975:(ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialised in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet started a rapid expansion to Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 per cent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of
844:
720:, and it was not long before experimenters reported that the arc lights could be powered on a seven-mile (11 km) circuit. Within a decade scores of cities would have lighting systems using a central power plant that provided electricity to multiple customers via electrical transmission lines. These systems were in direct competition with the dominant
676:
achieved the first successful telephone transmission of clear speech. The first telephones had no network, but were in private use, wired together in pairs. Users who wanted to talk to different people had as many telephones as necessary for the purpose. A user who wished to speak, whistled into the
908:
and was inaugurated in 1924. Piero
Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur, received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane in each direction) between 1924 and 1926. Piero Puricelli decided to cover the expenses by
1551:
M. Nicolas J. Firzli & Vincent Bazi, “Infrastructure
Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective”, published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34– 37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online
618:
was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telegraph communications for the first time. Within 29 years of its first installation at Euston
Station, the telegraph network crossed the oceans to every continent but Antarctica, making instant global
789:
was enacted. "Under the Act, it became unlawful for any water company to extract water for domestic use from the tidal reaches of the Thames after 31 August 1855, and from 31 December 1855 all such water was required to be effectively filtered. The
257:
using deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry. On the more heavily travelled routes, there were additional layers that included six sided capstones, or pavers, that reduced the dust and reduced the
769:. Voltages used for electric power transmission increased throughout the 20th century. By 1914 fifty-five transmission systems operating at more than 70,000 V were in service, the highest voltage then being used was 150,000 V.
525:, considered to be the world's first intercity line, opened in 1826. In the following years, railways spread throughout the United Kingdom and the world, and became the dominant means of land transport for nearly a century.
176:
Infrastructure before 1700 consisted mainly of roads and canals. Canals were used for transportation or for irrigation. Sea navigation was aided by ports and lighthouses. A few advanced cities had
1279:
21:
before 1700 consisted mainly of roads and canals. Canals were used for transportation or for irrigation. Sea navigation was aided by ports and lighthouses. A few advanced cities had
71:
achieved the first successful telephone transmission of clear speech. Soon, a bell was added for signaling, and then a switch-hook, and telephones took advantage of the
493:. During the 19th century, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (160 km) to over 4,000 miles (6,400 km), with a complex network in conjunction with
1890:
750:
1393:
1311:
677:
transmitter until the other party heard. Soon, however, a bell was added for signalling, and then a switch-hook, and telephones took advantage of the
1584:
1545:
Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund
Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008
474:
In Europe, particularly
Britain and Ireland, and then in the early US and the Canadian colonies, inland canals preceded the development of
595:. On 24 May 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph by sending a message from the Supreme Court Chamber in the
1883:
2439:
1374:
943:, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks The first two nodes of what would become the
1716:
1128:
462:(1756–1836) designed the first modern highways, and developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate known as
1555:
Georg
Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)
485:
In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the
2444:
794:
was formed, water filtration was made compulsory, and new water intakes on the Thames were established above
Teddington Lock.
2557:
1876:
1646:
1624:
1452:
447:
2499:
1332:
1186:
689:. Networks were connected together in a hierarchical manner until they spanned cities, countries, continents, and oceans.
517:
designed the first successful and practical railway locomotive, and a line was built connecting the
Middleton Colliery to
36:
designed the first successful and practical railway locomotive, and a line was built connecting the
Middleton Colliery to
2135:
1512:
3055:
1601:
1568:
880:
Italy was the first country in the world to build motorways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The
778:
2429:
1169:
1076:
1042:
959:(TCP/IP) was standardised and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the
162:
125:(TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the
3060:
3030:
2320:
608:
522:
513:
The earliest railways were used in mines or to bypass waterfalls, and were pulled by horses or by people. In 1811
32:
The earliest railways were used in mines or to bypass waterfalls, and were pulled by horses or by people. In 1811
3065:
2454:
2080:
545:
489:, 363 miles (584 km) long with 82 locks, opened up a connection from the populated northeast to the fertile
1390:
2170:
2085:
1414:
1548:
A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure
Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank
926:
698:
615:
83:
758:
387:. Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the
2638:
2519:
2469:
2330:
1709:
1634:
963:
was introduced. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (
2484:
948:
732:
146:
2567:
831:
was created. In 1890, it first started using electric traction and deep-level tunnels. Soon afterwards,
972:
1025:
607:. The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades. On 24 October 1861, the
2753:
2550:
2524:
2449:
786:
348:
completed in 609 CE, still the longest canal in the world today at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi).
