283:
point, generating tremendous amounts of heat that vaporizes the carbon and creates a pit in the anode's surface. This pit is heated from 6000 to 6500 degrees
Fahrenheit (3300 to 3600 degrees Celsius, just below its melting point), causing it to glow very brightly with incandescence. Due to this, the electrodes were often placed at right angles from each other with the anode facing outward to keep from blocking its light output. Since carbon has the highest melting point of any element, it is the only lamp whose blackbody radiation is capable of nearly matching the Sun's temperature of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5500 degrees Celsius), especially when filters are used to remove most of the IR and UV light.
168:
275:
soon discovered to produce large amounts of infrared and harmful ultraviolet-radiation not found in sunlight. If the arc was encased in a glass globe, it was found that many of these invisible rays could be blocked. However, carbon-arcs were soon displaced by safer, more efficient, versatile, and easier to maintain incandescent and gas-discharge lamps. Carbon-arc lamps are still used where a close approximation of sunlight is needed, for testing materials, paints, and coatings for wear, fading, or deterioration, or, for example, spacecraft materials that are to be exposed to sunlight at orbits closer than Earth's.
52:
36:
192:
153:
ballast, which has a high inductance and therefore tries to maintain the current flow (the ballast opposes any change in current through it); it cannot, as there is no longer a 'circuit'. As a result, a high voltage appears across the ballast momentarily, to which the lamp is connected; therefore the lamp receives this high voltage across it which 'strikes' the arc within the tube/lamp. The circuit will repeat this action until the lamp is ionized enough to sustain the arc.
232:
212:
204:
247:, the electrodes are carbon rods in free air. To ignite the lamp, the rods are touched together, thus allowing a relatively low voltage to strike the arc. The rods are then slowly drawn apart, and electric current heats and maintains an arc across the gap. The tips of the carbon rods are heated and the carbon vaporizes. The rods are slowly burnt away in use, and the distance between them needs to be regularly adjusted in order to maintain the arc.
20:
220:
332:
499:(which corresponds to the amount of film in said reels when projected at 24 frames/second). The projectionist would watch the rod burn down by eye (though a peephole like a welder's glass) and replace the carbon rod when changing film reels. The two-projector changeover setup largely disappeared in the 1970s with the advent of xenon projector lamps, being replaced with
377:, on April 29, 1879. Despite this, Wabash, Indiana claims to be the first city ever to be lit with "Brush Lights". Four of these lights became active there on March 31, 1880. Wabash was a small enough city to be lit entirely by 4 lights, whereas the installation at Cleveland's Public Square only lit a portion of that larger city. In 1880, Brush established the
437:, the company protected its new patent rights. Coffin's management also led the company towards an aggressive policy of buy-outs and mergers with competitors. Both strategies reduced competition in the electrical lighting manufacturing industry. By 1890, the Thomson-Houston company was the dominant electrical manufacturing company in the U.S.
397:
reported in 1881 that the system was being used in: 800 lights in rolling mills, steel works, shops, 1,240 lights in woolen, cotton, linen, silk, and other factories, 425 lights in large stores, hotels, churches, 250 lights in parks, docks, and summer resorts, 275 lights in railroad depots and shops,
274:
The spectrum emitted by a carbon-arc lamp is the closest to that of sunlight of any lamp. One of the first electric lights, their harsh, intense output usually limited their use to lighting large areas. Although invisible wavelengths were unknown at the time of their invention, unenclosed lamps were
302:
to create an arc across a 4-inch (100 mm) gap. He mounted his electrodes horizontally and noted that, because of the strong convection flow of air, the arc formed the shape of an arch. He coined the term "arch lamp", which was contracted to "arc lamp" when the devices came into common usage.
