682:
Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology is useful for lighting designers, because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture. LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode. Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten the lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.
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436:(Ohio) engineering laboratory. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public."
84:
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811:. The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the
376:. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it was an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use.
1462:
567:
Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of
940:
life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70%
393:
in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by
William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments, leading to a better design. The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led
681:
and professional audio gear since the 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights and brake lights, in flashlights and bicycle lights, as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting.
823:
operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain
756:
around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. It was used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity
831:
orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the
364:
in 1806. It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in the 1920s.
576:
Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life.
952:
Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles.
303:
come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems.
815:
circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp.
572:
may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by the luminaire.
455:. Compact fluorescent bulbs are also banned despite their lumens per watt performance, because of their toxic mercury that can be released into the home if broken and widespread problems with proper disposal of mercury-containing bulbs.
615:
of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a
744:
between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them. The lamps produce significant
427:
in Great
Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at
382:, an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison.
602:
consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through the tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with
973:) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of
2608:
Morton, C.A.; Brown, S.B.; Collins, S.; Ibbotson, S.; Jenkinson, H.; Kurwa, H.; Langmack, K.; Mckenna, K.; Moseley, H.; Pearse, A.D.; Stringer, M.; Taylor, D.K.; Wong, G.; Rhodes, L.E. (April 2002).
2268:
Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (2016-06-10).
611:. They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical
1538:
in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see
3078:"A protester holds a light bulb, the official symbol of Turkey's ruling AK Party (AKP), with a Nazi swastika sign painted on it during an anti-government protest at Taksim Square in Istanbul"
1968:
506:. When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a
2146:
568:
glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation. Oily residue from
451:, incandescent light bulbs including halogen bulbs stopped being sold as of August 1, 2023, because they do not meet minimum lumens per watt performance metrics established by the
2981:
1772:
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and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution. Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife.
1655:
859:
Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as "
1206:
3134:" (2023) is a short science film from the Princeton University Office of Sustainability about lighting obscuring the stars and affecting health and the environment.
299:
of electric lighting has increased radically since the first demonstration of arc lamps and the incandescent light bulb of the 19th century. Modern electric
253:, which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a
3328:
3004:"Green Light Drives Leaf Photosynthesis More Efficiently than Red Light in Strong White Light: Revisiting the Enigmatic Question of Why Leaves are Green"
3159:
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estimated in 2012 that a complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of
1435:
1625:
1460:, William. D. Coolidge, "Tungsten and method of making the same for use as filaments of incandescent electric lamps and for other purposes."
1803:
1083:
In
Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular, the appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration.
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2219:
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The turn of the century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by
2130:
1929:
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white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as
2080:
819:
Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry.
867:/E27", a common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the
423:, a renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at
529:
systems. In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as
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Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as the number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that is the
534:
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enclosed a platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first
2031:
1994:
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827:
The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes, a
3621:
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2064:
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output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight.
2823:
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1241:
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2871:"The efficacy of home phototherapy for physiological and non-physiological neonatal jaundice: A systematic review"
4164:
4061:
4036:
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3666:
1165:
56:
2918:"Home phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates—an unblinded multicentre randomized controlled trial"
1604:
4187:
3891:
3676:
1678:"Frequently asked questions about the regulation on ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps"
1503:
595:
Top, two compact fluorescent lamps. Bottom, two fluorescent tube lamps. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.
2720:"Dawn simulation vs. bright light in seasonal affective disorder: Treatment effects and subjective preference"
1049:
Due to their nonlinear resistance characteristics, tungsten filament lamps have long been used as fast-acting
3886:
3686:
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850:
416:
introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising.
409:, who applied for a patent in 1912. This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years.
34:
4056:
3217:
1423:
1068:; excess current that is too high for the tweeter illuminates the light rather than destroying the tweeter.
424:
2344:
1954:
1404:
261:
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2610:"Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group"
1617:
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30:
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348:, the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence.
4129:
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with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home.
625:
550:
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448:
92:
2665:"Seasonal affective disorder and season-dependent abnormalities of melatonin suppression by light"
513:
Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of the energy consumed is emitted as
3989:
3273:
3002:
Terashima, Ichiro; Fujita, Takashi; Inoue, Takeshi; Chow, Wah Soon; Oguchi, Riichi (April 2009).
