History of chess - Knowledge

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development of speed chess, five-minute chess and the most popular variant, a version allowing a bank of time to each player in which to play a previously agreed number of moves, e.g. two hours for 30 moves. In the final variant, the player who made the predetermined number of moves in the agreed time received additional time budget for his next moves. Penalties for exceeding a time limit came in form of fines and forfeiture. Since fines were easy to bear for professional players, forfeiture became the only effective penalty; this added "lost on time" to the traditional means of losing such as

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distraught. Gav tells his mother that Talhand did not die by the hands of him or his men, but she does not understand how this could be. So the sages of the court invent the game of chess, detailing the pieces and how they move, to show the mother of the princes how the battle unfolded and how Talhand died of fatigue when surrounded by his enemies. The poem uses the Persian term "Shāh māt" (check mate) to describe the fate of Talhand.

3842: 3120: 3127: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3093: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 3683: 1324: 776: 745: 224: 193: 2624:), changed shape in Christian cultures. Carved images of men and animals reappeared. The shape of the rook, originally a rectangular block with a V-shaped cut in the top, changed; the two top parts separated by the split tended to get long and hang over, and in some old pictures look like horses' heads. The split top of the piece now called the bishop was interpreted as a bishop's mitre or a fool's cap. 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 1965:, played on a 15×15 board with many new pieces, including the independently invented rook, bishop and queen of modern Western chess, the drunk elephant that promotes to a second king, and also the even more powerful lion, which among other idiosyncrasies has the power to move or capture twice per turn. Around the 14th or 15th centuries, the popularity of dai shogi then waned in favour of the smaller 2323: 4176:(PCA). From then until 2006, there were two simultaneous World Champions and World Championships: the PCA or Classical champion extending the Steinitzian tradition in which the current champion plays a challenger in a series of many games; the other following FIDE's new format of many players competing in a tournament to determine the champion. Kasparov lost his Classical title in 2000 to 9215: 1897:, which was played in China since at least the 6th century BC. Owing to the influence of Go, Chinese chess is played on the intersections of the lines on the board, rather than in the squares. The game of Xiangqi is also unique in that the middle rank represents a river, and is not divided into squares. Chinese chess pieces are usually flat and resemble those used in 3709:, England. The sandglasses were later replaced by pendulums. Modern clocks, consisting of two parallel timers with a small button for a player to press after completing a move, were later employed to aid the players. A tiny latch called a flag further helped settle arguments over players exceeding time limit at the turn of the 19th century. 2257:. The game became so popular it was used in writing at that time, played by nobility and regular people. The poet al-Katib once said, "The skilled player places his pieces in such a way as to discover consequences that the ignorant man never sees... thus, he serves the Sultan's interests, by showing how to foresee disaster." 3333:

became easier and games could now be won in fewer moves. These new rules quickly spread in Spain and throughout the rest of Western Europe, with the exception of the rules about stalemate, which were finalized in the early 19th century. The modern move of the queen may have started as an extension of

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The sides are conventionally called White and Black. But, in earlier European chess writings, the sides were often called Red and Black because those were the commonly available colours of ink when handwriting drawing a chess game layout. In such layouts, each piece was represented by its name, often

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denounced the bishop of Florence in 1061 for playing chess even when aware of its evil effects on the society. The bishop of Florence defended himself by declaring that chess involved skill and was therefore "unlike other games," and similar arguments followed in the coming centuries. Two incidents

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where the pieces are placed on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares. The object of the Chinese variation is similar to chaturanga, i.e. to render helpless the opponent's king, known as "general" on one side and "governor" on the other. Chinese chess also borrows

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The social value attached to the game – seen as a prestigious pastime associated with nobility and high culture – is clear from the expensive and exquisitely made chessboards of the medieval era. The popularity of chess in the Western courtly society peaked between the 12th and the 15th centuries.

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on the market – has contributed to much of the development in chess theory and has become an important part of preparation in professional human chess. Later developments in the 21st century made the use of computer analysis far surpassing the ability of any human player accessible to the public.

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raised concerns about the time taken by the players to deliberate their moves. On recording time it was found that players often took hours to analyze moves, and one player took as much as two hours and 20 minutes to think over a single move at the London tournament. The following years saw the

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A Russian composer, Vladimir Korolkov, authored a work entitled "Excelsior" in 1958 in which the White side wins only by making six consecutive captures by a pawn. Position analysis became particularly popular in the 19th century. Many leading players were also accomplished analysts, including

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The game, as played during the early Middle Ages, was slow, with many games lasting days. Some variations in rules began to change the shape of the game by the year 1300. A notable, but initially unpopular, change was the ability of the pawn to move two places in the first move instead of one.

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Another problem that arose in competitive chess was when adjourning a game for a meal break or overnight. The player who moved last before adjournment would be at a disadvantage, as the other player would have a long period to analyze before having to make a reply when the game was resumed.

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goes on to offer an apocryphal account of the origins of the game of chess in the story of Talhand and Gav, two half-brothers who vie for the throne of Hind (India). They meet in battle and Talhand dies on his elephant without a wound. Believing that Gav had killed Talhand, their mother is

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also influenced the history of chess in Russia. The vocabulary in Russian chess has various foreign-language elements and testifies to different influences in the evolution of chess in Russia. Chess is mentioned in folk poems as a popular game and is documented in the Old Russian

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In the previous informal system, the World Champion decided which challenger he would play for the title and the challenger was forced to seek sponsors for the match. FIDE set up a new system of qualifying tournaments and matches. The world's strongest players were seeded into

3369:, regarded as one of the first true professionals of the game, authored an analysis of a number of composed games that illustrated two differing approaches to chess. His work was influential in popularizing chess, and demonstrated many theories regarding game play and tactics. 1820:"Oh great king, fetch your wise men and let them solve the mysteries of this game. If they succeed my master the king of Hind will pay tribute as an overlord, but if they fail it will be proof that the Persians are of lower intellect and we shall demand tribute from Iran." 3825:

later described how to avoid weaknesses in one's own position and how to create and exploit such weaknesses in the opponent's position. In addition to his theoretical achievements, Steinitz founded an important tradition: his triumph over the leading Polish-German master

3737:". The final move before adjournment is not made on the board but instead is written on a piece of paper which the referee seals in an envelope and keeps safe. When the game is continued after adjournment, the referee makes the sealed move and the players resume. 2021:

Chu shogi declined in popularity after the addition of drops to sho shogi and the removal of the drunk elephant in the 16th century, becoming moribund around the late 20th century. These changes to sho shogi created what is essentially the modern game of shogi.

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tournaments", where they were joined by players who had qualified from "Zonal tournaments". The leading finishers in these Interzonals would go on the "Candidates" stage, which was initially a tournament, later a series of knock-out matches. The winner of the

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In some parts of India the pieces in the places of the rook, knight and bishop were renamed by words meaning (in this order) Boat, Horse, and Elephant, or Elephant, Horse, and Camel, but keeping the same moves. In early chess the moves of the pieces were:

3266:. ("assize" = "sitting") Here the pawns started on the third rank; the queens started on d3 and d6 along with the queens' pawns; the players arranged their other pieces as they wished behind their pawns at the start of the game. This idea did not endure. 1391:. Traditional Indian chessboards often have X markings on some or all of squares a1 a4 a5 a8 d1 d4 d5 d8 e1 e4 e5 e8 h1 h4 h5 h8: these may have been "safe squares" where capturing was not allowed in a dice-driven backgammon-type race game played on the 4278:

or other electronic device generates sound, the player is immediately forfeited. In amateur tournaments players are asked to hand their phones to the tournament director; in professional tournaments they may be required to go through a metal detector.

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had altered greatly since the times of chaturanga, with ornate pieces and chess pieces depicting animals giving way to abstract shapes. This is because of a Muslim ban on the game's lifelike pieces, as they were said to have been too like idols. The

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issued an ordinance against gambling in 1254. This ordinance turned out to be unenforceable and was largely neglected by the common public, and even the courtly society, which continued to enjoy the now-prohibited chess tournaments uninterrupted.

3817:, won against all important competitors, including Anderssen, during his short chess career between 1857 and 1863. Morphy's success stemmed from a combination of brilliant attacks and sound strategy; he intuitively knew how to prepare attacks. 1920:

to develop an early form of Chinese chess in the winter of 204–203 BC. The German chess historian Peter Banaschak, however, points out that Li's main hypothesis "is based on virtually nothing." He notes that the "Xuanguai lu", authored by the

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Indeed, a person who has become habituated to gaming with pigeons, playing chess, or gambling, so that it becomes second-nature to him, will give all the comforts of the world and all that he has for those (pursuits) and cannot keep away from

1379:-type race game (perhaps related to a dice-driven race game still played in south India where the track starts at the middle of a side and spirals into the center). Ashtāpada, the uncheckered 8×8 board served as the main board for playing 1977:, continued to be played, but was regarded as less prestigious than chu shogi and dai shogi. Chu shogi was very popular in Japan, and the rook, bishop, and drunk elephant from it were added to sho shogi, where the first two remain today. 1677: 4857:"Ganjeshāyagān, Andarze ātrepāt mārāspandān, Mādigāne chatrang, and Andarze khusroe kavātān : the original Pehlvi text, the same translated into the Gujarati and English languages, a commentary and a glossary of select words" 1354:), and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king of modern chess. A common theory is that India's development of the board, and chess, was likely due to India's mathematical enlightenment involving the creation of the 2252:

Over the centuries, features of European chess (e.g. the modern moves of queen and bishop, and castling) found their way via trade into Islamic areas. Murray's sources found the old moves of queen and bishop still current in

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from India became the next champion by winning a championship tournament. In October 2008, Anand retained his title, decisively winning the rematch against Kramnik. Anand retained his title until 2013, when he lost it to

1818:, and after an oriental exchange of courtesies, the ambassador produced rich presents from his sovereign and amongst them was an elaborate board with curiously carved pieces of ebony and ivory. He then issued a challenge: 4072:

After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought in a tournament of elite players ruled by FIDE, who have controlled the title since then, with a sole interruption. The winner of the 1948 tournament, Russian

7048: 1346:, which flourished in India by the 6th century, and is the earliest known game to have two essential features found in all later chess variations—different pieces having different powers (which was not the case with 3865:(World champion 1921–27), who loved simple positions and endgames, to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years until 1924. His successor was Russian-French 4226:

was originally considered an inferior form of victory; at various times it has been considered a win, a draw, or even a loss for the player delivering it. Since the 18th century, it has been considered a draw.