498:
Carbon arc lighting left its imprint on other film projection practices. The practice of shipping and projecting motion pictures on 2,000-foot reels, and employing "changeovers" between two projectors, was due to the carbon rods used in projector lamphouses having a lifespan of roughly 22 minutes
464:
when off camera to relieve sore eyes resulting from the ultra-violet light. The problem was solved by adding a sheet of ordinary window glass in front of the lamp, blocking the ultra-violet. By the dawn of the "talkies", arc lamps had been replaced in film studios with other types of lights. In
282:
Most of the visible and IR radiation is produced from incandescence created at the positive electrode, or anode. Unlike the tungsten anodes found in other arc lamps, which remain relatively cool, carbon produces much higher resistance and the electrons are forced to enter the anode at the hottest
278:
The arc consists of pure carbon-vapor heated to a plasma state. However, the arc contributes very little of the light output, and is considered non-luminous, as most of its emission occurs in spectral lines in the violet and UV portions of the spectrum. Most of the carbon spectra occurs in a very
258:
through a solenoid attached to the top electrode. If the points of the electrodes are touching (as in start up) the resistance falls, the current increases and the increased pull from the solenoid draws the points apart. If the arc starts to fail the current drops and the points close up again.
156:
When the lamp sustains the arc, the ballast performs its second function, to limit the current to that needed to operate the lamp. The lamp, ballast, and igniter are rating-matched to each other; these parts must be replaced with the same rating as the failed component or the lamp will not work.
175:
The temperature of the arc in an arc lamp can reach several thousand degrees
Celsius. The outer glass envelope can reach 500 degrees Celsius, therefore before servicing one must ensure the bulb has cooled sufficiently to handle. Often, if these types of lamps are turned off or lose their power
152:
First, when the power is first switched on, the igniter/starter (which is wired in parallel across the lamp) sets up a small current through the ballast and starter. This creates a small magnetic field within the ballast windings. A moment later the starter interrupts the current flow from the
495:, but were still being manufactured as spotlights at least as late as 1982 and are still manufactured for at least one purpose – simulating sunlight in "accelerated aging" machines intended to estimate how fast a material is likely to be degraded by environmental exposure.
398:
130 lights in mines, smelting works, 380 lights in factories and establishments of various kinds, 1,500 lights in lighting stations, for city lighting, 1,200 lights in
England and other foreign countries. A total of over 6,000 lights which are actually sold.
176:
supply, one cannot restrike the lamp again for several minutes (called cold restrike lamps). However, some lamps (mainly fluorescent tubes/energy saving lamps) can be restruck as soon as they are turned off (called hot restrike lamps).
449:. Conversely, Edison's control of direct current distribution and generating machinery patents blocked further expansion of Thomson-Houston. The roadblock to expansion was removed when the two companies merged in 1892 to form the
440:
Around the turn of the century arc-lighting systems were in decline, but
Thomson-Houston controlled key patents to urban lighting systems. This control slowed the expansion of incandescent lighting systems being developed by
338:
In the United States, there were attempts to produce arc lamps commercially after 1850, but the lack of a constant electricity supply thwarted efforts. Thus electrical engineers began focusing on the problem of improving
473:. These were used aboard warships of all navies during the 20th century for signaling and illuminating enemies. In the 1920s, carbon arc lamps were sold as family health products, a substitute for natural sunlight.
412:
In the U.S., patent protection of arc-lighting systems and improved dynamos proved difficult and as a result the arc-lighting industry became highly competitive. Brush's principal competition was from the team of
405:
invented in 1880 a mechanism to allow the automatic adjustment of the electrodes. The arcs were enclosed in a small tube to slow the carbon consumption (increasing the life span to around 100 hours).
316:, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the
254:. In one of the simplest mechanically-regulated forms (which was soon superseded by more smoothly acting devices) the electrodes are mounted vertically. The current supplying the arc is passed in
141:. A high voltage is pulsed across the lamp to "ignite" or "strike" the arc, after which the discharge can be maintained at a lower voltage. The "strike" requires an electrical circuit with an
433:. Thomson remained, though, the principal inventive genius behind the company patenting improvements to the lighting system. Under the leadership of Thomson-Houston's patent attorney,
369:
conducted a comparative test of dynamo systems. The one developed by Brush performed best, and Brush immediately applied his improved dynamo to arc-lighting, an early application being
183:, Vancouver, Canada, made the Guinness Book of World Records in 1986 and 1993 as the most powerful continuously burning light source at over 300 kW or 1.2 million candle power.
295:
in the early 19th century, but sources disagree about the year he first demonstrated it; 1802, 1805, 1807 and 1809 are all mentioned. Davy used charcoal sticks and a two-thousand-
409:
were introduced where the carbon rods had metal salts (usually magnesium, strontium, barium, or calcium fluorides) added to increase light output and produce different colours.
306:
In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895,
125:, which produces a high intensity white light, is now used in many of the applications which formerly used the carbon arc, such as movie projectors and searchlights.
347:
279:
broad line centered at 389 nm (UV-A, just outside the visual spectrum), and a very narrow line at 250 nm (UV-B), plus some other less-powerful lines in the UV-C.
384:
The harsh and brilliant light was found most suitable for public areas, such as
Cleveland's Public Square, being around 200 times more powerful than contemporary
984:
266:
is a simple arc lamp without a regulator, but it has the drawbacks that the arc cannot be restarted (single use) and a limited lifetime of only a few hours.
323:
The arc lamp provided one of the first commercial uses for electricity, a phenomenon previously confined to experiment, the telegraph, and entertainment.
1471:
487:, and searchlights. In the 1950s and 1960s the high-power D.C. for the carbon-arc lamp of an outdoor drive-in projector would typically be supplied by a
1302:
1899:
1158:
94:
in the early 20th century. It continued in use in more specialized applications where a high intensity point light source was needed, such as
456:
Arc lamps were used in some early motion-picture studios to illuminate interior shots. One problem was that they produce such a high level of
491:
combo (AC motor powering a DC generator). Even in these applications conventional carbon-arc lamps were mostly pushed into obsolescence by
1114:
961:
945:
897:
807:
164:
is a similar principle where the atmosphere is ionized by the high potential difference (voltage) between earth and storm clouds.
1078:
1295:
718:
682:
2041:
1274:
1137:
624:
236:
2009:
317:
160:
The colour of the light emitted by the lamp changes as its electrical characteristics change with temperature and time.
1764:
981:
106:. The carbon arc lamp is now obsolete for most of these purposes, but it is still used as a source of high intensity
1288:
1040:
790:
657:
2063:
1804:
647:
2046:
1449:
430:
90:. It was widely used starting in the 1870s for street and large building lighting until it was superseded by the
2307:
2204:
2179:
1942:
1809:
577:
446:
476:
Arc lamps were superseded by filament lamps in most roles, remaining in only certain niche applications such as
2034:
1819:
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180:
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1829:
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arc lamp, cover removed, on the point of ignition. This model requires manual adjustment of the electrodes
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1859:
1493:
1226:
567:
402:
2068:
167:
2211:
1772:
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500:
117:, which produce light by an arc between metal electrodes through a gas in a glass bulb. The common
2272:
1487:
1461:
1255:
370:
2132:
1416:
1242:
385:
44:
421:. These two had formed the American Electric Corporation in 1880, but it was soon bought up by
2335:
1889:
1814:
815:
710:
703:
250:
Many ingenious mechanisms were invented to control the distance automatically, mostly based on
82:
The carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between carbon electrodes in air, invented by
63:, are very different in the shape of the electrodes, in particular, the cathode (on the left).
2302:
533:
299:
179:
The Vortek water-wall plasma arc lamp, invented in 1975 by David Camm and Roy
Nodwell at the
975:
942:
908:
736:
by M. Schach and JH. Boeckel - National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1967, Page 571
2014:
1517:
1209:
904:
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296:
8:
2142:
2001:
1466:
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966:
426:
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51:
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1964:
1749:
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1684:
1219:
829:
677:. Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Vol. 65. New York: Dekker. p. 350.