1479:
Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper
721:
469:
373:
308:-powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of
88:
385:
The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like
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1071:
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is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot
260:
The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a
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1477:
1380:
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alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as
521:. In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on
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1558:
The
Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947
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1969:"Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications"
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that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra.
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2512:"Laser and other light therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris: systematic review"
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through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost.
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Pei, Susan; Inamadar, Arun C.; Adya, Keshavmurthy A.; Tsoukas, Maria M. (May 2015).
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Anderson, Candice Megan; Kandasamy, Yogavijayan; Kilcullen, Meegan (2022-10-01).
2510:
Hamilton, F.L.; Car, J.; Lyons, C.; Car, M.; Layton, A.; Majeed, A. (June 2009).
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are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an
494:
In its modern form, the incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of
379:
2220:"Artificial lights are eating away at dark nights — and that's not a good thing"
2019:
1986:
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formed in an attempt to reduce the life of electric light bulbs, an example of
942:
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420:
413:
3131:
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with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth.
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completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults.
324:
Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used
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1027:. Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat
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63:
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3003:
2557:
Patrizi, Annalisa; Raone, Beatrice; Ravaioli, Giulia Maria (2015-10-05).
2081:"Light Bulb Sizes, Shapes and Temperatures Charts – Bulb Reference Guide"
1618:"High Efficiency Incandescent Lighting | MIT Technology Licensing Office"
1193:
1093:
A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the
Turkish
1087:
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1039:
1020:
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120:
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Victorian
Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine
1707:
487:
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3848:
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3696:
3391:
2767:"Seasonal affective disorder: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?"
1111:
1050:
1035:
1016:
978:
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recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for
309:
62:"Electric lamp" and "Light bulb" redirect here. For the furniture, see
2559:"Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy"
4144:
4041:
3994:
3559:
3488:
3468:
2916:
Pettersson, M.; Eriksson, M.; Albinsson, E.; Ohlin, A. (2021-05-01).
1878:"See and Be Seen with The 13 Best Bike Lights for Every Kind of Ride"
1529:
1320:
1141:
The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the
Invention of Modern America
993:
784:
783:
A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing two metal
729:
641:
499:
433:
249:, metal, glass, or plastic which secures the lamp in the socket of a
961:
696:
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or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them.
3876:
3816:
3513:
3483:
3444:
3409:
3379:
3168:
2398:"UVB phototherapy and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature"
2286:
2131:"The L.E.D. Quandary: Why There's No Such Thing as "Built to Last""
1794:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency, OSWER (2015-07-23).
1233:
Copper Wire and
Electrical Conductors – The Shaping of a Technology
691:
662:
653:
604:
542:
495:
399:
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sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an
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192:
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1930:"The truth about LED lifespan and the longevity of your display"
1830:"LED Headlights Can Be Brighter but Often Lack Clear Advantages"
83:
3456:
3414:
1732:"Should you not touch halogen capsule bulbs with your fingers?"
937:
891:
800:
608:
398:. By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced
325:
2822:
Cremer, R. J.; Perryman, P. W.; Richards, D. H. (1958-05-24).
1572:
207:
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3429:
1502:
The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into
796:
792:
503:
238:
188:
2974:"How to Choose the Proper Grow Light for Your Indoor Garden"
658:
3137:
1758:
Empire of Light:: A History of
Discovery in Science and Art
1012:
984:
Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in
901:
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705:
518:
337:
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in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The
3053:
Turkey and the Arab Spring: Leadership in the Middle East
2824:"Influence of Light on the Hyperbilirubinæmia of Infants"
2267:
3001:
2270:"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness"
1755:
Perkowitz, Sidney; Henry, A. Joseph (23 November 1998).
490:
commemorates the installation of electric light in 1934.
607:
that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet
2821:
2450:
969:
The total amount of artificial light (especially from
284:, which produce light by a flow of electrons across a
3108:"15 years of Turkey's Justice and Development Party"
2662:
2556:
1955:"Laser diodes add intensity to narrow-beam lighting"
1648:"6 Ways to Save Money on Your Air Conditioning Bill"
1053:
in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included:
2663:Thompson, C.; Stinson, D.; Smith, A. (1990-09-22).
