2911:
of
England, must be at once discarded. It is certain that gunpowder differed in no conspicuous degree from the Greek fire of the Byzantine emperors, nor from the terrestrial thwuler of the Asian Countries, where it had been known for many centuries before the chivalry of Europe began to fall beneath its leveling power. Niter is the natural and daily product of China and India; and there, accordingly, the knowledge of gunpowder seems to be coeval with that of the most distant historic events. The earlier Arab historians call saltpeter "Chinese snow" and " Chinese salt j" and the most ancient records of China itself show that fireworks were well known several hundred yrs. before the Christian era. From these and other circumstances it is indubitable that gunpowder was used by the Chinese as an explosive compound in prehistoric times; when they first discovered or applied its power as a propellant is less easily determined. Stone mortars, throning missiles of 12 lbs. to a distance of 300 paces, are mentioned as having been employed in 757 A.D. by Thaug's army; and in 1232 A.D. it is incontestable that the Chinese besieged in Cai'fong-fou used cannon against their Mongol enemies. Thus the Chinese must be allowed to have established their claim to an early practical knowledge of gunpowder and its effects.
2889:
of
England, must be at once discarded. It is certain that gunpowder differed in no conspicuous degree from the Chreekfire of the Byzantine emperors, nor from the terrestrial thunder of China and India, where it had been known for many centuries before the chivalry of Europe began to fall beneath its leveling power. Niter is the natural and daily product of China and India; and there, accordingly, the knowledge of gunpowder seems to be coeval with that of the most distant historic events. The earlier Arab historians call saltpeter "Chinese snow" and " Chinese salt;" and the most ancient records of China itself show that fireworks were well known several hundred yrs. before the Christian era. From these and other circumstances it is indubitable that gunpowder was used by the Chinese as an explosive compound in prehistoric times; when they first discovered or applied its power as a propellant is less easily determined. Stone mortars, throwing missiles of 12 lbs. to a distance of 800 paces, are mentioned as having been employed in 767 A.D. by Thang's army; and in 1282 A.D. it is incontestable that the Chinese besieged in Cai'fong-fou used cannon against their Mongol enemies. Thus the Chinese must be allowed to have established their claim to an early practical knowledge of gunpowder and its effects.
636:
1978:
1790:
612:
403:
385:
1814:
1236:
1959:
812:
981:
184:
2868:
He returned in 1257, and in the following year there are reports of experiments with gunpowder and rockets at
Cologne. Then a friend of William of Rubruck, Roger Bacon, gave the first account of gunpowder and its use in fireworks to be written in Europe. A form of gunpowder had been known in China since before AD 900, and as mentioned earlier...Much of this knowledge had reached the Islamic countries by then, and the saltpetre used in making gunpowder there was sometimes referred to, significantly, as 'Chinese snow'.
1209:—the principle that governs rocket propulsion—is named in his honor (although it had been discovered previously, Tsiolkovsky is honored as being the first to apply it to the question of whether rockets could achieve speeds necessary for space travel). He also advocated the use of liquid hydrogen and oxygen for propellant, calculating their maximum exhaust velocity. His work was essentially unknown outside the Soviet Union, but inside the country it inspired further research, experimentation and the formation of the
1249:, inspired from an early age by H.G. Wells and by his personal interest in science, began a serious analysis of rockets, concluding that conventional solid-fuel rockets needed to be improved in three ways. First, fuel should be burned in a small combustion chamber, instead of building the entire propellant container to withstand the high pressures. Second, rockets could be arranged in stages. Finally, the exhaust speed (and thus the efficiency) could be greatly increased to beyond the speed of sound by using a
592:
234:
1217:
214:
1802:
1977:
26:
252:
1998:
1777:), 'combat vehicle' for M-13 rockets). Towards the end of 1938 the first significant large scale testing of the rocket launchers took place, 233 rockets of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of 5,500 metres (3.4 mi). Various rocket tests were conducted through 1940, and the BM-13-16 with launch rails for sixteen rockets was authorized for production. Only forty launchers were built before
1409:
2220:
2189:
1002:
1558:
2806:
year, a Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote a book that, as he put it, "treat of machines of fire to be used for amusement of for useful purposes." He talked of rockets, fireworks, fire lances, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from
Chinese sources. He gave instructions for the purification of saltpeter and the recipes for making different types of gunpowder.
1087:) to make it harder for the rocket to change course. The largest of the Congreve rockets was the 32-pound (14.5 kg) Carcass, which had a 15-foot (4.6 m) stick. Originally, sticks were mounted on the side, but this was later changed to mounting them in the center of the rocket, reducing drag and enabling the rocket to be more accurately fired from a segment of pipe.
635:
5509:" The aerospace giants shared almost $ 500 million in equity profits from the rocket-making venture last year, when it still had a monopoly on the business of blasting the Pentagon's most important satellites into orbit. But since then, 'they've had us on a very short leash,' Tory Bruno, United Launch's chief executive", said.
1094:(1779–1837) began his work on developing military gunpowder-rockets. He constructed rocket-launching platforms (which allowed firing of rockets in salvos - 6 rockets at a time) and gun-laying devices. Zasyadko elaborated a tactic for military use of rocket weaponry. In 1820 Zasyadko was appointed head of the
2910:
Fire-arms may be defined as vessels—of whatever form— used in the propulsion of shot, shell, or bullets, to a greater or less distance, by the action of gunpowder exploded within them. The prevalent notion that gunpowder was the invention of Friar Bacon, and that cannon were first used by Edward III.
2888:
Fire-arms may be defined as vessels—of whatever form— used in the propulsion of shot, shell, or bullets, to a greater or less distance, by the action of gunpowder exploded within them. The prevalent notion that gunpowder was the invention of Friar Bacon, and that cannon were first used by Edward III.
2867:
Europeans were prompted by all this to take a closer interest in happenings far to the east. Four years after the invasion of 1241, the pope sent an ambassador to the Great Khan's capital in
Mongolia. Other travellers followed later, of whom the most interesting was William of Rubruck (or Ruysbroek).
3154:
The first use of a metal tube in this context was made around 1280 in the wars between the Song and the
Mongols, where a new term, chong, was invented to describe the new horror...Like paper, it reached the West via the Muslims, in this case the writings of the Andalusian botanist Ibn al-Baytar, who
2970:
the Khitan, and again in the wars against the invading
Jurchen in 1125-27 and 1161-62. Following the Mongol conquest of much of Asia the Arabs became acquainted with saltpeter sometime before the end of the thirteenth century. They called it Chinese snow, as they called the rocket the Chinese arrow.
2460:
The war rocket used by the
Mahrattas which very often annoyed us, is composed of an iron tube eight or ten inches long and nearly two inches in diameter. This destructive weapon is sometimes fixed to a rod iron, sometimes to a straight two-edged sword, but most commonly to a strong bamboo cane four
1593:
was tasked by von Opel to construct a dedicated glider, again called Opel-RAK.1, for his rocket program. On
September 30, 1929, von Opel himself piloted the RAK.1, the world's first public manned rocket-powered flight from the Frankfurt-Rebstock airport, but experienced a hard landing. The Opel-RAK
2805:
Around 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpeter ("Chinese snow") from the East, perhaps through India. They knew of gunpowder soon afterward. They also learned about fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows"). Arab warriors had acquired fire lances by 1280. Around that same
3051:
When the use of these grenades first began is still obscure. They were apparently used in the battles of 1161 and 1162, and again by the northern
Chinese against the Mongols in 1232. The Arabs became acquainted with saltpeter some time before the end of the thirteenth century and calledin Chinese
2992:
Gunpowder appeared in Europe in the thirteenth century. The Arabs learned of gunpowder during this century and they called saltpeter "Chinese snow" and the rocket "Chinese arrow." Roger Bacon was the first European to mention gunpowder and he may have learend it from the Arabs or from his fellow
1350:
That Professor Goddard, with his 'chair' in Clark College and the countenancing of the Smithsonian Institution, does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react – to say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to
3019:
Gunpowder appeared in Europe in the thirteenth century. The Arabs learned of gunpowder during this century and they called saltpeter "Chinese snow" and the rocket "Chinese arrow." Roger Bacon was the first European to mention gunpowder and he may have learend it from the Arabs or from his fellow
2402:
launch vehicle systems and space launch service offerings emerged. Companies now faced economic incentives rather than the principally political incentives of the earlier decades. The space launch business experienced a dramatic lowering of per-unit prices along with the addition of entirely new
496:). Al-Baytar died in 1248. The earlier Arab historians called saltpeter "Chinese snow" and "Chinese salt." The Arabs used the name "Chinese arrows" to refer to rockets. The Arabs called fireworks "Chinese flowers". While saltpeter was called "Chinese Snow" by Arabs, it was called "Chinese salt" (
2660:
Frank H. Winter, "The `Boun Bang Fai' Rockets of Thailand and Laos:", in Lloyd H. Cornett, Jr., ed., History of Rocketry and Astronautics - Proceedings of the Twentieth and Twenty-First History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, AAS History Series, Vol. 15 (Univelt Inc.: San
1923:
nations, mainly Belgium, as well as England and France. While they could not be intercepted, their guidance system design and single conventional warhead meant that they were insufficiently accurate against military targets. A total of 2,754 people in England were killed, and 6,523 were wounded
1866:
casualties and its retreat from the town in panic. After their success in the first month of the war, mass production was ordered and the development of other models proceeded. The Katyusha was inexpensive and could be manufactured in light industrial installations which did not have the heavy
3875:
On August 30, 1822, the first unit of rocket artillery was established in the Polish army of the Congress Kingdom. The precursor of the use of flares was the artilleryman Capt. Joseph Bem. The 1st Polish Rocket Corps was created on the orders of the Russian prince Konstanty, despite this, the
154:
that used steam as propulsion. A sphere was mounted on top of a water basin, which was heated with fire turning the water to steam that traveled into the sphere through pipes. The steam escaped through two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides, causing the sphere to rotate. These devices have been
4055:
1231:
published a lecture on rocket theory and interplanetary travel. He independently derived Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation, did basic calculations about the energy required to make round trips to the Moon and planets, and he proposed the use of atomic power (i.e. radium) to power a jet drive.
2175:
re-entry; at an altitude of about 122,000 m (400,000 ft), the atmosphere becomes dense enough for the aerodynamic re-entry phase to begin. Throughout re-entry, the Shuttle rolled to change lift direction in a prescribed way, keeping maximum deceleration well below 2
1867:
equipment to build conventional artillery gun barrels. By the end of 1942, 3,237 Katyusha launchers of all types had been built, and by the end of the war total production reached about 10,000. with 12 million rockets of the RS type produced for the Soviet armed forces.
2942:
now known precisely but, as with many other commodities, the Mongol campaigns served as one conduit. The Arabs learned of saltpetre around the end of the thirteenth century when they were introduced to it as 'Chinese snow' and began to use rockets they called 'Chinese
1991:; the rocket is held in place by its railway carrier, which is mounted on four diagonal beams that constitute the display pedestal. Here the railway carrier has tilted the rocket upright as it would do so into its launch pad structure—which is missing for this display.
1924:
before the launch campaign was ended. There were also 20,000 deaths of slave labour during the construction of V-2s. While it did not significantly affect the course of the war, the V-2 provided a lethal demonstration of the potential for guided rockets as weapons.
2105:(NACA) made the counterintuitive discovery that a blunt shape (high drag) permitted the most effective heat shield. With this type of shape, around 99% of the energy goes into the air rather than the vehicle, and this permitted safe recovery of orbital vehicles.
