History of Athens - Knowledge

2622: 1695: 2669: 1950: 1723: 2677: 2352: 1596: 356: 158: 186: 432: 64: 2487: 2761: 872: 131: 1301: 748: 440: 145: 972: 227: 1151: 214: 200: 172: 2721: 2378:, so that he was nicknamed "the Good". English visitors during the 1760s report a population of around 10,000 inhabitants, around four-fifths of which were Christians. The Turkish community numbered several families established in the city since the Ottoman conquest; and their relations with their Christian neighbours were friendlier than elsewhere, as they had assimilated themselves to a degree, even to the point of drinking wine. The climate was healthy, but the city relied chiefly on pasture—practiced by the 2579: 2778: 2148: 472:. Ancient Athens, in the first millennium BC, occupied a very small area compared to the sprawling metropolis of modern Greece. The ancient walled city encompassed an area measuring about two kilometres (1.5 mi) from east to west and slightly less than that from north to south, although at its peak the ancient city had suburbs extending well beyond these walls. The Acropolis was situated just south of the centre of this walled area. 1057: 240: 2426: 856:. It supplied, among other structures, the fountain house in the southeast corner of the Agora, but it had a number of branches. In the 4th century BC it was replaced by a system of terracotta pipes in a stone-built underground channel, sometimes called the Hymettos aqueduct; many sections had round, oval or square access holes on top of about 10 cm × 10 cm (4 2249:

lasted for six months, and both the Venetians and the Ottomans participated in the looting of the Parthenon. One of its western pediments was removed, causing even more damage to the structure. During the Venetian occupation, the two mosques of the city were converted into Catholic and Protestant churches, but on 9 April 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens again to the Ottomans.

1763:"). The conversion of the empire from paganism to Christianity greatly affected Athens, resulting in reduced reverence for the city. Ancient monuments such as the Parthenon, Erechtheion and the Hephaisteion (Theseion) were converted into churches. As the empire became increasingly anti-pagan, Athens became a provincial town and experienced fluctuating fortunes. 2340:, a native Muslim, destroyed one of the pillars of the Temple of Olympian Zeus to provide material for a fifth mosque for the city—an illegal act, as the temple was considered the Sultan's property. In the next year, Athens was removed from the purview of the Kizlar Agha and transferred to the privy purse of the Sultan. Henceforth it would be leased as a 2406:

and seized much property from them. Through protests in Constantinople, the Athenians achieved his recall several times, but Haseki always returned, until his final downfall and execution in 1795. Haseki's early tenure also saw two large Muslim Albanian raids into Attica, as a response to which he ordered the construction of a new city wall, the "

695: 532:, cuttings in the rock have been identified as the location of a Mycenaean palace. Between 1250 and 1200 BC, to feed the needs of the Mycenaean settlement, a staircase was built down a cleft in the rock to reach a water supply that was protected from enemy incursions, comparable to similar works carried out at Mycenae. 669: – the bringing together into one home – created the largest and wealthiest state on the Greek mainland, but it also created a larger class of people excluded from political life by the nobility. By the 7th century BC, social unrest had become widespread, and the Areopagus appointed 4561:

Laonicus Chalcocondyles Byzantine historianal so spelled Laonicus Chalcondyles or Laonikos Chalkokondyles born c. 1423, Athens, Greece, Byzantine Empire died 1490? Chalcocondyles was a great admirer of Herodotus and roused the interest of contemporary Italian humanists in that ancient historian. He

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wrote an account of the city's affairs in the 1770s, Athens was once again enjoying some prosperity, so that, according to Benizelos, it "could be cited as an example to the other cities of Greece". Its Greek population possessed a considerable degree of self-government, under a council of primates

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was cruel and tyrannical, and the twenty years of his on-and-off rule over the city represented one of the worst periods in the city's history. Supported by the city's aristocratic families, and his relationship with the Sultan's sister, who was his lover, he extorted large sums from the populace,

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was dismantled by the Ottomans to fortify the Parthenon. A shot fired during the bombardment of the Acropolis caused a powder magazine in the Parthenon to explode (26 September), and the building was severely damaged, giving it largely the appearance it has today. The Venetian occupation of Athens

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raids in the 8th–9th centuries—in 896, Athens was raided and possibly occupied for a short period, an event which left some archaeological remains and elements of Arabic ornamentation in contemporary buildings—but there is also evidence of a mosque existing in the city at the time. In the great

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In 1822, a Greek insurgency captured the city, but it fell to the Ottomans again in 1826 (though Acropolis held till June 1827). Again the ancient monuments suffered badly. The Ottoman forces remained in possession until March 1833, when they withdrew. At that time, the city (as throughout the

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while he visited Egypt, according to which a well advanced Athenian state was established 9,000 years prior to his time that preceded Egypt's oldest kingdom by a thousand years. The laws of that state were the most just and largely inspired the various kings of Egypt when making laws for their

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in 1981 brought a flood of new investment to the city, but also increasing social and environmental problems. Athens had some of the worst traffic congestion and air pollution in the world at that time. This posed a new threat to the ancient monuments of Athens, as traffic vibration weakened

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Due to its poor handling of the war, the democracy in Athens was briefly overthrown by a coup in 411 BC; however, it was quickly restored. The Peloponnesian War ended in 404 BC with the complete defeat of Athens. Since the loss of the war was largely blamed on democratic politicians such as

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Athens was chosen as the Greek capital for historical and sentimental reasons. There are few buildings dating from the period of the Byzantine Empire or the 18th century. Once the capital was established, a modern city plan was laid out and public buildings were erected.