2509:
1605:
Energy Department moves forward with light bulb ban
2563:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
1555:
1372:
1166:"Switching the Light: From Chemical to Electrical"
1566:
1302:. The Electrical review, ltd.: 483 26 April 1889.
4179:
2717:
2396:Lee, Ernest; Koo, John; Berger, Tim (May 2005).
1456:
1284:
1090:, a light bulb symbol has a sexual connotation.
677:(LED) has been popular as an indicator light in
478:Sign with instructions on the use of light bulbs
2718:Danilenko, K. V.; Ivanova, I. A. (2015-07-15).
1518:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402"
442:
2097:
1754:
1316:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography
1230:Blake-Coleman, B. C. (Barrie Charles) (1992).
3153:
1375:Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things
1337:
1296:The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review
1229:
638:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2395:
1347:Light Sources: Technologies and Applications
1236:. Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 127.
1157:
1038:to aid in plant growth especially in indoor
732:in open air, supplied by a current-limiting
941:decrease in light output. In the 1900s the
728:Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod
533:. Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being
241:. It is the most common form of artificial
51:Device for producing light from electricity
15:
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851:Incandescent light bulb § Bulb shapes
16:
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2453:"Light-based therapies in acne treatment"
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2013:
2011:
1987:"Arc Lamps – How They Work & History"
1980:
1978:
1573:Okon, Thomas M.; Biard, James R. (2015).
1482:. New York University Press. p. 42.
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1254:
1192:
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439:The first practical LED arrived in 1962.
1900:
1898:
1823:
1821:
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996:restaurants and toys such as the Kenner
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787:separated by a gas. Gases used include,
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24:This is an accepted version of this page
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1854:"How to Choose Flashlights | REI Co-op"
1541:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon"
1421:
1415:
1364:
1350:. Taylor & Francis US. p. 32.
1312:
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14:
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3055:. New York: Bozog Press. p. 345.
3050:
2765:Sanassi, Lorraine A. (February 2014).
2105:"Lighting Facts Labels – LED Lighting"
2034:from the original on November 10, 2014
2017:
2008:
1975:
1827:
1553:
1496:
1344:Kitsinelis, Spiros (1 November 2010).
1057:Stabilization of sine wave oscillators
883:Common comparison parameters include:
875:base size and thread characteristics.
871:while the "E" parameters describe the
396:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
3141:
1895:
1818:
1405:"Who really invented the light bulb?"
1250:from the original on 6 December 2017.
1078:
1034:Electric lamps can also be used as a
360:gave a practical demonstration of an
272:, which produce light by means of an
2402:International Journal of Dermatology
2342:
2209:
1775:from the original on 20 October 2021
1515:
1370:
1173:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
245:. Lamps usually have a base made of
1688:from the original on 19 August 2022
1658:from the original on 19 August 2022
1628:from the original on 19 August 2022
1272:from the original on 20 August 2022
48:
2784:10.1097/01.JAA.0000442698.03223.f3
2377:The Strong National Museum of Play
2349:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
1984:
1708:"Tungsten Halogen – Double Jacket"
1438:from the original on 22 March 2018
931:
839:
488:St John the Baptist Church, Hagley
49:
4204:
3125:
2457:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
1562:. Macmillan Co. pp. 388–391.
1554:Bright, Arthur Aaron Jr. (1949).
178:(first demo of incandescent bulb)
2626:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04719.x
2528:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09047.x
2414:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02186.x
2168:"The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy"
1607:from News Nation Now on 4/3/2023
211:
206:
82:
3677:Parabolic aluminized reflector
3100:
3069:
3044:
2995:
2984:from the original on 2022-01-05
2966:
2909:
2862:
2815:
2758:
2711:
2656:
2601:
2550:
2503:
2444:
2389:
2365:
2336:
2261:
2237:
2185:
2160:
2149:from the original on 2017-11-14
2129:MacKinnon, J. B. (2016-07-14).
2122:
2073:
1997:from the original on 2017-06-17
1961:
1947:
1922:
1870:
1846:
1806:from the original on 2015-06-29
1787:
1748:
1724:
1700:
1670:
1640:
1610:
1598:
1547:
1450:
1262:"The History of the Light Bulb"
1212:from the original on 2022-02-14
924:Less common parameters include
517:. The remaining 95% is lost as
463:
352:developed the first persistent
57:Electric light (disambiguation)
3622:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
2922:European Journal of Pediatrics
2724:Journal of Affective Disorders
2614:British Journal of Dermatology
2516:British Journal of Dermatology
2358:10.1146/knowable-032218-043601
2343:Pain, Stephanie (2018-03-23).