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Murray, Davidson, Hooper & Whyld, and Golombek all give this correspondence, with the bishop corresponding to the elephant and the rook corresponding to a chariot. Bird (pp 4, 46) exchanges the bishop and

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resorted to violence resulting in death as an outcome of playing chess, caused further sensation and alarm. The growing popularity of the game – now associated with revelry and violence – alarmed the Church.

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Preventing access to a chess set to work out moves during the adjournment would not stop him from analyzing the position in his head. Various strange ideas were attempted, but the eventual solution was the "

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Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to

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composed of more than 50,000 participants from more than 75 countries. The moves of the world team were decided by plurality vote, and after 62 moves played over four months Kasparov won the game.

3746: 3309:), the queen's and bishop's modern moves started and spread, making chess close to its modern form. The first document showing the Queen (or Dama) moving this way is the allegorical poem 2304:

was translated into Russian and published in the country. Chess enjoys a very high status in Russia and was gradually introduced as a school subject in all primary schools since 2017.

3454: 3245:= "to pass battle") applied: a pawn that moved two squares forward had passed the danger of attack on the intermediate square. It was sometimes not allowed to do this to cover check. 3892:. They advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns which become objects of attack. 3241:

rule: a pawn placed so that it could have captured the enemy pawn if it had moved one square forward was allowed to capture it on the passed square. In Italy, the contrary rule (

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The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. Introduced into the

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from Norway. Carlsen defended his title four times. However, he declined to defend his title in the 2023 championship, and thus relinquished it to the winner of that match,

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to decide which piece to move. There was an unproven theory that chess started as this dice-chess and that the gambling and dice aspects of the game were removed because of

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would then play the reigning champion for the title. A champion defeated in a match had a right to play a rematch a year later. This system worked on a three-year cycle.

1652: 4150:, who defeated his Candidates opponents by unheard-of margins and won the world championship match. In 1975, however, Fischer refused to defend his title against Soviet 2589: 1315:. These factors added to the game's popularity, further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules, and charismatic players. 6308: 7259: 6202: 1272:

where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares. Chaturanga reached

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A comparison of the terms for chessmen in Sanskrit, Bengali, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Latin, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Catalan and Romanian

2635:, and ornate pieces of traditional knight warriors were used as early as the mid 13th century. The initially nondescript pawn had now found association with the 1730: 4516:

Gollon, John. Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. Sec. One, Sec. Two

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Queen on its first move moving two squares straight or diagonally to a same-coloured square, with jump. (This rule sometimes also applied to a queen made by

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games of this period emphasized quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific,

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Gollon, John. Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. pp.197–198

2815: 3547:. In the 18th century the center of European chess life moved from the Southern European countries to France. The two most important French masters were 3386: 1711: 1429:

often means "army" (the four parts are elephants, chariots, horsemen, foot soldiers). The name came from a battle formation mentioned in the Indian epic

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As a strategy board game played in China, chess is believed to have been derived from the Indian chaturanga. Chaturanga was transformed into the game

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Since the end of 19th century, the number of annually held master tournaments and matches quickly grew. Some sources state that in 1914 the title of

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is a close living relative to chaturanga, retaining the vizier, non-checkered board, limited promotion, offset kings, and elephant-like bishop move.

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The History of Chess: From the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India Till the Period of Its Establishment in Western and Central Europe

3594:, chess books and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example the London Chess Club played against the 2655:

The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in names and character of chess pieces as they crossed from India through Persia to Europe:

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Gollon, John. Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. p.167

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Gollon, John. Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. p.139

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Ignoring check from a piece which was covering check, as some said that in theory (in the diagram on the right), Bxe7 would allow Rxc8 in reply.

6131: 3438: 2288:. Numerous archeological finds of the chess game have already been found in the regions of Old Russia. From 1262 on chess was called in Russia 3667: 4254:

There have been no recent changes to the moves of the pieces, but the wording of some rules has been changed for the purposes of clarity.

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of France, regarded as the best chess player in the world for nearly 50 years, and published in the 18th century. He wrote and published

7427: 5502: 8995: 4824: 3422: 2604: 5981: 3639: 1448: 4258: 4058: 7417: 7361: 6512: 6164: 4998: 2467:, were used by authors as a metaphor for various situations. Chess was soon incorporated into the knightly style of life in Europe. 928:) when the king was attacked and could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. 8552: 6224: 6114: 5408: 4318: 7067: 5956: 5675: 5577: 9010: 8970: 7328: 2479:

must acquire. Chess also became a subject of art during this period, with caskets and pendants decorated in various chess forms.

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findings are considered as coming from other, distantly related board games, which may have had boards of 100 squares or more.

6447: 6424: 5937: 4995:"Banaschak: A story well told is not necessarily true – being a critical assessment of David H. Li's "The Genealogy of Chess"" 4230:

The convention that White moves first was established in the 19th century; previously either White or Black could move first.

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language literature throughout Europe, and many works were written on or about chess between the 12th and the 15th centuries.

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one square forwards (not two squares from initial position), capturing one square diagonally forward; promoted to queen only

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published in 1527 led to the chess rook being often renamed as "castle", and the modern shape of the rook chess piece; see

1947:, transmitted from India to China and Korea before finally reaching Japan. The three distinguishing features of shogi are: 6470: 6292: 4355:, commenting on the objective impossibility of divining the rules of the game by scrutinizing the equipment, suggested in 1772:, founder of the Empire. The oldest recorded game in chess history is a 10th-century game played between a historian from 8930: 8793: 8783: 8547: 6186: 5626: 4154:

when FIDE refused to meet his demands, and Karpov obtained the title by default. Karpov defended his title twice against

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Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. pp. 87–117

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Following the 1961 event, FIDE abolished the automatic right of a deposed champion to a rematch, and the next champion,

9068: 8538: 8533: 6631: 4191: 4124:, a genius of defense and strong positional player, was able to hold the title for two cycles, 1963–69. His successor, 3560: 7861: 7412: 6014: 1875:

forbids depiction of animals and human beings in art. These pieces were usually made of simple clay and carved stone.

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The game was developed extensively in Europe. By the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and

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Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. pp. 3–4

4401: 2363: 5199: 8975: 8965: 8883: 8773: 7523: 7518: 5465: 5116: 5099: 5082: 5062: 5024: 4943: 4585: 4530: 3911:, but this is a disputed claim. The tradition of awarding such titles was continued by the World Chess Federation ( 3406: 1969:, played on a smaller 12×12 board which removed the weakest pieces from dai shogi, similarly to the development of 7232:. Vol. VII. Trans. Warner, Arthur George & Warner, Edmond. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. 5648: 5387: 5370: 4797: 4730: 4698: 4455: 4447: 4081:

dominance in the chess world. Until the end of the Soviet Union, there was only one non-Soviet champion, American

8960: 8950: 7471: 5930: 4165:. Kasparov and Karpov contested five world title matches between 1984 and 1990; Karpov never won his title back. 1961:

Drops were not originally part of shogi. In the 13th century, shogi underwent an expansion, creating the game of

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Gamer, Helena M. (October 1954). "The Earliest Evidence of Chess in Western Literature: The Einsiedeln Verses".

2292:. Various foreign travellers commented that in the 16th century, chess was popular among all classes in Russia. 8955: 8945: 8940: 7608: 7570: 4173: 2296:, who ruled Russia from 1530 to 1584, is said to have died while playing chess. In 1791 the popular chess book 1750: 9090: 9000: 8935: 8516: 8278: 7829: 6733: 5477:

Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. p. 37

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sets of later centuries followed a pattern which assigned names and abstract shapes to the chess pieces, as

8354: 7834: 4960: 4333: 4264: 4114:, an accomplished tactician and attacking player. Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961. 3766: 3671: 1686:

manuscript from the 14th century describing how an ambassador from India brought chess to the Persian court

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for "King!") when attacking the opponent's king, and "Shāh Māt!" (Persian for "the king is helpless" – see

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By the mid-12th century, the pieces of the chess set were depicted as kings, queens, bishops, knights and

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starting position. The kings do not face each other; the white king starts on e1 and the black king on d8.

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Attempts to make the start of the game run faster to get the opposing pieces in contact sooner included:

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during the end of the first millennium, often introduced to new lands by conquering armies, such as the

1433:. The game chaturanga was a battle-simulation game which rendered Indian military strategy of the time. 866:

from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility. Around 600 CE in

9177: 9155: 9063: 9048: 8712: 8664: 8659: 8649: 8317: 7995: 7839: 4852: 3579: 2408:. Previously little known, chess became popular in Northern Europe when figure pieces were introduced. 2405: 795: 3869:, a strong attacking player, who died as the World champion in 1946, having briefly lost the title to 9245: 9109: 9043: 8893: 8788: 8637: 7322: 6557: 5601:

Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution

4543: 4184: 3896: 3862: 3846: 3660: 3623: 3524: 3325:= "with the madwoman"). This led to much more value being attached to the previously minor tactic of 1235:

in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th-century Spanish manuscript covering shatranj,

909: 99: 6139: 4288: 4211:, the current World Champion. Since 2020, online chess has seen a boom in popularity due in part to 2212:, having no resemblance to European chessmen, and thus likely part of a chess tradition coming from 9085: 9058: 8900: 8622: 8015: 8010: 7967: 7866: 7133:

The March of Chess Ideas: How the Century's Greatest Players Have Waged the War Over Chess Strategy

6640: 5554: 4308: 4303: 3963: 3831: 2341: 1407: 142: 7701: 7266:, Thursday, Jun. 19, 2008. An article on the history of chess by the 2007-10 chess world champion. 2419:. This complex game involved each pawn having a particular purpose, as well as additional pieces. 1779:

A manuscript explaining the rules of the game, called "Matikan-i-chatrang" (the book of chess) in

9194: 8724: 8389: 7227: 3619: 3569: 3551:, a musician by profession, who discovered the importance of pawns for chess strategy, and later 2463:; and the works related to various chess problems, written largely after 1205. Chess terms, like 7735: 3248:

King jumping once, to make it quicker to put the king safe in a corner. (This eventually led to

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A stalemated king can take one of the enemy pieces that would check the king if the king moves.

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two squares sideways or front-and-back (no more or less), but could jump over a piece between

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from Russia (1969–72), was a player able to win in both positional and sharp tactical style.

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The courtiers were shown the board, and after a day and a night in deep thought one of them,

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Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called

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in 1475. This form of chess got such names as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess" (Italian

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The captured pieces may be reused by the captor and played as a part of the captor's forces.

