395:), located on the headwaters of Tuttalloseehatchee (Fowltown Creek), about 20 miles west of Hitcheetoochee. Tuttallosee, with a population of about 50 circa 1800, had recently built its own square ground, possibly indicating that it was becoming a tribal town separate from Hitchiti. Cheauhoochee, about ten miles south of Hitchiti on Ihagi Creek west of the Chattahoochee River may also have been a satellite settlement of Hitchiti. Swanton also listed Hihaje as a satellite settlement of Hitchiti, but did not identify a location.
268:, and may have served as ceremonial centers. While some archaeologists believe that some sites along the Chattahoochee remained stable population centers, and became sites of later population expansion, other archaeologists believe that there were significant influxes of other people into the Chattahoochee Valley, changing the material culture of the area.
331:. Another map showed a town called "Echeetes" in the same area. "Ewches" may have been a mis-transcription of "Ochisi", "Yuchi", or "Echeetes", but "Echeetes" is understood to be "Hitchiti". Worth identifies "Ewches" with archaeological site 9Bi22, and "Echeetes" with the cluster of sites 9Bi7, 9Bi8, and 9Bi9, all in
375:
assigned to the
Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, visited the Hitchiti in 1799. Hawkins noted that the town of Hitchiti possessed "a narrow strip of good land" bordering on the river approximately four miles south of Chiaha (Chehaw). Hawkins reported that the people of Hitchiti were poor and "indolent",
379:
Hawkins found "Hitchetee" on the
Chattahoochee River between "Paláchoocle" (Apalachicola) to the south and "Ceauhau" (Chiahah) to the north with Oseoochee just to the north of it. Archaeological site 9Sw50 (in Stewart County, Georgia) is named "Hitchiti". It is "an extensive village midden" on the
347:
Hitchiti was one of the towns of the old
Apalachicola Province that returned to the Chattahoochee River after the Yemassee War. Diego Peña traveled to the towns on the Chattahoochee River in 1716 on a mission from the governor of Spanish Florida. He reported Achito (Hitchiti) to be located between
282:
areas in
Alabama may have moved into the Chattahoochee valley during the middle part of the 17th century. Folklore of the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy supports an interpretation of Muscogee-speaking immigrants joining a Hitchiti-speaking resident population, with the Chattahoochee River
464:
Cheauhoochee was associated with
Cheauhau (Chiaha) 1-1/2 miles west of Hitchiti on Auhegee creek, which was known as Hitchiti Creek at its juncture with the Chattahooche, and is now named Ihagee Creek. The Cottonton archaeological site (1Ru69) 0.9 west of that location might be associated with
403:
Records of the population of the
Hitchiti are scarce. Estimates provided by Swanton are that in 1738 there were 60 males in the tribal town; in 1750 only 15; 50 in 1760; 40 in 1761; and 90 in 1772. Sixty years later, in 1832, the entire population, males and females, was estimated at 381.
228:
The tribal town of
Hitchiti first appeared in Spanish reports (as Ahachito) in 1675 as part of the Apalachicola Province along the Chattahoochee River. In the first half of the 17th century, a number of towns were situated along 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the Chattahoochee River in
360:
of Achito (Hitchiti), together with the casiques of Coweto, Cussetta and
Apalachicola, traveled to St. Augustine to explore the revival of an alliance with the Spanish. The town of Hitchiti may have moved to different sites along the Chattahoochee River after 1715. Site 1Ru70, in
241:. Archaeological evidence indicates that the material culture of the 17th century lower Chattahoochee region had developed in place over several centuries. The ancestors of at least some of the people in the area may have been there as early as 12,000 years ago. A variant of the
380:
east side of the
Chattahoochee near the mouth of Hitchitee Creek, which has been identified as the site of Hitchiti in the later 18th century. Site 9Ce59 (in Chattahoochee County, Georgia) is a possible satellite settlement across Hitchitee Creek from the main Hitchiti site.
326:
Late in the 17th century all of the towns on the
Chattahoochee River moved to central Georgia, primarily to what the English then called Ochese Creek, now called the Ocmulgee River. One map from 1715 showed a town with the name "Ewches" near present-day
376:
but friendly to whites. He also reported that there had been no substantiated charges of horse-stealing made against them. On the other hand, Gatschet reported that the Hitchiti had a reputation of being honest and industrious.
