: 19166: 19155: 19153: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19124: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19114: 19109: 19108: 19107: 19102: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19053: 19044: 19035: 19029: 19028: 19026: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19013:Written Dungan 19010: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18998: 18997: 18992: 18991: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18969: 18967: 18960: 18954: 18953: 18951: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18918:Middle Chinese 18915: 18910: 18904: 18902: 18896: 18895: 18893: 18892: 18887: 18885:Wubi (Wang Ma) 18882: 18877: 18876: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18833: 18830: 18824: 18822: 18816: 18815: 18813: 18812: 18805: 18797: 18795: 18791: 18790: 18788: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18761: 18759: 18753: 18752: 18750: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18718: 18717: 18706: 18704: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18678: 18677: 18672: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18636: 18634: 18626: 18625: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18610: 18609: 18604: 18602:Xiangnan Tuhua 18599: 18594: 18589: 18587:Shaozhou Tuhua 18584: 18579: 18574: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18531: 18522: 18520: 18514: 18513: 18510: 18509: 18507: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18475: 18473: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18454: 18452: 18446: 18445: 18443: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18416: 18415: 18410: 18399: 18397: 18388: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18378: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18328: 18326: 18320: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18290: 18289: 18288: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18262: 18261: 18256: 18245: 18243: 18239: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18220: 18218: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18210: 18204: 18202: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18192: 18187: 18181: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18118: 18116: 18107: 18101: 18100: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18086: 18076: 18070: 18068: 18064: 18063: 18061: 18060: 18055: 18049: 18047: 18041: 18040: 18038: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18011: 18009: 18000: 17991: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17969: 17964: 17963: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17942: 17941: 17940: 17929: 17927: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17889: 17887: 17881: 17880: 17878: 17877: 17865: 17853: 17841: 17829: 17816: 17814: 17808: 17807: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17800: 17794: 17792: 17786: 17785: 17783: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17766: 17764: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17754: 17748: 17746: 17740: 17739: 17737: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17713: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17699: 17697: 17691: 17690: 17688: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17635: 17633: 17624: 17618: 17617: 17615: 17614: 17609: 17603: 17601: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17571: 17569: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17561: 17556: 17550: 17548: 17542: 17541: 17539: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17510: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17500:Renshou–Fushun 17497: 17496: 17495: 17485: 17474: 17472: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17436: 17435: 17425: 17420: 17414: 17412: 17410:Central Plains 17406: 17405: 17403: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17363: 17361: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17340: 17338: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17307: 17305: 17296: 17287: 17281: 17280: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17262: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17239: 17230: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17218: 17213: 17207: 17205: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17197: 17191: 17189: 17181: 17180: 17170: 17169: 17166: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17076: 17074: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17064: 17058: 17056: 17046: 17045: 17042:Writing system 17033: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17024: 17022: 17021: 17016: 17014:Haikou dialect 17010: 17008: 17002: 17001: 16999: 16998: 16992: 16990: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16964: 16962: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16952: 16947: 16945:Shaowu dialect 16941: 16939: 16937:Shao–Jiang Min 16933: 16932: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16918: 16916: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16901: 16899:Putian dialect 16895: 16893: 16885: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16875: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16842: 16840: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16813: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16800: 16795: 16793:Penang Hokkien 16783: 16782: 16781: 16771: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16762:Chawan dialect 16754: 16753: 16752: 16747: 16745:Hui'an dialect 16737: 16731: 16729: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16717:Swatow dialect 16713: 16711: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16672: 16670:Longdu dialect 16662: 16656: 16654: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16646: 16644:Ningde dialect 16641: 16636: 16630: 16628: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16613:Gutian dialect 16610: 16605: 16603:Fuqing dialect 16600: 16598:Fuzhou dialect 16594: 16592: 16585: 16575: 16574: 16564: 16563: 16556: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16533: 16524: 16523: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16467: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16455: 16453:Tibeto-Kanauri 16450: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16426:Kuki-Chin–Naga 16423: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16389: 16376: 16374: 16365: 16364: 16357: 16352: 16351: 16350: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16327: 16314: 16312: 16296: 16295: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16286: 16279: 16274: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16237: 16235: 16226: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16216: 16209: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16149: 16147: 16145:Southeast Asia 16137: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16113: 16111: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16084: 16082:Angami–Pochuri 16079: 16073: 16071: 16060: 16059: 16052: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16036: 16024: 16017: 16009: 16007: 16006:Burmese border 15998: 15997: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15982: 15975: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15958: 15951: 15944: 15939: 15924: 15922: 15901: 15900: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15871: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15857: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15836: 15823: 15821: 15812: 15811: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15776: 15769: 15768: 15767: 15762: 15750: 15743: 15735: 15733: 15708: 15707: 15699: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15676: 15670: 15669: 15668: 15667: 15652: 15633: 15627: 15613: 15599: 15585: 15567: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15536: 15524: 15489: 15457: 15456:External links 15454: 15452: 15451: 15426: 15415: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15382:(2): 128–133. 