1128:, which began in 431 BC and pitted Athens and its increasingly rebellious overseas empire against a coalition of land-based states led by Sparta. The conflict was a drawn out one that saw Sparta control the land while Athens was dominant at sea, however the disastrous 1493:. To consolidate power against Cassander, Polyperchon restored Athens's democracy, as it was before the Lamian War. However, after losing the fleet one year prior, Polyperchon had to flee Macedon when in 316 BC Cassander secured control of Athens. Cassander appointed 2559:, was proclaimed King of Greece. He adopted the Greek spelling of his name, King Othon, as well as Greek national dress, and made it one of his first tasks as king to conduct a detailed archaeological and topographical survey of Athens, his new capital. He assigned 806:

and freeing up trade and commerce, which allowed the emergence of a prosperous urban trading class. Politically, Solon divided the Athenians into four classes, based on their wealth and their ability to perform military service. The poorest class, the

934:, a council which governed Athens on a day-to-day basis. The Assembly was open to all citizens and was both a legislature and a supreme court, except in murder cases and religious matters, which became the only remaining functions of the Areopagus. 1928:

in Athens. Almost all of the most important Middle Byzantine churches in and around Athens were built during these two centuries, and this reflects the growth of the town in general. However, this medieval prosperity was not to last. In 1204, the

1263:, one of the wealthiest Athenian aristocratic oligarchs, campaigned for Philip II during the Battle of Chaeronea and proposed in the Assembly decrees honoring Alexander the Great for the Macedonian victory. Philippides was prosecuted in trial by 455:

period, perhaps as a defensible settlement, around the end of the fourth millennium BC or a little later. The site is a natural defensive position which commands the surrounding plains. It is located about 20 km (12 mi) inland from the

1710:, the city to the north of the Acropolis was hastily refortified on a smaller scale, with the agora left outside the walls. Athens remained a centre of learning and philosophy during its 500 years of Roman rule, patronized by emperors such as 1271:

widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete. Athens remained a wealthy city with a brilliant cultural life, but ceased to be a leading power. The period following the death of Alexander in 323 BC is known as

1913:, Attica and the rest of Greece prospered. Archaeological evidence tells us that the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the 11th century and continuing until the end of the 12th century. 1690:

commemorates the foundation of the city by Hadrian, with the "city of Theseus" referred to on its inscription on one side of the arch, and the new quarter erected by Hadrian around the Temple of Zeus called the "city of Hadrian".

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One of the most important religious sites in ancient Athens was the Temple of Athena, known today as the Parthenon, which stood on top of the Acropolis, where its evocative ruins still stand. Two other major religious sites, the

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was founded under the name of Poseidonia at about 600 BC.) A sacred olive tree said to be the one created by the goddess was still kept on the Acropolis at the time of Pausanias (2nd century AD). It was located by the temple of

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in Crete. This position may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world, its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea, which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as

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The agora or marketplace, which had been deserted since late antiquity, began to be built over, and soon the town became an important centre for the production of soaps and dyes. The growth of the town attracted the

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requested to be patrons of the city and to give their name to it, so they competed with offering the city one gift each. Poseidon produced a spring by striking the ground with his trident, symbolizing naval power.

2225:) to Basilica, one of his favourite concubines, who hailed from the city, in response of complaints of maladministration by the local governors. After her death, Athens came under the purview of the Kizlar Agha. 2467:(Demonstrations of History) and was a great admirer of the ancient writer Herodotus, encouraging the interest of contemporary Italian humanists in that ancient historian. In the 17th century, Athenian-born 4686:

Milton here refuses a request from Philaras for the assistance of his pen in the freeing of the Greeks from Turkish rule on the basis of his confidence that only those people are slaves who deserve to be.

1815:) banned the teaching of philosophy by pagans in 529, an event whose impact on the city is much debated, but is generally taken to mark the end of the ancient history of Athens. Athens was sacked by the 840:

does not mean a cruel and despotic ruler, merely one who took power by force. Peisistratos was in fact a very popular ruler, who made Athens wealthy, powerful, and a centre of culture. He preserved the

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Leonardos Filaras (1595–1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608–1674) attest Filaras's patriiotic crusade.

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in 1071, and the ensuing civil wars, largely passed the region by and Athens continued its provincial existence unharmed. When the Byzantine Empire was rescued by the resolute leadership of the three

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Alan Cameron, "The Last Days of the Academy at Athens," in A. Cameron, Wandering Poets and Other Essays on Late Greek Literature and Philosophy, 2016, (Oxford University Press: Oxford), pp. 205-246

2745:. Following the failed attempt to secure the 1996 Olympics, both the city of Athens and the Greek government, aided by European Union funds, undertook major infrastructure projects such as the new 2324:, Sari Muselimi. His abuse of power led to protests by both the Greeks and the Turks; Sari Muselimi killed some of the notables who protested, whereupon the populace burned down his residence. The 1757:, both languages had been used. In the later Roman period, Athens was ruled by the emperors continuing until the 13th century, its citizens identifying themselves as citizens of the Roman Empire (" 1419:, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. The city became, in Pericles's words, "the school of Hellas ." 63: 2567:

to complete this task. At that time, Athens had a population of only 4,000 to 5,000, residing in a scattering of houses at the foot of the Acropolis, located in what today covers the district of

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did not treat them well and heed their opinion, he was liable to be removed before his annual term of office was out—particularly through the influence at Constantinople of the two Athenian-born

1804:) in 396, however, dealt a heavy blow to the city's fabric and fortunes, and Athens was henceforth confined to a small fortified area that embraced a fraction of the ancient city. The emperor 4533:

Demetrius Chalcondyles published the first printed editions of Homer (1488), of Isocrates (1493), and of the Suda lexicon (1499), and a Greek grammar (Erotemata) in question-and-answer form.

