History of rice cultivation

318: 463: 504: 1901: 1595:. Early rice farmers had scant knowledge of the plant and learned chiefly by trial and error. Years later temperate climate varieties were imported but these ended up being mixed with the previously imported tropical varieties producing seeds that were labelled "semilla nacional". In the 1939–1940 season 13,190 hectares of rice existed in Chile and by this time rice cultivation had become one of the most profitable agricultural businesses in Chile. In 1939 a division of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile begun to study rice cultivated in Chile. This work continued in the research station Estación Genética de Ñuble in the 1940s. Labour opportunities in the rice fields meant a salary increase and a generally improved economic situation for many rural workers. However, as salaries increased between 1940 and 1964 the profitability also decreased. Rice fields also used lands with poor clay-rich soils that were less suitable for other activities. By 1964 38,000 ha of rice were cultivated. Rice was cultivated as far south as the commune 1368: 19: 829: 1635: 1626: 1181:. The principal rice growing season, known as "Berna-Bue Charne", is from June to July when water is sufficient for only a part of the fields; the subsidiary season, known as "Ropai" is from April to September, when there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields. Farmers use irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons.Nepal's food security depends on the production of staple cereals with rice being the main cereal. Rice is grown on 1.49 million ha in Nepal with an average productivity of 3.5 t/ha and total annual production of 5.6 million tons in 2018 (MoALD, 2019). 486: 5116: 1315: 674: 356:. By around 4000 to 3800 BC, they were a regular secondary crop among southernmost Sino-Tibetan cultures. It did not replace millet, largely because of different environment conditions in northern China, but it was cultivated alongside millet in the southern boundaries of the millet-farming regions. Conversely, millet was also introduced into rice-farming regions. By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the 1275:

generations. The building of the rice terraces consists of blanketing walls with stones and earth which are designed to draw water from a main irrigation canal above the terrace clusters. Indigenous rice terracing technologies have been identified with the Ifugao's rice terraces such as their knowledge of water irrigation, stonework, earthwork and terrace maintenance. As their source of life and art, the rice terraces have sustained and shaped the lives of the community members.

610: 1793: 1284: 776: 120: 813: 1155: 1196: 1043: 1030:. A 2013 study using AMS carbon dating on seven samples of the actual rice husks have resulted in only one of the samples being dated to 12,520 ± 150 BP, with the other six being discovered to date to modern times. This inconsistency has not been explained. The evidence of the claimed cuts on the rice stalks are also inadequately explained. It is also unlikely for rice to be able to grow in Korea during the 1618: 969:, ca. 12,000 years ago. However, the climate in regions north of the Pearl River would likely be less suitable for this wild rice. Human activity over thousands of years may also have removed populations of wild rice from their previous ranges. Based on Chinese texts, it is speculated there are populations of native wild rice along the Yangtze basin in c. AD 1,000 that have recently become extinct. 1034:, when the climate was much colder. Lastly, apart from the husks, no other remains of rice plants have been recovered from the site, which opens the possibility that even if the rice husks were as old as claimed, it is still more likely that they may have been transported from warmer regions in some manner (either by migratory birds or Paleolithic foragers) and were not grown there. 455:). The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. A multidisciplinary study using rice genome sequences indicate that tropical japonica rice was pushed southwards from China after a global cooling event (the 1300:

season, known as "Yala", is from April to September. During Maha season, there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields, nevertheless in Yala season there is only enough water for cultivation of half of the land extent. Traditional rice varieties are now making a comeback with the recent interest in green foods.

1364:, the mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla. This method has been used for at least a thousand years. 1846:

More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states (Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and California) in the U.S. According to estimates for the 2006 crop year, rice production in the U.S. is valued at $ 1.88 billion, approximately half of which is

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was an early proponent of rice cultivation in Chile during his rule between 1788 and 1796. The first rice cultivation occurred however much later, around 1920, yielding mixed results. Various attempts in Central Chile followed, also yielding mixed results. In part, the failure to establish successful

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In the southern region, most farmers transplant around boundaries to the flood plains or on the plains between mountains. Farming in the region is slower than other regions because the rainy season comes later. The popular rice varieties in this area are the Leb Nok Pattani seeds, a type of Jao rice.

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Although rice growing in Australia is highly profitable due to the cheapness of land, several recent years of severe drought have led many to call for its elimination because of its effects on extremely fragile aquatic ecosystems. The Australian rice industry is somewhat opportunistic, with the area

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A rice plantation, where black slaves were forced to work, and cultivate rice. Historians have argued that the African slaves brought with them the knowledge of how to cultivate the rice, and were responsible for the growth of such a large agricultural industry in the United States south that fed an

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Rice is the main export of Thailand, especially white jasmine rice 105 (Dok Mali 105). Thailand has a large number of rice varieties, 3,500 kinds with different characters, and five kinds of wild rice cultivates. In each region of the country there are different rice seed types. Their use depends on

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mainly depends on the rice cultivation. Rice production is acutely dependent on rainfall and government supply necessity of water through irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons. The principal cultivation season, known as "Maha", is from October to March and the subsidiary cultivation

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The Ifugao people practice traditional farming spending most of their labor at their terraces and forest lands while occasionally tending to root crop cultivation. The Ifugaos have also been known to culture edible shells, fruit trees, and other vegetables which have been exhibited among Ifugaos for

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basin. Evidence for rice cultivation in these regions, dates to slightly later than the Dapenkeng settlement of Taiwan, at around 3000 BC. Southward migrations of the Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai-speakers introduced it into Mainland Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence of rice cultivation in Mainland

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sometime between 3500 and 1200 BC. The cultivation of rice then occurred on a small scale, fields were impermanent plots, and evidence shows that in some cases domesticated and wild grains were planted together. The technological, subsistence, and social impact of rice and grain cultivation is not

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have been its caretakers. Ifugao culture revolves around rice and the culture displays an elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption. The harvest season generally calls for thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites called

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In 2003, Korean archaeologists announced they discovered rice husks in Soro-ri, Korea, which dated to 13,000 BC, that they claimed show signs of having been cut by stone tools. These antedates the oldest grains found in China, which were dated to 10,000 BC, and potentially challenge the

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Evidence for rice consumption in India since 6000BCE is found at Lahuradewa in Uttar Pradesh. However, whether or not the samples at Lahuradewa belong to domesticated rice is still disputed. Rice was cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC. "Several wild cereals, including

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Even before this Australia's rice production greatly exceeded local needs, and rice exports to Japan have become a major source of foreign currency. Above-average rainfall from the 1950s to the middle 1990s encouraged the expansion of the Riverina rice industry, but its prodigious water use in a