620:
366:
146:
114:
91:
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40:
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1981:
1932:
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1372:
1367:
866:
819:
557:
548:
450:
418:
358:
118:
35:
528:
215:
Early experimental carbon arc light powered by liquid batteries, similar to Davy's
191:
2277:
2236:
2194:
2189:
2024:
1844:
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1350:
1325:
988:
949:
543:
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374:
340:
312:
99:
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1947:
1911:
1884:
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255:
122:
87:
24:
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1976:
1879:
1874:
1796:
1697:
1604:
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1408:
1389:
1345:
870:
854:
767:
748:
by Herman
Goodman - American Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1928, Page 159-161
477:
442:
414:
307:
224:
60:
1239:
America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of
Corporate Capitalism
1007:
America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of
Corporate Capitalism
931:
503:, though films would continue to be shipped to cinemas on 2,000-foot reels.
2256:
2152:
2147:
2122:
2112:
2073:
1894:
1849:
1726:
1577:
1542:
1478:
1436:
1421:
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562:
457:
292:
149:. The ballast is wired in series with the lamp and performs two functions.
103:
83:
76:
231:
2297:
2251:
2127:
1986:
1714:
1709:
1669:
1641:
1636:
1567:
1562:
1547:
1505:
1426:
705:
The New Innovators: How Canadians Are Shaping the Knowledge-Based Economy
470:
107:
95:
1906:
689:
The fluorescent lamp is ... activated by ... a low-pressure mercury arc.
649:
Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine
211:
2241:
2107:
2102:
1991:
1954:
1937:
1869:
1864:
1839:
1534:
461:
203:
2287:
2184:
2137:
1702:
1631:
1611:
161:
56:
1052:
824:
331:
19:
2019:
1959:
1626:
1587:
1552:
1522:
1311:
513:
251:
219:
1176:
1971:
1916:
1616:
1594:
1221:
The Rise of the Electrical Industry during the Nineteenth Century
469:
began manufacturing his invention of a high-intensity carbon arc
346:. The concept was improved upon by a number of people including
235:
Self-regulating arc lamp proposed by William Edwards Staite and
1599:
1557:
343:
196:
2282:
1646:
1572:
1031:
I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp, eds., "Sperry, Elmer Ambrose,"
734:
Publications of the Goddard Space Center, 1959-1962, Volume 2
291:
The concept of carbon-arc lighting was first demonstrated by
1280:
28:
86:
in the first decade of the 1800s, was the first practical
1022:, McFarland and Company, 2007 ISBN 0-7864-2784-0, pg. 84
138:
391:
The usage of Brush electric arc lights spread quickly.
320:(IEE). Her paper was "The Hissing of the Electric Arc".
675:
Industrial Power Distribution and Illuminating Systems
1035:, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
709:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd. pp.
55:
A krypton long arc lamp (top) is shown above a xenon
361:. It was not until the 1870s that lamps such as the
785:(2 ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 35.
1218:
1201:
1053:"Eveready Carbon Arc Sunshine Lamp Advertisements"
859:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
760:Electrical Engineering for Electric Light Artisans
702:
326:
207:An electric arc, demonstrating the “arch” effect.
2322:
1009:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 6-10.
857:(June 1899). "The Hissing of the Electric Arc".
808:"The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton"
1020:Motion Picture Photography: A History 1891-1960
762:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 607.
1275:Moonlight towers: light pollution in the 1800s
401:There were three major advances in the 1880s:
1296:
757:
1270:"UNILAM Super High Pressure Short Arc Lamp"
1157:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
137:is the discharge that occurs when a gas is
16:Lamp that produces light by an electric arc
1303:
1289:
998:
996:
1199:
1130:"Arc Lamps - How They Work & History"
1033:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
823:
758:Slingo, William; Brooker, Arthur (1900).