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LEONARD PHILARAS or VILLERET (c. 1595–1673) Philaras was born in Athens of good family and spent his childhood there. His youth was passed in Rome, where he was educated, and his manhood

2463:(c. 1423–1490) was also a native of Athens, a notable scholar and Byzantine historian and one of the most valuable of the later Greek historians. He was the author of the valuable work 4716: 1789:)—and consequently a center of paganism. Christian items do not appear in the archaeological record until the early 5th century. The sack of the city by the Herules in 267 and by the 1745:, and with the construction and expansion of the imperial city, many of Athens's works of art were taken by the emperors to adorn it. The Empire became Christianized, and the use of 565:

and other locations, are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BC onwards Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region; as were

1259:'s armies defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes, forcing them into a confederation and effectively limiting Athenian independence. 1921:, and various other traders who frequented the ports of the Aegean, to Athens. This interest in trade appears to have further increased the economic prosperity of the town. 4734: 2621: 2049:, it replaced Athens as the capital and seat of government, although Athens remained the most influential ecclesiastical centre in the duchy and site of a prime fortress. 895:). This led Hippias to establish a real dictatorship, which proved very unpopular. He was overthrown in 510 BC. A radical politician with an aristocratic background named 1481:

in 320 BC, leaving Antipater alone to rule for a year, until his death in 319 BC. Athens had a central role in the struggle for his succession, when Antipater's son,

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The writer was a Greek, Leonard Philaras (or Villere, as he was known in France), an able diplomat and scholar, ambassador to the French court from the Duke of Parma

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strove for objectivity and, in spite of some inaccuracies and the interpolation of far-fetched anecdotes, is one of the most valuable of the later Greek historians.

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and a new metro system. The city also tackled air pollution by restricting the use of cars in the center of the city. As a result, Athens won its bid to host the

1659:, which mostly survives to the present day. Under Roman rule, Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools. The Roman emperor 2261:

composed of the leading aristocratic families, along with the city's metropolitan bishop. The community was quite influential with the Ottoman authorities, the

2444:(1424–1511), who became a celebrated Renaissance teacher of Greek and of Platonic philosophy in Italy. Chalcondyles published the first printed editions of 2422:

was extracted and replaced with a plaster mold. All in all, fifty pieces of sculpture were carried away, including three fragments purchased by the French.

598:, a situation which may have continued up until the 9th century BC. From later accounts, it is believed that these kings stood at the head of a land-owning 4590:

The Athenian politician and medical doctor Leonardos Philaras (1595–1673) was an advisor to the French court, enjoying the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu

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foundations and air pollution corroded marble. The city's environmental and infrastructure problems were the main reason why Athens failed to secure the

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in 267 AD, resulting in the burning of all the public buildings, the plundering of the lower city and the damaging of the Agora and Acropolis. After the

5985: 5726: 1553:(171–168), after which Macedonian territory was divided into four client republics and Macedonia was formally annexed to the Roman Republic after the 4205: 4698: 4630: 865: 1106:. Athens then took the war to Asia Minor. These victories enabled it to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the 647:. In addition, no evidence exists of any possible cultural or other ties between Egypt and any part of present-day Greece at such early a date. 5644: 5332: 5053: 4116: 4010: 943:(generals) were elected. This system remained remarkably stable and, with a few brief interruptions, it remained in place for 170 years, until 3742: 524:

civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic

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From Polis to Empire--The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C. - A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary (The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World)

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in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of

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Following World War II the city began to grow again as people migrated from the villages and islands to find work. Greek entry into the

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This peaceful situation was interrupted in 1752–1753, when the execution of the previous Kizlar Agha resulted in the dispatch of a new

1634: 2753:. Despite the skepticism of many observers, the games were a success and brought renewed prestige and tourism revenue to Athens. The 2334:

intervened and restored order, imprisoning the metropolitan bishop and imposing a heavy fine on the Greek community. In 1759 the new

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Under Ottoman rule, Athens was denuded of any importance and its population severely declined, leaving it as a "small country town" (

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The Macedonians in Athens, 322-229 B.C. proceedings of an international conference held at the University of Athens, May 24-26, 2001

2107:. At some point during the Aragonese period, the Acropolis was further fortified and the Athenian archdiocese received an extra two 1355:

Some of the most important figures of Western cultural and intellectual history lived in Athens during this period: the dramatists

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The political organization of Attica: a study of the demes, trittyes, and phylai, and their representation in the Athenian Council

821:(Assembly). But only the upper classes could hold political office. The Areopagus continued to exist but its powers were reduced. 555:

element. However, Athens, like many other Bronze Age settlements, went into economic decline for around 150 years following this.

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of 1770 the Athenians, with the exception of the younger men, remained cautious and passive, even when the Greek rebel chieftain

1694: 891:. They proved to be much less adept rulers and in 514 BC, Hipparchus was assassinated in a private dispute over a young man (see 2668: 5978: 5690: 2519: 2515: 988: 487:, where the Athenian Assembly met, lay at the western end of the city. The Eridanus (Ηριδανός) river flowed through the city. 5163: 5133: 5112: 5091: 5018: 4978: 4938: 4880: 4856: 4816: 4408: 4269: 3986: 2292: 2479:'s ambassador to the French court, spending much of his career trying to persuade western European intellectuals to support 5823: 2394:

seized Salamis. Nevertheless, it was only thanks to the intervention of Ismail Agha that the city was spared a massacre as

2053: 1962: 2082:. It was held by the Catalans until 1388. After 1379, when Thebes was lost, Athens became the capital of the duchy again. 908:('tribes') with ten new ones, named after legendary heroes and having no class basis; they were in fact electorates. Each 638:. In this dialogue, a story is told about information given to Athenian leader Solon from Egyptian priests of the goddess 5900: 5568: 3437: 1727: 1074:: Owl standing facing, ΑΘΕ (ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ – of Athenians). Commemorative issue, representing the Athenian military domination. 643:

kingdom. This story is not supported by any scholarly evidence, as no Athenian state is known to have existed during the

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of Attica—rather than agriculture. It exported leather, soap, grain, oil, honey, wax, resin, a little silk, cheese, and

5700: 5583: 4260: 3864: 1754: 815:) who formed the majority of the population, received political rights for the first time and were able to vote in the 399:, but a shoot sprung from the stump. The Greeks saw this as a symbol that Athena still had her mark there on the city. 2185:. As the Ottoman Sultan rode into the city, he was greatly struck by the beauty of its ancient monuments and issued a 1336:

conquest marked the zenith of Athens as a center of literature, philosophy, and the arts. In Athens at this time, the

479:, the commercial and social centre of the city, lay about 400 m (1,300 ft) north of the Acropolis, in what is now the 5971: 5680: 5407: 5226: 5207: 5070: 5037: 4997: 4957: 4917: 4835: 4795: 4653: 4611: 4583: 4498: 4372: 4321: 4225: 4136: 3956: 3926: 3707: 2642: 2529:

Ottoman period) had a small population of an estimated 400 houses, mostly located around the Acropolis in the Plaka.