1111:: it shapes the landscape; is sold at markets; and is served in most meals. Rice accounts for more than half of the calories in the average diet, and the source of livelihood for about 20 million households. The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of 1022:

explanation that domesticated rice originated in the Yangtze River basin of China. The findings were received by academia with strong skepticism and the claim remains dubious. The dates claimed by the authors of the study at Soro-ri are disputed, since they did not use the much more reliable

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area of West Africa and from coastal Sierra Leone. At the port of Charleston, through which 40% of all American slave imports passed, slaves from this region of Africa brought the highest prices due to their prior knowledge of rice culture, which was put to use on the many rice

1335:) has a brown color. The northeastern region is a large area where farmers can cultivate about 36 million square meters of rice. Although most of it is plains and dry areas, white jasmine rice 105—the most famous Thai rice—can be grown there. White jasmine rice was developed in 1888:

Because irrigation water, despite the extremely low runoff of temperate Australia, was (and remains) very cheap, the growing of rice was taken up by agricultural groups over the following decades. Californian varieties of rice were found suitable for the climate in the

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valley region of southern China, in contradiction to archaeological evidence. The study is based on modern distribution maps of wild rice populations which may be potentially inconclusive due to drastic climatic changes that happened during the end of the

412:. A genomic study also indicates that at around this time, a global cooling event (the 4.2 k event) led to tropical japonica rice being pushed southwards, as well as the evolution of temperate japonica rice that could grow in more northern latitudes. 379:

Liangzhu and Shijiahe declined abruptly in the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC). With Shijiahe shrinking in size, and Liangzhu disappearing altogether. This is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan

384:. Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in settlements during this period, indicating widespread conflict. This period also coincides with the southward movement of rice-farming cultures to the 1343:

The central region is mostly composed of plains. Most farmers grow Jao rice. For example, Pathum Thani 1 rice which has qualities similar to white jasmine 105 rice. Its paddy has the color of thatch, and the cooked rice also has fragrant grains.

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at an early date. However, there are at least two native (endemic) species of rice present in the Amazon region of South America, and one or both were used by the indigenous inhabitants of the region to create the domesticated form

952:, is one of oldest crop species. It has tens of thousands of varieties and two major subspecies, japonica and indica. Archeologists focusing on East and Southeast Asia argue that rice farming began in south-central China along the 956:

and spread to Korea and Japan from there south and northeast. Archaeologists working in India argue that rice cultivation started in the valley of the Ganges River and Indus valley, by peoples unconnected to those of the Yangtze.

804:, and extended to Senegal. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward. 1339:

first and after that grown in many areas in the country, but the rice from this region has a high quality, because it is softer, whiter, and more fragrant. This rice can resist drought, acidic soil, and alkaline soil.

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The northern region has both lowlands and high lands. The farmers' usual crop is non-glutinous rice such as Niew Sun Pah Tong rice. This rice is naturally protected from leaf disease, and its paddy (unmilled rice)

4656: 3686: 860:'s military expedition to Asia. Large deposits of rice from the first century AD have been found in Roman camps in Germany. However it was not a staple of the Greek diet until the 10th century. Prior to this, 1851:. The U.S. provides about 12% of world rice trade. The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use (58%), while 16% is used in each of processed foods and beer. 10% is found in pet food. 1242:". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1,500 meters (5,000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient 527:, they had already lost the technology of rice farming. However, there is no archaeological record of rice in Polynesia and Micronesia before or during the time of Lapita pottery fitting the hypothesis. 3203: 4598:

Paredes C., Mario; Becerra V., Viviana; Donosos Ñ., Gabriel (2021). "Historia de la producción de arroz en Chile. 1920-2020". In Paredes C., Mario; Becerra V., Viviana; Donosos Ñ., Gabriel (eds.).

1808:, when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of 63:

basin in China 9,000 years ago. Cultivation, migration and trade spread rice around the world—first to much of east Asia, and then further abroad, and eventually to the Americas as part of the

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Asiatic rice (Oryza sativa), although a latecomer to Mediterranean agriculture, was relatively widespread in antiquity and was not a product of the Islamic Agricultural Revolution. During the

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system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe. The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the

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300 BC. A genomic study indicates that temperate japonica, which predominates in Korea and Japan, evolved after a global cooling event (the 4.2k event) that occurred 4,200 years ago.

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A 2012 study, through genome sequencing and mapping of hundreds of rice varieties and that of wild rice populations, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred around the central

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was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time.

317: 2781: 462: 3655: 1900: 1730:, and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century. Today, people can visit the only remaining rice plantation in South Carolina that still has the original 372:

in these two regions. Both the number of settlements and overall settlement sizes increased among the Yangtze cultures, leading some archeologists to characterize them as

503: 4214: 5002: 4648: 3678: 1085:. Asian farmers still account for 87% of the world's total rice production. Because so much rice is produced in Bangladesh, it is also the staple food of the country. 4783: 2024: 1367: 1591:

rice cultivation in the first attempts is attributed to the indiscriminate use of rice varieties from areas with tropical climate that did not grow well in central

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were the primary grains cultivated and consumed in Greece. Over time, rice gradually replaced these traditional grains as a staple ingredient in many Greek dishes.

1130:. Divisions of labour between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, were carved into relief friezes on the ninth century 4150: 948:

rice domestication has been a subject of much debate among those who study crop history and anthropology – whether rice originated in India or China. Asian rice,

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Hilbert, Lautaro; Neves, Eduardo Góes; Pugliese, Francisco; Whitney, Bronwen S.; Shock, Myrtle; Veasey, Elizabeth; Zimpel, Carlos Augusto; Iriarte, José (2017).

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The mastery of rice farming was a challenge for the English and other European settlers who were unfamiliar with the crop. Native Americans, who mostly gathered

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Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; Lu, Hengyun; Li, Wenjun; Guo, Yunli (October 2012).

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Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered north of Australia have been made for many years, they have consistently failed because of inherent iron and

1126:, which show kings levied taxes in rice. The images of rice cultivation, rice barn, and mice infesting a rice field is evident in Karmawibhangga bas-reliefs of 1146:). In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts. 3832:

22 (2)d Suyanggae International Symposium in Sakhalin "the Initial Human Exploration of the Continental and Insular Parts of the Eurasia. Suyanggae and Ogonk

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dates from 3000 BC. Historic written evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from the central island of

4191: 2851: 284: 1816:. By 2006, California produced the second-largest rice crop in the United States, after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of 924:. Increasing scale of rice production in the region has recently brought criticism towards growers' alleged bad practices in regard to the environment. 1612: 288: 1669:, were also inexperienced with rice cultivation. However, within the first fifty years of settlement rice became the dominant crop in South Carolina. 901:

After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration.