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for "having eight feet", i.e. an 8×8 squared board), which may have been used earlier for a

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pieces, and asserts that the game was introduced to Persia from India, along with the book

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The practice of playing chess for money became so widespread during the 13th century that

8: 9075: 8855: 8607: 8494: 8464: 8434: 8406: 8379: 8322: 8223: 8191: 8151: 8106: 7819: 7761: 7636: 7584: 7579: 7506: 7464: 7148: 6536: 6505:"A story well told is not necessarily true : a critical assessment of David H. Li's 6504: 4994: 4393: 4352: 3705:

In 1861 the first time limits, using sandglasses, were employed in a tournament match at

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Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.

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Rudolph, Jess. "The History and Variants in West Asia." Case Western Reserve University.

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conquered the Sassanid Empire, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names. The

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9182: 9080: 8823: 8632: 8273: 8161: 8124: 7773: 7641: 7377: 7313: 7295: 7287: 6783: 6754: 6111: 5953: 5808: 5665: 5567: 5400: 4809: 4359:(Vol. I p. 57) that Bozorgmehr likely found the rules by bribing the Indian ambassador. 4240: 3959: 3866: 3827: 3758: 3477: 3380:(The Analysis of Chess), an influential work which appeared in more than 100 editions. 2531: 2514: 2488: 2459:(Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess), written by 1999: 1797:

visiting from India who re-enacts the past battles on the chessboard. A translation in

1161: 1121: 913: 19: 4421: 1178:

From the exclamation "check" or "checkmate" as it was pronounced in various languages.

920:. The rules were developed further during this time; players started calling "Shāh!" ( 9165: 9038: 8850: 8808: 8739: 8691: 8674: 8654: 8506: 8444: 8384: 8359: 8206: 8171: 8166: 8146: 8134: 7977: 7945: 7911: 7891: 7728: 7722: 7683: 7550: 7344: 7299: 7255: 7233: 7209: 7190: 7171: 7152: 7114: 7095: 7071: 7034: 7010: 6991: 6973: 6955: 6938: 6928: 6911: 6901: 6884: 6874: 6857: 6847: 6830: 6820: 6795: 6771: 6761: 6738: 6712: 6702: 6683: 6661: 6627: 6610: 6600: 6581: 6565: 6544: 6300: 6232: 6194: 6095: 6072: 6062: 5877: 5867: 5844: 5834: 5796: 5786: 5761: 5702: 5641: 5614: 5604: 5535: 5525: 5346: 4397: 4328: 4293: 4199: 4074: 4039: 3999: 3947: 3904: 3838:, who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of all World Champions. 3718: 3339: 3256: 2632: 2508: 2480: 2301: 2293: 2270: 2237: 1718: 1452: 1418: 1399: 1297: 1228: 1182: 1171: 820: 119: 6578:

A World of Chess. Its Development and Variations through Centuries and Civilizations

6439: 6416: 6329: 5934: 4172:

cut ties with FIDE to organize their own match for the title and formed a competing

3359: 3301:

The queen and bishop remained relatively weak until between 1475 AD and 1500 AD, in

1573:

one square diagonally, or one square forwards, like four legs and trunk of elephant

9160: 9033: 8875: 8818: 8729: 8679: 8528: 8474: 8469: 8459: 8374: 8295: 8285: 8261: 8228: 7800: 7488: 7369: 7279: 4177: 4121: 4003: 3955: 3885: 3822: 3799: 3648: 3603: 3429: 3366: 3314: 3310: 3294: 2504: 2391: 2274: 2266: 1938: 1798: 1304: 1277: 1141: 1131: 1101: 1042: 1032: 952: 921: 901: 877: 808: 138: 91: 87: 7422: 7352: 4856: 3938:

During World War II, many prominent chess players died or were killed, including:

1986: 1414:

was the original form of chaturanga. The theory is no longer considered tenable.

178:, which first appeared in the mid-1990s, also became popular in the 21st century. 9125: 9099: 8920: 8915: 8865: 8803: 8612: 8587: 8572: 8369: 8327: 8310: 8211: 8129: 8091: 8069: 8054: 7985: 7962: 7921: 7916: 7795: 7778: 7618: 7439: 7263: 7141: 7024: 6644: 6118: 5960: 5941: 5652: 5630: 5506: 5338: 5161: 4863: 4828: 4550: 4386: 4323: 4248: 4244: 4195: 4155: 4106:, but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the 4035: 4011: 4007: 3951: 3770: 3754: 3532: 3481: 3372:

The first full work dealing with the various winning combinations was written by

2547: 2440: 2416: 2401: 2117: 1894: 1849:(c. 1100). He uses it as a specific example of a habit that may cloud a person's 1758: 1477: 1351: 1111: 1091: 1081: 1052: 893: 867: 863: 8394: 8305: 6462: 3889: 2621: 1185:

and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as curios by Muslim traders.

82:

can be traced back nearly 1,500 years to its earliest known predecessor, called

9224: 9140: 8888: 8734: 8597: 8592: 8429: 8424: 8290: 8248: 8218: 8047: 7990: 7878: 7846: 7812: 7805: 7790: 7751: 7746: 7673: 7668: 7513: 7457: 7168:

The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270-1380

7063: 6816: 6805: 6675: 6653: 5670: 5572: 4298: 4236:

rules have varied, variations persisting in Italy until the late 19th century.

4204: 4162: 4158:

and dominated the 1970s and early 1980s with a string of tournament successes.

4151: 4103: 4015: 3991: 3928: 3850: 3835: 3782: 3774: 3722: 3656: 3599: 3502: 3397: 3326: 3284: 2205: 2201: 2015: 1929:(779–847), remains the first real source on the Chinese chess variant xiangqi. 1802: 1780: 1761: 1754: 1722: 1359: 1308: 1221: 1071: 989: 852: 848: 169:. Since then, computer analysis – which originated in the 1970s with the first 166: 158: 126: 68: 5623: 3493:

began to appear in the 15th century. The oldest surviving printed chess book,

3334:

its older ability to once move two squares with jump, diagonally or straight.

2109:

Names recorded from the 1880s by Russian sources, quoted in Murray, among the

1557:

two squares diagonally (no more or less), but could jump over a piece between

1447:

Scholars in areas to which the game subsequently spread, for example the Arab

843:. These forms are represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern 9239: 9199: 9189: 9172: 8845: 8828: 8755: 8644: 8602: 8582: 8364: 8346: 8337: 8300: 8233: 8156: 8141: 8096: 8079: 8074: 8064: 7896: 7658: 7596: 7348: 6861: 6834: 6304: 6236: 6198: 5926: 5618: 5539: 4212: 4161:

Karpov's reign finally ended in 1985 at the hands of another Russian player,

4147: 4125: 4082: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4031: 4023: 4019: 3983: 3967: 3814: 3807: 3778: 3750: 3686: 3643:

Final match of the 1575 tournament in El Escorial. Painting by Luigi Mussini.

3544: 3540: 3517: 3335: 3024: 2468: 2230:

Chess passed from Persia to the Arab world, where its name changed to Arabic

1995: 1991: 1981: 1970: 1737: 1698: 1312: 129:" was the predominant playing style from the late 18th century to the 1880s. 6942: 6915: 6888: 6775: 6716: 6614: 6225:"Ding Liren succeeds Carlsen as world chess champion with gutsy playoff win" 6076: 5881: 5864:

The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion

5848: 5800: 9219: 9145: 9130: 8860: 8686: 8669: 8577: 8511: 8454: 8449: 8181: 8176: 8116: 8059: 7950: 7906: 7678: 7663: 7653: 7589: 7555: 7528: 7496: 6018: 4275: 4268: 4143: 4078: 4027: 3995: 3979: 3971: 3943: 3932: 3924: 3870: 3590:

As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many

3564: 3490: 3445: 3263: 2990: 2939: 1957:

The board is 9×9, with a second gold general on the other side of the king.

1922: 1863: 1289: 1254: 944: 936: 932: 856: 844: 836: 175: 170: 146: 107: 5780: 4684:

Chess: Ancient precursors and related games (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

4274:

In line with the rule against receiving outside assistance, if a player's

3745: 2415:

played an enlarged variation of the game which is commonly referred to as

1492:, or by "bare king" (taking all of an opponent's pieces except the king). 1311:

saw reliable reference works, competitive chess tournaments, and many new

8499: 8489: 8238: 8201: 8084: 7695: 7690: 7648: 7501: 7087: 6983: 5191: 4169: 4111: 4066: 3987: 3975: 3939: 3841: 3834:. Steinitz lost his crown in 1894 to a much younger German mathematician 3810: 3786: 3734: 3652: 3611: 3607: 2628: 2620:

The pieces, which had been nonrepresentational in Islamic countries (see

2484: 2265:

Chess has 1000 years of history in Russia. Chess was probably brought to

1984:

were described, on large boards and with many more pieces. The 1694 book

1909: 1901:, with pieces differentiated by writing their names on the flat surface. 1826:, solved the mystery and was richly rewarded by his delighted sovereign. 1456: 1430: 1426: 1205: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 5645: 2457:

Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum

137:, and New Dynamism eras. In the second half of the 19th century, modern 94:, where it was modified in terms of shapes and rules and developed into 90:; its prehistory is the subject of speculation. From India it spread to 9135: 8196: 8032: 8022: 7955: 7939: 7631: 7443: 7381: 7291: 4208: 4136: 4095: 4090: 3806:

Deeper insight into the nature of chess came with two younger players.

3789: 3726: 3698: 3591: 3237: 2844: 2432: 1926: 1840: 1823: 1769: 1472: 1380: 1376: 1358:. Other game pieces (speculatively called "chess pieces") uncovered in 1343: 1335: 1236: 1056: 814: 784: 115: 83: 7702: 4652:

Chess: The time element and competition (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

2136:(child) and Mongolian names for the other pieces. This game is called 1908:

or a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 3rd century BC.