310:
223:
158:
154:
2987:
2479:
544:, opened in 1830, was the first to evolve into a major system. In 1869, the symbolically important
835:
and many other cities started using subway systems. By 1940, nineteen subway systems were in use.
3025:
2738:
2579:
2160:
1939:
1702:
1216:
956:
922:
502:
337:
122:
2414:
757:. A 25 kilovolt transmission line, approximately 175 km (109 mi) long, connected
2897:
2721:
2653:
2509:
2383:
2378:
1949:
561:
458:
about the year 1764. It involved a layer of large rocks, covered by a layer of smaller gravel.
177:
44:
22:
1615:
On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work
1237:
82:
was created. In 1890, it first started using electric traction and deep-level tunnels. At the
2877:
2857:
2623:
2180:
2125:
1979:
1899:
1842:
947:
were interconnected on 29 October 1969. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the
901:
897:
856:
852:
673:
573:
479:
436:
326:
103:
99:
68:
56:
644:. In the early 20th century tarmac and concrete paving were extended into the countryside.
2827:
2543:
2280:
2100:
2054:
2049:
848:
736:
345:
142:
95:
1369:
735:
in lower Manhattan, eventually serving one square mile with six "jumbo dynamos" housed at
8:
2902:
2674:
2215:
2120:
2075:
1852:
812:
808:
746:
604:
443:
in the early 19th century, but the shorter road route over the mountains had advantages.
314:
227:
1487:
1210:
705:
had been installed along the Avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Opera, using electric
3010:
2947:
2933:
2887:
2817:
2325:
2295:
2235:
2095:
1954:
1781:
1766:
1578:
1160:
Nothing Like It In The World; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869
1153:
1132:
828:
816:
728:
682:
678:
588:
577:
541:
459:
270:
231:
79:
72:
60:
1460:
681:
principle already employed in telegraph networks. Each telephone was wired to a local
3015:
2760:
2373:
2275:
2225:
2039:
1827:
1642:
1620:
1613:
1597:
1564:
1165:
1158:
1072:
1038:
706:
640:, was applied to macadam roads towards the end of the 19th century in cities such as
560:
The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between
451:
440:
274:
43:
The electrical telegraph was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between
2972:
2942:
2937:
2608:
2514:
2494:
2388:
2240:
2230:
2140:
2090:
2004:
1422:
932:
549:
710:
90:
had been installed along the Avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Opera. In 1924,
3020:
2892:
2847:
2787:
2689:
2613:
2603:
2424:
2340:
2300:
2265:
2250:
2220:
2115:
1959:
1426:
1397:
1378:
1284:
971:
sites in the United States from research and education organisations. Commercial
940:
905:
536:
was the first commercial railroad to evolve through continuous operations into a
529:
514:
360:
33:
1336:
2882:
2867:
2792:
2765:
2694:
2474:
2434:
2398:
2345:
2270:
2155:
2150:
2019:
2009:
1994:
1725:
1684:
999:
976:
797:
The technique of purification of drinking water by use of compressed liquefied
600:
537:
359:
because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. Notable canals were the
341:
259:
181:
26:
18:
1520:
325:, canals date back to at least 2300 BCE, when a canal was built to bypass the
3049:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2928:
2872:
2780:
2775:
2743:
2726:
2593:
2575:
2464:
2393:
2165:
968:
893:
620:
533:
455:
421:
384:
376:
211:
200:
111:
2912:
2862:
2842:
2802:
2704:
2684:
2669:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2489:
2368:
2335:
2310:
2245:
2185:
2145:
2034:
2014:
1999:
1832:
1817:
1689:
1679:
805:
798:
721:
717:
661:
581:
490:
420:, especially between 1730 and 1770. Turnpikes were also later built in the
364:
250:
64:
2837:
2797:
2709:
2285:
2260:
2130:
2105:
2044:
1907:
1796:
743:
603:
to the B&O Railroad outer depot (now the B&O Railroad Museum) in
592:
565:
498:
425:
356:
298:
215:
193:
48:
1868:
1312:"The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world"
1026:
The electric telegraph, forerunner of the internet, celebrates 170 years
2994:
2960:
2955:
2907:
2832:
2807:
2748:
2714:
2598:
2504:
2459:
2315:
2305:
2175:
2110:
2059:
1974:
1857:
1837:
1761:
1371:
NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report 1987-1995
1357:
815:. Darnall's work became the basis for present day systems of municipal
657:
653:
637:
596:
486:
482:. In Britain between 1760 and 1820 over one hundred canals were built.
340:, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the
318:
254:
243:
2535:
1037:
Lay, M G (1992). Ways of the World. Sydney: Primavera Press. pp. 401.
2733:
2699:
2679:
2628:
2618:
2290:
1929:
1391:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era"
910:
889:
766:
754:
413:
166:
115:
1235:
2770:
2588:
2419:
2350:
2255:
1964:
1776:
1756:
1746:
1594:
Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape
960:
868:
832:
702:
686:
652:
Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, such as the
569:
475:
380:
126:
87:
52:
424:. They were usually built by private companies under a government
2195:
1919:
1847:
1694:
1483:
944:
936:
860:
843:
802:
782:
463:
278:
219:
150:
1685:
Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme
2852:
2029:
1924:
1801:
1791:
1736:
964:
762:
501:
navigable, although some canals were later drained and used as
494:
432:
412:
As traffic levels increased in England and roads deteriorated,
352:
235:
1280:"The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece"
548:
was completed in the US with the driving of a golden spike at
1969:
1934:
1822:
1771:
1741:
952:
885:
884:("Lakes Motorway"), the first built in the world, connecting
864:
641:
518:
396:
372:
368:
330:
322:
306:
263:
196:
138:
107:
91:
37:
2024:
1989:
1984:
1786:
1481:
1439:
1188:
A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston
392:
388:
302:
282:
239:
1028:
BT Group Connected Earth Online Museum. Accessed July 2007
180:
that serviced public fountains and baths, while fewer had
25:
that serviced public fountains and baths, while fewer had
2190:
1944:
1751:
1519:. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 22 June 2011. Archived from
435:
carried many farm goods from the US frontier between the
286:
777:
In the 19th century major treatment works were built in
94:
was the first country to build a freeway-like road, the
1457:
16th APAN Meetings/Advanced Network Conference in Busan
207:
1265:
Bureau of Census data reprinted in Hughes, pp. 282–283
1238:"Notes on the Jablochkoff System of Electric Lighting"
939:
in particular led to the development of protocols for
587:
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by
206:
The first paved streets appear to have been built in
1668:, International Association of Hydrological Sciences
1384:
1208:
1184:
979:
was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population).
222:
in 3300 BCE and brick-paved roads were built in the
1236:Engineers, Institution of Electrical (1880-03-24).
1152:
1612:
1157:
75:principle already employed in telegraph networks.
1559:Ascher, Kate; researched by Wendy Marech (2007).
1306:
1304:
1302:
749:using high voltage took place in 1891 during the
277:. The most sophisticated roads were those of the
3047:
1639:World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present
344:(481-221 BCE). By far the longest canal was the
192:The first roads were tracks that often followed
1066:
450:is widely credited with establishing the first
1680:Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation
1563:(Reprint. ed.). New York: Penguin Press.
1299:
1273:
1271:
1215:. R. R. Donnelley & sons company. p.
2551:
1884:
1710:
1419:A short history of Internet protocols at CERN
1242:Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers
685:, and the exchanges were wired together with
1583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1381:, Karen D. Frazer, Merit Network, Inc., 1995
1071:(2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers.
1513:"World Internet Users and Population Stats"
1268:
2558:
2544:
1891:
1877:
1717:
1703:
1666:The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?
1358:"Roads and Crossroads of Internet History"
1277:
1053:
1051:
751:International Electro-Technical Exhibition
1898:
1351:
317:from c3300 BCE had a sophisticated canal
1633:
1488:The size and growth rate of the Internet
1103:
842:
2565:
1690:Report Card on America's Infrastructure
1654:
1596:(1st ed.). New York City: Norton.
1421:. Geneva: CERN (published April 1995).
1212:Electricity at the Columbian Exposition
1115:
1048:
727:The first electricity system supplying
273:, many roads were built throughout the
230:from around the same time. In 500 BCE,
3048:
1558:
1505:
297:The oldest known canals were built in
2539:
1872:
1698:
1663:
1610:
1591:
1413:
1091:
1400:, Susan R. Harris and Elise Gerich,
1278:Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016).