15355: 15342: 15315: 15309: 15296: 15290: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15248: 15237:. Evertype.com 15226: 15203:臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批） 15190: 15183: 15165: 15131: 15107: 15088:(2): 156–184. 15072: 15050:Iûⁿ, Ún-giân. 15042: 15021: 14994: 14969: 14940: 14926: 14912: 14888: 14859: 14837: 14817: 14810: 14792: 14753: 14746: 14724: 14704: 14679: 14651: 14618: 14601: 14572: 14565: 14544: 14539:Spoken Hokkien 14529: 14486: 14453: 14448:Spoken Hokkien 14438: 14405: 14369: 14362: 14344: 14309: 14277: 14270: 14252: 14230:. New Series. 14211: 14180: 14163: 14123: 14084: 14062:. New Series. 14043: 14012: 14005: 13987: 13980: 13962: 13940: 13933: 13915: 13877: 13845: 13816: 13799: 13773: 13753: 13730: 13723: 13696: 13662: 13629: 13593: 13551: 13544: 13526: 13501: 13488:law.moj.gov.tw 13473: 13438: 13384: 13378: 13357: 13320: 13295: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13250: 13241: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13188:Hokkien people 13185: 13179: 13178: 13164: 13150: 13136: 13120: 13117: 13089: 13086: 12963: 12960: 12906: 12903: 12778: 12777:Chinese script 12775: 12736:Main article: 12733: 12730: 12640:glove puppetry 12621:Main article: 12617: 12616: 12567: 12565: 12558: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12491: 12487: 12486: 12479: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12444: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12406: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12375: 12368: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12340: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12288: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12219: 12212: 12205: 12198: 12191: 12184: 12179: 12175: 12174: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12025: 12024: 12023: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11939: 11938: 11894: 11884:chi̍p-nî-chhia 11875: 11874: 11873: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11764: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11668:, from either 11621: 11620: 11607:, from Arabic 11590: 11589: 11588: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11511:from Teochew ( 11500: 11499: 11498: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11341:Penang Hokkien 11334: 11333: 11332: 11331: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11231:'to admire' – 11229: 11228: 11227: 11172:chū-tōng-chhia 11167: 11166: 11165: 11075: 11074: 11039: 11037: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10956: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10783: 10780: 10767:Fuzhou dialect 10742: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10725: 10722: 10715: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10696: 10693: 10686: 10678: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10634: 10631: 10624: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10605: 10602: 10595: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10576: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10521: 10520: 10513: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10455: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10352: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10277:Middle Chinese 10264: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9874: 9873:-ⁿ (, ) → n () 9871: 9868: 9865: 9864:p- (, ) → h () 9802: 9799: 9790: 9789: 9778:(cf. Mandarin 9762: 9761: 9750:(cf. Mandarin 9738: 9727:(cf. Mandarin 9627: 9624: 9578: 9564: 9550: 9549: 9490: 9476: 9462: 9461: 9388: 9374: 9360: 9359: 9343:"Don't speak!" 9308: 9294: 9293: 9203: 9186: 9169: 9150: 9149: 9123: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9082: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9041: 9027: 9015: 8981: 8978: 8900: 8886: 8872: 8858: 8844: 8830: 8816: 8815: 8753: 8739: 8725: 8711: 8697: 8696: 8617: 8603: 8589: 8588: 8572:"I am hungry." 8569:stomach hungry 8520: 8503: 8484: 8483: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8436: 8393: 8370: 8347: 8304: 8267: 8266: 8243: 8220: 8193: 8074: 8060: 8046: 8032: 8031: 8010: 8009: 7997: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7965: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7927: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7868: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7804:Main article: 7801: 7798: 7667: 7650: 7633: 7616: 7599: 7580: 7579: 7575:nominalization 7498:Hokkien is an 7495: 7492: 7469: 7466: 7363:Penang Hokkien 7330: 7327: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7209: 7198:Liông-nâ khioⁿ 7186: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7166: 7143:Penang Hokkien 7133: 7132: 7131: 7118:Lufeng dialect 7115: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7062:Chiàu-an khioⁿ 7050: 7034: 7018: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6984: 6968: 6952: 6939:Pinghe dialect 6936: 6919:Hua'an dialect 6916: 6900: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6842: 6826: 6803: 6799:Kim-mn̂g khiuⁿ 6790:Kinmen dialect 6787: 6767: 6759:Tâng-oaⁿ khiuⁿ 6747: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6658: 6634: 6618: 6602: 6586: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6535: 6519: 6503: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6464:Toubei dialect 6448:Hui'an dialect 6445: 6394: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5986:dark entering 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5920:entering tones 5915: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3625: 3611: 3593: 3574: 3571: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3391: 3370: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3151: 3148: 3144:reconstructing 3136:Middle Chinese 3074:Main article: 3071: 3068: 3064:Thomas Barclay 3037: 3036: 3020: 2995: 2992: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2931: 2922: 2892: 2889: 2857:British Malaya 2845:Port of Xiamen 2836: 2833: 2825:Middle Chinese 2801:Chen Yuanguang 2788:branch of it. 2780:spoken in the 2734:Central Plains 2730:Three Kingdoms 2725: 2722: 2668: 2667: 2626: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2542:Penang Hokkien 2517:in Singapore. 2451:, Cochin China 2406:Southeast Asia 2401: 2400:Southeast Asia 2398: 2339:Tung'an County 2311: 2310: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2208: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2192:Classification 2190: 2027: 2026: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1930:Xiamen dialect 1920:published the 1802: 1801: 1783: 1769: 1743: 1727: 1706: 1703: 1562:is one of the 1542:; pinyin: 1538:(Chinese: 1532:mainland China 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1373:Transcriptions 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242:Fuk1 lou2 waa6 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229:Yue: Cantonese 1225: 1224: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1087:Transcriptions 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018:Mìng-nàng-ngṳ̄ 1014: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 990: 984: 983: 976: 967: 966: 960: 959: 952: 946: 945: 943:Yue: Cantonese 939: 938: 931: 925: 924: 918: 917: 910: 904: 903: 897: 896: 881: 875: 874: 867: 861: 860: 853: 847: 846: 839: 833: 832: 825: 819: 818: 811: 805: 804: 798: 797: 796:Transcriptions 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 772: 771: 768: 767: 760: 754: 753: 746: 740: 739: 735: 734: 731: 730: 723: 714: 713: 707: 706: 699: 693: 692: 685: 676: 675: 669: 668: 661: 655: 654: 652:Yue: Cantonese 648: 647: 640: 634: 633: 627: 626: 623:Foh ji ghae ho 619: 613: 612: 606: 605: 595: 589: 588: 581: 575: 574: 567: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 539: 533: 532: 525: 519: 518: 512: 511: 510:Transcriptions 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 486: 485: 482: 481: 474: 468: 467: 460: 454: 453: 450: 449: 