1323: 9150: 8479: 8439: 8042: 8037: 7926: 7901: 7626: 6728: 4223: 4131: 3676: 3595: 3510: 3330: 2576: 2500: 2496: 2395: 2141: 2003: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1815: 1785: 1630: 1489: 1482: 1464: 1411: 1403: 1392: 1367: 1281: 1265: 925: 63: 9028: 7373: 7283: 3795: 3354: 1629:

Two Arab travelers each recorded a severe Indian chess rule against

122:). The game evolved roughly into its current form by about 1500 CE. 8838: 7886: 7223: 6187:"Lacking Motivation, Magnus Carlsen Will Give Up World Chess Title" 4233: 4198:

and became the undisputed World Chess Champion. In September 2007,

3874: 3714: 3521: 3514: 3318: 3249: 2943: 2444: 2376: 2254: 2231: 2225: 2197: 2018:(36×36). It is not thought that these games were played very much. 2011: 2007: 1912:, a translator of ancient Chinese texts, hypothesizes that general 1898: 1790: 1765: 1665: 1661: 1460: 1372: 1347: 1269: 1261: 1253:

treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European

1198: 887: 828: 95: 7053:: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's 5861: 5401:"Francesco di Castellvi vs Narciso Vinyoles (1475) "Old in Chess"" 4183:

Earlier in 1999, Kasparov as the reigning world champion played a

7560: 6135: 4118: 3706: 3694: 3556: 3393: 2644: 2568: 2383: 2278: 2273:

trade route. From the 10th century cultural connections with the

2213: 2180:

Western chess is now the prevalent form of the game in Mongolia.

2049: 1973:

in the West. In the meantime, the original 9×9 shogi, now termed

1913: 1905: 1889: 1868: 1773: 1594: 1327: 1285: 1190: 840: 832: 7407: 6751: 4956: 4194:

reunified the titles, when Kramnik beat the FIDE World Champion

4142:

The next championship saw the first non-Soviet challenger since

3682: 8027: 4107: 3818: 3792:

were regarded as the highest possible summit of the chess art.

3584: 3346: 2893: 2836: 2764: 2758: 2519: 2476: 2424: 2387: 2284: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2158: 2137: 2037: 2031: 1850: 1683: 1293: 1273: 1250: 1059: 1002: 917: 5190:правды», Никита КЛЮЧЕНКОВ | Сайт «Комсомольской (2019-08-05). 2234:. From there it passed to Western Europe, probably via Spain. 1145: 145:

was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in

7480: 7368:. New Series 1 (9). The Metropolitan Museum of Art: 271–279. 6330:"FIDE LAWS of CHESS - Article 12: The conduct of the players" 3916: 3574: 3302: 3034: 3030: 2918: 2869: 2840: 2830: 2771: 2724: 2647:, which symbolized both infantry and loyal domestic service. 2523: 2436: 2412: 2380: 2241: 2110: 2102: 2084: 2075: 1944: 1917: 1872: 1811: 1468: 1441: 1331: 1232: 1201:

it is called senterej, both evidently derived from shatranj.

1022: 996: 940: 804: 130: 111: 103: 7321:(4). Houston: Aramco Services Company: 18–23. Archived from 4571:

Chess: Introduction to Europe (Encyclopædia Britannica 2007)

2068:: Bers / Nohoi – Бэрс / Нохой – dog (to guard the livestock) 1904:

An alternative origin theory contends that chess arose from

7545: 4632:

Chess: Development of Theory (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

4557:

journal, The Silkroad Foundation, v.1(1), January 15, 2003.

3912: 3858: 3690: 3235:

Pawn moving two squares in its first move. This led to the

3020:

In Europe some of the pieces gradually received new names:

2809: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2572: 2148: 2147:

The change with the queen is likely due to the Arabic word

2093: 2060: 1794: 1702: 1658: 1437: 1240: 1181:

From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except

827:), which translates to "four divisions (of the military)": 811:. There, its early form in the 7th century CE was known as 150: 3338:

says that the new move of the queen started in Spain: see

3270:

Other sporadic variations in the rules of chess included:

3033:: "bishop", because its two points looked like a bishop's 1471:

in India was chiefly used for the production of chess and

3614:

composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843,

2161:") being confused with Turkic or Mongolian native words ( 1943:

A prominent variant of chess in East Asia is the game of

1174:; there are two theories about why this change happened: 154: 9214: 7449: 6263:"Streaming, strategy and the sudden resurgence of chess" 1342:

The earliest precursor of modern chess is a game called

916:, due to the lack of native "ch" and "ng" sounds in the 7343:(31). United Kingdom: Council for British Archaeology. 7111:

The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3

7092:

The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2

6949: 5726:

Chess: Chess composition (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)

5519: 1701:

as portrayed in a 1500 painting in a page of a copy of

1307:

sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game.

7108: 7085: 5142:

Richards. "The Vocabulary of the Russian Chessboard".

4925: 4923: 1954:

Pawns capture as they move, one square straight ahead.

1425:

literally means "having four limbs (or parts)" and in

812: 4721: 4719: 1768:

as one of the accomplishments of the legendary hero,

1355: 1215: 871: 7408:

Origin and history of Chess, Xiangqi, Shogi and more

6723: 6564:. London. (Republished version by Forgotten Books). 5783:

The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games

5736:

World Title Matches and Tournaments - Chess history.

5522:

Isabel Rules: constructing queenship, wielding power

885: 5781:Burgess, Graham, Nunn, John and Emms, John (1998). 4920: 4498:

Shenk, David. "The Immortal Game." Doubleday, 2006.

4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 3631:), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory. 3563:in 1834. Centers of chess life in this period were 2423:

abbreviated (e.g. "ch'r" for French "chevalier" = "