828:, but in the short-term it failed to quell class conflict and after twenty years of unrest the popular party, led by 340: 17: 4078:: "Antipater (c.400-319 B.C) Antipater was a Macedonian nobleman who served Kings Philip II and Alexander the Great" 2414:, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, arranged for the removal of many sculptures from the Parthenon (the 2348:, a form of tax farming where the owner bought the proceeds of the city for a fixed sum, and enjoyed them for life. 1225:. But then the Greek cities (including Athens and Sparta) turned against Thebes, whose dominance was stopped at the 319:

explaining how Athens acquired this name through the legendary contest between Poseidon and Athena was described by

283:(12th and 13th centuries), benefiting from Italian trade. Following a period of sharp decline under the rule of the 5721: 5685: 5578: 5355: 4753: 3497: 3445: 3009: 1683: 888: 496: 324: 1722: 5530: 5475: 2988: 2411: 2256:'s visit in the city in the 1720s, he witnessed much construction going on, and by the time the Athenian teacher 2229: 1954: 1949: 876: 2177:

attack on Athens, which involved a short-lived occupation of the town, came in 1397, under the Ottoman generals

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were present inside Athens to fight against the occupation. Following the liberation of Greece and the ensuing

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Sparta's former allies soon turned against her, due to her imperialist policy, and soon Athens' former enemies

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The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996)

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and Timurtash. Finally, in 1458, Athens was captured by the Ottomans under the personal leadership of Sultan

539:, it is unclear whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BC, an event traditionally attributed to a 4545: 2130:, but they ultimately emerged victorious after seven years of Venetian rule (1395–1402). The descendants of 264:

in the first millennium BC, and its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of

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Peisistratus built the first aqueduct tunnel at Athens, which most likely had its sources on the slopes of

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or Olympeion (once the largest temple in mainland Greece but now in ruins) also lay within the city walls.

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to Athens; they also fortified the Acropolis. They were themselves influenced by Byzantine Greek culture.

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as head of the administration of Athens. Demetrius remained in power until 307 BC when Cassander's enemy,

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The reforms that Solon initiated dealt with both political and economic issues. The economic power of the

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In 479 BC, the Athenians and Spartans, with their allies, defeated the Persian army conclusively at the

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Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years.

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The Greek anthology in France and in the Latin writers of the Netherlands to the year 1800 Volume 28

5952: 5621: 5480: 5450: 3595: 3392: 3351: 2973: 2386:, chiefly to Constantinople and France. The city hosted a French and an English consul. During the 1879: 1687: 544: 205: 5174: 4899:

Geagan, Daniel J. (1979). "Roman Athens: Some Aspects of Life and Culture I. 86 B.C. – A.D. 267".

2410:", which was partly constructed with material taken from ancient monuments. Between 1801 and 1805 1995:

during the Crusades. Along with rest of Byzantine Greece, Athens was part of the series of feudal

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to draft a strict new code of law (hence the word 'draconian'). When this failed, they appointed

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A Hand-book for Travellers in the Ionian Islands, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Constantinople

4424: 3271: 2654: 2630: 2441: 2300: 2232:. In 1640, a lightning bolt struck the Propylaea, causing its destruction. In 1687, during the 1542: 1498: 1260: 1215: 931: 386:, accepted the olive tree and named the city after Athena. (Later the Southern Italian city of 336: 5361: 4217: 4209: 4128: 2760: 2285:(Islamic prelate), and the garrison commander of the Acropolis—according to Benizelos, if the 1819:

in 582, but remained in imperial hands thereafter, as highlighted by the visit of the emperor

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began as refugee settlements on the Athens outskirts and the population of the city doubled.

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fled to the Acropolis, where he was besieged by the Athenians, until the Ottoman governor of

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which is still in use, several temples and sanctuaries, a bridge, and finally completed the

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Early Athens: Settlements and Cemeteries in the Submycenaean, Geometric and Archaic Periods

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Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis

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View of part of central Athens and some of the city's southern suburbs from Lykavittos Hill

2750: 2742: 2615: 2587: 2486: 1867: 1771: 1738: 1550: 1522: 1300: 1256: 1178:, there was a brief reaction against democracy, aided by the Spartan army (the rule of the 944: 517: 492: 110: 4214:

Preserving the World's Great Cities:The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis

2331: 1979:

From 1204 until 1458, Athens was ruled by Latins in three separate periods, following the

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severely weakened Athens and the war eventually ended in an Athenian defeat following the

8: 6166: 6031: 6026: 5828: 5535: 5505: 5485: 5440: 5350: 3738: 3606: 3219: 2959: 2599: 2564: 1958: 1894: 1883: 1648: 1268: 1129: 1070: 794:

was reduced by forbidding the enslavement of Athenian citizens as a punishment for debt (

770: 757: 714: 704: 606:(the 'well-born'), whose instrument of government was a Council which met on the Hill of 448: 407: 395:, next to the Parthenon. According to Herodotus, the tree had been burnt down during the 312: 69: 4491:

Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world

4478:. London and New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, The Macmillan Company. 520:, or over 5,000 years. By 1412 BC, the settlement had become an important center of the 6076: 5611: 5540: 5460: 5047: 4692: 4624: 4004: 3643: 3555: 3450: 3441: 3403: 3388: 3367: 3014: 2546: 2523: 2468: 2241: 2151: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2046: 1984: 1902: 1671: 1652: 1534: 1530: 1502: 1428: 1273: 1091:

by the Persians within one year after Thermopylae. Subsequently, the Athenians (led by