2193:"When to Turn Off Your Lights"
1397:
1223:
844:
580:
537:in favor of technologies like
13:
1:
2840:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X
1828:Linkov, Jon (6 August 2019).
1268:. U.S. Department of Energy.
1122:
965:A clear glass 60 W light bulb
685:
356:in 1802, and English chemist
3167:
2681:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92202-S
2053:Sussman, Herbert L. (2009).
1476:van Dulken, Stephen (2002).
1007:to deal with such issues as
772:
769:, until after World War II.
443:U.S. transition to LED bulbs
161:; 145 years ago
132:; 215 years ago
7:
3867:Automotive light bulb types
3717:Intelligent street lighting
2875:Journal of Neonatal Nursing
1371:Levy, Joel (1 March 2003).
1100:
1025:seasonal affective disorder
1003:Lamps can also be used for
350:Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov
10:
4209:
3630:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
2934:10.1007/s00431-021-03932-4
1011:, skin conditions such as
848:
776:
689:
651:
584:
560:
556:
467:
425:General Electric Co., Ltd.
319:
316:, as well as in vehicles.
53:
4122:
4077:
4069:Stage lighting instrument
4018:
3941:
3857:
3782:
3652:
3592:
3540:
3512:
3390:
3292:
3264:
3255:
3175:
3008:Plant and Cell Physiology
2887:10.1016/j.jnn.2021.08.010
2736:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.055
2059:. ABC-CLIO. p. 124.
1934:Samsung Business Insights
1575:"The First Practical LED"
1379:. Firefly Books. p.
1139:Freebert, Ernest (2014).
821:Low-pressure sodium lamps
626:Compact fluorescent lamps
453:U.S. Department of Energy
394:to a merger, forming the
205:
198:
182:
153:
126:
107:
99:
93:compact fluorescent lamps
81:
4130:Battlefield illumination
3887:high-intensity discharge
3319:Electrochemiluminescence
2470:10.4103/2229-5178.156379
2085:www.superiorlighting.com
1991:www.edisontechcenter.org
1185:10.1109/MIE.2015.2454038
1072:Automatic volume control
551:carbon dioxide emissions
458:
103:Depends on type of light
31:latest accepted revision
3990:Electroluminescent wire
3051:Fuller, Graham (2014).
2249:sites.astro.caltech.edu
1422:Reisert, Sarah (2015).
956:
722:fluorescence microscope
470:Incandescent light bulb
276:through a gas, such as
184:Pin configuration
3672:Multifaceted reflector
2345:"There goes the night"
2304:10.1126/sciadv.1600377
1761:. Joseph Henry Press.
1428:Distillations Magazine
1313:Hannavy, John (2008).
1164:Guarnieri, M. (2015).
1066:loudspeaker enclosures
966:
725:
709:
670:
647:
596:
491:
479:
155:First production
4188:Electrical components
4062:ellipsoidal reflector
3667:Ellipsoidal reflector
3351:Fluorescent induction
3329:field-induced polymer
3076:Foundation, Thomson.
1985:Center, Edison Tech.
1117:List of light sources
964:
926:color rendering index
879:Comparison parameters
715:
699:
661:
594:
515:visible, usable light
485:
477:
66:. For the album, see
3899:Rear position lights
3872:Daytime running lamp
3800:Mechanically powered
3687:Aviation obstruction
1736:The Lighting Company
1582:EdisonTechCenter.org
1424:"Let There be Light"
1409:www.sciencefocus.com
1009:vitamin D deficiency
947:planned obsolescence
910:(in lumens per watt)
702:xenon short-arc lamp
679:consumer electronics
675:light-emitting diode
374:electric light bulbs
264:heated white-hot by
235:electrical component
55:For other uses, see
3307:Electron-stimulated
2834:(7030): 1094–1097.
2576:10.2147/CCID.S87987
2296:2016SciA....2E0377F
2018:Whelan, M. (2013).
1971:. 22 February 2017.