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practically waterless region began to attract the attention of environmental scientists. These became severely concerned with declining flow in the

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and periodically flood the fields. At first the rice was laboriously milled by hand using large mortars and pestles made of wood, then winnowed in

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people have harvested native rice varieties for thousands of years, and there are ongoing efforts to grow commercial quantities of these species.

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attached to a plough; women planting seedlings and pounding grain; and a man carrying sheaves of rice on each end of a pole across his shoulders (

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Rice was known to the Classical world, being imported from Egypt, and perhaps west Asia. It was known to Greece (where it is still cultivated in

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Hilbert, L., Neves, E.G., Pugliese, F. et al. Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas. Nat Ecol Evol 1, 1693–1698 (2017).

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Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (December 17, 2012).

4922: 3457: 1018:—though they concede that archaeological and genetic evidence exist for a single domestication of rice in the lowlands of southern China. 879:

in the 8th century where it expanded progressively from the south. In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian

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Since its spread, rice has become a global staple crop important to food security and food cultures around the world. Local varieties of

18: 4765: 601:(ca. 2000 to 1200 BC). A genomic study indicates that rice diversified into Maritime Southeast Asia between 2,500 and 1,500 years ago. 690:, and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani-Mando and Mahagara, may have been underway as early as 7,000BC. Rice appeared in the 4017:

Kim, Kyeong Ja; Lee, Yung-Jo; Woo, Jong-Yoon; Jull, A.J. Timothy (January 2013). "Radiocarbon ages of Sorori ancient rice of Korea".

1572: 3647: 3102:"A Critical Evaluation Revealed the Proto-indica Model Rests on a Weaker Foundation and Has a Minimal Bearing on Rice Domestication" 4117:

Choudhary, Dyutiman; Banskota, Kamal; Khanal, Narayan Prasad; McDonald, Andrew James; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Erenstein, Olaf (2022).

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Most of the rice used today in the cuisine of the Americas is not native but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by

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Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; et al. (2012).

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due to the sheer distance of ocean they were crossing and the lack of abundant rain. These voyagers became the ancestors of the

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Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (December 24, 2011).

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Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).

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Genomic studies suggests that indica rice was later introduced back to China from India between 2,000 and 1,400 years ago.

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Shoda, Shinya; Nasu, Hiroo; Yamazaki, Kohei; Murakami, Natsuki; Na, Geon-Ju; Ahn, Sung-Mo; Yoneda, Minoru (8 May 2021).

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dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to

890:, with cultivation starting in the 9th century, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of 4119:"Rice Subsector Development and Farmer Efficiency in Nepal: Implications for Further Transformation and Food Security" 747:

in Iran (dated to the first century AD) at one end of the ancient world, while at the same time rice was grown in the

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entire population for more information see Black Rice : The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas.

1396:(first century BCE) recognized rice as a significant Indian crop during the subcontinent's busy agricultural season. 306:. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early 166:

The scientific consensus based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the

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Zhang, Chi (2013). "The Qujialing–Shijiahe culture in the middle Yangzi River valley". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.).

4862: 4602:. Colección Libros INIA - Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (in Spanish). Vol. 40. pp. 314–379. 2960:"A New Chronology for the Bronze Age of Northeastern Thailand and Its Implications for Southeast Asian Prehistory" 5616: 2282: 1625: 932:

Recent research indicates that rice was independently domesticated in South America before the 14th century from

2820: 1820:. Unlike the Arkansas–Mississippi Delta region, California's production is dominated by short- and medium-grain 5068: 4158: 1056: 179: 4195: 2406:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 368:. There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated 4480: 1472:

By the time the Muslims arrived in Iraq, rice was already widely farmed throughout the Sasanian kingdom. The

1070: 1023: 470:, and likely routes of early rice transfer (ca. 3500 to 500 BC). The approximate coastlines during the early 1769:

when the fields were flooded. In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the

729:(3rd millennium BC). Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the 376:, with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control. 1750: 1639: 1139: 1094: 35: 3548:"Paddy cultivation during early Holocene: Evidence from diatoms in Lahuradewa lake sediments, Ganga Plain" 210:, sprang from a single domestication event that occurred some 9,000 years ago in China from the wild rice 4019:

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

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Kim, Kyeong J.; et al. (2021). "Radiocarbon Ages of Suyanggae Paleolithic Sites in Danyang, Korea".

2918: 2821:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" 1505: 1477: 1309: 1742:. The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as 'Carolina Gold'. The 5028: 3904:

Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives".

2473:"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet" 1739: 1694: 1690: 1655: 1239: 1078: 1074: 4383: 4064: 3581:"Approaching rice domestication in South Asia: New evidence from Indus settlements in northern India" 3414: 1659: 1621:

Photograph by Havens O. Pierre taken between 1876 and 1888 in Savannah, Georgia titled "Hoeing Rice".

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Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the

557:(AD 900 to AD 1700). Guam is the only island in Oceania where rice was grown in pre-colonial times. 90:

and other transfers of agricultural technologies has led to increased production in recent decades.

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is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how

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By 500 BC, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and

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Higham, Charles F. W.; Douka, Katerina; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Hart, John P. (September 18, 2015).

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has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop.

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was returning from a slave-trading voyage to Madagascar when he was blown off course and put into

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Double-headed rice, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

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rice was independently domesticated in Africa 3,000 to 3,500 years ago. Between 1500 and 800 BC,

581: 561: 405: 3449: 2080:"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China" 761:

rice cultivars including 'Gerdeh', 'Hashemi', 'Hasani', and 'Gharib' have been bred by farmers.

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describes its Mesopotamian cultivation, and implies it was an important part of the cuisine of

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In Russia, a short-grain, starchy rice similar to the Italian varieties, has been grown in the

620: 508: 303: 257: 200:. This was supported by a genetic study in 2011 that showed that all forms of Asian rice, both 139: 83: 4718: 3052:

Crawford, G.W. & G.-A. Lee. (March 2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula".

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speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.