441: 440: 427:, you may see 413: 412: 405: 399: 397: ≥100,000 393: 391: ≥500,000 387: 381: 379: 371: 370: 367: 359: 358: 351: 343: 342: 341:(Southern Min) 336: 328: 327: 326:Language codes 323: 322: 317: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 296: 295: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 271: 269: 265:Writing system 262: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 204: 200: 199: 197: 196: 195: 194: 180: 178: 175: 172: 171: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 124: 122: 115: 112: 111: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 85:Southeast Asia 74: 70: 69: 55: 47: 46: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19776: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19712: 19702: 19699: 19698: 19696: 19692: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19638: 19636: 19632: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19590: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19575: 19573: 19571: 19567: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19513: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19506: 19504: 19500: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19458: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19451: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19403: 19401: 19397: 19391: 19390:Orang Seletar 19388: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19378: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19349: 19347: 19343: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19327: 19324: 19320: 19316: 19309: 19304: 19302: 19297: 19295: 19290: 19289: 19286: 19276: 19266: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19169: 19165: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19159:Cyrillization 19157: 19156: 19154: 19150: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19123: 19119: 19113: 19110: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19097: 19096: 19093: 19092: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19052: 19051:Script styles 19048: 19045: 19043: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19005: 18996: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18975: 18974: 18971: 18970: 18968: 18964: 18961: 18955: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18903: 18901: 18897: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18860: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18842: 18839: 18838: 18837: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18821: 18817: 18811: 18810: 18806: 18804: 18803: 18799: 18798: 18796: 18792: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18758: 18754: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18716: 18713: 18712: 18711: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18701: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18641: 18638: 18637: 18635: 18633: 18627: 18622: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18563: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18519: 18515: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18470: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18451: 18447: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18404: 18401: 18400: 18398: 18396: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18383: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18361: 18360: 18357: 18353: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18329: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18294: 18291: 18287: 18284: 18283: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18240: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18215: 18209: 18206: 18205: 18203: 18201: 18197: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18178: 18174: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18115: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18102: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18081: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18065: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18050: 18048: 18046: 18042: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17986: 17978: 17975: 17974: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17947: 17946: 17943: 17939: 17936: 17935: 17934: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17926: 17922: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17896: 17895: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17874: 17869: 17866: 17862: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17845: 17842: 17838: 17833: 17830: 17826: 17821: 17818: 17817: 17815: 17813: 17809: 17799: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17791: 17787: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17767: 17765: 17763: 17759: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17747: 17745: 17741: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17700: 17698: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17619: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17600: 17596: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17566: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17547: 17543: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17506: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17498: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17434: 17431: 17430: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17411: 17407: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17337: 17333: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17277: 17271: 17267: 17260: 17255: 17253: 17248: 17246: 17241: 17240: 17237: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17208: 17206: 17202: 17196: 17193: 17192: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17175: 17171: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17073: 17069: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17057: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17038: 17034: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17011: 17009: 17007: 17003: 16997: 16994: 16993: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16961: 16957: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16934: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16869: 16868:Zhongshan Min 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16851:Houlu dialect 16849: 16848: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16837: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16798:Medan Hokkien 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16692: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16666: 16665:Zhongshan Min 16663: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16651: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16639:Fu'an dialect 16637: 16635: 16634:Xiapu dialect 16632: 16631: 16629: 16625: 16619: 16618:Matsu dialect 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16554: 16549: 16547: 16542: 16540: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16520: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16504: 16502: 16501: 16497: 16495: 16494: 16493:Proto-Karenic 16490: 16488: 16487: 16486:Proto-Loloish 16483: 16481: 16480: 16476: 16474: 16473: 16469: 16468: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16448: 16447:Tibeto-Burman 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16412: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16390: 16388: 16387: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16373: 16369: 16363: 16362: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16349: 16348: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16332: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16321: 16320: 16319: 16316: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16306: 16301: 16297: 16285: 16284: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16268: 16267: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16243: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16233:Burmo-Qiangic 