3735:"The making of rockets in two parts, the first containing the making of rockets for the meanest capacity, the other to make rockets by a duplicate proposition, to 1000 pound weight or higher / experimentally and mathematically demonstrated, by Robert Anderson"
146:, propelled a wooden bird along suspended wires using steam as propellant. The wooden pigeon was tied to a pole by a wire. When the plug containing the steam was released, the steam propelled the pigeon in circles around the pole. About 300 years later,
2836:
The first definite mention of saltpetre in an Arabic work is that in al-Baytar (d. 1248), written towards the end of his life, where it is called "snow of China." Al-Baytar was a Spanish Arab, although he travelled a good deal and lived for a time in
4059:
1898:
detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.
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in 1921, yet he had not been taken seriously by the public. Nevertheless, Goddard reclusively developed and flew a small liquid-fueled rocket. He developed the technology for 214 patents, 212 of which his wife published after his death.
2298:
Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th century and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the
3185:
In either case, there is linguistic evidence of Chinese origins of the technology: in Damascus, Arabs called the saltpeter used in making gunpowder " Chinese snow," while in Iran it was called "Chinese salt." Whatever the migratory
689:. The British then took an active interest in the technology and developed it further during the 19th century. Use of iron tubes for holding propellant enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range).
1910:
explosive charge. It normally achieved an operational maximum altitude of around 90 km (56 mi), but could achieve 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically. The vehicle was similar to most modern rockets, with
1613:
weapon for the Nazis. When private rocket-engineering became forbidden in Germany, Sander was arrested by Gestapo in 1935, convicted of treason, sentenced to 5 years in prison, and forced to sell his company. He died in 1938.
5258:
2086:, the first man into space, and the first lunar and planetary probes. This rocket is still in use today. These prestigious events attracted the attention of top politicians, along with additional funds for further research.
871:, meaning "bobbin" or "little spindle", given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread to be fed to a spinning wheel. The Italian term was adopted into German in the mid 16th century, by
3089:
However, the first Arab mention of saltpetre occurs towards the end of the thirteenth century, when it is called 'Chinese snow'. In any case, gunpowder became known in Europe a short time after it was used in warfare in
479:, al-Rammah's recipes were more explosive than rockets used in China at the time. The terminology used by al-Rammah indicates a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons he wrote about, such as rockets and fire lances.
321:. Rockets are recorded to have been used by the Song navy in a military exercise dated to 1245. Internal-combustion rocket propulsion is mentioned in a reference to 1264, recording that the 'ground-rat,' a type of
988:
In his 1696 work, ‘The Making of Rockets. In two Parts. The First containing the Making of Rockets for the meanest Capacity. The other to make Rockets by a Duplicate Proposition, to 1,000 pound Weight or higher,’
2093:. It had been shown that an orbital vehicle easily had enough kinetic energy to vaporize itself, and yet it was known that meteorites can make it down to the ground. The mystery was solved in the US in 1951 when
3238:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
3217:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
3123:
Following the Mongol conquest of much of Asia the Arabs became acquainted with saltpeter sometime before the end of the thirteenth century. They called it Chinese snow, as they called the rocket the Chinese
3268:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese snow and used it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
803:(c. 1420) described flying rockets in the shape of doves, running rockets in the shape of hares, and a large car driven by three rockets, as well as a large rocket torpedo with the head of a sea monster.
2886:
Vol. 2 of The People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge with Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life. New York: Eaton & Mains. 1897. p. 1033.
1019:
and started a vigorous development program at the Arsenal's laboratory. Congreve prepared a new propellant mixture, and developed a rocket motor with a strong iron tube with conical nose. This early
1155:, causing the rocket to spin along its axis-of-travel like a bullet. The Hale rocket removed the need for a rocket stick, travelled further due to reduced air-resistance, and was far more accurate.
1455:
trainer, which achieved about one hundred successful assisted takeoffs. Further developments in the early 1930s included firing rockets from aircraft and the ground. In 1932 in-air test firings of
5525:
611:
3429:
2108:
The Allen and Eggers discovery, initially treated as a military secret, was eventually published in 1958. Blunt body theory made possible the heat shield designs that were embodied in the
1688:
On November 12, 1932, at a farm in Stockton NJ, the American Interplanetary Society's attempt to static-fire their first rocket (based on German Rocket Society designs) failed in a fire.
1474:(RNII) and developments were continued, including designing several variations for ground-to-air, ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air combat. The RS-82 rockets were carried by
1439:(GDL), where the first test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in March 1928, which flew for about 1,300 meters In 1931 the world's first successful use of rockets to assist
5269:
2391:
payload subset of the launch market was increasingly influenced by commercial considerations. However, even during this period, for both commercial- and government-entity-launched
1467:(GIRD) was formed and was responsible for the first Soviet liquid propelled rocket launch, the GIRD-9, on 17 August 1933, which reached an altitude of 400 metres (1,300 ft).
728:
The Korean kingdom of Joseon started producing gunpowder in 1374 and was producing cannons and rockets by 1377. However the multiple rocket launching carts known as the "Munjong
2055:, the first manned vehicle to break the sound barrier. This continued in the US under von Braun and the others, who were destined to become part of the US scientific community.
2016:
At the end of World War II, competing Russian, British, and US military and scientific crews raced to capture technology and trained personnel from the German rocket program at
1424:
jet of gas, more than doubling the thrust and raising the engine efficiency from 2% to 64%. On 16 March 1926, Goddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket in
1023:
weighed about 32 pounds (14.5 kilograms). The Royal Arsenal's first demonstration of solid-fuel rockets took place in 1805. The rockets were effectively used during the
2364:
having a greater influence on rocket launch purchasing than the traditional political considerations of country of manufacture or the particular national entity using,
3052:
snow, as the called the rocket the Chinese arrow. Roger Bacon (c. 1214 to c. 1294) is the first European writer to mention gunpowder, though whether he learned of it.
2070:
missile. German designs were abandoned in the late 1940s, and the foreign workers were sent home. A new series of engines built by Glushko and based on inventions of
1738:
fire, the Wehrmacht initially funded the VfR team, but because their focus was strictly scientific, created its own research team. At the behest of military leaders,
1015:(1772–1828), son of the Comptroller of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, became a major figure in the field. From 1801 Congreve researched the original design of
155:
described as "steam rockets", "proto-rockets", and employing "principles essential to rocket flight" and the "action-reaction principle" that preceded true rockets.
2395:, the launch service providers for these payloads used launch vehicles built to government specifications, and with state-provided development funding exclusively.
1170:
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a burst of scientific investigation into interplanetary travel, fueled by the creativity of fiction writers such as
1585:
on the Opel raceway in Rüsselsheim, Germany, and later the dedicated RAK2 rocket car at the AVUS speedway in Berlin. In 1928, Opel, Valier and Sander equipped the
775:(c. 1337 – c. 1405) had the idea of launching rockets through tubes, so that they could make more accurate flights. Froissart's idea is a forerunner of the modern
4018:
591:
3945:"Science Fiction Sent Man to the Moon - Neil Armstrong's first small step owed more than you'd think to the footsteps of Jules Verne, H.G. Wells and Fritz Lang"
1997:
1589:
glider, which Opel had purchased, with rocket power and launched the manned glider. The "Ente" was destroyed on its second flight. Eventually glider pioneer
4002:
3310:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
1522:
fighters under command of Captain N. Zvonarev were using RS-82 rockets against Japanese aircraft, shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total. Six
1448:
966:
devices. It contained a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for both military and civil purposes), including
5459:
3827:
1317:
sports-car and then used in battle on real aircraft from May 1916. A typical layout involved eight electrically fired Le Prieur rockets fitted on the
5713:
2255:
aircraft). There was also significant research in other countries, such as France, Britain, Japan, Australia, etc., and a growing use of rockets for
1890:("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320-kilometer (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130-kilogram (2,490 lb)
1594:
program and the public demonstrations of ground and air vehicles drew large crowds and caused public excitement in Germany known as "rocket rumble".
1377:("The Rocket into Planetary Space"), a version of his doctoral thesis, after the University of Munich had rejected it. In 1929, he published a book,
1338:. The work included remarks about sending a solid-fuel rocket to the Moon, which attracted worldwide attention and was both praised and ridiculed. A
4396:
3439:
1958:
5913:
Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
3313:. Vol. 5. Contributors Joseph Needham, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
2208:
carried on a rocket vehicle were essentially impossible for existing defense systems to stop once launched, and launch vehicles such as the R-7,
1944:
287:
4978:
3020:
Franciscan, Friar William of Rubruck. Friar William was in Mongolia in 1254 and Roger Bacon was personally acquainted with him after his return
1870:
During the Second World War, Major-General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the
1420:) nozzle to the combustion chamber of a liquid-fueled rocket engine. This turned the hot combustion chamber gas into a cooler, highly directed
3561:
532:, mercenaries are recorded to have used hand held rockets in 1300. By the mid-14th century, Indian armies were also using rockets in warfare.
2387:
programs. Later in the 20th century commercial operators became significant customers of launch providers. International competition for the
5091:
1851:
1210:
225:. A stationary arrow launcher that carries one hundred fire arrows. It is activated by a trap-like mechanism, possibly of wheellock design.
2971:
Roger Bacon (ca. 1214 to ca. 1294) is the first European writer to mention gunpowder, though whether he learned of it through his study of
4840:"История Великой Отечественной войны" в 6 томах (History of Great Patriotic War), vol. 2, p. 66, chapter by field-marshal Andrey Eremenko
2883:
The people's cyclopedia of universal knowledge with numerous appendixes invaluable for reference in all departments of industrial life...
2670:"Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D., describing Mongol invaders' use of them on February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad."
2102:
1364:
In reality, in terms of Newton's third law, a rocket "pushes against" its exhaust gases, so the lack of surrounding air is not relevant.
313:(25 km, or 15 miles) when they exploded upon impact, causing devastation for a radius of 600 meters (2,000 feet), apparently due to
3910:
1943:, etc.). During the war Germany also developed several guided and unguided air-to-air, ground-to-air and ground-to-ground missiles (see
1906:
began in Germany. It had an operational range of 300 km (190 mi) and carried a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) warhead, with an
1186:. Scientists seized on the rocket as a technology that was able to achieve this in real life, a possibility first recognized in 1861 by
3888:
3233:
English artillery, 1326-1716: being the history of artillery in this country prior to the formation of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
1649:
in 1932. Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.
5214:
5140:
1789:
1253:. He patented these concepts in 1914. He also independently developed the mathematics of rocket flight. Goddard worked on developing
2704:
2672:
309:
Rockets may have been used as early as 1232, when reports appeared describing fire arrows and 'iron pots' that could be heard for 5
5356:
2036:
were used instead by scientists as research vehicles for developing the new technology further. The V-2 evolved into the American
962:
was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual. The book provided the standard designs for creating rockets, fireballs, and other
765:
at Chioggia in 1380. It is uncertain whether Muratori was correct in his interpretation, as the reference might also have been to
4161:
769:, but Muratori is the source for the widespread claim that the earliest recorded European use of rocket artillery dates to 1380.
2905:
The standard American encyclopedia of arts, sciences, history, biography, geography, statistics, and general knowledge, Volume 3
2461:
or five feet long with an iron spike projecting beyond the tube to this rod or staff, the tube filled with combustible materials
3173:. Vol. 1 of Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 365.
1850:
was raised to operate them. On July 14, 1941, an experimental artillery battery of seven launchers was first used in battle at
1758:
1471:
1464:
1334:
551:
casing, which made them more weatherproof and allowed a larger amount of gunpowder, increasing their destructive power. Mughal
6879:
6816:
6624:
6432:
6360:
6279:
6247:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
6203:
5751:
5617:
A study of the motion and aerodynamic heating of ballistic missiles entering the earth's atmosphere at high supersonic speeds
5605:
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4509:
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2024:
benefited the most. The US captured a large number of German rocket scientists, including von Braun, and brought them to the
909:. Evliya Çelebi purported that in 1633 Lagari launched in a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (63.5 kg, or 140 lbs) of
338:
993:
proposed constructing rockets out of "a piece of a Gun Barrel" whose metal casing is much stronger than pasteboard or wood.