1682:European Commission
869:A-series light bulb
547:European Commission
508:continuous spectrum
407:William D. Coolidge
270:gas-discharge lamps
78:
21:Page version status
4150:Luminous gemstones
3324:Electroluminescent
3302:Cathodoluminescent
3088:on 3 November 2018
3021:10.1093/pcp/pcp034
2978:primalgrowgear.com
2028:Edison Tech Center
1712:www.lamptech.co.uk
1586:Edison Tech Center
1516:Testelin, Xavier.
1292:"Notes – Obituary"
1079:Cultural symbolism
967:
898:Energy consumption
813:electrical ballast
779:Gas-discharge lamp
726:
710:
708:projection system.
671:
597:
492:
480:
76:
68:Lightbulbs (album)
27:
4175:
4174:
3692:Balanced-arm lamp
3648:
3647:
3532:Yablochkov candle
3400:Acetylene/Carbide
3370:Radioluminescence
3242:Luminous efficacy
3188:Color temperature
3132:Dark Sacred Night
2675:(8717): 703–706.
2245:"Light Pollution"
2224:Los Angeles Times
1796:"Hazardous Waste"
1768:978-0-309-06556-6
1489:978-0-8147-8812-7
1390:978-1-55297-622-7
1357:978-1-4398-2079-7
1330:978-0-415-97235-2
1150:978-0-14-312444-3
1143:. Penguin Books.
1029:neonatal jaundice
914:Color temperature
908:Luminous efficacy
613:luminous efficacy
600:Fluorescent lamps
297:energy efficiency
278:fluorescent lamps
219:
218:
200:Electronic symbol
109:Working principle
18:
4200:
3975:Christmas lights
3909:Safety reflector
3904:Reversing lights
3839:Navigation light
3790:Bicycle lighting
3680:
3633:
3625:
3599:
3358:Photoluminescent
3341:Fluorescent lamp
3314:Chemiluminescent
3262:
3261:
3230:Bi-pin lamp base
3225:Lightbulb socket
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3073:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2928:(5): 1603–1610.
2913:
2907:
2906:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2786:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2522:(6): 1273–1285.
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2472:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2373:"Easy-Bake Oven"
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2289:
2274:Science Advances
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1834:Consumer Reports
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1323:. p. 1222.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1196:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1107:Flameless candle
855:Lightbulb socket
759:movie projectors
720:arc lamp from a
673:The solid-state
620:to regulate the
587:Fluorescent lamp
527:air conditioning
430:General Electric
370:Warren de la Rue
342:Alessandro Volta
340:. In 1799–1800,
266:electric current
215:
210:
185:
169:
167:
162:
156:
140:
138:
133:
113:
112:
86:
79:
75:
71:
60:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4135:Bioluminescence
4118:
4087:
4073:
4030:
4014:
3953:
3937:
3853:
3778:
3702:Emergency light
3678:
3644:
3631:
3623:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3536:
3508:
3479:Magnesium torch
3386:
3288:
3257:
3251:
3208:Light pollution
3183:Accent lighting
3171:
3166:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3074:
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3049:
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3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2914:
2910:
2867:
2863:
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2816:
2763:
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2508:
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2449:
2445:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2341:
2337:
2280:(6): e1600377.
2266:
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2210:
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2112:
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2098:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
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1611:
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1577:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1528:Claude lit the
1522:
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1510:
1501:
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1474:
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1215:
1213:
1209:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1103:
1081:
975:light pollution
959:
934:
932:Life expectancy
881:
857:
849:Main articles:
847:
842:
840:Characteristics
834:light pollution
781:
775:
694:
688:
656:
650:
634:hazardous waste
589:
583:
565:
559:
472:
466:
461:
445:
380:William Greener
322:
183:
165:
163:
160:
154:
136:
134:
131:
110:
108:
95:
72:
61:
54:
52:
47:
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45:
44:
43:
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26:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4196:
4195:
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4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4123:Related topics
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
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4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
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3933:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:retroreflector
3906:
3901:
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3808:
3807:
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3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:Track lighting
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3742:Recessed light
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3712:Gooseneck lamp
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
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3682:
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3645:
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3594:High-intensity
3590:
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3367:
3366:
3365:
3363:Laser headlamp
3355:
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3333:
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3195:
3193:Electric light
3190:
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3177:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3126:External links
3124:
3121:
3120:
3099:
3082:news.trust.org
3068:
3062:978-0993751400
3061:
3043:
3014:(4): 684–697.