1216:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
330:
230:
218:
210:
202:
190:
166:
121:is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp. The
50:
34:
18:
1249:
993:
746:Clinical Medicine and Surgery Volume 35
673:Chen, Kao (1990). "Fluorescent Lamps".
645:
2323:
1113:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
853:
805:
639:
627:from the original on November 10, 2014
610:
460:light that many actors needed to wear
365:were more commonly seen. In 1877, the
1284:
1233:
780:
751:
700:
595:
1664:
1128:Center, Copyright 2015 Edison Tech.
672:
171:A krypton arc lamp during operation.
75:is a lamp that produces light by an
974:(14). April 2, 1881. Archived from
318:Institution of Electrical Engineers
13:
1127:
186:
14:
2347:
1263:
907:. 2008. p. 3. Archived from
1059:from the original on 1 June 2009
783:Encyclopedia of world scientists
501:single-projector platter systems
431:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
1820:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1193:
1165:
1140:from the original on 2017-06-17
1121:
1071:
1045:
1025:
1012:
954:
936:
925:
890:
887:The Independent, 6 October 2011
877:
847:
578:Timeline of lighting technology
447:Edison General Electric Company
327:Carbon-arc lighting in the U.S.
310:wrote a series of articles for
1765:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1277:, article in Low-tech Magazine
980:; also Ohio Memory Collection
799:
774:
739:
727:
694:
666:
181:University of British Columbia
1:
589:
519:High-intensity discharge lamp
225:used to treat skin conditions
79:(also called a voltaic arc).
1310:
1252:The Electrical Manufacturers
812:Science Museum Group Journal
646:Sussman, Herbert L. (2009).
539:List of Nikola Tesla patents
524:Large-format slide projector
128:
7:
2010:Automotive light bulb types
1860:Intelligent street lighting
1250:Prasser, Harold C. (1953).
781:Oakes, Elizabeth A (2007).
506:
269:
10:
2354:
1773:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1227:Princeton University Press
1217:MacLaren, Malcolm (1943).
1204:Labor and Monopoly Capital
962:"The Brush Electric Light"
806:Bruton, Elizabeth (2018).
568:Shielded metal arc welding
286:
59:. The two lamps, used for
2265:
2220:
2212:Stage lighting instrument
2161:
2084:
2000:
1925:
1795:
1735:
1683:
1655:
1533:
1435:
1407:
1398:
1318:
1200:Braverman, Harry (1974).
652:. ABC-CLIO. p. 124.
113:The term is now used for
2273:Battlefield illumination
2030:high-intensity discharge
1462:Electrochemiluminescence
1256:Harvard University Press
1134:www.edisontechcenter.org
871:10.1049/jiee-1.1899.0020
451:General Electric Company
223:Medical carbon arc lamp
2133:Electroluminescent wire
1243:Oxford University Press
1018:H. Mario Raimondo-Souto
943:Brush Lights, Cleveland
898:"Cleveland+ Public Art"
45:fluorescence microscope
1815:Multifaceted reflector
816:Science Museum, London
379:Brush Electric Company
348:William Edwards Staite
335:
240:
228:
216:
208:
200:
172:
64:
48:
32:
2205:ellipsoidal reflector
1810:Ellipsoidal reflector
1494:Fluorescent induction
1472:field-induced polymer
1055:. The Einhorn Press.
701:Voyer, Roger (1994).
534:List of light sources
334:
234:
222:
214:
206:
194:
170:
54:
38:
22:
2042:Rear position lights
2015:Daytime running lamp
1943:Mechanically powered
1830:Aviation obstruction
1210:Monthly Review Press
978:on January 11, 2011.
905:Positively Cleveland
467:Elmer Ambrose Sperry
25:xenon short-arc lamp
2331:Gas discharge lamps
1450:Electron-stimulated
967:Scientific American
611:Whelan, M. (2013).