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There are two most likely centers of domestication for rice as well as the development of the

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increased profitability of the crop, and the addition of waterpower for the mills in 1787 by

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Texts from the late first and early second centuries imply that rice was first introduced to

1223: 1178: 706:. This led to the local development of a mix of 'wetland' and 'dryland' agriculture of local 543: 409: 23: 3200:"Rice farming in India much older than thought, used as 'summer crop' by Indus civilisation" 3142: 1715:(the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa). The invention of the 5486: 4762: 4398: 4026: 3958: 3913: 3721: 3592: 3492: 2971: 2585: 2574:"Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures" 2484: 2420: 2347: 2230: 2091: 1809: 1805: 1735: 1709: 1677: 1650:, probably originating from Madagascar. Tradition (possibly apocryphal) has it that pirate 1200: 1190: 650: 565: 524: 489: 437: 393: 104: 53:

The current scientific consensus, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that

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Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies

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planted varying significantly from season to season depending on water allocations in the

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as early as 4530 BC and 5440 BC, respectively. The early domestication process of rice in

8: 5378: 3986:"Dry or Wet? Evaluating the Initial Rice Cultivation Environment on the Korean Peninsula" 3564: 3143: 2336:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 1556: 966: 961: 857: 573: 549:

Much later Austronesian voyages from Island Southeast Asia succeeded in bringing rice to

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Crawford; Shen (1998). "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia".

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; et al. (2011).

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Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East

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Science and technology with Thai rice, National center for genetic engineering, 2003

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evident in archaeological data until after 1500 BC. For example, intensive wet-

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arrived in India about ~4,500 years ago and hybridized with an undomesticated proto-

86:. More recent changes in agricultural practices and breeding methods as part of the 5365: 5333: 5100: 4620: 4533: 4527: 4406: 4130: 4034: 3997: 3966: 3921: 3798: 3788: 3739: 3729: 3618: 3600: 3559: 3518: 3500: 3374: 3265: 3113: 3061: 3026: 2989: 2979: 2835: 2757: 2593: 2548: 2528: 2492: 2428: 2355: 2299: 2291: 2248: 2238: 2163: 2153: 2109: 2099: 2020: 2016: 1972: 1765:

farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low-lying prairies where they could also farm

1592: 1440: 1393: 933: 909: 793: 770: 633: 577: 381: 369: 365: 361: 341: 337: 300: 273: 250: 136: 87: 69: 5115: 3876:

Kim, Minkoo (2008). "Multivocality, Multifaceted Voices, and Korean Archaeology".

3378: 2334:

He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (June 7, 2017).

1314: 530:

Rice, along with other Southeast Asian food plants, were also later introduced to

5494: 5328: 5173: 4929: 4840: 4769: 4750: 4679: 4218: 4179: 4068: 4058: 2984: 2839: 2158: 2104: 1871: 1552: 1357: 895: 322: 212: 124: 108: 3679:"farming in india: Rice farming in India began much before Chinese rice arrived" 3254:"Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars" 5569: 5471: 5434: 5413: 5408: 5353: 5308: 4051: 4038: 2511: 2405: 1782: 1731: 1647: 1536: 1489: 1452: 905: 821: 752: 695: 649:

rice agriculture was introduced into Korea shortly before or during the Middle

520: 452: 448: 373: 353: 128: 4600:

100 años del cultivo del arroz en Chile en un contexto internacional 1920-2020

4410: 4172: 4135: 4118: 4086: 3925: 3605: 3369:

Darby, H.C. (1957). "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries".

3065: 3030: 2761: 2617: 2598: 2532: 2497: 2472: 2433: 1976: 1885:

that were too heavy for the cultivation of fruit and too infertile for wheat.

1465:

recommended the grain as a medicament in the second century, and his disciple

515:

It has been speculated the rice did not survive the Austronesian voyages into

5611: 5605: 5398: 5373: 5288: 5228: 5223: 5054: 4743: 4368: 4002: 3985: 3614: 3514: 2359: 2142:"The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima" 1984: 1821: 1568: 1509: 1328: 1247: 1235: 1159: 1069:

Today, the majority of all rice produced comes from China, India, Indonesia,

1027: 1006: 953: 894:(1468) or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by 699: 673: 430: 401: 307: 246: 206: 188: 167: 60: 3793: 3402: 2295: 2243: 1960: 1348:

Its paddy has the color of thatch, and it can be processed to make noodles.

5539: 5343: 5318: 5293: 5278: 5263: 5238: 5198: 5178: 5148: 5135: 5105: 5025:"Alpine Rice | Australia's first commercial native grain crop. © 2013" 4614: 4418: 3812: 3753: 3632: 3532: 3270: 3253: 3003: 2769: 2684:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

2540: 2313: 2278:"The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice" 2262: 2177: 2123: 1926: 1918: 1651: 1564: 1496:

provinces of Iran) and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of the

1135: 1031: 977: 609: 585: 345: 334: 292: 234: 178:, the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other 147: 78: 55: 4961:

Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges

4624: 4348: 2919:"Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?" 2552: 2219:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 5574: 5554: 5444: 5439: 5403: 5348: 5323: 5273: 5248: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 4896: 1914: 1792: 1778: 1485: 1413: 1260: 1231: 1204: 973: 921: 880: 801: 798: 756: 678: 646: 554: 539: 497: 114: 4866: 3970: 3734: 3505: 3086:

Tewari, R, Srivastava, RK, Saraswat, KS, Singh, IB and Singh, KK. 2008.

2806:"Deconstructing the Lapita Cultural Complex in the Bismarck Archipelago" 5509: 5476: 5459: 5449: 5418: 5338: 5298: 5283: 5258: 5163: 1826:

varieties, including cultivars developed for the local climate such as

1720: 1540: 1501: 1493: 1416:, based on second century BCE author Aristobulus. The crop traveled to 1243: 1163: 872: 614: 590: 531: 516: 155: 3710:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 3481:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 2618:"The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal" 1863:, who had experience with rice plantations in the Americas and India. 1704:

From the enslaved Africans, plantation owners learned how to dyke the

1439:. Palestine's main crop was fine, large kernel rice. According to the 1283: 775: 73:

rice was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago.

5313: 5253: 5243: 5188: 5168: 5143: 3826:

Lee, Kyong-woo; Lee, Yung-jo; Woo, Jong-yoon; Lee, Seung-won (2017).

1867: 1834: 1754: 1716: 1680:

grew and amassed great wealth from the slave labor obtained from the

1666: 1560: 1530: 1466: 1405: 1292: 1268: 1131: 1127: 1100: 31: 27: 1658:

for repairs. While there he gave a bag of seed rice to explorer Dr.