16230: 16222: 16221: 16217: 16215: 16214: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16195: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16184: 16182: 16181: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16165: 16163: 16162: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16138: 16128: 16127:Jingpho–Luish 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16064: 16058: 16057: 16053: 16051: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16041: 16037: 16035: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16018: 16016: 16015: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16003: 15999: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15987: 15983: 15981: 15980: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15969: 15964: 15963: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15952: 15950: 15949: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15876: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15842: 15841: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15820: 15816: 15810: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15782: 15781: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15770: 15766: 15765:Baram–Thangmi 15763: 15761: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15744: 15742: 15741: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15718: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15697: 15692: 15690: 15685: 15683: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15664: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15590: 15586: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15562: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15531: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15516: 15509: 15503: 15495: 15490: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15460: 15459: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15432: 15427: 15424: 15418: 15412: 15408: 15403: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15371: 15369: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15352: 15348: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15312: 15310:957-9463-46-8 15306: 15302: 15297: 15293: 15291:3-11-015831-0 15287: 15283: 15278: 15277: 15263: 15259: 15252: 15236: 15230: 15212: 15205: 15201: 15194: 15186: 15180: 15176: 15169: 15153: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15135: 15119: 15111: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15076: 15060: 15056: 15046: 15038: 15034: 15033: 15025: 15017: 15013: 15001: 14999: 14982: 14973: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14950: 14944: 14936: 14930: 14922: 14916: 14908: 14904: 14895: 14893: 14876: 14872: 14866: 14864: 14855: 14848: 14841: 14830: 14829: 14821: 14813: 14807: 14803: 14796: 14777: 14773: 14766: 14757: 14749: 14747:90-04-07850-9 14743: 14739: 14735: 14728: 14717: 14716: 14708: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14656: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14622: 14614: 14613: 14605: 14589: 14585: 14576: 14568: 14566:7-211-03896-9 14562: 14555: 14548: 14540: 14533: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14490: 14482: 14476: 14468: 14464: 14457: 14449: 14442: 14434: 14428: 14420: 14416: 14409: 14401: 14395: 14387: 14383: 14376: 14374: 14365: 14359: 14355: 14348: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14322: 14321: 14313: 14305: 14299: 14291: 14290: 14281: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14256: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14184: 14176: 14175: 14167: 14159: 14153: 14145: 14141: 14134: 14132: 14130: 14128: 14119: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14088: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14054: 14047: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14016: 14008: 14002: 13998: 13991: 13983: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13958: 13954: 13947: 13945: 13936: 13930: 13926: 13919: 13911: 13905: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13866: 13862: 13855: 13849: 13833: 13829: 13828: 13820: 13812: 13811: 13803: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13769: 13768: 13763: 13757: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13737: 13735: 13726: 13720: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13692: 13686: 13678: 13677: 13669: 13667: 13658: 13652: 13644: 13640: 13633: 13625: 13619: 13611: 13607: 13600: 13598: 13578: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13555: 13547: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13489: 13485: 13477: 13466: 13459: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13381: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13361: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13316: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13270: 13254: 13245: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13224: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13165: 13162: 13151: 13148: 13147:Taiwan portal 13137: 13134: 13123: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13092:In 2002, the 13085: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13040:working group 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13007:and Japanese 13006: 13002: 12999:, Vietnamese 12998: 12994: 12989: 12987: 12979: 12968: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12887: 12882: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12842: 12836: 12826: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12798: 12794: 12784: 12774: 12772: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12752: 12745: 12739: 12729: 12721: 12716: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12704:mother tongue 12700: 12699:mother tongue 12695: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12680: 12677: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12652:Hokkien opera 12649: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12636:Beiguan music 12633: 12632:Nanguan music 12629: 12624: 12613: 12610: 12602: 12599:November 2021 12592: 12588: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12568:This section 12566: 12562: 12557: 12556: 12543: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12516: 12511: 12509: 12504: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12464: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12412: 12407: 12405: 12400: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12256: 12251: 12249: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12204: 12199: 12197: 12192: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12152: 12147: 12145: 12140: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12086: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12063: 12059: 12057:chi̍t-pah-bān 12049: 12048: 12046: 12036: 12026: 12022: 12012: 12011: 12009: 11999: 11995: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11872: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11815: 11809: 11805: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11776: 11771: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656:codeswitching 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11611: 11605: 11600: 11591: 11585: 11575: 11565: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11544:from Teochew 11543: 11535:'together' – 11534: 11528: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11510: 11501: 11495: 11485: 11476: 11475: 11466: 11465: 11460:from Persian 11458: 11454:, from Malay 11453: 11444: 11438: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11422:, from Malay 11421: 11415: 11409: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393:, from Malay 11392: 11382: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11365:, from Malay 11364: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11265: 11259: 11258: 11247: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11187: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11150: 