1080: 1050: 1046: 825: 644: 635: 3946: 3400:(1844–1921), politician and reiterate prime minister (1897, 1904, 1905, 1909, 1920–21) 2126:

took the city and made himself duke. The Florentines had to dispute the city with the

1541:(200–197), the Romans declared "the freedom of Greece" from the Macedonian Kings. The 1087:, the Persians proceeded to capture an evacuated Athens. The city of Athens was twice 747: 439: 6041: 6021: 5838: 5558: 5262: 5222: 5203: 5186: 5159: 5129: 5108: 5087: 5066: 5033: 5014: 5010:

The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics

4993: 4974: 4953: 4934: 4913: 4876: 4852: 4831: 4812: 4791: 4677: 4649: 4607: 4579: 4494: 4404: 4368: 4342: 4317: 4265: 4255: 4221: 4132: 4121: 3992: 3982: 3952: 3922: 3860: 3612: 3579: 3346: 3208: 3071: 2538: 2008: 1934: 1910: 1775: 1638: 1392: 1222: 1125: 1119: 1103: 1096: 1042: 1034: 656: 634:. A slightly different mythical version of Athens' past is given in Plato's dialogue 191: 104: 5219:

Athens after empire : a history from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian

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Athens after empire : a history from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian

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The Turks began a practice of storing gunpowder and explosives in the Parthenon and

971: 6220: 6191: 6061: 6016: 5858: 5757: 5747: 5665: 5563: 5550: 5495: 4872:

Strolling through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe's Oldest City

4051: 3600: 3549: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3397: 2754: 2702: 2611: 2402: 2196: 1906: 1852: 1848: 1779: 1444: 1337: 1285: 1150: 966: 960: 670: 521: 469: 276: 136: 98: 5366: 2641:

Athens experienced its second period of explosive growth following the disastrous

2052:

Under the Burgundian dukes, a bell tower was added to the Parthenon, known as the

6260: 6210: 6171: 6161: 6131: 5805: 5780: 5630: 5520: 5326: 5315: 5296: 5270: 5153: 5123: 5102: 5081: 5008: 4968: 4870: 4846: 4806: 3573: 3561: 3543: 3521: 3516: 3464: 3357: 3342: 3338: 2706: 2253: 2073: 2030: 2000: 1970: 1875: 1831: 1731: 1627: 1566: 1546: 1242: 725: 627: 579: 540: 149: 2191:(imperial edict) forbidding their looting or destruction, on pain of death. The 6096: 6051: 6035: 5795: 5593: 5432: 4828:

Post-Herulian Athens : aspects of life and culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529

4473: 4307: 4095: 3618: 3585: 3485: 3431: 3407: 3382: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2552: 2496: 2490: 2429: 2407: 2356: 2211: 2203: 2174: 2038: 2004: 1930: 1856: 1750: 1742: 1679: 1624: 1558: 1526: 1489:

leaving Athens without a source of supplies, to contest Antipater's successor,

1349: 1211: 1199: 1179: 1022: 660: 465: 284: 261: 163: 116: 77: 5376: 4091: 3996: 2757:

began in Athens following the killing of a 15-year old student by an officer.

2578: 6300: 6275: 6091: 6046: 5833: 5785: 5670: 5200:

Ships and silver, taxes and tribute : a fiscal history of archaic Athens

5190: 3567: 3533: 3476: 3454: 3426: 3422: 3321: 3133: 3045: 3036: 2476: 2415: 2012: 1938: 1925: 1289: 1267:, who detested his pro-Macedonian sympathies. Subsequently, the conquests of 1207: 1107: 1026: 1000: 803: 694: 375: 265: 5392: 5319: 5300: 3252:(c. 430–354 BC), historian, soldier and mercenary, and a student of Socrates 6250: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6071: 5274: 4346: 4169: 3976: 3947:

Sommerstein, A. H.; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993).

3491: 3237: 3099: 3050: 2697:

and experienced terrible privations during the later years of the war. The

2694: 2387: 2162: 2034: 2017: 1988: 1974: 1767: 1590: 1586: 1518: 1368: 1329: 1092: 1009:

Prior to the rise of Athens, Sparta considered itself to be the leader (or

829: 795: 729: 457: 396: 379: 122: 73: 5266: 4681: 4024: 2206:). From the early 17th century, Athens came under the jurisdiction of the 1623:. In 88–85 BC, most Athenian fortifications and homes were leveled by the 1521:

and became increasingly involved in Greece and the Balkans peninsula. The

1056: 6201: 6151: 6136: 6106: 6056: 5921: 5790: 5515: 4866: 3795:

Broneer, Oscar (1939). "A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis",

3326: 3320:, born as Athenaïs, later Saint Eudocia (c. 401–460 AD), wife of Emperor 3280: 3243: 3175: 3065: 2993: 2710: 2542: 2419: 2383: 2373: 2363: 2341: 2335: 2325: 2319: 2304: 2286: 2278: 2270: 2262: 2207: 1820: 1805: 1656: 1600: 1562: 1514: 1490: 1408: 1372: 1341: 1295: 1230: 1183: 1159: 1124:

The resentment felt by other cities at the hegemony of Athens led to the

1095:), with their allies, engaged the much larger Persian navy at sea in the 896: 799: 781: 665: 599: 529: 480: 316: 291:

in the 19th century as the capital of the independent and self-governing

272: 231: 5179:

Balkan Studies: Biannual Publication of the Institute for Balkan Studies

4761: 4601: 2777: 2637:

Greek families settled in Athens and the population of the city doubled.