2994:
2980:. 2021-08-27.
2965:
2908:
2881:(5): 312–326.
2861:
2814:
2757:
2710:
2655:
2620:(4): 552–567.
2600:
2549:
2502:
2463:(3): 145–157.
2443:
2408:(5): 355–360.
2388:
2364:
2335:
2260:
2236:
2208:
2184:
2159:
2135:The New Yorker
2121:
2096:
2072:
2066:978-0275991692
2065:
2045:
2007:
1974:
1960:
1957:. 13 May 2019.
1946:
1921:
1906:"LED Lighting"
1894:
1869:
1845:
1817:
1786:
1767:
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1723:
1699:
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1120:
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1114:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1060:Protection of
1058:
1044:aquatic plants
998:Easy-Bake Oven
990:infrared lamps
958:
955:
943:Phoebus cartel
933:
930:
922:
921:
911:
905:
895:
880:
877:
846:
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777:Main article:
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763:stage lighting
690:Main article:
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652:Main article:
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585:Main article:
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561:Main article:
558:
555:
468:Main article:
465:
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444:
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421:Arthur Compton
414:Georges Claude
389:in the UK and
321:
318:
237:that produces
223:electric light
217:
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77:Electric light
50:
39:10 August 2024
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4104:Infrared lamp
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3834:Laser pointer
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3737:Pendant light
3735:
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3732:Neon lighting
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3607:Mercury-vapor
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3550:Deuterium arc
3548:
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3542:Gas discharge
3539:
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3247:Task lighting
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3203:Light fixture
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2173:
2172:IEEE Spectrum
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2014:
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1512:
1506:for the show.
1505:
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1243:3-7186-5200-5
1239:
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1234:
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1194:11577/3164116
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1074:in telephones
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1005:light therapy
1001:
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977:that burdens
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888:Luminous flux
886:
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876:
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837:
835:
830:
829:monochromatic
825:
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805:metal halides
802:
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631:
630:energy-saving
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449:United States
440:
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410:
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397:
392:
391:Thomas Edison
388:
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301:light sources
298:
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290:semiconductor
287:
283:
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258:
256:
255:bayonet mount
252:
251:light fixture
248:
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236:
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209:
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197:
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177:
176:Thomas Edison
173:
158:
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118:
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106:
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98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
74:
69:
65:
64:light fixture
58:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
4010:Strobe light
4005:Plasma globe
3980:Crackle tube
3970:Bubble light
3931:trafficators
3926:Turn signals
3752:Street light
3707:Gas lighting
3640:Sodium vapor
3612:Metal-halide
3514:Electric arc
3266:Incandescent
3235:Edison screw
3192:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3081:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2777:(2): 18–22.
2774:
2770:
2760:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:
2367:
2348:
2338:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2228:. Retrieved
2226:. 2017-11-22
2223:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2174:. 2014-09-24
2171:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2111:. 2012-01-01
2108:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2055:
2048:
2038:November 22,
2036:. Retrieved
2023:
1999:. Retrieved
1990:
1963:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1936:. 2022-05-23
1933:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1886:. Retrieved
1884:. 2022-07-19
1881:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1808:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1757:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1581:
1568:
1557:
1549:
1535:Grand Palais
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1434:(3): 44–45.
1431:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1374:
1366:
1346:
1339:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1232:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1179:(3): 44–47.
1176:
1172:
1159:
1140:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1048:
1033:
1021:skin cancers
1002:
983:
971:street light
968:
951:
935:
923:
882:
873:Edison screw
858:
826:
818:
782:
767:searchlights
754:Humphry Davy
752:Invented by
751:
738:electric arc
727:
704:used in the
672:
667:Edison screw
598:
575:
570:fingerprints
566:
563:Halogen lamp
512:
493:
486:A tablet at
464:Incandescent
446:
438:
418:
411:
404:
384:
378:
367:
358:Humphry Davy
354:electric arc
346:voltaic pile
344:created the
323:
312:or electric
294:
274:electric arc
259:
230:
226:
222:
220:
143:Humphry Davy
117:Luminescence
89:Incandescent
73:
38:
29:This is the
23:
4155:Signal lamp
4109:Stroboscope
3985:DJ lighting
3921:Stop lights
3892:sealed beam
3844:Searchlight
3584:Xenon flash
3527:Klieg light
3375:Solid-state
3336:Fluorescent
3294:Luminescent
2569:: 511–520.