1060:
1021:
1019:
994:
992:
851:("Lakes Motorway"; now parts of the
576:over the 13 miles (21 km) from
234:started an extensive road system in
98:("Lakes Motorway"; now parts of the
59:over the 13 miles (21 km) from
2136:Maintenance, repair, and operations
375:in France in 1642, followed by the
13:
1724:
14:
3077:
2440:Controlled-access highway systems
1673:
1657:Science and Civilisation in China
1016:
989:
792:Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
478:during the earliest phase of the
163:Public switched telephone network
132:
2500:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
2321:Sustainable urban infrastructure
935:started in the early 1960s. The
811:, Professor of Chemistry at the
609:first transcontinental telegraph
523:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
2455:Hong Kong International Airport
2081:Infrastructure asset management
1539:
1475:
1445:
1433:
1407:
1363:
1325:
1259:
1229:
1202:
1178:
1146:
626:
402:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1031:
431:Water transport on rivers and
355:, canal building began in the
171:
1:
1209:John Patrick Barrett (1894).
1185:David Oakes Woodbury (1949).
982:
927:History of the World Wide Web
838:
773:Water distribution and sewers
713:alternating current dynamos.
623:possible for the first time.
616:transatlantic telegraph cable
448:Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
293:Canals and irrigation systems
2470:Kansai International Airport
2331:Transit-oriented development
1561:The works: anatomy of a city
1427:10.17181/CERN_TCP_IP_history
1404:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996
1069:The Miracle of Islam Science
716:Yablochkov candles required
301:c. 4000 BCE, in what is now
7:
2445:Electric power transmission
949:National Science Foundation
733:Edison Illuminating Company
147:Electric power transmission
10:
3082:
2766:Transfer table (traverser)
2525:Transcontinental railroads
2171:Public–private partnership
1486:, A. M. (2 October 1998).
1453:"Internet History in Asia"
1129:"Liverpool and Manchester"
973:internet service providers
920:
742:The first transmission of
136:
67:on 9 April 1839. In 1876,
3056:History of infrastructure
3003:
2921:
2816:
2754:ground-level power supply
2662:
2574:
2430:Bus rapid transit systems
2407:
2359:
2204:
2068:
1906:
1810:
1732:
1619:. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale.
1191:. McGraw-Hill. p. 83
801:was developed in 1910 by
787:Metropolis Water Act 1852
724:utilities of the period.
546:transcontinental railroad
311:Indus Valley civilisation
224:Indus Valley civilisation
159:History of road transport
155:History of rail transport
1164:. Simon & Schuster.
1067:Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992).
953:Computer Science Network
699:Paris Exposition of 1878
611:system was established.
399:being linked by canals.
363:in Germany in 1398, the
285:, which were paved with
84:Paris Exposition of 1878
3061:History of construction
2739:Railway electrification
1940:Critical infrastructure
1493:(Report). AT&T Labs
1360:by Gregory Gromov. 1995
1004:Encyclopædia Britannica
957:Internet Protocol Suite
955:(CSNET). In 1982, the
923:History of the Internet
896:, and now parts of the
379:in 1683 connecting the
123:Internet Protocol Suite
3066:Technology development
2384:Mechanical engineering
2379:Electrical engineering
2086:Build–operate–transfer
1950:Electricity generation
872:
636:Tar-bound macadam, or
568:in London. It entered
503:railroad rights-of-way
271:medieval Islamic world
51:in London. It entered
2878:Platform screen doors
2520:Trans-Alaska pipeline
2126:Life-cycle assessment
2101:Engineering contracts
1980:Municipal solid waste
1900:Public infrastructure
1641:, David and Charles,
1611:Huler, Scott (2010).
1592:Hayes, Brian (2005).
967:) provided access to
846:
674:Alexander Graham Bell
614:The first successful
574:Great Western Railway
480:Industrial Revolution
437:Appalachian Mountains
249:With the rise of the
69:Alexander Graham Bell
57:Great Western Railway
2828:Anti-trespass panels
2415:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
2281:Mobile data terminal
2055:Water supply network
2050:Wastewater treatment
1664:Rodda, J.C. (2004),
1655:Needham, J. (1971),
1517:Internet World Stats
1440:Réseaux IP Européens
951:(NSF) developed the
882:Autostrada dei Laghi
849:Autostrada dei Laghi
737:Pearl Street Station
707:Yablochkov arc lamps
528:In the US, the 1826
346:Grand Canal of China
289:in the 8th century.