11139: 11138: 11127: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103:codeswitching 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11071: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11040:This article 11038: 11029: 11028: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11006: 11001: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10979: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10934: 10929: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10903: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10882: 10877: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10856: 10851: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10830: 10825: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10804: 10799: 10792: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10755:Austroasiatic 10752: 10748: 10733: 10731: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10716: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10687: 10680: 10679: 10671: 10669: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10654: 10647: 10646: 10642: 10640: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10611: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10596: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10582: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10567: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10530: 10527: 10519: 10514: 10507: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10467: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10448: 10441: 10439: 10434: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10406: 10401: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10382: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10345: 10338: 10336: 10331: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10256: 10251: 10249: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10234: 10232: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10215: 10213: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10179: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10162: 10160: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10140: 10138: 10133: 10131: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10114: 10112: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10097: 10095: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9832: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9787: 9777: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9749: 9739: 9736: 9726: 9716: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9692: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9590: 9589: 9583: 9576: 9575: 9569: 9562: 9561: 9555: 9548: 9542: 9537:The particle 9534: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9514: 9502: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9460: 9450: 9440: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9400: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9385: 9379: 9372: 9371: 9365: 9358: 9352: 9347:The particle 9344: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9320: 9319: 9313: 9306: 9305: 9299: 9292: 9286: 9272: 9267:The particle 9264: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9191: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9130: 9125:The particle 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9021: 9016: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8912: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8855: 8849: 8842: 8841: 8835: 8828: 8827: 8821: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8783: 8765: 8764: 8758: 8751: 8750: 8744: 8737: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8716: 8709: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8689: 8679: 8669: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8641: 8629: 8628: 8622: 8615: 8614: 8608: 8601: 8600: 8594: 8587: 8581: 8573: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8525: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8489: 8482: 8480: 8479:stative verbs 8463: 8453: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8420: 8410: 8400: 8394: 8387: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8331: 8321: 8311: 8305: 8298: 8288: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8250: 8244: 8237: 8227: 8221: 8214: 8200: 8194: 8187: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8057: 8051: 8044: 8043: 8037: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8007: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7975: 7966: 7964: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7937: 7928: 7926: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7878: 7869: 7867: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7785: 7782:, but not in 7781: 7777: 7767: 7763: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7655: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7434:Bicol Central 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7367:Medan Hokkien 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7314:Zhongshan Min 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7223: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7187: 7180: 7170: 7169:Medan Hokkien 7167: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6985: 6982: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6948:Pêng-hô khioⁿ 6940: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6865: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846:Riau Province 6843: 6840: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6708: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6637:Youxi dialect 6635: 6632: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6598:Tek-hòe khiuⁿ 6590: 6589:Dehua dialect 6587: 6584: 6580: 6578:An-khoe khiuⁿ 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6554: 6549: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6491: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457:Hūi-oaⁿ khiuⁿ 6449: 6446: 6443: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359:Minnan region 6354: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977:light rising 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5922:which end in 5921: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4740: 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4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3637: 3626: 3612: 3594: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3146:Old Chinese. 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3026: 3021: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929:Pedro Chirino 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2891:Early sources 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2782:Central Plain 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2664: 2661: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2627:This section 2625: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:East Malaysia 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2554:Medan Hokkien 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:North Sumatra 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2305: 2289: 2273: 2259: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2209:This section 2207: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Japanese rule 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2083:in Malaysia. 