3683:
1862:, destroying a concentration of German troops with tanks, armored vehicles and trucks at the marketplace, causing massive
5493:
2201:
52:. However, more solid documentary evidence does not appear until the 13th century. The technology probably spread across
1373:
1325:
aircraft. When fired from a sufficiently short distance, a spread of Le Prieur rockets proved quite deadly. Belgian ace
6131:"Gunpowder, Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"
5184:
Viviani, Antonio; Pezzella, Giuseppe (January 3, 2011). "Heat Transfer Analysis for a Winged Reentry Flight Test Bed".
4723:
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1141:
953:
3155:
died in Damascus in 1248. The Arabic term for saltpetre is 'Chinese snow' while the Persian usage is 'Chinese salt'.28
1127:
Erfahrungen über die Congrevischen Brand-Raketen bis zum Jahre 1819 in der Königlichen Polnischen Artillerie gesammelt
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1309:. The rather crude black-powder, steel-tipped incendiary rockets made by the Ruggieri firm were first tested from a
1258:
135:
The earliest known example of a device displaying the "principles essential to rocket flight" was around 400 BC when
3944:
5560:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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1148:
990:
4772:Исследовательский центр имени М. В. Келдыша - 1933-2003: 70 лет на передовых рубежах ракетно-космической техники
2320:, was intended to be cheaper, but no large reduction in costs was achieved. Meanwhile, in 1973, the expendable
1494:
close air support plane, while the heavier RS-132 rockets could be carried by bombers. Many small ships of the
1262:
6903:
6797:
6333:
6068:
5830:
5789:
4221:
3995:
3318:
3291:
2164:
2144:
1894:
at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and
1091:
700:
and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the
422:
The Proceedings of the Twentieth and Twenty-First History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics
298:
argues that rockets could not have existed before the 12th century, since the gunpowder formulas listed in the
282:
4998:
4777:
Research Center named after M.V. Keldysh - 1933-2003: 70 years at the forefront of rocket and space technology
2552:
2155:). He designed a space shuttle which operated as a blunt body by entering the atmosphere at an extremely high
1621:, head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, gathered a small team of engineers that included
932:" ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part", also known as "The Complete Art of Artillery"), first printed in
6718:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
6708:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
6009:
4646:
3818:
at the US National Park Service, Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine. Retrieved February 2008.
3734:
2117:
1535:
164:
5820:
4470:
1645:
build his liquid rocket engine, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at
4546:
1162:
built an improved version of the Congreve rocket by placing two rockets in one tube, one behind the other.
2231:, the 1960s became the decade of rapid development of rocket technology particularly in the Soviet Union (
1734:
limited Germany's access to long-distance weaponry. Seeing the possibility of using rockets as long-range
1658:
1598:
1102:. He organized rocket production in a special rocket workshop and formed the first rocket sub-unit in the
6691:
5020:
4392:
3788:
2136:
1863:
1206:
1012:
364:
Rocket launchers known as "wasp nests" were ordered by the Ming army in 1380. In 1400, the Ming loyalist
318:
6005:
5467:
5294:
2526:
2473:
412:(17th century). It carries 32 medium small poisoned rockets and comes with a sling to carry on the back.
6425:
War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
5408:
1746:, joined the military (followed by two former VfR members) and developed long-range weapons for use in
1246:
1187:
682:
402:
6495:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
6108:
5268:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC 20591. FOIA Library. pp. 4.1.7-335. Archived from
4593:
4364:
1886:
during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the
6229:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
5800:
3841:
3496:
2388:
2071:
1843:
1618:
1499:
758:
5198:
4975:
5072:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. pp. 82–84
4213:
3580:
2790:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
2325:
2160:
1830:
1766:
1266:
1098:
Armory, Okhtensky Powder Factory, pyrotechnic laboratory and the first Highest Artillery School in
1061:
776:
642:
384:
314:
93:
2499:
841:). His work dealt with the theory of motion of multi-stage rockets, different fuel mixtures using
6194:
Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990
5095:
4419:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. pp. 6–7
3971:
2758:
2353:
2345:
2127:, enabling astronauts and cosmonauts to survive the fiery re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Some
1436:
1379:
1254:
1228:
1220:
697:
30:
3815:
3704:
3112:
3014:
2965:
1431:
During the 1920s, a number of rocket research organizations appeared worldwide. Rocketry in the
5193:
3074:
3069:
East-West Passage: The Travel of Ideas, Arts, and Inventions Between Asia and the Western World
2903:
2881:
1920:
1515:
1194:
959:
317:. A "flying fire-lance" that had re-usable barrels was also mentioned to have been used by the
5946:
Proceedings of the Thirty-First History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics
3308:
3281:
3168:
3137:
894:
60:
of the mid-13th century. Usage of rockets as weapons before modern rocketry is attested to in
6668:
6214:
6017:
4713:
4598:
Opel Post article on 90th anniversary of Opel RAK2 public rocket demonstration at AVUS Berlin
3918:
2850:
2819:
2788:
2236:
2213:
2209:
2152:
1762:
1704:
1539:
1456:
1425:
1343:
1103:
974:
717:
6191:
4813:
4525:
1829:
unguided anti-aircraft rockets, and by 1940, the Germans had developed a surface-to-surface
5042:
4250:
2059:
1826:
1813:
1794:
1778:
1731:
1662:(Society for Space Travel, or VfR), and in 1931 launched a liquid propellant rocket (using
1630:
1385:
1159:
872:
325:, had frightened the Empress-Mother Gongsheng at a feast held in her honor by her son the
20:
5233:
5159:
4769:
Akimov, V.N.; Koroteev, A.S.; Gafarov, A.A. (2003). "The weapon of victory - "Katyusha"".
3170:
The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization
1235:
1083:
reduced veer somewhat by attaching a long stick to the end of a rocket (similar to modern
483:, an Arab from Spain who had immigrated to Egypt, described saltpeter as "snow of China" (
8:
5651:
2985:
2712:
2680:
2337:
2090:
2029:
1290:
1035:
529:
5598:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
5433:
4254:
3463:
A Narrative of the Campaign in India which Terminated the War with Tippoo Sultan in 1792
1561:
Opel RAK.1 - World's first public manned flight of a rocket plane on September 30, 1929.
1075:, they had a strong tendency to veer sharply away from their intended course. The early
559:
6394:
6386:
6192:
6142:
6038:
5987:
5921:
5893:
5361:
4999:"Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency. US National Archives and Records Administration"
3949:
3876:
rocketmen made the most merit in the fight against Russia during the November Uprising.
3434:
3105:
3067:
3007:
2958:
2447:
Oriental Memoirs - A Narrative of Seventeen Years Residence in India, Part 68, Volume 1
2180:. These roll maneuvers allowed the Shuttle to use its lift to steer toward the runway.
2121:
1988:
1392:
1065:
811:
754:
563:
444:
was adopted by the Mongols in northern China, who employed Chinese rocketry experts as
147:
85:
4169:
1034:
Subsequently, the use of military rockets spread throughout the western world. At the
980:
6898:
6875:
6848:
6830:
6812:
6793:
6765:
6736:
6695:
6672:
6620:
6583:
6541:
6535:
6498:
6471:
6446:
6428:
6398:
6356:
6329:
6311:
6275:
6233:
6227:
6199:
6176:
6064:
6023:
5949:
5927:
5897:
5864:
5826:
5806:
5785:
5766:
5747:
5725:
5698:
5692:
5676:
5657:
5637:
5601:
5571:
5223:
5149:
4821:
4814:
4780:
4719:
4505:
4501:
4388:
4333:
4217:
4119:
4109:
3862:
3570:
3402:
3365:
3314:
3287:
3257:
3206:
3174:
3143:
3078:
3040:
2931:
2856:
2825:
2794:
2614:
2365:
2256:
1968:
1964:
1875:
1739:
1700:
1638:
1622:
1606:
1507:
1310:
1306:
1282:
1239:
1133:, where captain Józef Kosiński also developed multiple-rocket launchers adapted from
1057:
1046:
967:
796:
686:
674:
659:
651:
618:
598:
354:
303:
104:
4369:(Volume 1 ed.). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 164–165
3497:
Seoul National University-College of Humanities-Department of History (2005-04-30).
2403:
capabilities, bringing about a new phase of competition in the space launch market.
2312:
In the 1970s, the United States made five more lunar landings before cancelling the
1730:) began to take an interest in rocketry. Artillery restrictions imposed by the 1919
918:
183:
6661:
6521:
6378:
6173:
U.S. Hypersonic Research and Development: The Rise and Fall of Dyna-Soar, 1944–1963
5983:
4258:
3385:
3361:
The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605
2264:
2098:
2004:
1743:
1531:
1511:
1503:
1483:
1318:
1286:
1152:
1095:
1076:
1071:
Early rockets were very inaccurate. Without the use of spinning or any controlling
1016:
891:, a German fireworks maker, is believed to have experimented with staging in 1590.
888:
865:
766:
666:
655:
602:
583:
544:
513:
497:
475:), which included 107 gunpowder recipes, 22 of which are for rockets. According to
449:
108:
57:
5802:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
5568:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
4571:
2066:. With the help of German technicians, the V-2 was launched and duplicated as the
902:
6730:
5941:
5530:
5383:
4982:
4113:
4006:
3484:
3461:
3393:
3359:
3251:
3231:
3200:
3034:
2925:
2445:
2399:
2357:
2321:
2271:
2205:
2167:
around the vehicle instead of into it. The Space Shuttle used a combination of a
2156:
2109:
2094:
2037:
1916:
1855:
1847:
1519:
1479:
1475:
1463:
aircraft armed with six launchers successfully took place. In September 1931 the
1417:
1250:
1198:
1183:
1134:
1114:
1080:
1024:
1020:
1006:
949:
941:
937:
762:
705:
701:
622:
484:
429:
417:
124:
120:
77:
6576:
6079:
5971:
4770:
4263:
4238:
2324:
programme was begun, a launcher that by the year 2000 would capture much of the
1931:, rockets were also used on aircraft, either for assisting horizontal take-off (
1674:
1609:, who eventually became the head of the army research station that designed the
789:
around 1405. Kyeser describes three types of rockets, swimming, free flying and
349:, also known as the Fire Drake Manual, written by the Chinese artillery officer
6459:
6104:
5319:
Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane
4668:"A Rocket Drive For Long Range Bombers by E. Saenger and J. Bredt, August 1944"
2313:
2294:
to retract its earlier 1920 editorial implying that spaceflight couldn't work:
2279:
2275:
2252:
2113:
2063:
2033:
1708:
1642:
1578:
1487:
1416:
Modern rockets originated in the US when Robert Goddard attached a supersonic (
1368:
1274:
1216:
1130:
1099:
945:
898:
846:
772:
476:
456:
373:
358:
326:
299:
295:
143:
116:
6608:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
5616:
5222:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 187.
4715:
Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War
4674:
1530:. RNII also built over 100 experimental rocket engines under the direction of
233:
6892:
5593:
4809:
4337:
4195:("Hermann Oberth, Father of Cosmic Flight") (in Romanian), pp. 3, 11, 13, 15.
2422:
2349:
2317:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2132:
2124:
2043:
After the war, rockets were used to study high-altitude conditions, by radio
2025:
2021:
1984:
1936:
1801:
1692:
1586:
1547:
1543:
1491:
1326:
1084:
1072:
1043:
790:
782:
536:
480:
310:
213:
6308:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
6112:
5526:"The inside story of how billionaires are racing to take you to outer space"
5148:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. x.