1263:) entails a strict taboo on any agricultural work. Partaking of the 812: 5534: 5454: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4498:

Black rice: the African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas

4290: 4288: 4286: 4267: 4265: 3118: 3101: 2573: 1890: 1860: 1859:

Rice was one of the earliest crops planted in Australia by British

1848: 1774: 1766: 1743: 1544: 1417: 1119: 1112: 1001: 917: 817: 748: 687: 594: 564:, rice was presumably spread through river trade between the early 471: 467: 4537: 3773:, reveals multiple independent domestications of cultivated rice, 3331: 1154: 908:, and known in Russia as "Kuban Rice" or "Krasnodar Rice". In the 654: 542:

by around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the

119: 5564: 5559: 5504: 5233: 5153: 3648:"India's rice history may not have had anything to do with China" 1827: 1551:

and their African slaves introduced it at about the same time to

1481: 1480:. Following the Islamic conquest, its cultivation moved north to 1401: 1385: 1195: 1015: 997: 837: 734: 730: 625: 598: 535: 436:

cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the

397: 385: 311: 159: 4911: 4283: 4262: 3828:"Advances of Multidisciplinary Research on Cheongju Sorori Rice" 3767:

Londo JP, Chiang YC, Hung KH, Chiang TY, Schaal BA (June 2006).

2050:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

321:

Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in

5544: 5519: 5514: 5499: 4116: 1749:

In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern

1712: 1456: 1448: 1421: 1397: 1361: 1227: 1211: 1042: 887: 861: 853: 691: 444: 389: 269: 171: 4597: 4384:"Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the Americas" 2743:"Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice" 1617: 737:

regions. Mixed farming was the basis of Indus valley economy.

279:

The second is in the middle Yangtze River associated with the

5590: 5549: 5529: 5524: 4515: 2514:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River" 1954: 1952: 1762: 1705: 1513: 1497: 1462: 1174: 1170: 1011: 993: 865: 658: 641: 637: 493: 261: 5024: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4837:"The economic contributions of the California rice industry" 604: 127:(8500 to 1500 BC), showing the approximate locations of the 5077: 4753:. Carolina Gold Rice Foundation. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 4381: 4171:

National Statistical Coordinating Body of the Philippines.

3579:

Bates, J.; Petrie, C. A.; Singh, R. N. (February 1, 2017).

1432: 1409: 1389: 1123: 891: 833: 744: 550: 479: 47: 4681:

David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"

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Thakur, Biswajeet; Saxena, Anju; Singh, I (June 5, 2018).

1949: 1559:

played an active role in the establishment of rice in the

1400:(first century CE) reported that rice was widely grown in 1375: 1271:

constitutes an indelible practice during the festivities.

5218: 4935: 4521: 4061: 3983: 3145:

People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity

3100:

Ray, Avik; Chakraborty, Debarati; Ghosh, Surajit (2020).

1567:

was an important crop from an early period. Varieties of

1291:

Rice is the staple food amongst all the ethnic groups in

4092:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3051: 2216: 1959:

Fornasiero, Alice; Wing, Rod A.; Ronald, Pamela (2022).

1734:

and rice mill from the mid-19th century at the historic

1169:

Rice is the major food amongst all the ethnic groups in

636:

investigations indicate dry-land rice was introduced to

245:

technology. The first, and most likely, is in the lower

216:. A more recent population genomic study indicates that 5046: 4784:"Historic Richvale – the birthplace of California rice" 4452: 4450: 597:(ca. 2000 to 1500 BC); and the An Sơn site in southern 4932:

August 2006, Release No. 0306.06, U.S. Rice Statistics

3010: 1099:

Rice is a staple food for all classes in contemporary

898:, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms. 4946:

Wadham, Sir Samuel; Wilson, R. Kent and Wood, Joyce;

4835:

Sumner, Daniel A.; Brunke, Henrich (September 2003).

4353:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. 3766: 2957: 1830:, which makes up as much as 85% of the state's crop. 1238:. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the " 4447: 4151:"'The Best of the Philippines – its natural wonders" 3819: 3344:

S.D. Sharma (1957). "11 History of Rice in Europe".

3178:

Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production

1958: 568:-speakers of the Middle Yangtze basin and the early 392:

regions, as well as the southward migrations of the

34:

and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence.