2095: 6270: 6214: 5926: 5775: 5510: 5470: 3275: 3213: 3188: 3183: 3075: 2983: 2662: 2646: 2634: 2626: 2391: 2252:

In the 18th century, the city recovered much of its prosperity. During

2233: 2078: 2037:

which replaced the Byzantine Empire, ruling from Constantinople. After

1887: 1871: 1474: 1432: 1384: 1264: 1063: 1018: 762: 603: 562: 3821:

Garvey, Tom (2008). "Plato’s Atlantis Story: A Prose Hymn to Athena".

2418:). Along with the Panathenaic frieze, one of the six caryatids of the 2134:

ruled the city (as their capital) until the Turkish conquest of 1458.

1941:. It did not become Greek in government again until the 19th century. 845:, but made sure that he and his family held all the offices of state. 6280: 6245: 6196: 6126: 6101: 6066: 5606: 5455: 4087: 3303: 3289:(c. 1st century AD), judge, early convert to Christianity, and first 3267: 3194: 3138: 3129: 3117: 3089: 3084: 2978: 2963: 2658: 2449: 2395: 2379: 2343: 2192: 2182: 2147: 2108: 2100: 1790: 1482: 1458: 1404: 1400: 1380: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1163: 984: 939: 899:

then took charge, and it was he who established democracy in Athens.

860:× 4 in). Pipe segments of this system are displayed at the 784:

of Athens of heraldic type from the time of Peisistratus, 545–525 BC

619: 611: 525: 513: 452: 412: 392: 383: 368: 344: 320: 4671: 4488: 4254:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Athens". In

2440:

Athens produced some notable intellectuals during this era, such as

1637:, although many civic buildings and monuments were left intact. The 6284: 6225: 6176: 6111: 5878: 3856:

Nothing Less than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History

3609:(born 1968), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2019–present) 3261: 3249: 3169: 3144: 3123: 2607: 2369: 2312: 2120: 2057: 2042: 1980: 1898: 1794: 1759: 1612: 1470: 1462: 1416: 1396: 1388: 1376: 1317: 1214:(395 – 387 BC). Opposition to Sparta enabled Athens to establish a 1155: 1060: 1010: 914: 849: 631: 566: 558: 543:(though now commonly attributed to a systems collapse, part of the 364: 348: 332: 280: 4264:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–223. 2610:

Exhibition Hall (1878), the Greek National Academy (1885) and the

2425: 2306: 1247:

By the mid-4th century BC, however, the northern Greek kingdom of

994: 6265: 6255: 6186: 6121: 6116: 5913: 5892: 5810: 4788:

After Demosthenes : the politics of early Hellenistic Athens

4674:

Milton on himself: Milton's utterances upon himself and his works

3471: 3231: 3225: 3154: 3150: 3054: 3032: 2556: 2215: 1862: 1766:

The city remained an important center of learning, especially of

1660: 1486: 1478: 1466: 1436: 1412: 1248: 1203: 1187: 980: 623: 574: 552: 548: 387: 275:, the city experienced a decline, then recovered under the later 3621:(born 1974), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2015–2019) 1965:

in the mid-19th century) were the palace of the Dukes of Athens.

1193: 5995: 5905: 5506:

Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site

5424: 5371: 3361: 3330: 3163: 3093: 3060: 2472: 2187: 1918: 1703: 1616: 1313: 1309: 1004: 976: 853: 833: 824:

The new system laid the foundations for what eventually became

615: 583: 570: 360: 308: 304: 292: 253: 33: 5345: 3582:(born 1956), politician and Prime Minister of Greece (2004–09) 6240: 6206: 6086: 5800: 4758:

General Secretariat Of National Statistical Service Of Greece

3546:(born 1947), economist and Prime Minister of Greece (2011–12) 3333: 3255: 3200: 3158: 3105: 3041: 2568: 2445: 2280: 2264: 1996: 1816: 1746: 1630: 1465:

became joint generals of Greece and Macedonia. Athens joined

1321: 1171: 1014: 904: 674: 639: 536: 402: 339:

and others. It even became the theme of the sculpture on the

32:

This article is about ancient Athens. For modern Athens, see

5993: 5152:

Thanasakis, Konstantinos; Georgopoulou, Maria, eds. (2019).

6081: 5500: 5125:

Peisistratos and the Tyranny: A Reappraisal of the Evidence

3153:(c. 470–400 BC), lover and partner of Pericles, possibly a 2999: 2453: 1711: 1099:

and routed the Persians, a great turning point in the war.

1083:. When a small Greek force holding the pass of Thermopylae 1066:, 467–465 BC: Head of Athena wearing crested Attic helmet. 923: 857: 677:, with a mandate to create a new constitution (in 594 BC). 607: 484: 328: 5351:

A history of Athens from prehistoric to contemporary times

2586:

The finest legacy of this period are the buildings of the

2041:

became a possession of the Latin dukes, which were of the

1508: 1013:) of the Greeks. In 499 BC, Athens sent troops to aid the 883:

Peisistratos died in 527 BC and was succeeded by his sons

464:, a fertile valley surrounded by rivers. To the east lies 4894:. Athens: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 4401:

Women in the Ottoman Balkans: Gender, Culture and History

3921:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 80–86. 2701:

greatly affected the city during the occupation. Several

1933:

conquered Athens and the city was not recovered from the

1037:. In 490 BC, the Athenians, led by the soldier-statesman 937:

Most public offices were filled by lot, although the ten

902:

The reforms of Cleisthenes replaced the traditional four

622:(commander-in-chief). The most famous king of Athens was 547:). The Athenians always maintained that they were 'pure' 1415:. The leading statesman of the mid-fifth century BC was 2680:

British troops at the Acropolis in Athens, October 1944

2614:(now the Presidential Palace; 1897). Athens hosted the 1878:

in the ending of the first period of Iconoclasm at the

528:

walls. On the summit of the Acropolis, below the later

279:

and was relatively prosperous during the period of the

5607:

House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion

5151: 2645:

in 1921, when more than a million Greek refugees from

2311:

tax payable to the Ottoman government, as well as the

4313:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B

3463:(1896–1982), daughter of King Constantine, mother of 2717:

forces and government forces backed by the British.