2020:"Arc Lamps"
1779:10 November
1622:tlo.mit.edu
1504:this poster
1458:US 1082933A
1088:Middle East
1051:thermistors
1040:hydroponics
979:astronomers
845:Form factor
747:ultraviolet
581:Fluorescent
523:ventilation
387:Joseph Swan
310:flashlights
172:Joseph Swan
121:electricity
4182:Categories
4099:Grow light
4094:Germicidal
4084:Scientific
4081:Industrial
4037:Floodlight
4023:Theatrical
3965:Blacklight
3960:Aroma lamp
3949:Decorative
3859:Automotive
3849:Solar lamp
3812:Glow stick
3795:Flashlight
3727:Nightlight
3722:Light tube
3697:Chandelier
3654:Stationary
3596:discharge
3522:Carbon arc
3392:Combustion
3258:generation
3256:Methods of
3113:3 November
3092:3 November
2988:2022-01-05
2828:The Lancet
2669:The Lancet
2382:2022-10-07
2287:1609.01041
2254:2022-10-07
2230:2022-10-07
2202:2023-03-06
2197:Energy.gov
2178:2022-10-07
2153:2017-11-05
2115:2023-04-10
2090:2022-10-07
2001:2018-01-13
1940:2023-03-06
1915:2023-03-06
1910:Energy.gov
1888:2023-03-06
1863:2023-03-06
1839:2023-03-06
1810:3 November
1741:2023-03-06
1717:2023-03-06
1591:2016-02-02
1523:2010-12-06
1266:Energy.gov
1216:2019-09-02
1123:References
1112:Light tube
1036:grow light
1017:dermatitis
986:incubators
785:electrodes
730:electrodes
700:The 15 kW
686:Carbon arc
535:phased out
531:heat lamps
330:gas lights
231:light bulb
4165:Reflected
4145:Light art
4057:Spotlight
4042:Footlight
4027:Cinematic
3995:Lava lamp
3757:in the US
3662:Reflector
3579:Xenon arc
3560:Neon lamp
3489:Rushlight
3469:Limelight
3218:Hong Kong
3030:1471-9053
2942:1432-1076
2903:238646014
2895:1355-1841
2848:0140-6736
2793:1547-1896
2744:0165-0327
2730:: 87–89.
2689:0140-6736
2634:0007-0963
2479:2229-5178
2422:0011-9059
2312:2375-2548
2143:0028-792X
2109:Bulbs.com
2024:Resources
1882:Bicycling
1692:19 August
1662:19 August
1632:19 August
1530:peristyle
1321:CRC Press
1276:19 August
994:fast food
773:Discharge
665:with E27
642:recycling
605:phosphors
543:LED bulbs
500:inert gas
434:Nela Park
419:In 1934,
412:In 1910,
400:arc lamps
368:In 1840,
362:arc light
334:oil lamps
282:LED lamps
4193:Lighting
3877:Headlamp
3817:Headlamp
3805:Tactical
3783:Portable
3764:Torchère
3445:Petromax
3440:Kerosene
3410:Campfire
3380:LED lamp
3176:Concepts
3169:Lighting
3038:19246458
2982:Archived
2960:33469713
2856:13550936
2809:45234549
2801:24394440
2752:25885065
2705:34280446
2642:11966684
2595:26491366
2536:19239470
2497:26009707
2438:11332443
2430:15869531
2330:27386582
2147:Archived
2032:Archived
1995:Archived
1804:Archived
1773:Archived
1686:Archived
1656:Archived
1626:Archived
1442:22 March
1436:Archived
1270:Archived
1248:Archived
1207:Archived
1101:See also
1095:AK Party
1062:tweeters
692:Arc lamp
663:LED lamp
654:LED lamp
502:such as
496:tungsten
314:lanterns
286:band gap
262:filament
243:lighting
147:arc lamp
127:Invented
35:reviewed
4160:Sources
4114:Tanning
4000:Marquee
3945:Display
3829:Lantern
3822:outdoor
3774:Troffer
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