2052:-inhabited areas, where the pieces are now called: 7140: 6753: 4716: 4385: 4247:have been refined and now require a formal claim. 3666:Competitive chess became visible in 1834 with the 3602:became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; 6293:"Chess (Yes, Chess) Is Now a Streaming Obsession" 4899: 3460:Portrait of François-André Danican Philidor from 2610:A couple playing chess, ivory mirror case c. 1300 2443:divides the works into three distinct parts: the 1451:, detailed the Indian use of chess as a tool for 9237: 6371:"Chess: Ancient precursors and related games.". 6009: 6007: 5722: 5720: 5718: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4485: 4053: 3053: 2475:listed chess among the seven skills that a good 1488:In some variants, a win was by checkmate, or by 983: 187: 6161:"Anand draws 11th game, wins world chess title" 5192:"Шахматы стали обязательным школьным предметом" 4680: 4678: 4676: 3740: 3499:Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess 2244:from Andalusia playing chess, Book of Games by 1155: 1115: 161:, the then world chess champion, in the famous 7335:Riddler, Ian; Denison, Simon (February 1998). 7334: 7109:Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (July 1986). 7007:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 6575: 6056: 4567: 4565: 4563: 1783:or Pahlavi, still exists. In the 11th-century 1165: 7465: 6756:The Oxford Companion to Chess, Second edition 6541:Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations 6407:"Chess (History): Standardization of rules". 6132:"Viswanathan Anand regains world chess title" 6004: 5862:Steinitz, William; Landsberger, Kurt (2002). 5831:Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory 5828: 5715: 5598: 5456: 5454: 4635: 4617: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4357:Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations 4259:Offbeat interpretations of the rules of chess 4251:is no longer included in the rules of chess. 3047: 3027:: "queen", because it starts beside the king. 2583:("Book of chess, dices and tables"), c. 1283. 1209: 1135: 1125: 1095: 1036: 1026: 972: 964: 956: 7428:Alfonso X y el ajedrez - Alfonso X and Chess 7138: 6982: 6788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6163:. IBN Live. October 29, 2008. Archived from 5813:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5749: 5603:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5500:Valencia Spain: The Cradle of European Chess 5132:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 377–78. 4779: 4777: 4775: 4673: 3555:who won a famous series of matches with the 3349:), the queen could also move like a knight. 3278: 2631:. Chessmen made of ivory began to appear in 2571:women playing chess, European woman playing 2344:. There might be a discussion about this on 1105: 1085: 1075: 1046: 7278:(4). Medieval Academy of America: 734–750. 6972:. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 6950:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 6576:Cazaux, Jean-Louis; Knowlton, Rick (2017). 6389:"Chess: The time element and competition". 5518:An analysis from the feminist perspective: 4709: 4707: 4560: 4383: 3634: 3038: 2101:: Hū – Хүү – boy (the piece often showed a 1065: 1016: 1010: 1009:("king"). Thus, the game came to be called 1005:it was replaced by versions of the Persian 7472: 7458: 6260: 5451: 5213: 5128:Waliszewski, Kazimierz; Mary Loyd (1904). 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4372: 3923:was established; the first to hold it was 3830:in 1886 is regarded as the first official 3777:shallow. Sparkling games like Anderssen's 2200:; but only as a children's game among the 1436:Some people formerly played chess using a 7359: 6895: 6868: 6841: 6804: 6752:Hooper, David and Whyld, Kenneth (1992). 5494: 5492: 5430:"Valencia and the origin of modern chess" 5343:A History of Board-Games Other than Chess 5288: 5286: 5267: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5073: 5071: 4772: 3802:, the first official World Chess Champion 2364:Learn how and when to remove this message 1980:In the 15th and 16th centuries, yet more 1757:epical treatise about the founder of the 1637:A stalemated player thereby at once wins. 1383:. Other Indian boards included the 10×10 7222: 7059:(PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007) 6922: 6674: 6652: 6594: 6290: 5053: 5051: 4839: 4837: 4763: 4704: 4507:Hooper and Whyld, 144-45 (first edition) 4319:List of games that Buddha would not play 4289:Outline of chess § History of chess 4271:, creating a new rule for loss on time. 4130: 4057: 3840: 3794: 3744: 3729:. Digital clocks appeared in the 1980s. 3681: 3638: 3400:'s chess book printed in England in 1474 3288: 2598:playing chess with a woman, 1305 to 1340 2236: 2204:. Chessmen have been collected from the 1322: 947:rendered the Persian term "shatranj" as 62: 7366:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 7208:(Illustrated ed.). HarperCollins. 7184: 7062: 6696: 6084: 5189: 4591: 4544:"The Origin of Chess and the Silk Road" 3877:in 1935, regaining it two years later. 3513:in 1497. Lucena and later masters like 3119: 1810:One day an ambassador from the king of 1402:, proposed in the late 18th century by 1208:to Russia, where chess became known as 9238: 7306: 7023: 6346:from the original on September 2, 2013 6222: 6184: 5696: 5580:from the original on 18 September 2019 5489: 5461: 5383: 5366: 5337: 5331: 5283: 5262: 5250: 5236: 5222: 5112: 5095: 5078: 5068: 5058: 5020: 4939: 4793: 4726: 4694: 4581: 4526: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4451: 4443: 3765:The first modern chess tournament was 3495:Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez 110:and subsequently spread to Europe via 7453: 7337:"When there is no end to a good game" 7269: 7203: 7187:Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures 7143:The Immortal Game: A History of Chess 7131:(Batsford, 1972); scholarly history; 6621: 6502: 6322: 5568:"Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnai" 5048: 4980: 4978: 4905: 4874:Warner & Warner 2008, p. 394-402. 4834: 4754: 4745: 4501: 4388:The Immortal Game: A History of Chess 3899:was first formally conferred by Tsar 3126: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3089: 1410:, asserted that the four-handed game 1268:traders and others carried it to the 18:For the book by H. J. R. Murray, see 7307:Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009). 7165: 7051:Los Libros de acedrex dados e tablas 7004: 6535: 5141: 4896:, Mohammad Nur Abdus Salam, p. 27-28 3553:Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais 2499:of England were chess patrons. King 2316: 1463:and even its vague association with 100:Arab invasion and conquest of Persia 26: 7206:Birth of the Chess Queen: a History 6970:Sports and Games of the Renaissance 5678:from the original on 9 October 2019 5196:KP.RU - сайт «Комсомольской правды» 4471: 2615: 1670:New York Metropolitan Museum of Art 905: 897: 881: 141:play began, and the first official 13: 6261:Pappalardo, Charlie (2023-04-05). 6223:Graham, Bryan Armen (2023-04-30). 6001:Kasparov 2003b, 2004a, 2004b, 2006 5756:. Pavilion Books Limited. p. 4975: 4192:FIDE World Chess Championship 2006 4185:game online against the world team 2650: 2487:made of jasper and crystal. Kings 2455:(c. 1180); works of morality like 2113:people (who at the time spoke the 1801:, based on the manuscripts in the 14: 9257: 7401: 7360:Wilkinson, Charles K (May 1943). 7068:"Thoughts on The Origin of Chess" 5785:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 5524:. University of Minnesota Press. 5001:from the original on 19 June 2017 3903:to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, 3769:and won, surprisingly, by German 2581:Libro del axedrez dados et tablas 2188:Chess was also recorded from the 884:), which subsequently evolved to 165:match, ushering the game into an 9213: 8884:List of strong chess tournaments 6699:Better Chess for Average Players 6658:Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess 6380:"Chess: Development of Theory". 6284: 6254: 6216: 6178: 6153: 6124: 5520:Weissberger, Barbara F. (2004). 4963:from the original on 14 May 2011 3921:Women's World Chess Championship 3668:La Bourdonnais-McDonnell matches 3469: 3453: 3437: 3432:with chessboard (Germany, 1735). 3421: 3405: 3385: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3091: 2603: 2588: 2561: 2540: 2321: 2312: 1814:arrived at the Persian court of 1729: 1721:and Bākhazarī, 1896 painting by 1710: 1691: 1676: 1651: 1644: 774: 743: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 222: 191: 31: 7862:Gökyay Association Chess Museum 6871:My Great Predecessors, part III 6649:. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 6562:Chess History and Reminiscences 6515:from the original on 2017-06-19 6473:from the original on 2007-12-24 6450:from the original on 2007-10-30 6440:"Chess: Introduction to Europe" 6427:from the original on 2007-10-30 6311:from the original on 2020-09-20 6291:Browning, Kellen (2020-09-07). 6273:from the original on 2023-07-19 6243:from the original on 2023-05-10 6205:from the original on 2022-07-21 6105: 6050: 6041: 6032: 5995: 5984:from the original on 2021-02-04 5966: 5947: 5931:Edward Winter (chess historian) 5929:, but this is also disputed by 5915: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5855: 5822: 5774: 5743: 5729: 5690: 5658: 5646:Chess History and Reminiscences 5635: 5592: 5560: 5547: 5512: 5480: 5471: 5422: 5411:from the original on 2021-01-28 5393: 5376: 5359: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5274: 5202:from the original on 2019-08-15 5183: 5172:from the original on 2019-10-25 5154: 5135: 5122: 5105: 5088: 5039: 5030: 5013: 4987: 4949: 4932: 4911: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4846: 4814: 4803: 4786: 4736: 4687: 4664: 4655: 4574: 4536: 4346: 4218: 3549:François-André Danican Philidor 3374:François-André Danican Philidor 2379:made its way via the expanding 2183: 2140:; a large 10×10 variant called 1839:The philosopher and theologian 1204:Chess spread directly from the 870:, the name for the game became 163:Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov 7113:. Cambridge University Press. 7094:. Cambridge University Press. 6898:My Great Predecessors, part IV 6844:My Great Predecessors, part II 6701:. Courier Dover Publications. 6682:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 6543:. Courier Dover Publications. 5921:This is stated for example in 5833:. Courier Dover Publications. 4519: 4510: 4461: 4436: 4410: 4174:Professional Chess Association 3659:. It was won by the Calabrese 3543:and started to analyze simple 3464:. London, second edition, 1777 2431:The game found mention in the 1481:, during the reign of emperor 1: 8982:Computer chess championships 6925:My Great Predecessors, part V 6734:The Oxford Companion to Chess 6185:Mather, Victor (2022-07-20). 5555:History of the stalemate rule 4742:Bell (1979) Vol. I, pp.52-57 4366: 4054:Post-war era (1945 and later) 2219: 1751:Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i Papakan 931:The game was taken up by the 149:and the establishment of the 7413:Initiative group Koenigstein 6624:Chess, The History of a Game 6595:Davidson, Henry A. (1981) . 6398:"Chess: Chess composition". 6138:. 2007-09-30. Archived from 6121:. Retrieved 13 December 2006 5963:. Retrieved 11 December 2006 5699:The Art of the Game of Chess 5655:. Retrieved 10 December 2006 5509:. Retrieved 10 December 2006 5436:. 2009-09-13. Archived from 5328:Bell (1979), pp. 62–64 5144:New Zealand Slavonic Journal 4334:Wheat and chessboard problem 4265:London 1883 chess tournament 4168:In 1993, Garry Kasparov and 3741:Birth of a sport (1850–1945) 3693:devoted to the accomplished 3672:1851 London Chess tournament 3567:in big European cities like 3043:was reinterpreted many ways. 2972:Padati (footman/footsoldier) 2396: 1916:drew on the earlier game of 1878: 1543:one square diagonally, only 1449:Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī 1220:, literally "checkmates", a 7: 8764:Bishop and knight checkmate 7170:. Oxford University Press. 