1501:

captured Athens, and Macedon, ending the short-lived

5175:"The Ghost of Athens in Byzantine and Ottoman Times" 4573: 3970: 3968: 3778: 3776: 3768:

The Athenian Agora XII: the Neolithic and Bronze Age

2625:

Temporary accommodation for the Greek refugees from

2456:

lexicon (in 1499), and a Greek grammar (Erotemata).

2303:(1766–1770). Taxation was also light, with only the 1874:

position, chiefly due to the role played by Empress

1079:

In 480 BC, the Persians returned under Darius's son

535:

Unlike other Mycenaean centers, such as Mycenae and

5121: 4990:

War, food, and politics in early Hellenistic Athens

4399:. In Buturović, Amila; Schick, İrvin Cemil (eds.). 4393:"Eastern Concubines, Western Mistresses: Prévost's 3753:Schneider, Lambert & Christoph Hoecker (2001). 2165:scholar, born in Athens, and an early supporter of 1924:The 11th and 12th centuries were the Golden Age of 1206:had become her allies; they fought with Athens and 5727:Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite 4927:Hoff, Michael C.; Rotroff, Susan I., eds. (1997). 4120: 3718:Instead of a spring, Ovid says Poseidon offered a 2029:Athens was initially the capital of the eponymous 1251:was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs. In the 926:, which became the basis of local government. The 659:, Athens succeeded in bringing the other towns of 4602:Parker, William Riley – Campbell, Gordon (1996). 3965: 3773: 2505: 2315:and a water-tax for the olive yards and gardens. 2214:. The city had originally been granted by Sultan 1236: 1182:). In 403 BC, however, democracy was restored by 832:, seized power. Peisistratos is usually called a 382:and prosperity. The Athenians, under their ruler 6298: 5155:Ottoman Athens: Archaeology, Topography, History 4576:Greece: a quick guide to customs & etiquette 4425:"and (Dontas, The Acropolis and its Museum, 16)" 4403:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 24. 4316:. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 738–739. 3904:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens 3889:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens 3500:(1904–1974), fifth child and second daughter of 3197:(fifth century BC), playwright of the Old Comedy 3147:(c. 480–430 BC), sculptor, painter and architect 1870:, Athens is commonly held to have supported the 1603:, the second commercial centre of ancient Athens 1561:was defeated and dissolved by the Romans in the 1457:Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, 1221:Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC in the 451:('high city') stands was first inhabited in the 90: 4830:. Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö. 4489:Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig (1999). 4253: 3434:(1878–1946), Prime Minister of Greece (1943–44) 3425:(1878–1920), diplomat, philosopher, writer and 3025: 2788: with: recent census data. You can help by 2768: 2693:by the Axis (primarily German soldiers) during 2602:(now the Greek Parliament Building; 1843), the 2475:scholar, politician, diplomat, advisor and the 2372:, had been humane and popular, appointing good 1987:", were western Europeans and followers of the 995:Early Athenian military history and Persian era 68:Painting of an idealized reconstruction of the 5333:American School of Classical Studies at Athens 5314:(4th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1909, 5104:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Pericles 5006: 4912:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 3246:(c. 440–388 BC), general and democratic leader 3216:(c. 450–404 BC), statesman, orator and general 2398:, and was forced to pay an indemnity instead. 2093:) by the conquerors, is obscure. Athens was a 1893:Invasion of the empire by the Turks after the 307:, connected to the name of its patron goddess 5979: 5422: 5408: 4672:Milton, John – Diekhoff, John Siemon (1965). 4606:. Oxford University Press. pp. 418–419. 4493:. University of Michigan Press. p. 281. 4336: 3494:(1903–1988), singer, dancer and choreographer 3370:(1595–1673), scholar, politician and diplomat 3264:(c. 341–290 BC), playwright of the New Comedy 3240:(c. 446–386 BC), playwright of the Old Comedy 3234:(c. 446–411 BC), playwright of the Old Comedy 2684: 1882:in 787. A few years later, another Athenian, 1517:(280–275 BC) Rome asserted its hegemony over 1229:with the death of its military-genius leader 1194:Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League 447:There is evidence that the site on which the 415:of Athena's name connecting it to the phrase 5101:Samons II, Loren J., ed. (15 January 2007). 4697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4643: 4629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4475:The Turkish restoration in Greece, 1718–1797 4362: 4153:"Roman aqueducts: Hadrian's Athens (Greece)" 3678: 3676: 3615:(born 1973), film producer and film director 3594:(born 1967), eldest son and second child of 3132:(c. 484–425 BC), historian, originally from 2713:rocked the city with heavy fighting between 728:of Athens of heraldic type from the time of 614:and appointed the chief city officials, the 507: 5874:Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center 5295:(7th ed.), London: John Murray, 1900, 5216: 4952:(4th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 4926: 4844: 4648:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442. 4367:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442. 3974: 3524:(1920–1994), actress, singer and politician 3488:(1901–1964), King of the Greeks (1947–1964) 1279: 5986: 5972: 5415: 5401: 5142: 5052:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4947: 4901:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt 4464: 4462: 4390: 4009:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3916: 2952: 1139: 5221:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 5122:Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen, ed. (2000). 5100: 5030:Building democracy in late archaic Athens 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4341:. Cornell University Press. p. 188. 4216:. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 4127:. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 3673: 594:According to legend, Athens was formerly 5197: 4966: 4845:Dimitriadou, Eirini M. (31 March 2019). 