143:Electrical telegraph
96:Autostrada dei Laghi
2675:Classification yard
2485:Offshore wind farms
2296:Renewable resources
2216:Air traffic control
2121:Infrastructure bond
1154:Ambrose, Stephen E.
871:built in the world.
813:Army Medical School
809:Carl Rogers Darnall
747:alternating current
729:incandescent lights
452:scientific approach
253:, the Romans built
228:Indian subcontinent
2934:Motive power depot
2888:Signalling control
2326:Traffic congestion
2236:Congestion pricing
2040:Telecommunications
1955:Energy development
1659:, C.U.P. Cambridge
1463:on 1 February 2006
1396:2011-07-19 at the
1377:2015-02-10 at the
873:
829:London Underground
817:water purification
683:telephone exchange
578:Paddington station
542:Baltimore and Ohio
460:John Loudon McAdam
315:India and Pakistan
232:Darius I the Great
80:London Underground
61:Paddington station
3043:
3042:
2761:Railway turntable
2582:
2533:
2532:
2450:High-speed trains
2374:Civil engineering
2276:Land-use planning
2226:Bus rapid transit
1866:
1865:
1828:Civil engineering
1648:978-0-7153-8555-5
1635:Hadfield, Charles
1626:978-1-60529-647-0
1333:"1924 Mile Posts"
1000:"John Blenkinsop"
904:, was devised by
731:was built by the
668:Telephone service
660:in 1897, and the
584:on 9 April 1839.
556:Telegraph service
441:Mississippi River
329:on the Nile near
242:), including the
3073:
2938:Railway workshop
2654:Transition curve
2624:Fastening system
2578:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2515:Three Gorges Dam
2495:Port of Shanghai
2389:Public economics
2241:Containerization
2231:Carbon footprint
2141:Natural monopoly
2010:Public utilities
2005:Public transport
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1630:
1618:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1388:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:on 12 March 2008
1335:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1131:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
996:
933:packet switching
550:Promontory, Utah
129:was introduced.
106:), which linked
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
2999:
2917:
2893:Structure gauge
2848:Defect detector
2820:
2812:
2658:
2614:Clip and scotch
2604:Breather switch
2570:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2425:Brooklyn Bridge
2403:
2361:
2355:
2341:Waste-to-energy
2301:Reverse osmosis
2271:Hybrid vehicles
2266:High-speed rail
2251:Fuel efficiency
2221:Brownfield land
2208:
2206:
2200:
2116:Government debt
2064:
1960:Hazardous waste
1912:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1867:
1862:
1806:
1728:
1723:
1676:
1649:
1627:
1604:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1523:on 23 June 2011
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1482:Coffman, K. G;
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1412:
1408:
1398:Wayback Machine
1389:
1385:
1379:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1285:The Independent
1276:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
990:
985:
941:internetworking
929:
921:Main articles:
906:Piero Puricelli
841:
781:in response to
629:
530:Granite Railway
515:John Blenkinsop
418:Turnpike Trusts
405:
367:connecting the
361:Stecknitz Canal
174:
169:
137:Main articles:
135:
34:John Blenkinsop
12:
11:
5:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Railway signal
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Level crossing
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Track geometry
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:overhead lines
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Gauntlet track
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Minimum radius
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2568:infrastructure
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Millau Viaduct
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Channel Tunnel
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2399:Urban planning
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:Weatherization
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Public finance
2153:
2151:Public capital
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Rail transport
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Public housing
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:Infrastructure
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1674:External links
1672:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1647:
1631:
1625:
1608:
1603:978-0393329599
1602:
1589:
1570:978-0143112709
1569:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1504:
1474:
1444:
1432:
1406:
1383:
1362:
1350:
1324:
1298:
1267:
1258:
1228:
1201:
1177:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1118:, p. 269.
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 161.