4698:
Winter, Frank H; van der Linden, Robert (November 2007), "Out of the Past",
2017:
1871:
5743:
5389:(Report). Comptroller General of the United States. June 1, 1973. p. 1
5384:
Analysis Of Cost Estimates For The Space Shuttle And Two Alternate Programs
5316:
4442:
2576:
2553:
https://propulsion-skrishnan.com/pdf/History%20of%20Rocket%20Technology.pdf
2412:
2384:
2380:
2283:
2159:
of 40° with the underside facing the direction of flight, creating a large
2140:
2083:
2075:
2067:
1928:
1859:
1806:
1751:
1747:
1590:
1432:
1278:
1137:
1039:
508:
239:
A "nest of bees" (yi wo feng 一窩蜂) arrow rocket launcher as depicted in the
140:
112:
81:
46:
5064:
4411:
4350:
4303:
3569:. Seoul: Korean Spirit & Culture Promotion Project. 2007. p. 62.
3522:
3477:
1110:
491:
25:
5066:
Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974
4748:
4413:
Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974
3253:
Clubs to cannon: warfare and weapons before the introduction of gunpowder
2172:
2048:
1883:
1835:
1682:
1678:
1646:
1641:, a young engineering prodigy who as an eighteen-year-old student helped
1551:
1495:
1460:
1175:
1171:
1140:. The 1st Rocketeer Corps formed in 1822; it first saw combat during the
1028:
963:
880:
842:
833:
and weapons technologies. This manuscript was discovered in 1961, in the
826:
786:
741:
693:
670:
626:
571:
445:
365:
345:
251:
221:
191:
6146:
6130:
3524:
3498:
1846:
were top secret in the beginning of World War II. A special unit of the
432:
might have been key in the subsequent spread of rocketry in the Orient.
6390:
5972:"Considérations sur les résultats d'un allégement indéfini des moteurs"
3996:
Tsiolkovsky's Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами -
2128:
1903:
1887:
1818:
1720:
1696:
1653:
1610:
1602:
1582:
1570:
1527:
1523:
1421:
1179:
971:
914:
746:
441:
406:
A "long serpent enemy breaking" fire arrow launcher as depicted in the
389:
277:
168:
2993:
Franciscan, Friar William of Rubruck. Friar William was in Mongolia in
1825:
At the start of the war, the British had equipped their warships with
6663:
The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon
4526:"The Internet Encyclopedia of Science, history of rocketry: Opel-RAK"
4190:
2376:
2079:
2044:
1912:
1735:
1726:
1626:
1408:
933:
910:
830:
817:
567:
408:
394:
286:
attributes the invention to two different people at different times,
273:
241:
151:
115:
during the mid 18th century, and were later modified and used by the
6556:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
6382:
2443:
1874:
army rocket center, and von Braun was the technical director of the
1444:
875:
in a book on rocket artillery published in 1557, using the spelling
2287:
2228:
2219:
2188:
2052:
1667:
1574:
1573:
and the solid-fuel rocket builder Friedrich Wilhelm Sander, called
1452:
1322:
1001:
956:
922:
322:
136:
84:
in 1380. In Europe, rockets were also used in the same year at the
3654:
2032:. In America, the same rockets that were designed to rain down on
1793:
A battery of Katyusha launchers fires at German forces during the
1673:
Similar work was done from 1932 onwards by the Austrian professor
753:
However rockets do not feature in European warfare until the 1380
6487:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
6008:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
3679:
3487:
National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.
2392:
2369:
2340:
for obtaining spaceflight services emerged, bringing substantial
2193:
2177:
1891:
1712:
1332:
In 1920, Goddard published his ideas and experimental results in
1314:
350:
291:
53:
6369:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",
1761:(RNII) began developing a multiple rocket launcher based on the
1652:
In 1927 a team of German rocket engineers, including Opel RAK's
1625:
and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range
5586:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
3797:
3721:
3701:
Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names
3142:(illustrated, annotated ed.). HarperCollins. p. 304.
2417:
1940:
1907:
1677:, who migrated to Germany in 1936 and worked on rocket-powered
1663:
1634:
1257:
since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the
906:
854:
729:
448:
in the Mongol army. Rockets are thought to have spread via the
369:
258:
97:
89:
73:
38:
5714:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
3249:
3229:
3198:
3073:(illustrated ed.). Taplinger Publishing Company. p.
2062:
research continued under the leadership of the chief designer
1569:
began public demonstrations of rocket vehicles, together with
1557:
6845:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
5109:
4849:
Andrey Sapronov «Россия» newspaper No. 23 of June 21–27, 2001
4779:]. Mechanical Engineering (in Russian). pp. 92–101.
3139:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
2444:
Forbes, James; Rosée comtesse de Montalembert, Eliza (1834).
2361:
2196:
rocket, the second French rocket program, developed from 1961
1895:
834:
678:
548:
540:
69:
65:
61:
49:
42:
6578:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
5782:
Rocket Man: Robert H. Goddard and the Birth of the Space Age
3998:
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices
3307:
Needham, Joseph; Yu, Ping-Yu (1980). Needham, Joseph (ed.).
2047:
of temperature and pressure of the atmosphere, detection of
1707:. In 1939, a number of test firings were carried out in the
1203:
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices
829:
wrote a book that described rocket technology that combined
353:
in the mid-14th century. This text mentions the first known
343:
Subsequently, rockets are included in the military treatise
4858:
Andrey Sapronov «Парламентская газета» No 80 of May 5, 2005
3699:
from c. 1610, adopted from the Italian term. Jim Bernhard,
3256:(reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble Books. p. 216.
2613:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–103.
2260:
2248:
1932:
1566:
1440:
555:
473:
The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices
425:
398:(17th century). The launcher is constructed using basketry.
4873:
4137:
Belgian ace Willy Coppens also utilized Le Prieur rockets.
3516:
3107:
The invention of printing in China and its spread westward
3036:
The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward
2960:
The invention of printing in China and its spread westward
1510:
in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in
1277:, a French naval officer (who later invented a pioneering
720:
Marathas also used iron-encased rockets in their battles.
455:
Rocket-like weapons are reported to have been used at the
6353:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
5656:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
5336:
4897:
4885:
4330:
Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR
3842:"Marine Corps Artillery Rockets: Back Through The Future"
3529:
Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea's Space Rocket
3523:
Korean Broadcasting System-News department (2005-04-30).
3490:
3286:(illustrated, reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 335.
2852:
Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history
2644:
2642:
2316:
in 1975. The replacement vehicle, the partially reusable
1919:
and many other features. Thousands were fired at various
1205:, the first serious scientific work on space travel. The
850:
4090:
2855:(reprint, illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p. 45.
2824:(reprint, illustrated ed.). JHU Press. p. 22.
2817:
2738:
2200:
Rockets became extremely important militarily as modern
1117:
started experiments with what was then called in Polish
359:'fire-dragon issuing from the water' (huo long chu shui)
45:, and may have appeared as early as the 10th century in
6762:
Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612-1639
6497:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
4933:
4921:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4142:
3635:
3563:
Fifty wonders of Korea Volume 2. Science and Technology
3009:
Perspectives on the social order: readings in sociology
2439:
2437:
1151:
modified the rocket design so that thrust was slightly
558:
rockets were described by European visitors, including
507:) by the Iranians, or "salt from the Chinese marshes" (
80:
is the "wasp nest" fire arrow launcher produced by the
6415:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
5822:
Hitler's Scientists: Science, War and the Devil's Pact
5615:
Allen, Julian H.; Eggers, A.J. Jr. (January 1, 1958).
4957:
4861:
4647:"History of Rocketry: Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)"
3610:
2983:
2908:. New York: Encyclopedia publishing co. p. 1033.
2726:
2639:
2627:
2480:
1526:
bombers also used RS-132 for ground attack during the
1498:
were also fitted with the RS-82 rocket, including the
1351:
lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools."
984:
Robert Anderson suggests using metal for rocket casing
119:. The later models and improvements were known as the
4909:
4768:
3761:"Rockets - a reassessment, a mystery and a discovery"
3655:"CONRAD HAAS Raketenpionier in Siebenbürgen (german)"
3102:
3032:
2955:
2782:
2780:
2143:, the Director of Engineering and Development at the
1165:
245:. So called because of its hexagonal honeycomb shape.
6863:
Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact
6790:
Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology
6310:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
5861:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4808:
4697:
3542:
2923:
2611:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
2434:
1987:" permanently displayed at the Moscow Trade Fair at
1329:
claimed dozens of Drachen kills during World War I.
5494:"U.S. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash'"
4820:. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 150–153.
3598:
3395:
Throwing Fire Projectile Technology Through History
3205:(illustrated ed.). Archon Books. p. 123.
2590:
641:Use of rockets in an assault by Mysorean troops on
452:to other areas of Eurasia in the mid 13th century.
276:rocket, otherwise known as the gunpowder propelled
150:created a similar "rocket-like device" known as an
6660:
6575:
5043:"International Space Hall of Fame: Sergei Korolev"
3357:
3339:
3327:
3104:
3066:
3006:
3004:
2990:. American Sociological Association. p. 598.
2957:
2901:
2777:
2259:, with pictures returned from the far side of the
1412:Robert Goddard and the first liquid-fueled rocket.
785:described rockets in his famous military treatise
6809:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
6445:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press,
6263:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
5543:the government's monopoly on space travel is over
5021:"V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age"
4816:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two
4332:. Novosti Press Pub. House. pp. 6–7, 11–12.
4239:"The Death of Rocket Science in the 21st Century"
3863:"Rockets, or under fire from flares (translated)"
2793:(illustrated ed.). Basic Books. p. 22.
1927:In parallel with the guided missile programme in
467:Between 1270 and 1280, Hasan al-Rammah wrote his
361:, thought to have been used by the Chinese navy.
6890:
6732:Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002
5969:
5740:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
5519:
5517:
4443:"History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII"
4043:
3758:
3391:
3064:
2757:Mansour, Professor Dr. Mohamed (22 March 2002).
2557:
1633:' ban on research and development of long-range
1542:ignition, and swirling and bi-propellant mixing
970:rockets, batteries of rockets, and rockets with
901:aviator who, according to an account written by
199:), the middle is a 'dragon shaped arrow frame' (
6617:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
6109:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
5948:. Turin Italy: American Astronautical Society.
5653:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
5487:
5485:
5428:
5426:
5183:
4558:a 25-minute documentary on the Opel RAK program
3938:
3936:
3166:
2020:. Russia and Britain had some success, but the
1945:list of World War II guided missiles of Germany
1765:. In August 1939, the completed rocket was the
1691:In 1936, a British research programme based at
1129:, Weimar 1820). The research took place in the
6290:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
5409:"Arianespace and the Ariane Family of Rockets"
5213:Launius, Roger D.; Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012).
5212:
5139:Launius, Roger D.; Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012).
5138:
3793:. Vol. 12. New York Macmillan. p. 8.
1031:. Congreve published three books on rocketry.
952:in 1963. For over two centuries, this work of
379:
6540:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
5880:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
5514:
4465:
4463:
4236:
4108:
4058:. Patft.uspto.gov. 1914-07-07. Archived from
3478:Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.
2569:
2270:In America, the crewed spaceflight programs,
2216:became delivery platforms for these weapons.
2135:made use of the same theory. At the time the
1581:. In 1928, Fritz von Opel drove a rocket car
1470:In 1933 GDL and GIRD were merged to form the
763:war between the Republics of Genoa and Venice
6326:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan
5482:
5434:"Europe to press ahead with Ariane 6 rocket"
5423:
5357:"New York Times 17 June 1969 - A Correction"
5216:Coming home: reentry and recovery from space
5142:Coming home: reentry and recovery from space
4387:
4356:
4237:Robertson, Glen A.; Webb, Darryl W. (2011).
3933:
3135:
2930:(illustrated ed.). Tauris. p. 25.