4982:, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria (2000) 4786:. California Farm Bureau Federation. Archived from 3099: 333:Rice was gradually introduced north into the early 196:(2008) determined a single domestication event for 4312:Punkhao (Khao Dawk Mali 105), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4085: 3707: 3478: 1613:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States 714:rice agriculture, before the truly 'wetland' rice 653:(circa 850–550 BC) and reached Japan by the final 4775: 4280:Punkhao (Niew San Pah Tong), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4207: 4205: 3545: 1998: 1996: 1994: 482:, especially near very fertile volcanic islands. 5603: 4330:Punkhao ( Leb Nok Pattani), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 3578: 3140: 2047: 2002: 1804:Rice cultivation began in California during the 1177:, most rice varieties are cultivated during the 632:Mainstream archaeological evidence derived from 4461:. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 2470: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2223:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2139: 1837:" native to North America are to the unrelated 1451:, and the Chrysopolis area to the north of the 787:was domesticated in Asia, the now less popular 459:) that occurred approximately 4,200 years ago. 4653:Louisiana State University Agricultural Center 4649:"The History of U.S. Rice Production – Part 1" 4321:Punkhao (Pathum Thani 1), www.brrd.in.th, 2013 4202: 3645: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 1991: 1519: 523:. By the time they migrated southwards to the 425:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 5062: 4016: 2567: 2565: 2333: 1504:. In Palestine, rice came to be grown in the 1443:(3rd to 4th centuries CE), rice was grown in 1115:, the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. 4865:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4839:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4834: 4828: 4812:. California Rice Commission. Archived from 4593: 4591: 4589: 4303:The genetic wonder of Thai rice, p. 110,1998 4233:World Heritage Sites and Schlessinger Media 3825: 3286:Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History 3251: 3172: 3170: 3016: 2910: 2812: 2611: 2609: 2386: 1796:Rice paddy fields just north of the city of 344:millet farmers, either via contact with the 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4079: 4077: 3906:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 3368: 3343: 2725: 2707:Major, John S.; Cook, Constance A. (2016). 2661:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 510–534. 2077: 2073: 2071: 2069: 1870:toxicities in the soils and destruction by 474:are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011) 5069: 5055: 4950:, Melbourne University Press (1957) p. 246 4855: 4802: 4781: 4772:. Crawfish.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 3252:Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). 2951: 2869: 2562: 779:Rice farmers work in the fields of Gambia. 4532:. Vol. 1. National Academies Press. 4134: 4001: 3802: 3792: 3743: 3733: 3622: 3604: 3563: 3522: 3504: 3403:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4 3327: 3325: 3323: 3269: 3247: 3245: 3167: 3134: 3117: 2993: 2983: 2878:"An overview of latte period archaeology" 2828:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2706: 2700: 2650: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2496: 2464: 2432: 2303: 2252: 2242: 2167: 2157: 2113: 2103: 1908:) of rice imports to Australia since 1988 1723:Jonathan Lucas was another step forward. 1573:slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 797:propagated from its original centre, the 605:Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago 4677: 4566: 4074: 2916: 2818: 2403: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2269: 2066: 2043: 2041: 1899: 1877:In the 1920s, it was seen as a possible 1791: 1633: 1624: 1616: 1575:, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas. 1508:. Rice is also grown in Saudi Arabia at 1500:. In Egypt, rice is mainly grown in the 1366: 1313: 1282: 1194: 1153: 1041: 886:The Moors may have also brought rice to 827: 811: 774: 672: 608: 502: 484: 461: 316: 118: 17: 4501:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4192:"About Banaue > Tourist Attractions" 4045: 3701: 3223: 3221: 2740: 2681: 2675: 2003:Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). 1376:Middle East and the Mediterranean Basin 1287:Indian women separating rice from straw 1226:that were carved into the mountains of 1118:Evidence of wild rice on the island of 883:, although historians are not certain. 260:. Their diet were also supplemented by 170:basin in China. Because the functional 5604: 5031:from the original on December 27, 2017 5005:from the original on December 23, 2017 4716: 4659:from the original on September 4, 2017 4612: 4529:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains 4494: 4346: 4212:Department of Tourism: Ifugao Province 4083: 3899: 3897: 3857:from the original on November 12, 2013 3444: 3442: 3440: 3320: 3307:The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World 3242: 2875: 2571: 2374:from the original on November 20, 2021 2005:"The evolving story of rice evolution" 1642:officials at a rice farm in California 1356:One of the earliest known examples of 751:valley in Italy. In northern Iran, in 668: 158:-speakers), along the Lower and Upper 5050: 4980:Climatic Atlas of Australia: Rainfall 4698:from the original on February 7, 2017 4684:. Leiden NL: BRILL. pp. 448–49. 4554:from the original on January 22, 2009 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4250:The genetic wonder of Thai rice, 1998 4123:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3977: 3844: 3676: 3348:. Taylor & Francis. p. 345. 3198:Bates, Jennifer (November 21, 2016). 3197: 2656: 2638:from the original on January 25, 2019 2616:Zhang, Chi; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008). 2452:from the original on January 24, 2019 2320: 2038: 1384:, rice was well known as far west as 1323:weather, atmosphere, and topography. 988:rice was domesticated at least twice— 4959:See McMahon T.A. and Finlayson, B.; 3769:"Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, 3229:World History: Societies of the Past 3218: 2741:Gutaker, Rafal; et al. (2020). 2404:Bellwood, Peter (December 9, 2011). 2275: 2210: 2135: 2133: 1609:Rice production in the United States 1469:followed him in the fourth century. 1103:, and it holds the central place in 24:Karmawibhanga Museum in Central Java 4998:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4173:FACTS & FIGURES:Ifugao province 4010: 3946: 3903: 3894: 3875: 3677:Varma, Subodh (November 21, 2016). 3460:from the original on August 8, 2020 3437: 3425:from the original on August 5, 2020 3346:Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History 3206:from the original on March 30, 2019 3149:. Oxford University Press. p. 2939:from the original on April 12, 2019 2898:from the original on April 12, 2019 1555:. Recent scholarship suggests that 1037: 59:rice was first domesticated in the 13: 4978:Australian Bureau of Meteorology; 4810:"California's Rice Growing Region" 4522:National Research Council (1996). 4333: 3689:from the original on July 10, 2020 2857:from the original on July 31, 2019 2819:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). 2659:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology 2505: 2198:from the original on April 4, 2023 1351: 702:was based around the wild species 613:Rice broker in 1820s Japan of the 14: 5628: 3658:from the original on June 7, 2020 3585:Journal of Archaeological Science 2140:Choi, Jae Young (March 7, 2019). 2130: 2052:. Psychology Press. p. 565. 1761:since the mid-19th century. Many 1424:) during the early centuries CE. 418: 220:was domesticated first, and that 84:40,000 cultivars of various types 5114: 4923:States Department of Agriculture 4613:Carney, Judith A. 