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2023: 2020: 2012: 2009:November 2018 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1978:This section 1976: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896:", after the 1895: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1748: 1744: 1732: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689:, especially 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:lingua franca 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Minnan region 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1427: 1418: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 991: 989: 985: 977: 975: 972: 968: 965: 961: 953: 951: 947: 944: 940: 932: 930: 926: 923: 919: 911: 909: 905: 902: 898: 892: 887: 882: 880: 876: 868: 866: 862: 854: 852: 848: 840: 838: 834: 826: 824: 820: 812: 810: 806: 803: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 780: 777: 773: 769: 761: 759: 755: 747: 745: 741: 736: 724: 722: 719: 715: 712: 708: 700: 698: 694: 686: 684: 681: 677: 674: 670: 662: 660: 656: 653: 649: 641: 639: 635: 632: 628: 620: 618: 614: 611: 607: 601: 596: 594: 590: 582: 580: 576: 568: 566: 562: 554: 552: 548: 540: 538: 534: 526: 524: 520: 517: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 494: 491: 487: 483: 475: 473: 469: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 414: 403: ≥50,000 377: 372: 365: 360: 356: 352: 350: 349: 344: 337: 334: 329: 324: 321: 318: 316: 312: 308: 302: 297: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 270: 266: 260: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 201: 193: 190: 189: 188: 185: 184: 183: 179: 173: 157: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127: 123: 119: 113: 105: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 19764:Southern Min 19711: 19416:Chitty Malay 19411:Bazaar Malay 19181:Hanyu Pinyin 19171:Romanization 19078:Semi-cursive 18923:Old Mandarin 18880:Stroke count 18807: 18800: 18722:Old National 18688: 18565:Unclassified 18113: 17470:Southwestern 17303:Northeastern 17285:Major groups 17274: 17211:Qi Lin Bayin 16914:Northern Min 16735:Amoy dialect 16726: 16700:Southern Min 16518: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16445: 16391: 16384: 16359: 16345: 16338: 16329: 16322: 16281: 16266:Lolo-Burmese 16264: 16240: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16192: 16185: 16178: 16166: 16159: 16152: 16086: 16054: 16047: 16038: 16031: 16019: 16012: 15984: 15977: 15970: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15934: 15927: 15879: 15873: 15859: 15852: 15838: 15831: 15806: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15771: 15757: 15745: 15738: 15703:Sino-Tibetan 15644:. Retrieved 15640: 15621: 15607: 15593: 15579: 15571: 15560: 15513: 15493: 15480:. Retrieved 15476:the original 15471: 15463: 15437: 15422: 15406: 15379: 15373: 15367: 15346: 15329: 15323: 15300: 15281: 15264:. p. 1. 15262:Taipei Times 15261: 15251: 15241:16 September 15239:. Retrieved 15229: 15218:, retrieved 15211:the original 15199: 15193: 15174: 15168: 15156:. Retrieved 15152:the original 15145: 15134: 15124:16 September 15122:. Retrieved 15120:. Nhu.edu.tw 15110: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15063:. Retrieved 15059:the original 15045: 15031: 15024: 15011: 14985:. Retrieved 14972: 14961: 14949:Ghostarchive 14947:Archived at 14943: 14929: 14915: 14879:. Retrieved 14853: 14840: 14827: 14820: 14801: 14795: 14783:. Retrieved 14776:the original 14771: 14756: 14737: 14727: 14714: 14707: 14697:16 September 14695:. Retrieved 14691: 14682: 14670:. Retrieved 14666: 14642:. Retrieved 14638:the original 14621: 14611: 14604: 14594:16 September 14592:. Retrieved 14588:the original 14575: 14553: 14547: 14538: 14532: 14502:(1): 81–88. 14499: 14495: 14489: 14466: 14456: 14447: 14441: 14418: 14408: 14385: 14353: 14347: 14319: 14312: 14287: 14280: 14261: 14255: 14243:. Retrieved 14236:the original 14231: 14227: 14214: 14202:. Retrieved 14193: 14183: 14173: 14166: 14143: 14094: 14087: 14075:. Retrieved 14068:the original 14063: 14059: 14046: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14015: 13996: 13990: 13971: 13965: 13956: 13924: 13918: 13895: 13868:. Retrieved 13860: 13848: 13836:. Retrieved 13832:the original 13826: 13819: 13809: 13802: 13789: 13766: 13756: 13746: 13713: 13699: 13675: 13642: 13632: 13609: 13586:23 September 13584:, retrieved 13577:the original 13568: 13564:臺灣閩南語漢字之選用原則 13560: 13554: 13535: 13529: 13519:14 September 13517:. Retrieved 13513: 13504: 13492:. Retrieved 13490:(in Chinese) 13487: 13476: 13465:the original 13429:. Retrieved 13404: 13387: 13369: 13360: 13336: 13332: 13329:Mei, Tsu-lin 13323: 13306: 13298: 13286:. Retrieved 13273: 13253: 13244: 13227: 13133:China portal 13114: 13091: 13047: 13031: 13017: 12990: 12983: 12975: 12956:mixed script 12933: 12922:missionaries 12919:Presbyterian 12911:Latin script 12908: 12905:Latin script 12891: 12878: 12860: 12854: 12848: 12838: 12832: 12822: 12819: 12804: 12790: 12780: 12764: 12761:Ming dynasty 12749: 12747: 12717: 12696: 12681: 12673: 12669:World War II 12660:treaty ports 12626: 12605: 12596: 12581:Please help 12569: 12518: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12460: 12453: 12446: 12408: 12401: 12394: 12356: 12349: 12342: 12304: 12297: 12290: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12200: 12193: 12186: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12082: 12069: 12055: 12042: 12032: 12018: 12005: 11991: 11978: 11964: 11950: 11940: 11937:(ôe, "shoe") 11928: 11922: 11915:rubber shoes 11914: 11901: 11891: 11882: 11877:'jeepney' – 11868: 11858: 11849: 11839: 11829: 11811: 11801: 11791: 11767: 11744: 11734: 11710: 11700: 11690: 11663: 11622: 11596: 11539: 11506: 11449: 11417: 11388: 11360: 11335: 11298: 11280: 11232: 11170: 11110: 11085: 11078: 11065: 11054:Please help 11042:may contain 11041: 11002: 10990:'beautiful' 10980: 10958: 10930: 10904: 10878: 10852: 10826: 10800: 10782:Hokkien POJ 10763:Austronesian 10751:Jerry Norman 10744: 10727: 10717: 10698: 10688: 10665: 10655: 10636: 10626: 10607: 10597: 10578: 10568: 10524: 10515: 10501: 10482: 10468: 10449: 10435: 10416: 10402: 10383: 10369: 10346: 10332: 10286: 10266: 10252: 10245: 10235: 10228: 10216: 10209: 10199: 10192: 10180: 10173: 10163: 10156: 10144: 10134: 10127: 10115: 10108: 10098: 10091: 10049: 9888: 9885:ia () → i () 9876:-h () → t () 9859: 9853:(modern day 9835: 9828: 9821:Tang dynasty 9814: 9804: 9791: 9783: 9773: 9763: 9755: 9745: 9732: 9722: 9712: 9698: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9644:Sino-Tibetan 9632:monosyllabic 9629: 9620: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9592: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9515: 9504: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9413: 9402: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9331: 9330: 9322: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9282: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9126: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9083: 9080:) – literary 9071: 9059: 9043: 9029: 9017: 8993: 8983: 8974: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8914: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8784: 8767: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8685: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8476: 8459: 8449: 8439: 8426: 8416: 8406: 8396: 8383: 8373: 8360: 8350: 8337: 8327: 8317: 8307: 8294: 8284: 8274: 8268: 8256: 8246: 8233: 8223: 8210: 8196: 8183: 8169: 8159: 8148: 8138: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8088: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8020: 8011: 8003: 7982: 7971: 7960: 7944: 7933: 7922: 7906: 7895: 7889: 7874: 7863: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7791: 7773: 7759: 7753: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7571:verb phrases 7560: 7548: 7497: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7454:Pangasinense 7371: 7353:, including 7332: 7290:Southern Min 7278:Hai Lok Hong 7277: 7271: 7239: 7229: 7219: 7196: 7176: 7160: 7150: 7127:Lo̍k-hong-ōa 7125: 7109: 7082: 7060: 7044: 7030:Ûn-sio khioⁿ 7028: 7012: 6991: 6978: 6962: 6946: 6928:Hôa-an khioⁿ 6926: 6910: 6890: 6871: 6850:Riau islands 6836: 6820: 6797: 6777: 6757: 6743:Ē-mn̂g khiuⁿ 6741: 6734:Amoy dialect 6717: 6688: 6668: 6646:Iû-khe khiuⁿ 6644: 6628: 6612: 6596: 6576: 6569:Anxi dialect 6560: 6545: 6529: 6513: 6497: 6475: 6455: 6439: 6423: 6410: 6397: 6379: 6356: 6024:Tone contour 5994:Tone Number 5974:dark rising 