2848:
1300:
1294:
1211:Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel
203:), and the left is a 'complete fire arrow' (
6874:. New Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
6163:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
5997:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
5940:Elder, Donald C.; James, George S. (1997).
5614:
5451:
5127:
4969:
4436:
4434:
3782:
3780:
3236:. Royal Artillery Institution. p. 42.
3101:Original from the University of California
3031:Original from the University of California
2282:, culminated in 1969 with the first crewed
2103:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1685:(sometimes called the "antipodal" bomber).
887:; adoption into English dates to ca. 1610.
6829:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
6533:
6520:
6221:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
6114:History of Science and Technology in Islam
5939:
5923:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5186:International Journal of Engineering (IJE)
5018:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4460:
4096:
4021:. NASA. September 22, 2010. Archived from
3453:
3279:
3202:Artillery: its origin, heyday, and decline
2786:
2548:
2546:
2007:(USA) Mk-2 Reentry Vehicle (RV), based on
1882:, which became the first vehicle to reach
1878:program. They led the team that built the
757:. According to the 18th-century historian
368:used rocket launchers against the army of
6860:
6827:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
6787:
6782:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
6404:
6128:
6103:
5523:
5197:
5094:. S.P.Korolev RSC Energia. Archived from
5056:
5019:Hollingham, Richard (September 7, 2014).
4262:
4203:
4201:
4192:Hermann Oberth, părintele zborului cosmic
3803:
3641:
3306:
3228:Original from the University of Michigan
3197:Original from the University of Michigan
3063:Original from the University of Michigan
3039:. Columbia University Press. p. 92.
2982:Original from the University of Michigan
2954:Original from the University of Michigan
2744:
2732:
2486:
2089:One problem that had not been solved was
1435:began in 1921 with extensive work at the
1261:only five days before the signing of the
1193:In 1903, high school mathematics teacher
272:The dating of the invention of the first
6806:
6777:
6759:
6685:
6658:
6605:
6566:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
5818:
5711:
5457:
4939:
4927:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4431:
4112:; Roberts, Priscilla Mary, eds. (2005).
3911:"John Dennett: Isle of Wight Rocket Man"
3777:
3710:
2922:Original from the University of Michigan
2879:Original from the University of Michigan
2218:
2187:
2078:. The R-7 launched the first satellite,
2074:formed the basis of the first ICBM, the
1858:of Russia, under the command of Captain
1812:
1800:
1788:
1556:
1407:
1234:
1215:
1000:
979:
810:
401:
383:
219:The 'divine fire arrow screen' from the
24:
6728:
6598:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)
6553:
6484:
6458:
6440:
6422:
6412:
6295:
6272:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
6170:
6094:
6058:
6036:
5798:
5737:
5592:
5583:
5565:
5491:
5342:
5062:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4793:
4409:
4403:
4362:
4353:на сайте airwar.ru — «Уголок неба»
4327:
4321:
4295:
4277:
4207:
4148:
3972:"William Leitch Presbyterian Scientist"
3786:
3718:Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651
3616:
3250:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1993).
3230:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1963).
3199:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1970).
3111:(2 ed.). Ronald Press Co. p.
2987:American sociological review, Volume 10
2756:
2699:
2697:
2648:
2633:
2543:
2521:
2519:
1147:Accuracy greatly improved in 1844 when
806:
469:al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya
92:kingdom of Korea used a type of mobile
6891:
6869:
6842:
6824:
6780:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
6688:Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
6632:
6614:
6595:
6573:
6510:
6287:
6160:
6077:
6040:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
6015:
5942:"History of Rocketry and Astronautics"
5910:
5877:
5858:
5849:
5839:
5649:
5631:
5411:. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
5115:
4915:
4735:
4570:Boyne, Walter J. (September 1, 2004).
4495:
4198:
4183:
4118:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 688.
4081:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
3942:
3430:"Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal"
2608:
2151:method (as proposed for the cancelled
1759:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
1472:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
1465:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
1391:In 1924, Tsiolkovsky also wrote about
1335:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
1305:- "dragons" in German) used by German
1121:. These culminated in his 1819 report
977:(instead of the common guiding rods).
523:
6563:
6537:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
6528:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
6526:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
6492:
6350:
6341:
6323:
6305:
6225:
6097:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830
6019:To a Distant Day: The Rocket Pioneers
6006:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
5994:
5919:
5779:
5760:
5694:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
5690:
5354:
4945:
4569:
4289:
3839:
3604:
3548:
3459:
3283:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
2821:A history of Greek fire and gunpowder
2596:
2563:
2331:
1699:started work on a series of unguided
837:public records (Sibiu public records
704:, which was soon put into use in the
339:Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty
332:
195:. The left arrow reads 'fire arrow' (
189:Depiction of rocket arrows, from the
6749:
6640:
6513:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
6269:
6260:
6246:
6189:
5887:
5670:
5557:
4963:
4951:
4498:Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 Aces
4328:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973).
3891:. New Mexico Museum of Space History
3828:History of the Rocket - 1804 to 1815
3345:
2694:
2516:
2147:, was not satisfied with the purely
2051:, and further research; notably the
1950:
1565:In 1927 the German car manufacturer
1554:in 1938 curtailed the developments.
41:were used as propulsion systems for
6649:
6464:Science & Civilisation in China
6443:Science & Civilisation in China
6212:
5524:Davenport, Christian (2016-08-19).
4594:"Opel Sounds in the Era of Rockets"
4471:"Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII"
3503:Vestige of Scientific work in Korea
3333:
2202:intercontinental ballistic missiles
2040:, used in the early space program.
1971:after being captured by the Allies.
1695:in Kent under the direction of Dr.
1546:. However, Glushko's arrest during
1403:
1197:(1857–1935), inspired by Verne and
930:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima
658:during the 18th century during the
577:
517:
501:
488:
13:
6368:
5852:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
5763:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
5724:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
4363:Chertok, Boris (31 January 2005).
4168:. January 13, 1920. Archived from
3392:Alfred W. Crosby (April 8, 2002).
2204:(ICBMs) when it was realized that
1398:
1342:editorial suggested, referring to
1166:Early 20th-century rocket pioneers
905:, made a successful manned rocket
543:'s reign during the 16th century,
14:
6915:
5970:Esnault-Pelterie, Robert (1913).
5712:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
5650:Benton, Captain James G. (1862).
2900:Original from Harvard University
2818:James Riddick Partington (1960).
2765:. Muslim Heritage Awareness Group
1064:". Rockets were also used in the
601:fighting the British forces with
6643:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500
6606:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
6515:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
6328:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
6298:Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590
6022:. University of Nebraska Press.
5988:10.1051/jphystap:019130030021800
5458:Belfiore, Michael (2013-12-09).
5401:
5376:
5348:
5309:
5287:
5259:"Returning from Space: Re-entry"
5251:
5206:
5177:
5132:
5121:
5084:
5035:
5012:
4991:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4762:
4741:
4729:
4706:
4691:
4660:
4399:from the original on 2021-04-03.
3943:Benson, Michael (20 July 2019).
3790:Dictionary of National Biography
3005:Hugh Laurence Ross, ed. (1963).
2902:John Clark Ridpath, ed. (1897).
2383:came into being, exclusively by
2377:advent of spaceflight technology
1996:
1976:
1957:
1939:"Natter") or for powering them (
1779:Germany invaded the Soviet Union
1767:BM-13 / Katyusha rocket launcher
1502:. The earliest known use by the
1374:Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen
1263:armistice that ended World War I
1123:Notes sur les fusees incendiares
645:fortification (29 December 1789)
634:
610:
590:
250:
232:
212:
182:
103:Iron-cased rockets were used by
6807:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
6754:, University of Wisconsin Press
6413:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
6198:. New York: St.Martin's Press.
5551:
5266:Federal Aviation Administration
4649:. Daviddarling.info. 2007-02-01
4639:
4586:
4563:
4539:
4518:
4489:
4440:
4381:
4344:
4301:
4283:
4271:
4230:
4154:
4102:
4073:
4048:
4037:
4011:
3989:
3964:
3903:
3881:
3865:. Armed Poland. August 30, 2022
3855:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3759:Standingwellback (2012-12-28).
3752:
3727:
3689:
3668:
3647:
3622:
3554:
3470:
3438:. 21 April 2008. Archived from
3422:
3300:
3273:
3243:
3222:
3191:
3160:
3129:
3095:
3057:
3025:
2998:
2984:Frank Hamilton Hankins (1963).
2976:
2948:
2927:China considers the Middle East
2916:
2894:
2873:
2842:
2811:
2750:
2664:
2654:
2602:
2223:Von Braun's rocket team in 1961
1784:
1742:, at the time a young aspiring
1384:, and static-fired an uncooled
996:
801:Bellicorum instrumentorum liber
6872:V-2 Ballistic Missile, 1942–52
6788:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2004).
6470:, Cambridge University Press,
6355:, Cambridge University Press,
5926:, Cambridge University Press,
5863:, Cambridge University Press,
5765:, Cambridge University Press,
5600:, Princeton University Press,
5570:, Cambridge University Press,
4079:Goddard's 1919 research paper
3401:. Cambridge University Press.
3103:Thomas Francis Carter (1955).
3033:Thomas Francis Carter (1925).
2956:Thomas Francis Carter (1955).
2492:
2466:
1715:, on a specially built range.
1506:of aircraft-launched unguided
1092:Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko
1038:in 1814, the rockets fired on
954:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
621:soldier from India, using his
462:
1:
6752:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
6558:, Utah State University Press
6554:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
6417:, University of Chicago Press
6274:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
6010:Geological Society of America
5805:, Swindon: English Heritage,
5584:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
5295:"Sommaire Chronologie Ariane"
4976:"Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet."
3499:"History of Science in Korea"
2924:Lillian Craig Harris (1993).
2705:"A brief history of rocketry"
2673:"A brief history of rocketry"
2577:"A Brief History of Rocketry"
2428:
2307:, 17 June 1969 - A Correction
1597:An amateur rocket group, the
1490:reconnaissance plane and the
1395:, in 'Cosmic Rocket Trains'.
1265:. He also started developing
732:" did not appear until 1451.
392:launchers as depicted in the
165:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
130:
6861:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
6652:Warfare in Pre-British India
6568:, Greenwood Publishing Group
6165:, Cambridge University Press
5738:Burrows, William E. (1998).
5492:Pasztor, Andy (2015-09-17).
4393:"The Man Behind the Curtain"
4208:Neufeld, Michael J. (1996).
4083:was famously ridiculed in a
3531:. Korean Broadcasting System
2060:Soviet Union's space program
1158:In 1865 the British Colonel
1079:and their successor British
711:
424:that southern China and the
76:. One of the first recorded
7:
6847:, Harper Perennial (2006),
6692:University Press of Florida
6582:, Boston: David R. Godine,
6270:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
6261:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
6061:Rockets: Two Classic Papers
6059:Goddard, Robert H. (2002).
5920:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
4988:. Retrieved: 22 March 2009.
4749:"The V-2 ballistic missile"
4264:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.08.029
4019:"Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky"
3505:. Seoul National University
3358:Andrew de la Garza (2016).
2964:. Ronald Press Co. p.
2500:"Rocket History - B.C. Era"
2406:
2348:business. Initially, these
2336:Since the early 2010s, new
2183:
1902:In 1943, production of the
1629:in order to get around the
1299:- "sausages" in French, or
1207:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
936:in 1650, was translated to
761:, rockets were used in the
509:
492:
380:Spread of rocket technology
10:
6920:
6778:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
6760:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
6750:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
6534:Partington, J. R. (1999),
5859:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
5321:(NASA SP-2000-4518, 2000)"
5001:. Archives.gov. 2011-10-19
3280:Partington, J. R. (1960).