1084:
1077:
1059:
1047:
1030:
1015:
987:
986:
984:
981:
977:Internet users
931:Research into
919:
918:
909:introducing a
878:
877:
840:
837:
825:
824:
775:
774:
695:
694:
670:
669:
650:
649:
634:
633:
628:
625:
601:Washington, DC
558:
557:
538:common carrier
511:
510:
472:
471:
416:were built by
410:
409:
404:
401:
342:Warring States
295:
294:
214:were built in
212:Corduroy roads
199:, such as the
190:
189:
173:
170:
134:
133:By time period
131:
19:Infrastructure
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Coaling tower
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Signal bridge
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Loading gauge
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:refuge siding
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:tramway track
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Nuclear power
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Humber Bridge
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Public policy
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Public sector
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Appropriation
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:State schools
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Public spaces
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1171:0-684-84609-8
1167:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1135:on 2007-09-18
1134:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1106:, p. 16.
1105:
1104:Hadfield 1986
1100:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1078:0-911119-43-4
1074:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:1-875368-05-1
1040:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1005:
1001:
995:
993:
988:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:supercomputer
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
928:
924:
916:
915:
914:
912:
907:
903:
902:Autostrada A9
899:
898:Autostrada A8
895:
894:Lake Maggiore
891:
887:
883:
875:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Autostrada A9
854:
853:Autostrada A8
850:
845:
836:
834:
830:
822:
821:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:
804:
800:
795:
793:
788:
785:threats. The
784:
780:
772:
771:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:high voltages
714:
712:
711:ZĂ©nobe Gramme
709:, powered by
708:
704:
700:
692:
691:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
667:
666:
665:
663:
659:
656:in 1869, the
655:
647:
646:
645:
643:
639:
631:
630:
624:
622:
621:communication
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
554:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Massachusetts
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
508:
507:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
469:
468:
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:road building
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
422:United States
419:
415:
407:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Mediterranean
382:
378:
377:Canal du Midi
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:ancient China
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
291:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:in 4000 BCE.
209:
204:
202:
201:Natchez Trace
198:
195:
187:
186:
185:
183:
179:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
124:
121:In 1982, the
119:
117:
113:
112:Lake Maggiore
109:
105:
104:Autostrada A9
101:
100:Autostrada A8
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:In 1863, the
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
30:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2913:Wayside horn
2863:Interlocking
2843:Catch points
2803:Water trough
2705:Passing loop
2685:Pocket track
2670:Balloon loop
2634:Ladder track
2490:Panama Canal
2369:Architecture
2336:Urban sprawl
2311:Smart growth
2246:Ethanol fuel
2186:Supply chain
2146:Property tax
2091:Design–build
2015:Public works
1833:Construction
1818:Architecture
1814:
1665:
1656:
1638:
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1593:
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1540:Bibliography
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1516:
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1461:the original
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1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1123:
1116:Needham 1971
1111:
1099:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1033:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
930:
917:The Internet
881:
879:
867:, the first
827:In 1863 the
826:
799:chlorine gas
796:
791:
776:
741:
726:
715:
703:arc lighting
696:
671:
662:Panama Canal
651:
635:
627:1870 to 1920
613:
589:Samuel Morse
586:
582:West Drayton
559:
527:
512:
491:Great Plains
484:
473:
445:
430:
417:
411:
403:1700 to 1870
365:Briare Canal
350:
335:
296:
268:
251:Roman Empire
248:
205:
191:
175:
120:
88:arc lighting
77:
65:West Drayton
42:
31:
17:
15:
2838:Buffer stop
2798:Water crane
2710:Track gauge
2649:Tie/Sleeper
2510:Solar power
2286:Pork barrel
2261:Groundwater
2161:Public good
2131:Lindahl tax
2106:Externality
2045:Town square
1975:Lighthouses
1797:Storm drain
1767:Interchange
1467:25 December
744:three-phase
701:, electric
693:Electricity
593:Alfred Vail
572:use on the
566:Camden Town
499:Great Lakes
497:making the
446:In France,
357:Middle Ages
321:system. In
299:Mesopotamia
275:Arab Empire
216:Glastonbury
172:Before 1700
86:, electric
55:use on the
49:Camden Town
3050:Categories
3011:Industrial
2995:Water stop
2956:for trains
2948:Roundhouse
2922:Structures
2908:Train stop
2858:Guard rail
2833:Block post
2821:and safety
2818:Signalling
2749:third rail
2722:Rail track
2715:dual gauge
2599:Baulk road
2505:Suez Canal
2460:Hoover Dam
2316:Stormwater
2306:Smart grid
2176:Renovation
2111:Fixed cost
2060:Wind power
1913:facilities
1858:Urban park
1838:Playground
1762:Footbridge
1415:Segal, Ben
1402:ConneXions
1252:2009-01-07
1222:2009-01-04
1195:2009-01-04
1139:2007-09-19
1092:Rodda 2004
1057:Lay (1992)
1009:2007-09-10
983:References
839:Since 1920
658:Kiel Canal
654:Suez Canal
597:US Capitol
570:commercial
487:Erie Canal
414:toll roads
319:irrigation
244:Royal Road
53:commercial
2961:for goods
2903:Tell-tale
2734:Rail yard
2700:Guide bar
2680:Headshunt
2663:Trackwork
2629:Fishplate
2619:Date nail
2580:(history)
2291:Recycling
2181:Spillover
1965:Hospitals
1930:Broadband
1815:See also:
1579:cite book
1248:(32): 143
890:Lake Como
767:Frankfurt
755:Frankfurt
672:In 1876,
664:in 1914.