7147:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 7033:. Oxford University Press. 6760:. Oxford University Press. 6737:. Oxford University Press. 5866:. McFarland & Company. 4420:. ChessZone. Archived from 4392:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 4282: 3491:theory of how to play chess 2043: 2036:The Thai variant of chess, 2025: 1395:before chess was invented. 1216: 886: 872: 813: 73:National Museum of Scotland 10: 9262: 8927:Other world championships 6339:. World Chess Federation. 6059:Gary Kasparov's Best Games 5923:The Encyclopaedia of Chess 5150:: 63–72 – via JSTOR. 4853:Peshotan Behramjee Sanjana 4256: 3282: 3048:Early changes to the rules 2406:Norman Conquest of England 2223: 2029: 2006:(25×25); it also mentions 1936: 1893:elements from the game of 1705:'s poem dedicated to Shams 1365:Chess was designed for an 997: 791: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 167:era of computer domination 17: 9208: 9118: 9021: 8874: 8774:Opposite-coloured bishops 8754: 8700: 8563: 8405: 8345: 8336: 8247: 8115: 7976: 7877: 7713: 7617: 7487: 7479: 7129:The battle of chess ideas 6896:Kasparov, Garry (2004b). 6869:Kasparov, Garry (2004a). 6842:Kasparov, Garry (2003b). 6112:Kramnik at ChessGames.com 5954:Menchik at ChessGames.com 5935:Chess Notes 5144 and 5152 5486:Davidson (1981), p. 13–17 5341:(1952). "6: Race-Games". 3624:Handbuch des Schachspiels 3525:Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona 3279:Introduction of new rules 2511:gained a similar status. 2481:Queen Margaret of England 2307: 2260: 1736:Iranian courtiers of the 1550: 1547: 1406:, and later developed by 1210: 951:, which gave rise to the 824: 181: 71:in the collection of the 40:This article needs to be 8901:World Chess Championship 7867:World Chess Hall of Fame 7229:The Sháhnámá of Firdausí 7047:Musser Golladay, Sonja, 6923:Kasparov, Garry (2006). 6597:A Short History of Chess 5974:"World War II and Chess" 5701:. CUA Press. p. 9. 5162:"First Russian chessmen" 4894:The Alchemy of Happiness 4831:on the museum's website. 4339: 4309:List of chess historians 4304:History of chess engines 3964:Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky 3832:World Chess Championship 3635:Modern competitive chess 2622:piece values in shatranj 2390:. It also spread to the 1932: 1883: 1846:The Alchemy of Happiness 1318: 1249:, which is the earliest 862:Chess was introduced to 143:World Chess Championship 9195:Simultaneous exhibition 9105:Chess newspaper columns 8794:Rook and bishop vs rook 8784:Queen and pawn vs queen 7204:Yalom, Marilyn (2004). 7185:Wilkins, Sally (2002). 7166:Vale, M. G. A. (2001). 7005:Meri, Josef W. (2005). 6622:Eales, Richard (1985). 6487:Encyclopædia Britannica 6467:Encyclopædia Britannica 6444:Encyclopædia Britannica 6421:Encyclopædia Britannica 6409:Encyclopædia Britannica 6400:Encyclopædia Britannica 6391:Encyclopædia Britannica 6382:Encyclopædia Britannica 6373:Encyclopædia Britannica 6363:Encyclopædia Britannica 6057:Keene, Raymond (1993). 5697:Soltis, Andrew (2020). 4135:Current World Champion 4077:, ushered in an era of 3857:It took a prodigy from 3412:A tactical puzzle from 2269:in 9th century via the 2048:Chess is recorded from 1764:, mentions the game of 1570:southeast and east Asia 1146: 1060: 8650:Richter–Veresov Attack 8638:Queen's Indian Defence 7433:Chess in the Holocaust 7418:Goddess Chess Chessays 6988:The Genealogy of Chess 6968:Leibs, Andrew (2004). 6507:The Genealogy of Chess 6094:, Dublin: Chess Mail. 6061:. B. T. Batsford Ltd. 5829:Shibut, Macon (2004). 5599:Metzner, Paul (1998). 5319:Murray, H. J. R.: 1913 4957:"The History Of Chess" 4418:"The History Of Chess" 4314:List of chess variants 4213:internet livestreaming 4139: 4069: 3915:), founded in 1924 in 3854: 3803: 3767:held in London in 1851 3762: 3757:, playing white, beat 3702: 3651:took place in 1575 in 3644: 3539:developed elements of 3507:Luis Ramirez de Lucena 3444:A Russian set made of 3362:for more information. 3298: 3039: 2596:Otto IV of Brandenburg 2473:Disciplina Clericalis, 2394:, where it was called 2249: 1862:The appearance of the 1860: 1829: 1444:religious objections. 1339: 1166: 1156: 1152:South Slavic languages 1136: 1126: 1116: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1076: 1066: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1011: 1001:), but in the rest of 984: 973: 965: 957: 171:programmed chess games 151:World Chess Federation 75: 8911:Candidates Tournament 8799:Rook and pawn vs rook 8769:King and pawn vs king 8720:List of chess gambits 8623:King's Indian Defence 8301:Isolated Queen's Pawn 7825:List of chess players 7767:Top player comparison 7566:Internet chess server 7355:on 15 September 2016. 7139:Shenk, David (2007). 6811:My Great Predecessors 6725:Hooper, David Vincent 6697:Harding, Tim (2003). 6038:Kasparov 2003b, 2004a 5750:Hartston, W. (1985). 5739:worldchessnetwork.com 5166:history.chess.free.fr 4257:Further information: 4134: 4061: 3901:Nicholas II of Russia 3844: 3798: 3748: 3685: 3642: 3529:Giulio Cesare Polerio 3478:Staunton chess pieces 3293:The Chess Players by 3292: 3226:Check by pinned piece 2411:In the 14th century, 2342:clarify the paragraph 2240: 1855: 1807: 1562:an old Indian version 1467:. Mas'ūdī notes that 1326: 1300:by the 10th century. 66: 8628:Nimzo-Indian Defence 8524:Scandinavian Defense 8485:Semi-Italian Opening 8390:King's Indian Attack 8279:first-move advantage 7932:Threefold repetition 7857:Bobby Fischer Center 7742:Charlemagne chessmen 7736:Göttingen manuscript 7700: 7541:Correspondence chess 7362:"Chessmen and Chess" 7260:"The Indian Defense" 6660:. Crown Publishing. 6537:Bell, Robert Charles 6417:"Chess: Set design." 6167:on December 29, 2008 6092:64 Great Chess Games 6090:Harding, T. (2002). 6047:Kasparov 2003a, 2006 5345:. Hacker Art Books. 4822:the chess set's page 4384:David Shenk (2007). 4085:(champion 1972–75). 3863:José Raúl Capablanca 3847:José Raúl Capablanca 3598:Chess Club in 1824. 3462:L'analyse des échecs 3378:L'Analyse des échecs 3345:In some areas (e.g. 3340:history of the queen 2449:Alexander of Neckham 2400:. Chess appeared in 2334:confusing or unclear 2294:Ivan IV the Terrible 1276:through Persia, the 106:was taken up by the 8856:Two knights endgame 8608:Bogo-Indian Defence 8495:Two Knights Defense 8435:Nimzowitsch Defence 8125:Artificial castling 7762:Soviet chess school 7637:Dubrovnik chess set 7341:British Archaeology 7309:"The Game of Kings" 7189:. Greenwood Press. 6990:. Premier Pub. Co. 5666:"London Chess Club" 4929:Bell 1979, V.I p.66 4241:draws by repetition 3813:, an extraordinary 3697:player and analyst 3647:The first recorded 3561:Alexander McDonnell 3537:Ruy López de Segura 3365:An Italian player, 3307:Kingdom of Valencia 2662: 2553:Libro de los juegos 2461:Jacobus de Cessolis 1717:Chess game between 1338:on an 8×8 Ashtāpada 1246:Libro de los juegos 157:supercomputer beat 9086:endgame literature 8633:Old Indian Defense 8543:Accelerated Dragon 8415:Alekhine's Defence 8147:Checkmate patterns 8016:symbols in Unicode 8011:annotation symbols 7774:Geography of chess 7642:Staunton chess set 7438:2023-08-12 at the 7423:Chess for all ages 7314:Saudi Aramco World 7256:Anand, Viswanathan 7030:A History of Chess 6952:A History of India 6927:. Everyman Chess. 6900:. Everyman Chess. 6873:. Everyman Chess. 6846:. Everyman Chess. 6680:A History of Chess 6558:Bird, Henry Edward 6503:Banaschak, Peter. 6297:The New York Times 6267:The Michigan Daily 6191:The New York Times 6117:2020-05-18 at the 5959:2019-10-12 at the 5940:2016-06-12 at the 5753:The Kings of Chess 5651:2020-11-09 at the 5642:Bird, Henry Edward 5629:2008-05-12 at the 5505:2009-01-08 at the 5405:www.chessgames.com 4862:2018-06-14 at the 4827:2021-03-01 at the 4810:A History of Chess 4549:2011-05-16 at the 4140: 4070: 3960:Eduard Gerstenfeld 3867:Alexander Alekhine 3855: 3828:Johannes Zukertort 3804: 3763: 3759:Lionel Kieseritzky 3703: 3645: 3618:published his and 3570:Café de la Régence 3535:or Spanish bishop 3299: 2658: 2532:Louis IX of France 2522:, in which men of 2515:Saint Peter Damian 2483:had green and red 2250: 2092:: Tereg – Тэрэг – 2000:maka dai dai shogi 1843:mentions chess in 1805:, is given below: 1340: 1280:and the expanding 1012:lūdus scacc(h)ōrum 914:Rashidun Caliphate 910:conquest of Persia 796:algebraic notation 794:This example uses 76: 20:A History of Chess 9233: 9232: 9110:Chess periodicals 9039:Chess in the arts 8971:Chess composition 8809:Philidor position 8750: 8749: 8692:Trompowsky Attack 8675:Semi-Slav Defence 8565:Queen's Pawn Game 8445:Four Knights Game 8420:Caro–Kann Defence 8385:Zukertort Opening 8172:Discovered attack 7892:Cheating in chess 7729:Versus de scachis 7101:978-0-521-31536-4 7086:Needham, Joseph; 7040:978-0-936317-01-4 6626:. Facts on File. 6587:978-0-7864-9427-9 5925:(1970, p.223) by 5130:Ivan the Terrible 4883:Yalom 2004, p. 5. 4329:Timeline of chess 4294:Chess in the arts 4239:Rules concerning 4200:Viswanathan Anand 4075:Mikhail Botvinnik 4040:Samuil Vainshtein 3948:Sergey Belavenets 3897:chess grandmaster 3749:Animation of the 3719:Mikhail Botvinnik 3629:Handbook of Chess 3509:was published in 3224: 3223: 3037:. Its Latin name 3014: 3013: 2633:North-West Europe 2509:Ivan IV of Russia 2374: 2373: 2366: 2302:Benjamin Franklin 2144:was also played. 2074:: Temē – Тэмээ – 2059:: Noyon – Ноён – 1740:playing chess in 1627: 1626: 1478:Kelileh va Demneh 1453:military strategy 1400:Cox-Forbes theory 1288:carried chess to 1229:Iberian Peninsula 782: 781: 120:Emirate of Sicily 67:The 12th-century 61: 60: 9253: 9246:History of chess 9220:Chess portal 9218: 9217: 9161:Leela Chess Zero 9092:Oxford Companion 9044:early literature 9034:Chess aesthetics 8779:Pawnless endgame 8730:Bongcloud Attack 8708:List of openings 8680:Chigorin Defense 8618:Grünfeld Defence 8529:Sicilian Defence 8475:Ponziani Opening 8470:Philidor Defence 8465:Petrov's Defence 8407:King's Pawn Game 8380:Larsen's Opening 8343: 8342: 7704: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7384:. Archived from 7356: 7351:. Archived from 7326: 7303: 7243: 7219: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7146: 7127:Saidy, Anthony. 7124: 7105: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7070:. Archived from 7044: 7025:Murray, H. J. R. 7020: 7001: 6965: 6946: 6919: 6892: 6865: 6838: 6794:Reprint: (1996) 6793: 6787: 6779: 6759: 6748: 6720: 6693: 6671: 6637: 6618: 6591: 6554: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6334: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6109: 6103: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6017:. Archived from 6011: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5970: 5964: 5951: 5945: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5894:Kasparov (1983a) 5892: 5886: 5885: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5713: 5712: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5662: 5656: 5639: 5633: 5622: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5516: 5510: 5498:Calvo, Ricardo. 5496: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5397: 5391: 5380: 5374: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5339:Murray, H. J. R. 5335: 5329: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5260: 5257: 5248: 5245: 5234: 5231: 5220: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5109: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5075: 5066: 5055: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4832: 4818: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4770: 4769:Wilkins 2002: 48 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4723: 4714: 4713:Wilkins 2002: 46 4711: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4633: 4630: 4615: 4612: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4558: 4540: 4534: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4483: 4480: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4391: 4381: 4360: 4350: 4178:Vladimir Kramnik 4122:Tigran Petrosian 4004:David Przepiorka 3956:Achilles Frydman 3886:Aron Nimzowitsch 3845:World Champions 3823:Wilhelm Steinitz 3800:Wilhelm Steinitz 3661:Leonardo di Bona 3649:chess tournament 3604:Bernhard Horwitz 3489:Writings on the 3473: 3457: 3441: 3425: 3409: 3389: 3367:Gioacchino Greco 3295:Henry Fox Talbot 3243:passar battaglia 3129: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3054: 3042: 2663: 2657: 2616:Shapes of pieces 2607: 2592: 2565: 2544: 2518:in 13th-century 2399: 2392:Byzantine empire 2369: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2275:Byzantine Empire 2153:or Persian word 2083:: Morĭ – Морь – 1939:History of shogi 1851:good disposition 1733: 1714: 1695: 1680: 1668:, 12th century, 1655: 1499: 1498: 1305:Christian Church 1278:Byzantine empire 1219: 1213: 1212: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1089: 1079: 1069: 1063: 1050: 1040: 1030: 1020: 1014: 1000: 999: 987: 976: 968: 960: 935:after the early 907: 899: 891: 883: 875: 859:, respectively. 