2759:"Muslim Rocket Technology"
2609:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002).
2527:"Brief History of Rockets"
2474:"Brief History of Rockets"
1724:(which in 1935 became the
1289:- used to destroy captive
1142:Polish–Russian War 1830–31
744:mentions gunpowder in his
683:British East India Company
669:were successfully used by
581:
435:
336:
162:
158:
18:
6686:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003).
6635:New Principles of Gunnery
6633:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
6596:Petzal, David E. (2014),
6493:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
6423:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
6265:, Oxford University Press
6213:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
6129:al-Hassan, Ahmad (2003),
6095:Harding, Richard (1999),
6078:Hansen, James R. (1986).
6046:. Smithsonian Institution
5854:, Oxford University Press
5355:Kuntz, Tom (2001-11-14).
4812:; James Grandsen (1984).
4304:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"
4115:World War I: Encyclopedia
3476:Roddam Narasimha (1985).
3460:Dirom, Alexander (1794).
3065:Michael Edwardes (1971).
2379:in the late 1950s, space
2263:and uncrewed flights for
2072:Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev
1844:Katyusha rocket launchers
1805:A German V-2 rocket on a
1757:In June 1938, the Soviet
1718:In the 1930s, the German
1659:Verein für Raumschiffahrt
1500:MO-class small guard ship
1388:engine for a brief time.
1267:liquid-propellant rockets
825:In the mid-16th century,
759:Ludovico Antonio Muratori
735:
6825:Wagner, John A. (2006),
6729:Stocker, Jeremy (2004).
6659:Schefter, James (1999).
6441:Needham, Joseph (1980),
6405:McLachlan, Sean (2010),
6351:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
6344:Warfare in China to 1600
6249:Journal of Asian History
6161:Hobson, John M. (2004),
6037:Goddard, Robert (1919).
5780:Clary, David A. (2003).
4712:Edgerton, David (2012),
4496:Maslov, Mikhail (2010).
4214:Harvard University Press
4210:The Rocket and the Reich
3787:Stephen, Leslie (1887).
3466:. W. Bulmer and Company.
3364:. Taylor & Francis.
3167:Cathal J. Nolan (2006).
2389:communications satellite
2360:capabilities at diverse
2171:(blunt body theory) and
2165:deflect most of the heat
2145:Manned Spacecraft Center
1831:multiple rocket launcher
1577:under the leadership of
1313:, wing-bolted on a fast
1255:solid-propellant rockets
1062:The Star-Spangled Banner
777:Rocket-propelled grenade
723:
566:fought between brothers
94:multiple rocket launcher
33:into Earth orbit in 2007
6870:Zaloga, Steven (2003).
6485:Nicolle, David (1990),
6324:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
6306:Liang, Jieming (2006),
6300:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
6296:Konstam, Angus (2002),
6219:Encyclopædia Britannica
5840:Cowley, Robert (1993),
5819:Cornwell, John (2003).
5799:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
5761:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
5632:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
5566:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
5558:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
5128:Allen & Eggers 1958
3013:. McGraw-Hill. p.
2661:Diego, 1993), pp. 3-24.
2346:launch service provider
1880:Aggregat-4 (A-4) rocket
1534:. Design work included
1437:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
1382:("Ways to Spaceflight")
1380:Wege zur Raumschiffahrt
1229:Robert Esnault-Pelterie
1221:Robert Esnault-Pelterie
1180:philosophical movements
1052:were the source of the
698:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
597:A painting showing the
562:who witnessed the 1658
416:The American historian
319:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
31:Space Shuttle Discovery
6843:Watson, Peter (2006),
6811:, Brill Academic Pub,
6725:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
6715:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
6615:Purton, Peter (2010),
6371:Technology and Culture
6016:Gainor, Chris (2008).
6004:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
5911:Easton, S. C. (1952),
5878:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
5850:Cressy, David (2013),
5718:Technology and Culture
5634:The Renaissance at War
5063:Siddiqi, Asif (2000).
4410:Siddiqi, Asif (2000).
4097:Elder & James 1997
3806:, pp. 15, 21, 24.
2352:have manifest through
2310:
2224:
2197:
2058:Independently, in the
1935:), vertical take-off (
1822:
1810:
1798:
1703:that could be used as
1562:
1516:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
1443:were carried out on a
1413:
1371:(1894–1989) published
1362:
1301:
1295:
1281:apparatus), developed
1242:
1224:
1195:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
1009:
985:
960:Kazimierz Siemienowicz
822:
815:Rocket carts from the
413:
399:
96:known as the "Munjong
34:
6904:History of technology
6764:, Osprey Publishing,
6650:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
6574:Perrin, Noel (1979),
6564:Pauly, Roger (2004),
6511:Norris, John (2003),
6342:Lorge, Peter (2005),
6288:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
6175:. London: Routledge.
6171:Houchin, Roy (2006).
5697:, Sutton Publishing,
5691:Brown, G. I. (1998),
4751:. Russianspaceweb.com
4189:Jürgen Heinz Ianzer,
4162:"Topics of the Times"
4056:"US patent 1,102,653"
4044:Esnault-Pelterie 1913
3630:Geschichte der Rakete
3136:Peter Watson (2006).
2849:Arnold Pacey (1991).
2296:
2227:Fueled partly by the
2222:
2191:
2139:was being conceived,
1816:
1804:
1792:
1705:anti-aircraft weapons
1560:
1540:hypergolic propellant
1508:anti-aircraft rockets
1411:
1348:
1238:
1219:
1104:Imperial Russian Army
1004:
983:
944:in 1676, English and
814:
681:) against the larger
547:rockets began to use
405:
387:
337:Further information:
29:Rockets carrying the
28:
6735:. Psychology Press.
6641:Rose, Susan (2002),
6226:Kelly, Jack (2004),
6190:Hunt, Linda (1991).
5995:Grant, R.G. (2011),
5976:J. Phys. Theor. Appl
5888:Earl, Brian (1978),
5636:, Cassell & Co,
4574:. Air Force Magazine
3844:. Globalsecurity.org
3442:on 24 September 2012
2398:In the early 2010s,
2372:the launch service.
2354:competitive dynamics
1827:unrotated projectile
1795:Battle of Stalingrad
1732:Treaty of Versailles
1631:Treaty of Versailles
1536:regenerative cooling
1486:fighter planes, the
1441:take-off of aircraft
1386:liquid-fueled rocket
1291:observation balloons
1259:US Army Signal Corps
1160:Edward Mounier Boxer
873:Leonhard Fronsperger
302:are not suitable as
21:History of gunpowder
6792:. Greenwood Press.
6407:Medieval Handgonnes
6105:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
6099:, UCL Press Limited
5671:Béon, Yves (1997).
5498:Wall Street Journal
5045:. Nmspacemuseum.org
4547:"Das RAK-Protokoll"
4528:. Daviddarling.info
4475:Weapons and Warfare
4255:2011PhPro..20..319R
2787:Jack Kelly (2005).
2400:privately developed
2284:landing on the Moon
2091:atmospheric reentry
2030:Operation Paperclip
1617:Lieutenant Colonel
1393:multi-stage rockets
1273:During World War I
1113:(1794–1850) of the
1036:Battle of Baltimore
895:Lagari Hasan Çelebi
673:- the ruler of the
530:Indian subcontinent
524:Indian subcontinent
388:An illustration of
280:, is disputed. The
56:in the wake of the
6468:The Gunpowder Epic
6080:Engineer in Charge
6012:on March 25, 2004.
5894:Trevithick Society
5890:Cornish Explosives
5784:. Hachette Books.
5675:. Westview Press.
5362:The New York Times
4986:World War 2 Planes
4981:2017-06-09 at the
4882:, pp. 99–100.
4477:. 18 November 2018
4366:Rockets and People
4005:2008-10-19 at the
3950:The New York Times
3765:Standing Well Back
3739:quod.lib.umich.edu
3525:"Science in Korea"
3483:2012-03-03 at the
3435:The Times of India
2763:muslimheritage.com
2344:into the existing
2342:market competition
2332:Market competition
2225:
2198:
1888:Vergeltungswaffe 2
1823:
1811:
1799:
1701:solid-fuel rockets
1563:
1449:Soviet designation
1414:
1344:Newton's Third Law
1307:artillery-spotters
1243:
1225:
1109:Artillery captain
1066:Battle of Waterloo
1054:rockets' red glare
1010:
986:
917:, the point below
823:
807:Later developments
755:Battle of Chioggia
685:forces during the
667:iron-cased rockets
564:Battle of Samugarh
459:in the year 1241.
414:
400:
333:Later developments
201:long xing jian jia
148:Hero of Alexandria
86:Battle of Chioggia
35:
6881:978-1-84176-541-9
6818:978-90-04-16821-3
6720:Technikgeschichte
6710:Technikgeschichte
6626:978-1-84383-449-6
6619:, Boydell Press,
6522:Partington, J. R.
6466:, vol. V:7:
6434:978-0-07-052584-9
6362:978-0-521-60954-8
6281:978-0-8108-5503-8
6205:978-0-312-05510-3
5915:, Basil Blackwell
5842:Experience of War
5753:978-0-679-44521-0
5607:978-0-691-13597-7
5577:978-0-521-60391-1
5345:, pp. 1–468.
5229:978-0-16-091064-7
5155:978-0-16-091064-7
4966:, pp. 18–19.
4906:, pp. 12–24.
4894:, pp. 98–99.
4700:Aerospace America
4511:978-1-84603-981-2
4502:Osprey Publishing
4391:(November 2007).
4308:Russian Space Web
3921:on 23 August 2013
3682:", itself from a
3576:978-0-9797263-4-7
3084:978-0-8008-2355-9
2358:payload transport
2257:Space exploration
2009:blunt body theory
2003:Prototype of the
1951:Post World War II
1917:inertial guidance
1876:ballistic missile
1740:Wernher von Braun
1656:, had formed the
1639:Wernher von Braun
1623:Walter Dornberger
1607:Wernher von Braun
1428:, Massachusetts.
1359:, 13 January 1920
1319:interplane struts
1287:Le Prieur rockets
1125:(German edition:
1115:Kingdom of Poland
1058:Francis Scott Key
845:, and introduced
797:Joanes de Fontana
696:'s defeat in the
687:Anglo-Mysore Wars
675:Kingdom of Mysore
660:Anglo-Mysore Wars
652:Kingdom of Mysore
510:namak shūra chīnī
355:multistage rocket
304:rocket propellant
294:in 1000. However
263:Gukjo orye seorye
205:huo jian quan shi
105:Kingdom of Mysore
6911:
6885:
6866:
6865:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
6857:
6839:
6821:
6803:
6783:
6774:
6755:
6746:
6705:
6682:
6666:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6629:
6611:
6601:
6592:
6581:
6569:
6559:
6550:
6529:
6516:
6507:
6489:
6480:
6455:
6437:
6418:
6409:
6401:
6365:
6347:
6338:
6320:
6301:
6292:
6284:
6266:
6256:
6242:
6222:
6209:
6197:
6186:
6166:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6074:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6033:
6000:
5991:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5936:
5916:
5906:
5892:, Cornwall: The
5883:
5873:
5855:
5845:
5836:
5815:
5795:
5775:
5757:
5734:
5707:
5686:
5667:
5646:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5610:
5589:
5580:
5562:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5489:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5466:. Archived from
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5430:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5275:on 19 March 2015
5274:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5232:. Archived from
5221:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5158:. Archived from
5147:
5136:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4989:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4954:, pp. 72–74
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4810:Zaloga, Steven J
4806:
4791:
4790:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:on June 14, 2006
4679:
4673:. Archived from
4672:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4572:"The Rocket Men"
4567:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4447:Russian Spaceweb
4438:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4292:, pp. 44–45
4287:
4281:
4280:, pp. 2, 15
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4243:Physics Procedia
4234:
4228:
4227:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4158:
4152:
4151:, pp. 1–80.