5971:light level 5939: 5917: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4383: 4370: 3654: 3650:glottal stop 3646: 3537:Semi-vowels 3239:cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ 3238: 3235:cha-po͘-kiáⁿ 3234: 3228: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3191: 3177: 3167: 3154:Hokkien has 3153: 3125: 3119: 3109: 3079: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3022: 3006: 2997: 2982:(modern-day 2969: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2875:(then later 2838: 2817:Wang Shenzhi 2790: 2786:Southern Min 2727: 2711: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2671: 2656: 2650:January 2016 2647: 2636:Please help 2631:verification 2628: 2577: 2558: 2519: 2507:Riau Islands 2481:, Amoy, and 2476: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2366: 2355: 2351:Port of Amoy 2320: 2238: 2229: 2218:Please help 2213:verification 2210: 2183: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2085: 2041:Metro Manila 2030: 2015: 2006: 1991:Please help 1979: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1910:Qing dynasty 1905: 1891: 1868: 1858: 1857:in his 1832 1850: 1848: 1836:Northern Min 1819: 1813: 1805: 1803: 1708: 1691:Metro Manila 1673:in northern 1661:with in its 1616: 1558: 1543: 1535: 1520:Southern Min 1425: 1424: 1385: 1379:Southern Min 1352: 1256: 1250:Southern Min 1215:Romanization 1194:Romanization 1100:Hanyu Pinyin 1066: 970: 964:Southern Min 929:Romanization 914:3min-noe-nyy 908:Romanization 809:Hanyu Pinyin 775: 727:Hók-gióng-uâ 679: 673:Southern Min 638:Romanization 617:Romanization 571:Fu-chien-hua 557:Fwujiannhuah 523:Hanyu Pinyin 489: 416: 346: 155: 151:Southern Min 126:Sino-Tibetan 19625:Minangkabau 19250:Xiao'erjing 19112:Punctuation 19105:Traditional 19058:Oracle bone 19042:Logographic 18938:Proto-Hakka 18913:Eastern Han 18908:Old Chinese 18770:Classifiers 18737:Northern Wu 18665:Singaporean 17871: [ 17859: [ 17847: [ 17835: [ 17823: [ 17054:Logographic 16988:Leizhou Min 16960:Central Min 16889:Pu–Xian Min 16709:Teochew Min 16583:Eastern Min 16560:Min Chinese 16507:Proto-Hakka 16436:Mahakiranti 15942:East Bodish 15722:Uttarakhand 13409:. Leipzig: 12490:university' 12455:hok6 saang1 12334:'insurance' 12230:'dangerous' 12034:chi̍t-tháng 11810:'to pay' – 11766:'coffee' – 11709:'office' – 11677:or Spanish 11601:from Malay 11445:'market' – 11437:chio̍h-thâu 11383:'doctor' – 11109:'toilet' – 10392:'to chase' 10371:tī, tīr, tū 10269:Old Chinese 10083:Colloquial 9882:e () → a () 9879:i () → e () 9839:Han dynasty 8398:ūi-siáⁿ-mih 7953:3rd person 7924:lí, lír, lú 7915:2nd person 7856:1st person 7749:classifiers 7514:then by an 7450:Kapampangan 7446:Waray-waray 7398:Philippines 7306:Teo-Swa Min 7294:Longyan Min 7282:Longyan Min 7111:Hái-hong-ōa 7089:Teo-Swa Min 7067:Teo-Swa Min 6698:Central Min 6675:Central Min 6655:Central Min 6651:Eastern Min 6482:Pu-Xian Min 6477:Thâu-pak-ōe 6300:, Malaysia 5968:dark level 5941:Tone sandhi 4138:Diphthongs 3054:, and Rev. 2927:(1604), by 2778:Old Chinese 2766:Min Chinese 2738:Han Chinese 2728:During the 2582:—Thailand, 2493:, Southern 2185:Lán-nâng-uē 2156:Han Chinese 2067:; and from 2053:Philippines 2049:Metro Davao 1916:. In 1873, 1840:Gan Chinese 1832:Pu-Xian Min 1828:Eastern Min 1793:Hok-kiàn-ōa 1787:Hok-kiàn-ōe 1687:Philippines 1643:Philippines 1584:Philippines 1288:Eastern Min 1002:Eastern Min 711:Eastern Min 644:Fuk-gien-fa 431:instead of 234:Singaporean 187:Old Chinese 176:Early forms 146:Coastal Min 19718:Categories 19681:Vietnamese 19598:Mandailing 19570:Indonesian 19528:Indo-Aryan 19406:Baba Malay 19201:Wade–Giles 19100:Simplified 18995:Vernacular 18988:in Vietnam 18841:Simplified 18828:Biaoxingma 18775:Honorifics 18710:Historical 18655:Philippine 18645:Sichuanese 18572:Badong Yao 18276:Shao–Jiang 18147:Philippine 17955:Xiangxiang 17950:Shuangfeng 17695:Taizhou Wu 17478:Sichuanese 17085:Pe̍h-ūe-jī 17080:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 17072:Alphabetic 16863:Zhenan Min 16858:Haklau Min 16846:Datian Min 16401:Idu–Taraon 16355:Miju–Meyor 16248:Gyalrongic 16094:Tangkhulic 15869:Raji–Raute 15482:16 October 15147:Sina Weibo 15012:Pēi nán mì 14902:臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 14692:Ethnologue 14667:Ethnologue 14644:31 January 14228:Asia Major 14204:8 February 14060:Asia Major 13870:5 December 13431:13 October 13339:: 86–110, 13308:Ethnologue 13279:Ethnologue 13265:References 13036:interpunct 13024:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 12986:zh-min-nan 12650:genres of 12642:, and the 12507:daai6 hok9 12247:ngai4 him2 12118:Vietnamese 12103:Characters 11848:'dozen' – 11494:chhài-chhī 11279:'fruit' – 11211:hong-chhia 11048:irrelevant 10913:chuó, chió 10585:'to walk' 10575:'to flee' 10077:Colloquial 9830:pe̍h-tha̍k 9768:'guest' – 9740:'color' – 9626:Vocabulary 8408:ūi-sím-mih 8349:'where' – 8245:'there' – 8027:homophones 7544:intonation 7430:Hiligaynon 7424:, such as 7414:codeswitch 7329:Comparison 7302:Zhenan Min 7298:Datian Min 7274:Haklau Min 7231:Tâi-oân-ōe 6377:initials. 5960:departing 5928:allophones 5815:'to face' 5300:'to take' 4785:'chicken' 4412:Haklau Min 4400:Character 4386:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 3086:consonants 2821:Huang Chao 2805:She people 2797:Chen Zheng 2590:, Brunei, 2390:Chang-chew 2388:(Xiamen), 2349:) and the 2323:Chiangchew 2089:Dutch rule 2045:Metro Cebu 1665:, such as 1663:sprachraum 1221:Fuk-lau-fa 1162:Fú-lǎo-huà 1148:Fu-lao-hua 1142:Wade–Giles 1134:Fwulaohuah 851:Wade–Giles 665:Fuk-gin-wa 585:Fújiàn-huà 565:Wade–Giles 280:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 249:Philippine 19610:Baweanese 19583:Banjarese 19516:Malayalam 19511:Dravidian 19466:Hainanese 19461:Cantonese 19431:Singdarin 19139:Taiwanese 19129:Cantonese 18973:Classical 18933:Proto-Min 18868:Microsoft 18727:Cantonese 18703:Phonology 18684:Cantonese 18675:Singdarin 18660:Malaysian 18650:Taiwanese 18554:Rongjiang 18544:Yongjiang 18540:Southern 18525:Northern 18499:Luo–Guang 18408:Hong Kong 18403:Guangzhou 18359:Taiwanese 18352:Changting 18286:Zhanjiang 18200:Zhongshan 18167:Malaysian 18162:Singapore 18127:Zhangzhou 18079:Zhongshan 17972:Yong–Quan 17868:Jing-Zhan 17798:Xuancheng 17775:Jiangshan 17654:Changzhou 17575:Junjiahua 17428:Guanzhong 17311:Changchun 17195:Proto-Min 17006:Hainanese 16892:(Hinghwa) 16815:Southern 16785:Northern 16774:Taiwanese 16572:Languages 16500:Proto-Min 16431:Macro-Bai 16309:Arunachal 16302:(possible 16117:Boro–Garo 16021:Kuki-Chin 16004:and Indo- 15919:Arunachal 15906:Himalayas 15881:Tandrange 15848:Chepangic 15779:Dhimalish 15713:Himalayas 15502:cite book 15496:. Manila. 15446:2190-8796 15409:. Brill. 15396:151455258 15158:4 January 15102:225917190 15065:1 October 15054:台文/華文線頂辭典 14524:145243105 14475:cite book 14427:cite book 14394:cite book 14329:cite book 14298:cite book 14245:15 August 14112:cite book 14077:15 August 13999:. BRILL. 13904:cite book 13685:cite book 13651:cite book 13618:cite book 13406:Glottolog 13003:, Korean 12997:Cantonese 12962:Computing 12815:morphemes 12757:Dominican 12725:台語優勢腔／通行腔 12665:Zhangzhou 12656:Opium War 12570:does not 12462:ha̍k-seng 12438:'student' 12403:san1 man4 12351:bou2 him2 12268:nguy hiểm 12121:Japanese 12084:chi̍t-iak 12020:cha̍p-bān 11966:chi̍t-bān 11841:hêng-chîⁿ 11743:'soap' – 11592:'soap' – 11502:'they' – 11484:chhī-tiûⁿ 11223:khì-chhia 11161:chhek-só͘ 11080:Loanwords 11044:excessive 11023:Loanwords 10866:to sleep 10759:Tai Kadai 10662:'to eat' 10643:'tripod' 10538:Mandarin 10404:jiok, lip 10357:chopstick 10334:ba̍k-chiu 10299:Mandarin 10182:peh, poeh 10010:jîn / lîn 10002:to study 9957:seⁿ / siⁿ 9816:bûn-tha̍k 9775:lâng-kheh 9707:'duck' – 9217:character 8461:cháiⁿ-iūⁿ 8375:siáⁿ-lâng 8306:'when' – 8273:'what' – 8222:'here' – 8195:'that' – 8168:'this' – 7996:Inclusive 7993:Exclusive 7876:gún, góan 7848:Singular 7796:instead. 