427:Lynn, Massachusetts
394:Scientific American
115:gas discharge lamps
2293:Luminous gemstones
1467:Electroluminescent
1445:Cathodoluminescent
987:2016-03-13 at the
982:cover reproduction
948:2008-05-17 at the
621:Edison Tech Center
429:, and renamed the
367:Franklin Institute
336:
241:
229:
217:
209:
201:
173:
92:incandescent light
65:
49:
33:
31:projection system.
2318:
2317:
1835:Balanced-arm lamp
1791:
1790:
1675:Yablochkov candle
1543:Acetylene/Carbide
1513:Radioluminescence
1385:Luminous efficacy
1331:Color temperature
1086:www.film-tech.com
883:Gilbert, Gerard.
720:978-1-55028-463-8
684:978-0-8247-8237-5
553:Yablochkov candle
435:Frederick P. Fish
423:Charles A. Coffin
363:Yablochkov candle
264:Yablochkov candle
2343:
2118:Christmas lights
2052:Safety reflector
2047:Reversing lights
1982:Navigation light
1933:Bicycle lighting
1823:
1776:
1768:
1742:
1501:Photoluminescent
1484:Fluorescent lamp
1457:Chemiluminescent
1405:
1404:
1373:Bi-pin lamp base
1368:Lightbulb socket
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1259:
1246:
1245:. pp. 6–10.
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1175:. Archived from
1173:"Index of /suga"
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1088:. Archived from
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1000:
991:
979:
958:
952:
940:
934:
932:Roadside America
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
913:
902:
894:
888:
881:
875:
874:
865:(140): 400–436.
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
827:
803:
797:
796:
778:
772:
771:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
724:
708:
698:
692:
691:
670:
664:
663:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
608:
558:Photolithography
549:Pavel Yablochkov
419:Edwin J. Houston
403:František KĹ™iĹľĂk
359:Charles F. Brush
356:
119:fluorescent lamp
100:movie projectors
43:arc lamp from a
2353:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2278:Bioluminescence
2261:
2230:
2216:
2173:
2157:
2096:
2080:
1996:
1921:
1845:Emergency light
1821:
1787:
1774:
1766:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1679:
1651:
1622:Magnesium torch
1529:
1431:
1400:
1394:
1351:Light pollution
1326:Accent lighting
1314:
1309:
1266:
1235:Noble, David F.
1196:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1095:on 13 June 2001
1092:
1081:
1079:"Archived copy"
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
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375:Cleveland, Ohio
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386:filament lamps
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123:xenon arc lamp
88:electric light
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1179:on 2015-04-27
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371:Public Square
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61:laser pumping
58:
53:
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37:
30:
26:
21:
2153:Strobe light
2148:Plasma globe
2123:Crackle tube
2113:Bubble light
2074:trafficators
2069:Turn signals
1895:Street light
1850:Gas lighting
1783:Sodium vapor
1755:Metal-halide
1657:Electric arc
1656:
1409:Incandescent
1378:Edison screw
1251:
1241:. New York:
1238:
1220:
1208:. New York:
1203:
1194:Bibliography
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1167:
1142:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1097:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1085:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1047:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1006:
976:the original
971:
965:
956:
938:
927:
916:. Retrieved
909:the original
892:
884:
879:
862:
858:
849:
837:. Retrieved
811:
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733:
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704:
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688:
674:
668:
648:
641:
631:November 22,
629:. Retrieved
616:
563:Praseodymium
497:
475:
458:ultra-violet
455:
439:
411:
406:
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383:
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293:Humphry Davy
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244:
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178:
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159:
155:
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142:
134:
132:
112:
104:World War II
102:until after
96:searchlights
84:Humphry Davy
81:
77:electric arc
72:
68:
66:
27:used in the
2298:Signal lamp
2252:Stroboscope
2128:DJ lighting
2064:Stop lights
2035:sealed beam
1987:Searchlight
1727:Xenon flash
1670:Klieg light
1518:Solid-state
1479:Fluorescent
1437:Luminescent
1063:11 November
613:"Arc Lamps"
471:searchlight
425:, moved to
351: [
108:ultraviolet
2325:Categories
2242:Grow light
2237:Germicidal
2227:Scientific
2224:Industrial
2180:Floodlight
2166:Theatrical
2108:Blacklight
2103:Aroma lamp
2092:Decorative
2002:Automotive
1992:Solar lamp
1955:Glow stick
1938:Flashlight
1870:Nightlight
1865:Light tube
1840:Chandelier
1797:Stationary
1739:discharge
1665:Carbon arc
1535:Combustion
1401:generation
1399:Methods of
1183:2015-04-16
1144:2018-01-13
1099:13 January
918:2009-05-18
912:(brochure)
590:References
485:spotlights
481:projection
462:sunglasses
23:The 15 kW
2308:Reflected
2288:Light art
2200:Spotlight
2185:Footlight
2170:Cinematic
2138:Lava lamp
1900:in the US
1805:Reflector
1722:Xenon arc
1703:Neon lamp
1632:Rushlight
1612:Limelight
1361:Hong Kong
834:240796451
768:264936769
617:Resources
341:Faraday's
252:solenoids
162:Lightning
129:Operation
73:arc light
57:flashtube
2020:Headlamp
1960:Headlamp
1948:Tactical
1926:Portable
1907:Torchère
1588:Petromax
1583:Kerosene
1553:Campfire
1523:LED lamp
1319:Concepts
1312:Lighting
1237:(1977).
1153:cite web
1138:Archived
1109:cite web
1057:Archived
985:Archived
946:Archived
625:Archived
514:Graphite
507:See also
270:Spectrum
69:arc lamp
2303:Sources
2257:Tanning
2143:Marquee
2088:Display
1972:Lantern
1965:outdoor
1917:Troffer
1760:ceramic
1617:Luchina
1595:Lantern
1488:compact
1486: (
1422:Halogen
1417:Regular
300:battery
287:History
239:in 1847
147:ballast
143:igniter
139:ionized
110:light.
41:mercury
2025:hidden
1890:Sconce
1715:Sulfur
1710:Plasma
1642:Tilley
1637:Safety
1600:Fanous
1563:Carcel
1558:Candle
1548:Argand
1427:Nernst
1356:Hawaii
1039:
839:23 May
832:
789:
766:
717:
681:
656:
478:cinema
465:1915,
344:dynamo
256:series
227:, 1909
197:carbon
145:and a
2283:Laser
2195:Scoop
1822:(PAR)
1775:(HQI)
1767:(HMI)
1741:(HID)
1647:Torch
1605:Paper
1573:Flare
1341:Glare
1093:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
830:S2CID
355:]
243:In a
2190:Gobo
1698:Neon
1568:Diya
1159:link
1115:link
1101:2022
1065:2008
1037:ISBN
841:2019
787:ISBN
764:OCLC
715:ISBN
679:ISBN
654:ISBN
633:2014
551:and
417:and
357:and
297:cell
262:The
98:and
29:IMAX
1627:Oil
1578:Gas
867:doi
820:doi
445:'s
373:in
135:arc
133:An
71:or
67:An
2327::
1155:}}
1151:{{
1136:.
1132:.
1111:}}
1107:{{
1084:.
1005:,
995:^
972:44
970:.
964:.
903:.
863:28
861:.
828:.
818:.
814:.
810:.
713:.
711:20
687:.
623:.
619:.
615:.
597:^
483:,
453:.
388:.
381:.
353:de
195:A
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1490:)
1304:e
1297:t
1290:v
1258:.
1229:.
1212:.
1186:.
1161:)
1147:.
1117:)
1103:.
1067:.
921:.
873:.
869::
843:.
822::
795:.
770:.
723:.
662:.
635:.
47:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