4146:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4025:on April 2, 2016
4015:
4009:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3917:. Archived from
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3831:
3830:by Gareth Glover
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:. 20 August 1696
3731:
3725:
3714:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3674:a diminutive of
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3579:. Archived from
3568:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3494:
3488:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2711:. Archived from
2701:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2679:. Archived from
2668:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:. Solarviews.com
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:www.grc.nasa.gov
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:www.grc.nasa.gov
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2308:
2278:, and later the
2265:Mars exploration
2153:X-20 "Dyna-Soar"
2149:lifting re-entry
2099:A. J. Eggers Jr.
2005:General Electric
2000:
1980:
1961:
1797:, 6 October 1942
1775:boyevaya mashina
1744:rocket scientist
1647:Kummersdorf-West
1619:Karl Emil Becker
1601:, co-founded by
1532:Valentin Glushko
1504:Soviet Air Force
1404:Pre-World War II
1367:In 1923, German
1360:
1304:
1298:
1081:Congreve rockets
1077:Mysorean rockets
1013:William Congreve
897:was a legendary
889:Johann Schmidlap
853:and bell-shaped
638:
625:as a flagstaff (
614:
603:Mysorean rockets
594:
584:Mysorean rockets
578:Mysorean rockets
560:François Bernier
545:Mughal artillery
519:
512:
503:
495:
490:
450:Mongol invasions
430:rocket festivals
261:manual from the
254:
236:
216:
186:
123:and used in the
109:Mysorean rockets
78:rocket launchers
58:Mongol invasions
6919:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6889:
6888:
6882:
6855:
6837:
6819:
6800:
6772:
6743:
6702:
6690:. Gainesville:
6679:
6627:
6590:
6548:
6505:
6478:
6460:Needham, Joseph
6453:
6435:
6427:, McGraw-Hill,
6383:10.2307/3105275
6363:
6336:
6318:
6282:
6240:
6232:, Basic Books,
6206:
6183:
6151:
6149:
6141:, JSTOR: 1–30,
6119:
6117:
6085:
6083:
6071:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6030:
5999:, DK Publishing
5960:
5958:
5956:
5934:
5904:
5871:
5833:
5813:
5792:
5773:
5754:
5732:
5705:
5683:
5664:
5644:
5622:
5620:
5608:
5578:
5554:
5549:
5536:
5534:
5531:Washington Post
5522:
5515:
5502:
5500:
5490:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5460:"The Rocketeer"
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5297:. CAPCOM ESPACE
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5239:on 6 April 2013
5236:
5230:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:10.1.1.301.9032
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5165:on 6 April 2013
5162:
5156:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5017:
5013:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4983:Wayback Machine
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4807:
4794:
4787:
4767:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4718:Penguin Books,
4711:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4439:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4206:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4110:Tucker, Spencer
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4007:Wayback Machine
4000:(Russian paper)
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3976:apogeebooks.com
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3941:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3816:British Rockets
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3716:Tadeusz Nowak "
3715:
3711:
3694:
3690:
3684:Germanic source
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3491:
3485:Wayback Machine
3475:
3471:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3030:
3026:
3003:
2999:
2981:
2977:
2953:
2949:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2899:
2895:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2785:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2747:, pp. 4–5.
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2409:
2381:launch services
2338:private options
2334:
2309:
2303:
2272:Project Mercury
2206:nuclear weapons
2186:
2169:ballistic entry
2157:angle of attack
2095:H. Julian Allen
2038:Redstone rocket
2012:
2001:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1856:Smolensk Oblast
1787:
1769:(BM stands for
1520:Polikarpov I-16
1476:Polikarpov I-15
1406:
1401:
1399:Modern rocketry
1361:
1355:
1311:Voisin aircraft
1251:De Laval nozzle
1184:Russian cosmism
1168:
1135:horse artillery
1119:raca kongrewska
1025:Napoleonic Wars
1021:Congreve rocket
1007:Congreve rocket
999:
991:Robert Anderson
864:comes from the
809:
738:
726:
714:
706:Napoleonic Wars
702:Congreve rocket
646:
643:Travancore Line
639:
630:
623:Mysorean rocket
615:
606:
595:
586:
580:
526:
465:
438:
418:Frank H. Winter
382:
341:
335:
283:History of Song
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
255:
247:
246:
237:
228:
227:
226:
217:
209:
208:
187:
178:
177:
171:
161:
133:
125:Napoleonic Wars
121:Congreve rocket
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6917:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6887:
6886:
6880:
6867:
6858:
6853:
6840:
6835:
6822:
6817:
6804:
6798:
6785:
6775:
6770:
6757:
6747:
6741:
6726:
6716:
6706:
6700:
6683:
6677:
6656:
6647:
6638:
6630:
6625:
6612:
6610:, Notion Press
6603:
6593:
6588:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6531:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6490:
6482:
6476:
6456:
6451:
6438:
6433:
6420:
6410:
6402:
6377:(3): 594–605,
6366:
6361:
6348:
6339:
6334:
6321:
6316:
6303:
6293:
6285:
6280:
6267:
6258:
6244:
6238:
6223:
6210:
6204:
6187:
6181:
6168:
6158:
6126:
6101:
6092:
6082:(Report). NASA
6075:
6069:
6056:
6034:
6028:
6013:
6002:
5992:
5982:(1): 218–230.
5967:
5954:
5937:
5932:
5917:
5908:
5902:
5885:
5875:
5869:
5856:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5816:
5811:
5796:
5790:
5777:
5771:
5758:
5752:
5735:
5730:
5709:
5703:
5688:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5647:
5642:
5629:
5619:(Report). NASA
5612:
5606:
5594:Andrade, Tonio
5590:
5581:
5576:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5513:
5481:
5464:Foreign Policy
5450:
5422:
5400:
5375:
5347:
5335:
5308:
5286:
5250:
5228:
5205:
5176:
5154:
5131:
5120:
5108:
5083:
5055:
5034:
5011:
4990:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4826:
4792:
4785:
4761:
4740:
4728:
4724:978-0141026107
4705:
4690:
4659:
4638:
4636:, p. 150.
4626:
4624:, p. 148.
4614:
4612:, p. 146.
4602:
4585:
4562:
4538:
4517:
4510:
4504:. p. 51.
4488:
4459:
4441:Zak, Anatoly.
4430:
4402:
4380:
4355:
4343:
4320:
4302:Zak, Anatoly.
4294:
4282:
4270:
4229:
4222:
4197:
4182:
4166:New York Times
4153:
4141:
4124:
4101:
4089:
4085:New York Times
4072:
4047:
4036:
4010:
3988:
3963:
3932:
3902:
3889:"William Hale"
3880:
3854:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3804:Van Riper 2004
3796:
3776:
3751:
3726:
3720:", MON Press,
3709:
3688:
3667:
3646:
3642:Van Riper 2004
3634:
3621:
3619:, p. 516.
3609:
3597:
3575:
3553:
3551:, p. 173.
3541:
3515:
3489:
3469:
3452:
3421:
3407:
3384:
3370:
3350:
3338:
3336:, p. 115.
3326:
3319:
3299:
3292:
3272:
3262:
3242:
3221:
3211:
3190:
3179:
3159:
3148:
3128:
3094:
3083:
3056:
3045:
3024:
2997:
2975:
2947:
2936:
2915:
2893:
2872:
2861:
2841:
2830:
2810:
2799:
2776:
2749:
2745:al-Hassan 2003
2737:
2733:al-Hassan 2003
2725:
2709:NASA Spacelink
2693:
2677:NASA Spacelink
2663:
2653:
2651:, p. 514.
2638:
2636:, p. 510.
2626:
2619:
2601:
2599:, p. 379.
2589:
2568:
2556:
2542:
2515:
2491:
2487:Van Riper 2004
2479:
2465:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2375:Following the
2333:
2330:
2314:Apollo program
2305:New York Times
2301:
2292:New York Times
2290:, causing the
2280:Apollo program
2276:Project Gemini
2253:X-20 Dyna-Soar
2185:
2182:
2125:space capsules
2064:Sergei Korolev
2014:
2013:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1786:
1783:
1781:in June 1941.
1709:British colony
1643:Hermann Oberth
1579:Fritz von Opel
1544:fuel injectors
1488:Polikarpov R-5
1457:RS-82 missiles
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1369:Hermann Oberth
1357:New York Times
1353:
1340:New York Times
1275:Yves Le Prieur
1247:Robert Goddard
1240:Robert Goddard
1188:William Leitch
1178:as well as by
1167:
1164:
1131:Warsaw Arsenal
1085:bottle rockets
1017:Mysore rockets
998:
995:
919:Topkapı Palace
821:(17th century)
808:
805:
773:Jean Froissart
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
648:
647:
640:
633:
631:
616:
609:
607:
596:
589:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
525:
522:
477:Ahmad Y Hassan
464:
461:
457:Battle of Mohi
437:
434:
381:
378:
374:Yongle Emperor
334:
331:
327:Emperor Lizong
300:Wujing Zongyao
296:Joseph Needham
256:
249:
248:
238:
231:
230:
229:
218:
211:
210:
188:
181:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
160:
157:
132:
129:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6916:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6883:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6856:
6854:0-06-093564-2
6850:
6846:
6841:
6838:
6836:0-313-32736-X
6832:
6828:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6773:
6771:1-84176-478-7
6767:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6744:
6742:9780714656960
6738:
6734:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6701:0-8130-2627-X
6697:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6678:0-385-49253-7
6674:
6670:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6636:
6631:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6589:0-87923-773-2
6585:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6549:
6547:0-8018-5954-9
6543:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6504:0-313-33733-0
6500:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6477:0-521-30358-3
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:0-521-08573-X
6448:
6444:
6439:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6319:
6317:981-05-5380-3
6313:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6286:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6239:0-465-03718-6
6235:
6231:
6230:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6182:0-415-36281-4
6178:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6029:9780803222588
6025:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5957:
5955:9780877035190
5951:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5933:0-521-43519-6
5929:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5903:0-904040-13-5
5899:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5870:0-521-79158-8
5866:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:1-85074-718-0
5808:
5804:
5803:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5772:0-521-82274-2
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5731:0-7546-5259-9
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5704:0-7509-1878-0
5700:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5684:
5682:0-8133-3272-9
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5663:1-57747-079-6
5659:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:0-304-35270-5
5639:
5635:
5630:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5486:
5470:on 2013-12-10
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5410:
5404:
5385:
5379:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5296:
5290:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5254:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5218:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5118:, Chapter 12.
5117:
5112:
5098:on 2020-03-30
5097:
5093:
5087:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5044:
5038:
5022:
5015:
5000:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4942:, p. 41.
4941:
4940:Siddiqi 2003a
4936:
4930:, p. 29.
4929:
4928:Schefter 1999
4924:
4918:, p. 68.
4917:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4870:, p. 96.
4869:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4829:
4827:0-85368-606-8
4823:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4786:5-217-03205-7
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4765:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4694:
4676:
4669:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4635:
4634:Cornwell 2003
4630:
4623:
4622:Cornwell 2003
4618:
4611:
4610:Cornwell 2003
4606:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4548:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4368:
4367:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4172:on 2008-02-09
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4127:
4125:9781851094202
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4099:, p. 54.
4098:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4062:on 2017-07-28
4061:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3656:
3650:
3644:, p. 10.
3643:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3607:, p. 25.
3606:
3601:
3586:on 2012-09-04
3582:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3410:
3408:9780521791588
3404:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3373:
3371:9781317245315
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3348:, p. 63.