264:. Some archaeologists state that only two population centers survived along the Chattahoochee in the late 16th century, situated on opposite sides of the river south of the falls at Columbus. Both sites had large
192:
The Spanish recorded the name of the town as "Achito", "Ahachito", "Euchitto", and, possibly, "Ayfitichi", while it was known to the English as "Echete", "Echeetes", and "Hitchiti". According to
442:
system for indexing archaeological sites, the first numeral indicates the state, in this case, Georgia, while the following two letters indicate the county, in this case, Chattahoochee County.
414:
was reported to no longer be maintaining a sacred fire. The former members of Hichiti became associated with the tribal town of Kasihta, which still maintained a square ground near
407:
A census of the towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, known as the Parsons and Abbott Roll, was taken in 1833. The towns of Hitchiti and Hihaje are listed in that census.
653:
348:
the towns of Apalachicola and Okmulgue, and to have 54 "warriors". Two leaders from the town of Hitchiti were among the Muscogee Confederacy chiefs who met Georgia Governor
252:
A major change in ceramic types at sites along the Chattahoochee occurred between 1550 and 1650. There is also evidence of a large drop in the population in the area. The
176:). In 1715, most of the towns on Ochese Creek, including Hitchiti, moved back to the Chattahoochee River, where the town remained until its people were forced to move to
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1624:
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chiefdom when the de Soto Expedition passed through the area. The Spanish referred to some of the people living in central Georgia as "Uchisi".
208:. Hitchiti was only one of several tribal towns whose members primarily spoke the Hitchiti language. Other Hitchiti-speaking towns included
1619:
781:
1614:
302:
John Worth placed the town of Hitchiti on the eastern (Georgia) side of the Chattahoochee River in the late 17th century, possibly at
1029:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Vol. 145 (Reprint ed.). Genealogical Publishing Company.
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992:(Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Report of Investigations 42, Office of Archaeological Research, pp. 111–112
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in the 1540s did not enter the Chattahoochee Valley, but appears to have caused many deaths there due to epidemics of
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in 1715, almost all of the towns formerly from Apalachicola Province moved back to the Chattahoochee River.
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area including both Hitchiti- and Muscogee-speaking towns by the later 16th century. Speakers of the
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168:. Shortly after 1690, the towns of Apalachicola Province moved to the central part of present-day
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744:"An Overview of the Historical/Genealogical Records Concerning the Muskoke (Creek) Indians"
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to the south, developed in the towns along the Chattahoochee between 1300 and 1400.
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Walter F. George Lake Archeological Survey of Fee Owned Lands Alabama and Georgia
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216:, Osuchi, and Ocmulque, and possibly Chiacahuti, Talipaste, Ylapi, Tacusa, and
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1417:
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54:
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At the end of the 18th century, Hitchiti had several satellite settlements (
1361:
820:
Opler, William E. (1922). "The Creek Indian Towns of Oklahoma in 1937". In
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336:
743:
1335:
1219:
1214:
1130:
1006:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
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220:. The people of those towns were collectively referred to as "Hitchiti".
149:
1412:
1179:
880:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
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1060:
19:
This article is about the tribal town. For the Hitchiti language, see
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1008:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 265–298.
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also settled in the Chattahoochee towns in the later 17th century.
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Knight, Vernon James Jr.; Mistovich, Tim S. (August 31, 1984),
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704:
387:), including Hitcheetoochee (Little Hitchiti), located on the
806:(Spring 1972). "The Creek Indian Towns of Oklahoma in 1937".
452:
365:, may have been occupied by people of Hitchiti in the 1740s.
310:. That site was just south of the Muscogee-speaking towns of
296:
122:
410:
In 1937, the tribal town of "Hichiti", located northeast of
922:. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton – via Internet Archive.
853:
Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1964). Bannon, John Francis (ed.).
590:
131:
898:
Archaeology of the Lower Muskogee Creek Indians, 1715-1836
969:
Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818
125:
116:
578:
516:
514:
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and Georgia, from the south of the falls at present-day
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156:. It was one of several towns whose people spoke the
140:
128:
971:(Hardback ed.). University of Nebraska Press.
828:. Independently Published. pp. 174, 176, 186.
119:
113:
1601:
877:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World
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985:
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16:Indigenous people along the Chattahoochee River
1625:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
1100:
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859:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 138.