826: 818: 778: 777: 747: 746: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 607: 606: 600: 599: 593: 592: 586: 585: 579: 578: 572: 571: 565: 564: 558: 557: 543: 542: 536: 535: 529: 528: 522: 521: 515: 514: 508: 507: 501: 500: 494: 493: 479: 478: 472: 471: 465: 464: 458: 457: 451: 450: 444: 443: 437: 436: 430: 429: 415: 414: 408: 407: 401: 400: 394: 393: 387: 386: 380: 379: 373: 372: 366: 365: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 226: 225: 195: 194: 188: 139:chess tournament 98:. Following the 80:history of chess 56: 53: 47: 35: 34: 27: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9212: 9204: 9114: 9100:Chess libraries 9017: 8921:FIDE Grand Prix 8916:Chess World Cup 8870: 8866:Wrong rook pawn 8804:Lucena position 8746: 8696: 8613:Catalan Opening 8588:English Defence 8573:Budapest Gambit 8559: 8517:Austrian Attack 8401: 8370:English Opening 8332: 8328:School of chess 8311:Minority attack 8243: 8212:Queen sacrifice 8111: 7972: 7968:White and Black 7963:Touch-move rule 7922:Perpetual check 7917:Fifty-move rule 7873: 7709: 7706: 7613: 7483: 7478: 7440:Wayback Machine 7404: 7399: 7391: 7389: 7374:10.2307/3257111 7284:10.2307/2847098 7246: 7240: 7216: 7197: 7178: 7159: 7121: 7102: 7088:Ronan, Colin A. 7077: 7075: 7064:Needham, Joseph 7041: 7017: 6998: 6962: 6935: 6908: 6881: 6854: 6827: 6806:Kasparov, Garry 6781: 6780: 6768: 6745: 6709: 6690: 6676:Golombek, Harry 6668: 6654:Golombek, Harry 6634: 6607: 6588: 6551: 6526: 6518: 6516: 6493: 6484: 6476: 6474: 6463:"Chinese chess" 6461: 6453: 6451: 6438: 6430: 6428: 6415: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6289: 6285: 6276: 6274: 6259: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6143: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6119:Wayback Machine 6110: 6106: 6089: 6085: 6069: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6015:"Chess History" 6013: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5987: 5985: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5961:Wayback Machine 5952: 5948: 5942:Wayback Machine 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5841: 5827: 5823: 5806: 5805: 5793: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5716: 5709: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5653:Wayback Machine 5640: 5636: 5631:Wayback Machine 5611: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5507:Wayback Machine 5497: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5459: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5377: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5237: 5232: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5123: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5069: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864:Wayback Machine 4851: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4829:Wayback Machine 4819: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751:Hooper 1992: 74 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4636: 4631: 4618: 4613: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4561: 4551:Wayback Machine 4541: 4537: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4324:School of chess 4285: 4261: 4249:Perpetual check 4245:fifty-move rule 4221: 4196:Veselin Topalov 4156:Viktor Korchnoi 4056: 4036:Alexey Troitzky 4012:Vsevolod Rauzer 4008:Ilya Rabinovich 4000:Vladimir Petrov 3952:Henryk Friedman 3882:hypermodernists 3771:Adolf Anderssen 3755:Adolf Anderssen 3743: 3679:and resigning. 3637: 3580:Simpson's Divan 3533:Gioachino Greco 3485: 3482:Nathaniel Cooke 3474: 3465: 3458: 3449: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3390: 3287: 3281: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3092: 3050: 2653: 2651:Names of pieces 2618: 2611: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2566: 2557: 2550:playing chess, 2548:Knights Templar 2545: 2441:H. J. R. Murray 2417:Tamerlane chess 2402:Southern Europe 2370: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2339: 2330:This paragraph 2326: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2298:Morals of Chess 2263: 2228: 2222: 2186: 2118:Turkic language 2046: 2034: 2028: 1941: 1935: 1886: 1881: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1745: 1734: 1725: 1715: 1706: 1699:Shams-i Tabrīzī 1696: 1687: 1681: 1672: 1656: 1647: 1554:Persia and west 1321: 918:Arabic language 868:Sassanid Persia 801: 800: 799: 790: 789: 788: 775: 744: 223: 192: 184: 57: 51: 48: 45: 36: 32: 23: 12: 11: 5: 9259: 9249: 9248: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9143: 9141:Chess composer 9138: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8996:North American 8993: 8988: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8889:Chess Olympiad 8886: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8740:Scholar's mate 8737: 8732: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8655:Queen's Gambit 8652: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8598:Benoni Defence 8593:Indian Defence 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8536: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8509: 8507:Owen's Defence 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8437: 8432: 8430:Modern Defence 8427: 8425:French Defence 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Bird's Opening 8357: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8291:Pawn structure 8288: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8253: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8135:Alekhine's gun 8127: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8048:Half-open file 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7991:Chess notation 7988: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7948: 7946:Pawn promotion 7943: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7847:Women in chess 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7757:Hypermodernism 7754: 7752:Romantic chess 7749: 7747:Lewis chessmen 7744: 7739: 7732: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7623: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7585:world rankings 7577: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7514:Computer chess 7511: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7402:External links 7400: 7398: 7397: 7357: 7332: 7325:on 2009-07-20. 7304: 7267: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7238: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7195: 7182: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7136: 7125: 7119: 7106: 7100: 7083: 7060: 7045: 7039: 7021: 7015: 7002: 6996: 6980: 6966: 6960: 6947: 6933: 6920: 6906: 6893: 6879: 6866: 6852: 6839: 6825: 6817:Everyman Chess 6802: 6766: 6749: 6743: 6729:Whyld, Kenneth 6721: 6707: 6694: 6688: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6641:Forbes, Duncan 6638: 6633:978-0816011957 6632: 6619: 6605: 6592: 6586: 6573: 6555: 6549: 6532: 6525: 6524: 6499: 6492: 6491: 6482: 6459: 6436: 6413: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6321: 6283: 6253: 6215: 6177: 6152: 6123: 6104: 6083: 6067: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6003: 5994: 5980:. 2015-01-10. 5965: 5946: 5914: 5905: 5903:Kasparov 1983b 5896: 5887: 5872: 5854: 5839: 5821: 5791: 5773: 5766: 5742: 5728: 5714: 5707: 5689: 5671:Chessgames.com 5657: 5634: 5624:Online version 5609: 5591: 5573:Chessgames.com 5559: 5546: 5530: 5511: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5450: 5421: 5392: 5375: 5358: 5351: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5310:Vale 2001: 174 5303: 5301:Vale 2001: 151 5294: 5292:Vale 2001: 173 5282: 5280:Vale 2001: 152 5273: 5271:Vale 2001: 171 5261: 5259:Vale 2001: 177 5249: 5235: 5233:Vale 2001: 172 5221: 5212: 5198:(in Russian). 5182: 5153: 5134: 5121: 5104: 5087: 5067: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5012: 4986: 4974: 4948: 4931: 4919: 4910: 4898: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4845: 4833: 4813: 4802: 4785: 4783:Wilkinson 1943 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4715: 4703: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4634: 4616: 4590: 4573: 4559: 4542:Remus, Horst, 4535: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4484: 4482:Meri 2005: 148 4470: 4460: 4435: 4424:on 14 May 2011 4409: 4402: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4299:Computer chess 4296: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4220: 4217: 4205:Magnus Carlsen 4163:Garry Kasparov 4152:Anatoly Karpov 4104:Vasily Smyslov 4055: 4052: 4016:Nikolai Riumin 3992:Moishe Lowtzky 3851:Emanuel Lasker 3836:Emanuel Lasker 3783:Evergreen Game 3742: 3739: 3723:Vasily Smyslov 3636: 3633: 3600:Chess problems 3487: 3486: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3391: 3384: 3327:pawn promotion 3285:Chess in Spain 3280: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2937: 2936:Rochus/Marchio 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2812:(war elephant) 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2652: 2649: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2546: 2539: 2471:, in his work 2372: 2371: 2329: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2262: 2259: 2246:King Alfonso X 2224:Main article: 2221: 2218: 2185: 2182: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2063: 2045: 2042: 2030:Main article: 2027: 2024: 2016:taikyoku shogi 1982:shogi variants 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1808: 1803:British Museum 1781:Middle Persian 1762:Persian Empire 1747: 1746: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1723:Ludwig Deutsch 1716: 1709: 1707: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511:Original move 1509: 1506: 1503: 1360:archaeological 1320: 1317: 1309:Modern history 1282:Arabian empire 1222:plurale tantum 1193:call the game 1187: 1186: 1179: 807:originated in 803:Precursors to 793: 792: 783: 780: 779: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 740: 739: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 676: 675: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 612: 611: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 548: 547: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 484: 483: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 424: 420: 419: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 356: 355: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 292: 291: 288: 281: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 228: 227: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 186: 185: 183: 180: 159:Garry Kasparov 153:. In 1997, an 127:Romantic chess 69:Lewis chessmen 59: 58: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9258: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9201: 9200:Solving chess 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:Chess prodigy 9188: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9173:Chess problem 9171: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:opening books 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9069:short stories 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022:Art and media 9020: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:triangulation 8832: 8830: 8829:Tarrasch rule 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8789:Queen vs pawn 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8645:London System 8643: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:Modern Benoni 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8583:Dutch Defence 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460:King's Gambit 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8375:Grob's Attack 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8365:Dunst Opening 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8355:Benko Opening 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8347:Flank opening 8344: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102:Transposition 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7852:Chess museums 7850: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Notable games 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 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7253: 7251: 7250: 7241: 7239:0-415-24545-1 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7215:0-06-009064-2 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7196:0-313-31711-9 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7177:0-19-926993-9 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7158:9780385510103 7154: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7120:0-521-31560-3 7116: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7090:(June 1985). 