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(2017). 2027:from the original on 2020-09-24 1893:, and the first mill opened at 180:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 4391:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3845:David, Dr (October 21, 2003). 3565:10.18520/cs/v114/i10/2106-2115 3450:"Debating the Origins of Rice" 3309:, Cornell Univ. Press, p. 23, 2686:. Cambridge University Press. 2184: 2021:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 1318:Cambodian women planting rice. 1184: 1057:Rice production in South Korea 972:An older theory, based on one 743:was recovered from a grave at 154:cultures (associated with the 1: 4948:Land Utilization in Australia 4889:"Information about Wild Rice" 4744:Carolina Gold Rice Foundation 4221:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 3379:10.1017/CHOL9780521045414.005 1942: 1484:, the southern shores of the 1267:(rice beer), rice cakes, and 1024:accelerator mass spectrometry 856:) by returning soldiers from 589:Southeast Asia come from the 580:basins, as well as the early 4485:. Retrieved on May 13, 2012. 4084:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 3781:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3088:Early farming at Lahuradewa. 2985:10.1371/journal.pone.0137542 2840:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 2159:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414 2105:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 1640:Food and Drug Administration 1360:is the growing of rice with 1278: 1095:Rice production in Indonesia 1088: 875:brought Asiatic rice to the 7: 5087:History of rice cultivation 4495:Carney, Judith Ann (2001). 4057:September 10, 2011, at the 3373:. Vol. 1. p. 32. 3258:Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 1520:Caribbean and Latin America 1310:Rice production in Thailand 1303: 725:Rice was cultivated in the 44:history of rice cultivation 10: 5633: 4178:November 13, 2012, at the 4067:September 7, 2011, at the 4039:10.1016/j.nimb.2012.09.026 3415:"Rice originated in India" 2917:Peterson, John A. (2012). 2572:Fuller, Dorian Q. (2011). 2192:"Is basmati rice healthy?" 1854: 1740:Georgetown, South Carolina 1606: 1543:to Mexico in the 1520s at 1307: 1240:Eighth Wonder of the World 1188: 1092: 1081:, Philippines, Korea and 1054: 927: 768: 722:, arrived around 2000 BC. 422: 112: 102: 93: 5583: 5485: 5427: 5391: 5362: 5132: 5123: 5112: 5093: 5084: 4768:October 28, 2014, at the 4479:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4411:10.1038/s41559-017-0322-4 4136:10.3389/fsufs.2021.740546 3926:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9 3606:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.018 3284:Maddox, Gregory (2006). 3141:Murphy, Denis J. (2007). 3066:10.1017/s0003598x00061378 3031:10.1017/S0003598X00087494 2762:10.1038/s41477-020-0659-6 2599:10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7 2533:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 2498:10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x 2434:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 2048:Harris, David R. (1996). 1977:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 1881:crop on soils within the 1646:In 1694, rice arrived in 1593:Chile's temperate climate 1388:, in modern northeastern 1332: 984:(2006) had proposed that 807: 764: 727:Indus Valley civilization 468:language family homelands 5076: 4863:"Medium Grain Varieties" 4347:Decker, Michael (2009). 4003:10.3390/agronomy11050929 3305:Sallare, Robert (1993), 3176:Smith, C. Wayne (2000). 2876:Carson, Mike T. (2012). 2711:. Taylor & Francis. 2709:Ancient China: A History 2360:10.1177/0959683617708455 1578: 1449:Paneas-Caesarea Phillipi 1297:Agriculture in Sri Lanka 1234:by the ancestors of the 1149: 1065:Rice production in India 1061:Rice production in China 98: 4717:Heuman, Gad J. (2003). 4678:Campbell, Gwyn (2012). 3794:10.1073/pnas.0603152103 3180:. John Wiley and Sons. 3090:Pragdhara, 18: 347–373. 2244:10.1073/pnas.1104686108 1533:, some 4000 years ago. 1219: 1050: 1046:Rice crop in Madagascar 916:cultivars are grown in 562:Mainland Southeast Asia 406:Mainland Southeast Asia 182:, is identical in both 5617:History of agriculture 5269:Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice 4993:"Wild for Aussie rice" 4928:March 4, 2016, at the 4749:June 20, 2006, at the 4217:March 2, 2009, at the 3880:. New York: Springer. 3419:www.downtoearth.org.in 3271:10.2478/acas-2013-0020 1909: 1801: 1798:Sacramento, California 1672:In the United States, 1643: 1631: 1622: 1372: 1319: 1288: 1207: 1166: 1047: 845: 825: 780: 682: 629: 621:36 Views of Mount Fuji 512: 509:Austronesian Expansion 500: 475: 330: 163: 82:have resulted in over 67:. The now less common 39: 5465:Germinated brown rice 4625:10.4159/9780674262539 4198:on December 14, 2008. 4071:. Accessed July 2011. 3847:"Cf. BBC news (2003)" 3227:Kahn, Charles (2005). 2558:on December 14, 2013. 2296:10.1093/molbev/msx049 1937:Australian Aboriginal 1903: 1795: 1771:Mississippi embayment 1637: 1628: 1620: 1370: 1317: 1286: 1222:) are 2,000-year-old 1198: 1157: 1055:Further information: 1045: 831: 815: 778: 676: 612: 544:Greater Sunda Islands 506: 488: 465: 410:Island Southeast Asia 404:-speaking peoples to 320: 122: 103:Further information: 21: 4816:on February 10, 2006 4763:Farm Raised Crawfish 4161:on October 30, 2013. 3288:. ABC-CLIO. p. 267. 1961:"Rice domestication" 1933:irrigation regions. 1883:Murray–Darling basin 1806:California Gold Rush 1736:Mansfield Plantation 1201:Santa Maria, Bulacan 1191:Banaue Rice Terraces 651:Mumun pottery period 525:Bismarck Archipelago 511:(3500 BC to AD 1200) 490:Banaue Rice Terraces 105:Neolithic Revolution 5379:New Rice for Africa 4790:on October 11, 2007 4782:Lee, Ching (2005). 4655:. 13 January 2017. 4403:2017NatEE...1.1693H 4031:2013NIMPB.294..675K 3971:10.1017/RDC.2021.77 3963:2021Radcb..63.1429K 3918:2010ArAnS...2...89A 3735:10.1038/nature11532 3726:2012Natur.490..497H 3597:2017JArSc..78..193B 3506:10.1038/nature11532 3497:2012Natur.490..497H 2976:2015PLoSO..1037542H 2590:2011Rice....4...78F 2489:2011Rice....4..178H 2425:2011Rice....4...93B 2352:2017Holoc..27.1885H 2235:2011PNAS..108.8351M 2096:2012PLoSO...752146Z 1676:South Carolina and 1435:farmers during the 967:last glacial period 858:Alexander the Great 669:Indian subcontinent 634:paleoethnobotanical 538:, and the coast of 243:wetland agriculture 5159:Bhutanese red rice 4893:www.mnwildrice.com 4720:The Slavery Reader 4459:"Rice and Slavery" 4052:"Indonesian food." 3683:The Times of India 2625:Asian Perspectives 1910: 1802: 1728:American Civil War 1644: 1632: 1623: 1588:Ambrosio O'Higgins 1537:Spanish colonizers 1437:Early Roman period 1382:Hellenistic period 1373: 1358:companion planting 1320: 1289: 1208: 1167: 1109:Indonesian cuisine 1105:Indonesian culture 1048: 846: 826: 781: 694:valley regions of 686:rice, grew in the 683: 630: 513: 501: 476: 457:4.2-kiloyear event 331: 164: 65:Columbian exchange 40: 5599: 5598: 5387: 5386: 5304:Pusa Basmati 1121 5184:Camargue red rice 4843:on April 26, 2006 4691:978-90-04-19518-9 4547:978-0-309-04990-0 4508:978-0-674-00452-8 4397:(11): 1693–1698. 4360:978-0-19-956528-3 4239:978-1-4171-0342-3 3887:978-0-387-76459-7 3720:(7421): 497–501. 3491:(7421): 497–501. 3388:978-1-139-05576-5 3355:978-1-57808-680-1 3160:978-0-19-920713-8 2346:(12): 1885–1898. 2229:(20): 8351–8356. 2059:978-1-85728-538-3 1840:Zizania palustris 1787:Mississippi Delta 1773:in the states of 1557:enslaved Africans 1474:Babylonian Talmud 1337:Chonburi Province 1132:Prambanan temples 877:Iberian Peninsula 842:Valencian Country 593:site in northern 584:-speakers of the 572:-speakers of the 441:Dapenkeng culture 370:material cultures 5624: 5334:Sona masuri rice 5130: 5129: 5118: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001:. May 15, 2014. 