3347:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3263:1-56619-364-8
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3212:9780208010407
3208:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3180:0-313-33733-0
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:0-06-093564-2
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3046:9780231936521
3042:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2937:1-85043-598-7
2933:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:0-262-66072-5
2858:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2831:0-8018-5954-9
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2800:0-465-03722-4
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2715:on 2006-08-05
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2683:on 2006-08-05
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2620:0-521-79158-8
2616:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2489:, p. 14.
2488:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2450:. p. 359
2449:
2448:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2423:Rocket engine
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:market forces
2347:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Space Shuttle
2315:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:United States
2243:) and in the
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Space Shuttle
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:United States
2023:
2022:United States
2019:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Bachem Ba 349
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:боевая машина
1768:
1764:
1763:RS-132 rocket
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:Fort Halstead
1689:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:Lippisch Ente
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:. A group of
1517:
1514:, during the
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Ilyushin Il-2
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1327:Willy Coppens
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Picard Pictet
1312:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:feedback-loop
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:described by
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:rocket vessel
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1003:
994:
992:
982:
978:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:Evliya Çelebi
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
819:
813:
804:
802:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:Konrad Kyeser
780:
778:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
748:
743:
733:
731:
721:
719:
716:According to
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
644:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
604:
600:
599:Mysorean army
593:
588:
587:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Mughal Empire
533:
531:
521:
518:نمک شوره چيني
515:
511:
506:
499:
494:
486:
482:
481:Ibn al-Baitar
478:
474:
470:
460:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
410:
404:
397:
396:
391:
386:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Feng Zhisheng
285:
284:
279:
275:
264:
260:
253:
244:
243:
235:
224:
223:
215:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
185:
170:
166:
156:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
32:
27:
22:
16:First rockets
6871:
6862:
6844:
6826:
6808:
6789:
6779:
6761:
6751:
6731:
6722:
6719:
6712:
6709:
6687:
6667:. New York:
6662:
6651:
6642:
6634:
6616:
6607:
6600:, WeldonOwen
6597:
6577:
6565:
6555:
6536:
6525:
6512:
6494:
6486:
6467:
6463:
6442:
6424:
6414:
6406:
6374:
6370:
6352:
6343:
6325:
6307:
6297:
6289:
6271:
6262:
6252:
6248:
6228:
6218:
6193:
6172:
6162:
6150:, retrieved
6138:
6134:
6118:, retrieved
6113:
6096:
6084:. Retrieved
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6039:
6018:
5996:
5979:
5975:
5959:. Retrieved
5945:
5922:
5912:
5889:
5882:, WeldenOwen
5879:
5860:
5851:
5841:
5821:
5801:
5781:
5762:
5744:Random House
5742:. New York:
5739:
5721:
5717:
5693:
5672:
5652:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5597:
5585:
5567:
5559:
5552:Bibliography
5542:
5535:. Retrieved
5529:
5508:
5501:. Retrieved
5497:
5472:. Retrieved
5468:the original
5463:
5453:
5441:. Retrieved
5437:
5413:. Retrieved
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5378:
5366:. Retrieved
5360:
5350:
5343:Houchin 2006
5338:
5327:. Retrieved
5318:
5311:
5299:. Retrieved
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5270:the original
5265:
5253:
5241:. Retrieved
5234:the original
5215:
5208:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5160:the original
5141:
5134:
5123:
5111:
5100:. Retrieved
5096:the original
5092:"Rocket R-7"
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5065:
5058:
5047:. Retrieved
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5014:
5003:. Retrieved
4993:
4985:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4904:Stocker 2004
4899:
4892:Burrows 1998
4887:
4880:Burrows 1998
4875:
4868:Burrows 1998
4863:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4815:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4753:. Retrieved
4743:
4731:
4714:
4708:
4702:, p. 39
4699:
4693:
4682:. Retrieved
4675:the original
4662:
4651:. Retrieved
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4597:
4596:. May 2018.
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4565:
4557:
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4530:. Retrieved
4520:
4497:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4474:
4450:. Retrieved
4446:
4421:. Retrieved
4412:
4405:
4389:Asif Siddiqi
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4365:
4358:
4346:
4329:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4307:
4297:
4285:
4278:Goddard 2002
4273:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4209:
4191:
4185:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:the original
4165:
4156:
4149:Goddard 1919
4144:
4136:
4129:. Retrieved
4114:
4104:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4064:. Retrieved
4060:the original
4050:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4013:
3997:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3975:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3948:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:the original
3914:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3883:
3874:
3867:. Retrieved
3857:
3846:. Retrieved
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3789:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:
3754:
3743:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3717:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3675:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3657:. Sibiweb.de
3649:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3617:Needham 1986
3612:
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3581:the original
3562:
3556:
3544:
3533:. Retrieved
3528:
3518:
3507:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3472:
3462:
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:the original
3433:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3394:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3360:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3201:
3193:
3184:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3116:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3088:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2789:
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2740:
2735:, p. 6.
2728:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2708:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2676:
2666:
2656:
2649:Needham 1986
2634:Needham 1986
2629:
2610:
2604:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2571:
2559:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2482:
2468:
2459:
2452:. Retrieved
2446:
2413:Jet aircraft
2397:
2374:
2335:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2269:
2226:
2199:
2168:
2148:
2141:Maxime Faget
2131:such as the
2107:
2088:
2084:Yuri Gagarin
2082:, and later
2057:
2042:
2015:
1929:Nazi Germany
1926:
1901:
1869:
1860:Ivan Flyorov
1841:
1834:
1824:
1817:Layout of a
1807:Meillerwagen
1785:World War II
1774:
1770:
1756:
1752:Nazi Germany
1748:World War II
1725:
1719:
1717:
1690:
1687:
1675:Eugen Sänger
1672:
1657:
1651:
1616:
1596:
1591:Julius Hatry
1564:
1469:
1433:Soviet Union
1430:
1415:
1390:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1279:scuba-diving
1272:
1244:
1226:
1202:
1201:, published
1192:
1169:
1157:
1149:William Hale
1146:
1138:gun carriage
1126:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1089:
1070:
1053:
1048:
1040:Fort McHenry
1033:
1011:
997:19th Century
987:
948:in 1729 and
929:
927:
893:
884:
876:
868:
861:
859:
839:Varia II 374
838:
824:
816:
800:
795:
781:
771:
752:
745:
739:
727:
718:James Forbes
715:
691:
664:
649:
552:
534:
527:
505:namak-i čīnī
504:
493:thalj al-ṣīn
472:
468:
466:
454:
440:The Chinese
439:
421:
420:proposed in
415:
407:
393:
363:
344:
342:
308:
281:
271:
262:
240:
220:
204:
200:
196:
190:
134:
102:
82:Ming dynasty
47:Song dynasty
36:
6654:, Routledge
6645:, Routledge
6346:, Routledge
6215:"explosive"
6086:January 20,
6050:January 20,
5961:January 20,
5673:Planet Dora
5623:January 20,
5588:, Wiley-VCH
5415:January 20,
5393:January 20,
5301:January 20,
5116:Hansen 1986
5027:January 20,
4916:Gainor 2008
4738:, p. 3
4736:Zaloga 2003
4578:January 20,
4552:January 20,
4249:: 319–330.
4131:2 September
4029:January 20,
3981:22 November
3895:January 20,
3869:January 20,
3840:John Pike.
3724:1969, p.182
3399:(Hardcover)
2173:aerodynamic
2163:that would
2129:spaceplanes
2049:cosmic rays
2028:as part of
1884:outer space
1864:German Army
1848:NKVD troops
1842:The Soviet
1836:Nebelwerfer
1773:(translit.
1683:Silbervogel
1679:spaceplanes
1605:, included
1552:Great Purge
1512:August 1939
1496:Soviet Navy
1461:Tupolev I-4
1285:solid-fuel
1176:H. G. Wells
1172:Jules Verne
1029:War of 1812
975:stabilizers
968:multi-stage
964:pyrotechnic
881:Conrad Haas
843:liquid fuel
827:Conrad Haas
787:Bellifortis
742:Roger Bacon
740:In Europe,
671:Tipu Sultan
627:Robert Home
572:Dara Shikoh
463:Middle East
446:mercenaries
366:Li Jinglong
346:Huolongjing
290:in 969 and
222:Huolongjing
192:Huolongjing
144:Pythagorean
100:" by 1451.
6893:Categories
6799:0313327955
6335:8791114128
6152:21 January
6070:0486425371
5832:0670030759
5825:. Viking.
5791:0786868171
5329:2012-12-10
5192:(3): 341.
5102:2008-12-30
5049:2012-12-10
5005:2012-12-10
4755:2012-12-10
4684:2012-12-10
4653:2012-12-10
4532:2012-12-10
4290:Clary 2003
4223:067477650X
4176:2007-06-21
4087:editorial.
4066:2012-12-10
3915:virgin.net
3848:2012-06-14
3770:2022-04-26
3745:2022-04-26
3661:2012-12-10
3605:Kelly 2004
3549:Chase 2003
3535:2006-07-27
3509:2006-07-27
3446:2011-08-30
3414:6 December
3377:6 December
3320:052108573X
3293:0801859549
3118:2011-11-28
2719:2006-08-19
2687:2006-08-19
2597:Lorge 2005
2583:2012-06-14
2564:Lorge 2005
2536:2024-02-21
2509:2024-02-21
2429:References
2366:regulating
2286:using the
2247:(e.g. the
2161:shock wave
2018:Peenemünde
1983:R-7 8K72 "
1965:Dornberger
1913:turbopumps
1904:V-2 rocket
1872:Peenemünde
1819:V-2 rocket
1721:Reichswehr
1697:Alwyn Crow
1654:Max Valier
1611:V-2 rocket
1603:Max Valier
1583:Opel RAK.1
1571:Max Valier
1528:Winter War
1524:Tupolev SB
1422:hypersonic
1283:air-to-air
1096:Petersburg
972:delta wing
915:Sarayburnu
747:Opus Majus
629:, 1793/4).
442:fire arrow
428:community
390:fire arrow
278:fire arrow
169:Fire arrow
163:See also:
131:Precursors
37:The first
19:See also:
6669:Doubleday
6399:112733319
5194:CiteSeerX
4964:Béon 1997
4952:Hunt 1991
4338:699561269
3346:Khan 2008
2370:licensing
2080:Sputnik 1
2045:telemetry
1989:Ostankino
1969:Von Braun
1736:artillery
1727:Wehrmacht
1627:artillery
1296:saucisses
1227:In 1912,
1213:in 1924.
1111:Józef Bem
1068:in 1815.
940:in 1651,
934:Amsterdam
911:gunpowder
879:, and by
869:rocchetta
860:The name
831:fireworks
818:Wubei Zhi
750:of 1267.
712:Later use
665:In 1792,
568:Aurangzeb
489:ثلج الصين
409:Wubei Zhi
395:Wubei Zhi
274:gunpowder
242:Wubei Zhi
152:aeolipile
111:) and by
6899:Rocketry
6524:(1960),
6462:(1986),
6147:23790667
6107:(2001),
6063:. AIAA.
5844:, Laurel
5596:(2016),
5537:16 April
5503:16 April
5474:16 April
5443:16 April
5438:BBC News
5368:16 April
4979:Archived
4397:Archived
4003:Archived
3703:(2007),
3695:English
3481:Archived
3334:Roy 2015
2943:arrows'.
2454:26 April
2407:See also
2393:commsats
2385:national
2328:market.
2302:—
2288:Saturn V
2229:Cold War
2184:Cold War
2053:Bell X-1
1681:such as
1668:gasoline
1575:Opel-RAK
1453:Avro 504
1418:de Laval
1354:—
1323:Nieuport
1293:(called
1245:In 1912
1153:vectored
1090:In 1815
1027:and the
957:nobleman
923:Istanbul
885:rackette
619:Mysorean
502:نمک چینی
323:firework
315:shrapnel
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