7089: 7084: 7074:on 2008-12-05 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055:Book of Games 7052: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7016:0-415-96690-6 7012: 7009:. Routledge. 7008: 7003: 6999: 6997:0-9637852-2-2 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6978:0-313-32772-6 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6961:0-415-32920-5 6957: 6954:. Routledge. 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6934:1-85744-404-3 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907:1-85744-395-0 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6880:1-85744-371-3 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6853:1-85744-342-X 6849: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6826:1-85744-330-6 6822: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6801: 6800:0-19-280049-3 6797: 6791: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6767:0-19-866164-9 6763: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6746: 6744:0-19-866164-9 6740: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6708:0-486-29029-8 6704: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6689:0-7100-8266-5 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6667:0-517-53146-1 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6606:0-679-14550-8 6602: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6580:. McFarland. 6579: 6574: 6571: 6570:1-60620-897-7 6567: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6550:0-486-23855-5 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6514: 6510: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6488: 6483: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6342: 6338: 6337:www.fide.com/ 6331: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6142:on 2009-03-18 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6100:0-9538536-4-0 6097: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6068:0-7134-7296-0 6064: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6021:on 2007-04-30 6020: 6016: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5927:Anne Sunnucks 5924: 5918: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5873:0-7864-1193-7 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5840:0-486-43574-1 5836: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5792:0-7867-0587-6 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5767:0-06-015358-X 5763: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5708:9780813232812 5704: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5610:0-520-20684-3 5606: 5602: 5595: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5531:0-8166-4164-1 5527: 5523: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5483: 5474: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5440:on 2009-09-26 5439: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5352:0-87817-211-4 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5287: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4962: 4959:. ChessZone. 4958: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4843:Bell 1979: 57 4840: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4766: 4760:Kulke 2004: 9 4757: 4748: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555:The Silk Road 4552: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4403:9780385510103 4399: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 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1996:dai dai shogi 1993: 1992:tenjiku shogi 1989: 1988: 1987:Shōgi Zushiki 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1971:Courier chess 1968: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1776:and a pupil. 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1738:Qajar dynasty 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1645:Iran (Persia) 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502:Original name 1501: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:Duncan Forbes 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1008: 1004: 994: 991: 986: 981: 977: 975: 969: 967: 961: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 903: 895: 890: 889: 879: 874: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 822: 817: 816: 810: 806: 797: 786: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 742: 741: 737: 734: 730: 727: 723: 720: 716: 713: 709: 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8395:Réti Opening 8318:Piece values 8306:Maróczy Bind 8267:the exchange 8257:Compensation 8187:Interference 8177:Double check 7951:Time control 7938: 7912:by agreement 7840:grandmasters 7784:South Africa 7734: 7727: 7714: 7703:Score sheets 7649:Chess pieces 7556:Online chess 7502:Chess titles 7497:Chess theory 7390:. 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In 1927, 3849:(left) and 3811:Paul Morphy 3753:, in which 3735:sealed move 3653:El Escorial 3612:Samuel Loyd 3608:Josef Kling 3592:chess clubs 3396:drawn from 3360:Vida's poem 2958:Torre/Rocco 2801:Dama/Reina 2792:Rainha/Dama 2629:men at arms 2447:works e.g. 2177:= "lion"). 2173:= "tiger", 2120:) include: 1910:David H. Li 1505:Modern name 1457:mathematics 1431:Mahabharata 1427:epic poetry 1421:, the word 1356:number zero 1206:Middle East 135:Hypermodern 9183:joke chess 9136:Chess club 8824:opposition 8286:Middlegame 8274:Initiative 8197:Pawn storm 8162:Deflection 8033:Key square 8023:Fianchetto 7956:Fast chess 7940:En passant 7632:chessboard 7444:Yad Vashem 7392:2010-05-14 7078:2008-12-11 6519:2008-12-11 6477:2007-10-28 6454:2007-10-28 6431:2007-10-28 6315:2023-07-19 6277:2023-07-19 6247:2023-04-30 6209:2022-09-07 6171:2008-12-17 6146:2007-12-13 6025:2008-01-07 5988:2021-01-30 5444:2021-10-31 5415:2021-11-07 5247:Gamer 1954 5206:2019-10-13 5176:2019-10-13 4906:Eales 1985 4367:References 4353:R. C. Bell 4209:Ding Liren 4137:Ding Liren 4096:Candidates 4091:Interzonal 3790:Opera game 3727:Jan Timman 3699:Paul Keres 3670:, and the 3515:Portuguese 3505:churchman 3283:See also: 3238:en passant 2967:Turn/Tură 2881:Fars/Hisan 2845:Councillor 2829:Episcopus/ 2789:Reina/Dama 2777:Wazīr/Firz 2767:(Minister) 2761:(Minister) 2690:Portuguese 2485:chess sets 2453:De scaccis 2433:vernacular 2386:empire to 2336:to readers 2267:Old Russia 2220:Arab world 2208:people in 1927:Niu Sengru 1841:Al-Ghazali 1824:Bozorgmehr 1770:Ardashir I 1742:Mazandaran 1473:backgammon 1423:chaturaṅga 1389:Saturankam 1381:chaturanga 1377:backgammon 1344:chaturanga 1336:chaturanga 1264:pilgrims, 1243:named the 1237:backgammon 1057:Old French 982:it became 980:Portuguese 837:elephantry 815:chaturaṅga 785:Chaturanga 116:Al Andalus 84:chaturanga 9166:Stockfish 9156:Deep Blue 9151:AlphaZero 9059:paintings 8851:Tablebase 8815:Strategy 8725:Irregular 8480:Ruy Lopez 8440:Open Game 8207:Sacrifice 8167:Desperado 8070:connected 8043:Open file 8038:King walk 7996:algebraic 7927:Stalemate 7902:Checkmate 7627:Chess set 7619:Equipment 7349:1357-4442 7300:162079385 6862:223906486 6835:223602528 6808:(2003a). 6784:cite book 6599:. McKay. 6485:"Shogi". 6305:0362-4331 6237:0261-3077 6199:0362-4331 5978:chess.com 5809:cite book 5619:185289629 5540:217447754 5005:1 October 4531:pp. 119ff 4456:pp. 51-52 4448:pp. 26-27 4224:Stalemate 3677:checkmate 3620:Bilguer's 3596:Edinburgh 3511:Salamanca 3484:from 1849 3476:Original 3416:1497 book 3331:Checkmate 3257:promoting 2921:(chariot) 2702:Romanian 2577:Alfonso X 2507:and Tsar 2501:Alfonso X 2497:Richard I 2397:zatrikion 2290:shakhmaty 2198:Yukaghirs 2142:hiashatar 2132:(horse), 2128:(camel), 2050:Mongolian 2010:(11×11), 2004:tai shogi 1998:(17×17), 1994:(16×16), 1975:sho shogi 1967:chu shogi 1963:dai shogi 1925:minister 1879:East Asia 1833:Shahnameh 1786:Shahnameh 1719:Tha'ālibī 1631:stalemate 1490:stalemate 1483:Nushirwan 1465:astronomy 1412:chaturaji 1404:Hiram Cox 1393:ashtāpada 1368:ashtāpada 1266:Silk Road 1217:shakhmaty 1197:, and in 1162:Hungarian 1122:Norwegian 1018:scacc(h)ī 998:ζατρίκιον 993:zatrikion 988:, and in 926:checkmate 841:chariotry 9240:Category 9225:Category 9178:glossary 8839:Zugzwang 8819:fortress 8756:Endgames 8665:Declined 8660:Accepted 8338:Openings 8296:Hedgehog 8262:Exchange 8249:Strategy 8229:Windmill 8080:isolated 8065:backward 7887:Castling 7830:amateurs 7723:Timeline 7597:Variants 7551:Glossary 7534:software 7519:glossary 7436:Archived 7272:Speculum 7249:Journals 7226:(1915). 7224:Firdausí 7066:(1962). 7027:(1913). 6986:(1998). 6943:52949851 6916:52949851 6889:52949851 6813:, part I 6776:25508610 6731:(1992). 6717:33166445 6678:(1976). 6656:(1977). 6643:(1860). 6615:17340178 6560:(1893). 6539:(1979). 6513:Archived 6471:Archived 6469:. 2007. 6448:Archived 6446:. 2007. 6425:Archived 6423:. 2007. 6350:July 22, 6341:Archived 6309:Archived 6271:Archived 6241:Archived 6203:Archived 6115:Archived 6081:, p. 16. 6077:29386838 5982:Archived 5957:Archived 5938:Archived 5882:48550929 5849:55639730 5819:, p. 14. 5801:40209258 5676:Archived 5649:Archived 5627:Archived 5578:Archived 5544:P. 152ff 5503:Archived 5409:Archived 5200:Archived 5170:Archived 4999:Archived 4961:Archived 4860:Archived 4825:Archived 4547:Archived 4428:29 March 4283:See also 4243:and the 4234:Castling 4119:Armenian 4110:prodigy 3909:Marshall 3905:Tarrasch 3875:Max Euwe 3808:American 3787:Morphy's 3715:Max Euwe 3695:Estonian 3545:endgames 3541:openings 3522:Italians 3414:Lucena's 3319:Valencia 3305:(in the 3259:a pawn.) 3250:castling 2975:Shoinnya 2944:Margrave 2907:Cavalier 2699:Catalan 2666:Sanskrit 2641:pedinus, 2493:Henry II 2445:didactic 2377:Shatranj 2354:May 2013 2277:and the 2255:Ethiopia 2232:shatranj 2226:Shatranj 2194:Tunguses 2044:Mongolia 2026:Thailand 2012:ko shogi 2008:wa shogi 1990:details 1899:checkers 1816:Chosroes 1791:Ferdowsi 1766:chatrang 1759:Sassanid 1666:fritware 1662:shatranj 1548:elephant 1461:gambling 1419:Sanskrit 1385:Dasapada 1373:Sanskrit 1348:checkers 1334:playing 1313:variants 1270:Far East 1262:Buddhist 1251:European 1199:Ethiopia 1172:Romanian 949:shaṭerej 888:shatranj 873:chatrang 829:infantry 821:Sanskrit 96:Shatranj 9126:Arbiter 9119:Related 8976:Solving 8966:Amateur 8548:Najdorf 8130:Battery 8117:Tactics 8092:Swindle 8075:doubled 8055:Outpost 7986:Blunder 7801:Armenia 7715:History 7561:Premove 7529:engines 7524:matches 7489:Outline 7446:website 7382:3257111 7292:2847098 6489:. 2002. 6411:. 2002. 6402:. 2002. 6393:. 2002. 6384:. 2002. 6375:. 2002. 6136:Reuters 5933:in his 4984:Li 1998 4108:Latvian 3931:master 3929:English 3873:player 3853:in 1925 3707:Bristol 3689:of the 3559:master 3503:Spanish 3448:, 1750s 3394:woodcut 3352:A poem 3315:Catalan 3040:alfinus 2946:/Castle 2910:Cavall 2904:Cavallo 2898:Caballo 2872:(horse) 2855:Alfiere 2833:/Calvus 2804:Regină 2770:Vazīr ( 2693:Italian 2687:Spanish 2684:English 2678:Turkish 2672:Persian 2669:Bengali 2645:footman 2643:or the 2575:. 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