4989: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4933: 4920: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4899:on June 16, 2016 4895:. Archived from 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4779: 4773: 4760: 4754: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4344: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4194:. Archived from 4188: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4157:. Archived from 4155:Filipinasoul.com 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4091: 4081: 4072: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3957:(5): 1429–1444. 3944: 3938: 3937: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3796: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3737: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3608: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3508: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3456:. July 5, 2018. 3446: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3249: 3240: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3148: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3025:(278): 858–866. 3014: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2987: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2825: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2747: 2738: 2723: 2722: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2551:. Archived from 2527:(3–4): 383–388. 2518: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2483:(3–4): 178–183. 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2436: 2410: 2401: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2256: 2246: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2171: 2161: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2117: 2107: 2075: 2064: 2063: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2000: 1989: 1988: 1956: 1441:Jerusalem Talmud 1334: 1038:Regional history 934:Amazon wild rice 910:Russian Far East 816:Paddy fields in 794:Oryza glaberrima 789:Oryza glaberrima 771:Oryza glaberrima 382:Longshan culture 366:Liangzhu culture 362:Shijiahe culture 342:Dawenkou culture 276:domestication. 224:rice arose when 88:Green Revolution 70:Oryza glaberrima 5632: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5579: 5495:Arroz con pollo 5481: 5428:Processed forms 5423: 5392:Characteristics 5383: 5364: 5358: 5329:Semi-dwarf IR36 5174:Calasparra rice 5134: 5119: 5110: 5089: 5080: 5075: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4930:Wayback Machine 4921: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4770:Wayback Machine 4761: 4757: 4751:Wayback Machine 4742: 4738: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4611: 4607: 4596: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4361: 4345: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4219:Wayback Machine 4210: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4180:Wayback Machine 4170: 4166: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4082: 4075: 4069:Wayback Machine 4059:Wayback Machine 4050: 4046: 4015: 4011: 3982: 3978: 3945: 3941: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3787:(25): 9578–83. 3771:Oryza rufipogon 3765: 3761: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3640: 3577: 3573: 3552:Current Science 3544: 3540: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3250: 3243: 3226: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3196: 3192: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3139: 3135: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3050: 3046: 3015: 3011: 2970:(9): e0137542. 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932:(1/2): 183–08. 2921: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2745: 2739: 2726: 2719: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2419:(3–4): 93–103. 2408: 2402: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2332: 2321: 2274: 2270: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2152:(3): e1007414. 2138: 2131: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2028: 2001: 1992: 1965:Current Biology 1957: 1950: 1945: 1904:Monthly value ( 1857: 1847:expected to be 1833:References to " 1615: 1607:Main articles: 1605: 1581: 1553:colonial Brazil 1522: 1478:Jews in Babylon 1455:(in modern-day 1420:(in modern-day 1378: 1354: 1352:Companion plant 1312: 1306: 1281: 1214:Rice Terraces ( 1193: 1187: 1158:Rice fields in 1152: 1097: 1091: 1067: 1053: 1040: 980:regions, Londo 942: 930: 896:Ludovico Sforza 832:Planting rice, 810: 773: 767: 677:Paddy field in 671: 607: 427: 421: 323:Neolithic China 266:water chestnuts 213:Oryza rufipogon 125:Neolithic China 117: 111: 109:Neolithic China 101: 96: 26:of 9th century 12: 11: 5: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570:Tuwon shinkafa 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5472:Parboiled rice 5469: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Flattened rice 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5414:Glutinous rice 5411: 5409:Perennial rice 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5354:Yamada Nishiki 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5309:Red Cargo rice 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5016: 4984: 4971: 4952: 4934: 4910: 4880: 4869:on May 8, 2006 4854: 4827: 4801: 4774: 4755: 4736: 4729: 4709: 4690: 4670: 4640: 4633: 4605: 4565: 4546: 4524:"African Rice" 4514: 4507: 4487: 4446: 4374: 4359: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4282: 4273: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4223: 4201: 4183: 4164: 4142: 4109: 4102: 4073: 4044: 4009: 3976: 3939: 3893: 3886: 3868: 3837: 3818: 3759: 3700: 3669: 3638: 3571: 3538: 3471: 3436: 3406: 3394: 3387: 3361: 3354: 3336: 3319: 3298: 3277: 3241: 3217: 3190: 3166: 3159: 3133: 3119:10.5334/aa.175 3092: 3079: 3060:(295): 87–95. 3044: 3009: 2950: 2909: 2868: 2834:(2): 169–189. 2811: 2797: 2756:(5): 492–502. 2724: 2717: 2699: 2692: 2674: 2667: 2649: 2605: 2584:(3–4): 78–92. 2561: 2521:Human Genetics 2504: 2463: 2385: 2319: 2290:(4): 969–979. 2268: 2209: 2183: 2129: 2090:(12): e52146. 2065: 2058: 2037: 2015:(4): 394–408. 1990: 1971:(1): R20–R24. 1947: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1917:and the lower 1856: 1853: 1783:Arkansas Delta 1732:winnowing barn 1660:Henry Woodward 1648:South Carolina 1604: 1601: 1585:Royal Governor 1580: 1577: 1521: 1518: 1453:Sea of Galilee 1412:, and also in 1377: 1374: 1353: 1350: 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1280: 1277: 1199:Ricefields at 1186: 1183: 1151: 1148: 1093:Main article: 1090: 1087: 1052: 1049: 1039: 1036: 944:The origin of 941: 938: 929: 926: 906:Krasnodar Krai 822:Northern Italy 809: 806: 769:Main article: 766: 763: 753:Gilan province 696:northern India 688:Vindhyan Hills 670: 667: 606: 603: 521:Lapita culture 429:The spread of 420: 419:Southeast Asia 417: 354:Hemudu culture 100: 97: 95: 92: 22:Bas-relief at 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5629: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Aromatic rice 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Carolina Gold 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Paw hsan hmwe 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229:Japonica rice 5227: 5225: 5224:Japanese rice 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4968:3-923381-27-1 4965: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4730:9780415213035 4726: 4723:. Routledge. 4722: 4721: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4634:9780674262539 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4538:10.17226/2305 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4482: 4476: 4460: 4456:West, Jean M. 4453: 4451: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4103:0-300-10518-5 4099: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3315:0-8014-2615-4 3312: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3294:1-85109-555-1 3291: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3267: 3264:(2): 239–47. 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3237:1-55379-045-6 3234: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3186:0-471-24237-3 3183: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 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