605:Baltimore
476:railroads
426:franchise
178:aqueducts
167:Telephone
116:Lake Como
23:aqueducts
3016:Military
2973:building
2943:Platform
2853:Derailer
2771:Roll way
2690:Junction
2589:Axe ties
2420:Autobahn
2408:Examples
2362:of study
2351:Wireless
2256:Fuel tax
2191:Taxation
2069:Concepts
1920:Airports
1782:Pipeline
1777:Overpass
1757:Drainage
1747:Causeway
1637:(1986),
1552:edition)
1417:(1995).
1394:Archived
1375:Archived
1156:(2000).
961:Internet
869:motorway
855:and the
833:Budapest
722:gaslight
679:exchange
509:Railways
381:Atlantic
327:cataract
127:Internet
102:and the
73:exchange
3026:station
3021:Private
2968:Station
2644:Profile
2594:Ballast
2196:Upgrade
2096:Earmark
1925:Bridges
1853:Theatre
1848:Stadium
1527:23 June
1484:Odlyzko
1343:3 April
945:ARPANET
937:ARPANET
861:Besnate
859:) near
823:Subways
803:US Army
783:cholera
761:on the
759:Lauffen
697:At the
464:macadam
383:to the
279:Baghdad
269:In the
226:on the
220:England
151:Freeway
2788:Switch
2776:Siding
2576:Tracks
2360:Fields
2205:Issues
2030:Sewage
1970:Levees
1935:Canals
1908:Assets
1843:Public
1802:Tunnel
1792:Skyway
1737:Bridge
1645:
1623:
1600:
1567:
1497:21 May
1442:(RIPE)
1317:10 May
1291:12 May
1168:
1075:
1041:
965:NSFNET
779:London
763:Neckar
687:trunks
648:Canals
638:tarmac
562:Euston
540:. The
521:. The
495:Canada
470:Canals
433:canals
395:, and
353:Europe
309:. The
264:wheels
236:Persia
197:trails
182:sewers
165:, and
45:Euston
27:sewers
3004:Types
2983:ghost
2978:clock
2952:Shed
2566:Rail
2209:ideas
2025:Roads
1990:Ports
1985:Parks
1823:Arena
1772:Levee
1742:Canal
1491:(PDF)
886:Milan
876:Roads
865:Italy
863:, in
806:Major
765:with
642:Paris
632:Roads
519:Leeds
408:Roads
397:Weser
373:Seine
369:Loire
331:Aswan
323:Egypt
307:Syria
262:from
255:roads
188:Roads
139:Canal
108:Milan
92:Italy
38:Leeds
3031:list
2988:list
2609:Cant
1945:Dams
1787:Road
1643:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1585:link
1565:ISBN
1529:2011
1499:2007
1469:2005
1345:2006
1319:2022
1293:2022
1166:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1039:ISBN
925:and
911:toll
900:and
892:and
847:The
591:and
564:and
439:and
393:Oder
389:Elbe
371:and
305:and
303:Iraq
283:Iraq
260:drag
240:Iran
194:game
114:and
47:and
2808:Wye
2207:and
1911:and
1752:Dam
1423:doi
888:to
753:in
599:in
580:to
532:in
454:to
351:In
336:In
313:in
287:tar
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