7522:. Unlike 7488:Hainanese 7442:Chavacano 7394:Cantonese 7378:Singapore 7335:Taiwanese 7286:Taiwanese 7203:Zhangping 7135:Northern 6805:Southern 6206:, Fujian 6204:Zhangzhou 6107:, Taiwan 5963:entering 5712:'silver' 5403:'virtue' 4579:'to sit' 4439:Zhangzhou 3511:Fricative 3453:aspirated 3426:Affricate 3417:nasalized 3324:aspirated 3156:aspirated 3132:descended 3094:Cantonese 3070:Phonology 2813:Wang Chao 2423:, Batavia 2394:Chin-chew 2288:Zhangzhou 2113:Zhangzhou 2065:Indonesia 1980:does not 1955:Zhangping 1943:Quanzhang 1849:The term 1693:are also 1683:Hokaglish 1647:Indonesia 1635:Singapore 1600:Hong Kong 1588:Indonesia 1576:Singapore 1554:Zhangzhou 1545:Quánzhāng 1536:Quanzhang 1304:Hók-ló-uâ 529:Fújiànhuà 348:Glottolog 333:ISO 639-3 229:Taiwanese 219:Zhangzhou 192:Proto-Min 91:Ethnicity 19661:Japanese 19656:Filipino 19646:Armenian 19620:Javanese 19615:Buginese 19578:Acehnese 19538:Gujarati 19426:Singlish 19421:Kristang 19362:Mandarin 19345:Official 19329:National 19223:Bopomofo 19152:Phonetic 19144:Two-cell 19073:Clerical 18983:in Japan 18978:Adoption 18966:Official 18957:Literary 18832:Boshiamy 18809:Xiehouyu 18765:Numerals 18742:Mandarin 18670:Standard 18630:Standard 18504:Qin–Lian 18494:Yong–Xun 18479:Gao–Yang 18425:Jiujiang 18413:Malaysia 18347:Tingzhou 18298:Wenchang 18259:Jianyang 18249:Northern 18208:Sanxiang 18122:Quanzhou 18105:Southern 18074:Manjiang 17938:Changsha 17898:Nanchang 17893:Chang–Du 17790:Xuanzhou 17780:Qingtian 17734:Wencheng 17680:Jiangyin 17675:Jinxiang 17665:Shaoxing 17659:Hangzhou 17639:Shanghai 17580:Qinjiang 17488:Minjiang 17460:Xinjiang 17418:Dongping 17382:Jiaoliao 17321:Shenyang 17294:Mandarin 17178:Research 16819:Hokkien 16789:Hokkien 16305:isolates 16272:Mondzish 16200:Cai–Long 15948:Tshangla 15904:Eastern 15747:Tamangic 15717:Himachal 15711:Western 15705:branches 15646:13 April 15619:(1832). 15605:(1873). 15591:(1899). 15575:彙集雅俗通十五音 15542:Archived 15530:Archived 15518:(1593): 15464:Lìzhī jì 15338:24810816 15009:(2006). 14980:臺灣閩南語外來詞 14951:and the 14873:(2010). 14688:"German" 14629:南安方言副词分析 14289:Hok-këèn 14198:Archived 14152:cite web 14038:23833463 13764:(1899). 13744:(1899). 13709:Li, Rong 13425:Archived 13368:(1984), 13119:See also 13078:Archived 13067:Archived 12628:Quanzhou 12514:tāi-ha̍k 12476:học sinh 12469:haksaeng 12448:xuéshēng 12372:bảo hiểm 12254:guî-hiám 12216:cầu/kiều 12178:'bridge' 12164:tập/sách 12106:Mandarin 11919:sneakers 11903:go-ma-ôe 11898:sneakers 11831:hō͘-chîⁿ 11712:o-pi-sín 11662:'cup' – 11644:Filipino 11574:tâng-chê 11514:i1 nang5 11359:'but' – 11271:kám-tōng 11169:'car' – 11149:sái-ha̍k 11112:piān-só͘ 11091:Japanese 11068:May 2024 11050:examples 10724:'mouth' 10535:Hokkien 10458:'black' 10296:Hokkien 10080:Literary 10074:Literary 10069:Reading 10066:Numeral 10063:Reading 10060:Numeral 10044:to turn 9960:student 9904:English 9851:Chang'an 9640:cognates 8980:Negation 8945:chit-mái 8839:chit-mái 8441:án-chóaⁿ 8438:'how' – 8418:án-chóaⁿ 8395:'why' – 8372:'who' – 8276:siáⁿ-mih 8235:chit-tau 7908:góa-lâng 7800:Pronouns 7766:Jinjiang 7540:sentence 7406:Filipino 7382:Malaysia 7343:Taichung 7139:Hokkien 6809:Hokkien 6468:Quangang 6347:Dialects 5932:phonemic 5609:'prawn' 4459:Chaoyang 4454:Chaozhou 4429:Quanzhou 4419:operatic 4403:Hokkien 3729:Nucleus 3259:Alveolar 3190:such as 3184:nasality 3150:Initials 3108:(pinyin 3029:彙集雅俗通十五音 2984:Haicheng 2958:Mandarin 2841:sea bans 2750:Zhejiang 2713:Tâng-oaⁿ 2592:Cambodia 2569:Jinjiang 2479:Quanzhou 2455:, Saigon 2443:, Burmah 2327:Chinchew 2272:Quanzhou 2232:May 2021 2174:and the 2109:Quanzhou 2033:Zhejiang 1886:Hok-kien 1864:Hok-këèn 1815:Hok-kiàn 1699:lexifier 1679:Malaysia 1639:Malaysia 1604:Thailand 1592:Cambodia 1580:Malaysia 1550:Quanzhou 1236:Jyutping 1114:Bopomofo 1106:Fúlǎohuà 950:Jyutping 823:Bopomofo 537:Bopomofo 437:Help:IPA 355:hokk1242 214:Quanzhou 203:Dialects 19724:Hokkien 19651:Burmese 19593:Angkola 19558:Sinhala 19548:Punjabi 19533:Bengali 19491:Teochew 19486:Hokkien 19481:Hokchew 19476:Henghwa 19456:Sinitic 19448:Chinese 19352:English 19122:Braille 19083:Cursive 19033:Scripts 18900:History 18890:ZhengMa 18836:Cangjie 18802:Chengyu 18757:Grammar 18732:Hokkien 18689:Hokkien 18597:Waxiang 18577:Danzhou 18549:Guandao 18534:Younian 18529:Tongdao 18518:Pinghua 18458:Taishan 18374:Raoping 18342:Huizhou 18332:Meixian 18308:Banqiao 18281:Leizhou 18271:Pu–Xian 18266:Central 18254:Jian'ou 18229:Longyan 18177:Teochew 18114:Hokkien 18089:Nanlang 18045:Fu–Ning 18025:Changle 18007:Houguan 17998:Eastern 17945:Loushao 17933:Changyi 17915:Da–Tong 17910:Ying–Yi 17856:Yanzhou 17724:Wenzhou 17717:Oujiang 17708:Tiantai 17703:Taizhou 17612:Zhi–Yan 17559:Nantong 17554:Nanjing 17529:Gui–Liu 17519:Nanping 17514:Kunming 17440:Luoyang 17395:Qingdao 17367:Tianjin 17344:Beijing 17336:Beijing 17130:Peng'im 16805:Hokkien 16727:Hokkien 16591:Houguan 16519:Italics 16380:Siangic 16361:Songlin 16340:Kho-Bwa 16318:Hrusish 16300:Dubious 16283:Loloish 16277:Burmish 16242:Qiangic 16213:Longjia 16180:Karenic 16174:Nungish 16154:Sinitic 16040:Hkongso 16002:Myanmar 15972:Gongduk 15936:Tibetic 15854:Chepang 15827:Magaric 15773:Kiranti 15753:Newaric 15630:當代泉州音字彙 14963:YouTube 14672:12 June 14557:闽南方言大词典 14516:4175053 14144:Youtube 13838:12 July 13824:吳, 守禮. 13807:吳, 守禮. 13483:國家語言發展法 13353:2718766 13288:14 July 13237:Sarawak 13028:Unicode 13013:Unicode 13001:chữ Nôm 12950:called 12771:Teochew 12591:removed 12576:sources 12551:Culture 12542:daigaku 12535:đại học 12520:tōa-o̍h 12483:gakusei 12431:shinbun 12424:tân văn 12417:shinmun 12410:sin-bûn 12358:pó-hiám 12344:bǎoxiǎn 12240:wēixiǎn 12112:Hokkien 11908:calqued 11892:jeepney 11887:, from 11856:English 11854:, from 11746:sap-bûn 11724:oficina 11718:opisina 11670:Tagalog 11648:Tagalog 11640:English 11636:English 11632:Spanish 11598:sap-bûn 11584:tàu-tīn 11564:chò-hóe 11551:jo3 bu5 11353:Teochew 11349:English 11327:kér-chí 11321:kóe-chí 11300:shuǐguǒ 11246:kanshin 11234:kám-sim 11186:jidōsha 11099:calques 10968:'meat' 10734:'beak' 10599:sè, sòe 10553:Pinyin 10491:'book' 10348:yǎnjīng 10194:sù, sìr 10016:person 9988:return 9795:Teochew 9616:put-hàu 9587:put-hàu 8645:cha-hng 8598:cha-hng 8556:pak-tó͘ 8517:stomach 8512:pak-tó͘ 8352:tó-lo̍h 8329:tang-sî 8296:há-mi̍h 8286:sím-mih 8258:hit-tau 7851:Plural 7780:Jieyang 7778:and in 7508:subject 7494:Grammar 7464:, etc. 7438:Ilocano 7426:Cebuano 7418:English 7410:Tagalog 7402:Spanish 7390:English 7337:, from 7322:Lei Min 6695:Yong'an 6398:Hokkien 5957:rising 5924:plosive 5506:'idol' 5094:'self' 4991:'rice' 4888:'sick' 4682:'skin' 4464:Haifeng 4444:Zhangpu 4407:Teochew 4330:Others 3677:Medial 3274:Glottal 3264:Palatal 3082:phoneme 2988:Longhai 2980:Yuegang 2976:Teo-Swa 2849:Yuegang 2746:Yangtze 2704:Tong'an 2610:History 2596:Teochew 2584:Myanmar 2487:Tung'an 2467:Shantou 2419:Malacca 2378:Formosa 2331:Tung'an 2164:Vietnam 2105:Tung'an 2001:removed 1986:sources 1947:Longyan 1851:Hokkien 1820:Hokkien 1806:Hokkien 1779:咱人話／咱儂話 1659:contact 1612:Vietnam 1596:Myanmar 1518:of the 1516:variety 1514:) is a 1511:-kee-en 1426:Hokkien 1386:Hokkien 1353:Hokkien 1341:咱人话／咱侬话 1327:咱人話／咱儂話 1315:Lanlang 1257:Hokkien 1067:Hokkien 971:Hokkien 776:Hokkien 764:闽南话／闽南语 750:閩南話／閩南語 680:Hokkien 490:Hokkien 448:Hokkien 433:Unicode 224:Longyan 156:Hokkien 136:Chinese 131:Sinitic 40:Hokkien 19671:Nepali 19666:Korean 19641:Arabic 19553:Sindhi 19521:Telugu 19503:Indian 19191:Postal 19186:MPS II 19063:Bronze 18943:Ba–Shu 18863:Google 18858:Pinyin 18794:Idioms 18607:Yeheni 18489:Wu–Hua 18484:Goulou 18463:Xinhui 18440:Dapeng 18435:Weitou 18420:Xiguan 18395:Yuehai 18364:Sixian 18303:Haikou 18293:Hainan 18224:Zhenan 18190:Haklau 18185:Swatow 18157:Penang 18142:Taiwan 18137:Chawan 18084:Longdu 18053:Ningde 18030:Gutian 18020:Fuqing 18015:Fuzhou 17977:Qiyang 17960:Wugang 17905:Yi–Liu 17832:Xiu-Yi 17820:Ji-She 17770:Quzhou 17762:Chu–Qu 17752:Jinhua 17744:Wuzhou 17729:Rui'an 17670:Ningbo 17644:Suzhou 17534:Wuming 17505:Zigong 17493:Leshan 17455:Lanyin 17450:Dungan 17445:Xuzhou 17423:Gangou 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