930:The Invention of the Creek Nation, 1670–1763
164:, an association of tribal towns along the
1093:
1079:
950:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
748:State of Alabama Indian Affairs Commission
1630:People from Chattahoochee County, Georgia
1056:Founding of Fort Gaines historical marker
356:in 1733. The next year, in 1734, Ysques,
1532:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
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919:A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians
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999:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History"
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656:from the original on December 12, 2022
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1066:Battle of Fowltown historical marker
1051:Battle of Hitchity historical marker
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754:from the original on August 29, 2022
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160:. It was first known as part of the
45:Regions with significant populations
901:. The University of Alabama Press.
13:
1620:Extinct languages of North America
1026:The Indian Tribes of North America
856:Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands
650:Peach State Archaeological Society
321:
14:
1641:
1615:Native American tribes in Alabama
1044:
784:from the original on July 9, 2022
1559:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
933:. University of Nebraska Press.
725:, pp. 29 (map), 65–66, 96;
223:
109:
1439:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
952:. University Press of Florida.
796:
766:
736:
638:
458:
445:
1341:College of the Muscogee Nation
488:, pp. 6, 9, 60, 87, 181;
432:
200:, "Hitchiti" was derived from
1:
1564:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
1500:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
1444:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1205:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
895:Foster, H. Thomas II (2007).
472:
398:
343:Return to Chattahoochee River
308:Chattahoochee County, Georgia
258:European and African diseases
1584:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
1569:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1384:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
701:, pp. 29, 182–183, 191.
7:
1550:Federally recognized tribes
1516:Treaty of Washington (1826)
699:Knight & Mistovich 1984
245:, with influences from the
78:Traditional tribal religion
10:
1646:
1505:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1102:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
1023:Swanton, John R. (2003) .
846:
274:-speaking people from the
18:
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1495:Treaty of New York (1790)
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1349:
1313:
1275:
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1139:
1108:
916:Gatschet, Albert (1884).
874:Ethridge, Robbie (2003).
826:Creek Mvskoki Talwa Towns
774:"Parsons and Abbott Roll"
631:, pp. 149–150, 164;
451:Ichisi was a town in the
87:
82:
77:
72:
65:
60:
49:
44:
39:
34:
1589:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
1511:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
927:Hahn, Steven C. (2004).
713:, pp. 47 (map), 57.
599:, pp. 8–9, 15, 107.
425:
422:is named after Hichiti.
1579:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
997:Worth, John E. (2000).
967:Hill, James L. (2022).
363:Russell County, Alabama
239:Barbour County, Alabama
187:
154:Southeast United States
1474:Creek National Capitol
1434:Kimbell-James Massacre
1393:Leon-Jefferson culture
948:Hann, John H. (2006).
808:Papers in Anthropology
291:, and people known as
243:Lamar regional culture
1479:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1382:Apalachicola Province
1357:Mississippian culture
1238:(Francis the Prophet)
440:Smithsonian trinomial
162:Apalachicola Province
83:Related ethnic groups
1574:Kialegee Tribal Town
1424:Battle of Burnt Corn
1326:Four Mothers Society
587:, pp. 273, 276.
333:Bibb County, Georgia
1331:Green Corn Ceremony
1267:William Weatherford
1004:. In McEwan (ed.).
615:, pp. 280–281.
575:, pp. 267–273.
555:, pp. 267–273.
539:, pp. 267–268.
492:, pp. 273–281.
412:Henryetta, Oklahoma
391:, and Tuttallosee (
304:archaeological site
247:Fort Walton culture
166:Chattahoochee River
152:in what is now the
31:
1521:Indian Removal Act
1459:Indian Removal Act
1449:Battle of Ocheesee
1429:Fort Mims Massacre
571:, pp. 79–80;
551:, pp. 79–80;
535:, p. 79, 86;
420:Hitchita, Oklahoma
416:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
260:introduced by the
254:de Soto expedition
40:Extinct as a tribe
29:
1597:
1596:
1526:Treaty of Cusseta
1469:Creek War of 1836
1420:(Creek civil war)
1403:State of Muskogee
1305:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
1109:Four mother towns
1036:978-0-8063-1730-4
1015:9-780-8130-2086-0
959:978-0-8130-2982-5
908:978-0-8173-1239-8
818:
508:, pp. 7, 91.
272:Muscogee language
158:Hitchiti language
102:
101:
21:Mikasuki language
1637:
1610:Muskogean tribes
1488:Politics and law
1398:Battle of Taliwa
1242:William McIntosh
1171:(four locations)
1141:Groups and towns
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1247:Peter McQueen
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984:
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946:
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940:0-8032-2414-1
936:
932:
931:
925:
921:
920:
914:
910:
904:
900:
899:
893:
889:
887:0-8078-2827-0
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
866:0-8061-0612-3
862:
858:
857:
851:
850:
837:
831:
827:
823:
813:
809:
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783:
779:
775:
769:
753:
749:
745:
739:
732:
729:, p. 9;
728:
724:
723:Ethridge 2003
719:
712:
707:
700:
696:
692:
687:
681:, p. 77.
680:
679:Gatschet 1884
676:
675:Ethridge 2003
671:
655:
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498:
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487:
482:
478:
465:Cheauhoochee.
461:
454:
448:
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435:
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423:
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224:Early history
221:
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185:
183:
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76:
71:
68:
64:
59:
56:
55:United States
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
22:
1537:
1530:
1507:(unratified)
1362:Pisgah phase
1174:
1154:Apalachicola
1025:
1005:
988:
968:
949:
929:
918:
897:
876:
855:
825:
817:reprinted in
811:
807:
798:
786:. Retrieved
777:
768:
756:. Retrieved
747:
738:
731:Swanton 2003
718:
706:
686:
670:
658:. Retrieved
649:
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592:
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521:Swanton 2003
497:
481:
460:
447:
434:
409:
406:
402:
384:
382:
378:
373:Indian agent
367:
346:
337:Yemassee War
335:. After the
325:
301:
270:
251:
227:
210:Apalachicola
205:
201:
191:
104:
103:
26:Ethnic group
1336:Stomp dance
1220:Tribal town
1131:Tukabatchee
822:Miller, Jay
814:(1): 1–116.
788:January 10,
758:January 10,
711:Foster 2007
695:Foster 2007
691:Bolton 1964
625:Foster 2007
609:Foster 2007
565:Foster 2007
502:Foster 2007
389:Flint River
202:Atcik-ha′ta
150:tribal town
1604:Categories
1413:Red Sticks
1372:Moundville
1215:Tallapoosa
1180:Miccosukee
660:January 9,
646:"Hitchiti"
633:Worth 2000
613:Worth 2000
585:Worth 2000
573:Worth 2000
553:Worth 2000
537:Worth 2000
490:Worth 2000
473:References
438:Under the
399:Population
280:Tallapoosa
1290:Apalachee
1277:Languages
1257:Neamathla
1159:Coushatta
727:Hill 2022
629:Hahn 2004
597:Hann 2006
569:Hann 2006
549:Hann 2006
533:Hann 2006
506:Hann 2006
486:Hann 2006
262:Spaniards
206:Ahi′tcita
61:Languages
1321:Religion
1210:Sabacola
1200:Okfuskee
1190:Muscogee
1185:Muklassa
1175:Hitchiti
1169:Fowltown
782:Archived
780:. 2023.
752:Archived
654:Archived
652:. 2023.
393:Fowltown
354:Savannah
306:9Ce1 in
235:Columbus
218:Sabacola
194:Gatschet
148:) was a
105:Hitchiti
97:Seminole
93:Mikasuki
89:Muscogee
73:Religion
67:Hitchiti
30:Hitchiti
1350:History
1314:Culture
1300:Koasati
1285:Alabama
1262:Osceola
1229:Leaders
1164:Eufaula
1149:Alabama
1126:Kasihta
847:Sources
824:(ed.).
385:talofas
358:casique
316:Cusseta
231:Alabama
198:Swanton
170:Georgia
51:Georgia
1388:Chiaha
1367:Etowah
1252:Menawa
1195:Okchai
1121:Coweta
1116:Abihka
1033:
1012:
975:
956:
937:
905:
884:
863:
832:
312:Coweta
293:Chisca
214:Oconee
1002:(PDF)
453:Ocute
426:Notes
297:Yuchi
276:Coosa
1031:ISBN
1010:ISBN
973:ISBN
954:ISBN
935:ISBN
903:ISBN
882:ISBN
861:ISBN
830:ISBN
790:2023
760:2023
662:2023
278:and
196:and
188:Name
145:-tee
143:CHIH
141:hih-
352:in
295:or
237:to
204:or
1606::
812:13
810:.
776:.
750:.
746:.
648:.
513:^
418:.
314:,
287:,
212:,
184:.
123:tʃ
95:,
91:,
53:,
1094:e
1087:t
1080:v
1039:.
1018:.
981:.
962:.
943:.
911:.
890:.
869:.
838:.
792:.
762:.
664:.
135:/
132:i
129:t
126:ɪ
120:ˈ
117:ɪ
114:h
111:/
107:(
23:.
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