4805:Bouras, Charalambos (28 February 2018). 4306: 2759: 2719: 2675: 2667: 2620: 2577: 2485: 2424: 2350: 2146: 2085:The history of Aragonese Athens, called 1948: 1721: 1693: 1594: 1299: 1149: 1055: 970: 870: 495:(which is still largely intact) and the 438: 430: 354: 5172: 5060: 4907: 4825: 4808:Byzantine Athens, 10th - 12th Centuries 4785: 4646:Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature 4365:Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 3901: 3886: 3270:(384–322 BC), philosopher, native from 3166:(c. 470–413 BC), politician and general 3102:(c. 524–459 BC), politician and general 1749:declined in favour of exclusive use of 1509:Athens and the rise of the Roman empire 879:, conceived by the sons of Peisistratus 680: 426: 14: 6299: 5910:Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina) 5362:The Athenian Constitution by Aristotle 5243:Timeline of Athens § Bibliography 5079: 4987: 4898: 4889: 4865: 4804: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4468: 4439: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4174:Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens 3191:(c. 460–400 BC), historian and general 3126:(c. 495–429 BC), statesman and general 3108:(c. 510–450 BC), statesman and general 2731: 2137: 1698:Hadrianic aqueduct bridge in Nea Ionia 1577:; thus, Athens came under Roman rule. 1136:which ended Athenian naval supremacy. 989:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 5967: 5396: 4892:The Athenian Constitution after Sulla 4760:. statistics.gr. 2001. Archived from 3853:Lewis, John David (25 January 2010). 3852: 3588:(born 1963), dancer and choreographer 3570:(born 1952), economist and politician 3360:, née Revoula Benizelos (1522–1589), 2355:Map of late Ottoman Athens, with the 2072:In 1311, Athens was conquered by the 1422: 1041:, defeated the first invasion of the 435:Map of the Environs of Ancient Athens 5027: 4733:. world-gazetter.com. Archived from 4715:. world-gazetter.com. Archived from 4204: 4179: 4115: 3906:. The Symphonette Press. p. 19. 3891:. The Symphonette Press. p. 16. 3603:(born 1967), violinist and conductor 2772: 2114: 2024: 1830:) in 662/3 and its inclusion in the 1565:in 146. Greece was divided into the 1477:. Craterus fell in a battle against 1473:in facing their power, known as the 1113: 516:times, possibly from the end of the 423:(ἡ θεοῦ νόησις, 'the mind of god'). 178:Provisional Administration of Greece 87: 27:Historical summary of ancient Athens 4992:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4741: 4427:. Ancient-greece.org. 21 April 2007 4287: 4234: 4176:. London: Thames and Hudson, passim 3919:Dinarchus, Hyperides & Lycurgus 3823:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 3536:(born 1941), politician and former 3438:Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark 3406:(1862–1937), architect and Olympic 2067: 1842: 954: 650: 24: 5994:Neighbourhoods in municipality of 5236: 4973:. University of California Press. 4261:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3836:"Roman aqueducts: Athens (Greece)" 3810:Greece in the Making 1200 – 479 BC 3558:(born 1950), author and journalist 3283:(384–322 BC), statesman and orator 2606:(1858), the City Hall (1874), the 2520:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827) 2516:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822) 2368:), Ismail Agha, a local Turk from 1961:(pictured with the now demolished 1110:, an Athenian-dominated alliance. 947:defeated Athens and Thebes at the 930:each elected fifty members to the 25: 6318: 5645:Kapodistrian University of Athens 5339: 5293:Handbook for Travellers in Greece 4950:The Greek world : 479-323 BC 4731:"World Gazetter Metro Pop:Athens" 4676:. Cohen & West. p. 267. 3943:Comic Hero versus Political Elite 3784:E mykenaïke akropolis ton Athenon 2532: 2142: 1737:In the early 4th century AD, the 1717: 1253:Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) 1210:against Sparta in the indecisive 1021:, who were rebelling against the 718:Incuse square, divided diagonally 589: 5722:Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens 5377:Athens: Ancient Greek Supercity 4713:"World Gazetter City Pop:Athens" 3498:Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta 3446:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 3375: 3207:435–422 BC), general during the 2776: 2672:German soldiers on the Acropolis 2210:, the chief black eunuch of the 1886:, became empress as the wife of 1162:, constructed 421–406 BC on the 746: 693: 663:under its rule. This process of 238: 225: 212: 198: 184: 170: 156: 143: 129: 62: 4910:Athens from Alexander to Antony 4723: 4705: 4665: 4637: 4595: 4567: 4538: 4510: 4482: 4417: 4384: 4356: 4330: 4278: 4210:"The City of the Gods Besieged" 4163: 4145: 4109: 4081: 4069: 4044: 4017: 3935: 3910: 3895: 3880: 3846: 3828: 3815: 3802: 3789: 3391:(1842–1923), judge, writer and 3182:450–430 BC), playwright of the 3083:(c. 550–489 BC), statesman and 2629:in tents in Thiseio. After the 2220: 2076:, a band of mercenaries called 1944: 1825: 1810: 1799: 1784: 1770:—with notable pupils including 1665: 1580: 1328:The period from the end of the 912:was in turn divided into three 688:Didrachm of Athens, 545–510 BC 512:Athens has been inhabited from 194:1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1973 5844:National Observatory of Athens 5691:National Archaeological Museum 5676:Byzantine and Christian Museum 5143:Sicilianos, Demetrios (1960). 5107:. Cambridge University Press. 4970:Religion in Hellenistic Athens 4395:Histoire d'une Grecque moderne 3859:. Princeton University Press. 3760: 3747: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3655: 3592:Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece 2864:1921 (Pre-Population exchange) 2506:Independence from the Ottomans 2015:. This period is known as the 1837: 1348:had a remarkable influence on 1237:Athens and the rise of Macedon 13: 1: 5282:Published in the 20th century 5248:Published in the 19th century 5158:. Athens: Gennadius Library. 4574:Buhayer, Constantine (2006). 3949:Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis 2618:, the first in modern times. 2582:View towards Lycabettus, 1862 2155: 311:, originates from an earlier 5943:Dionysiou Areopagitou Street 5147:(Abridged ed.). Putnam. 5083:Athenian Religion: A History 4826:Castrén, Paavo, ed. (1994). 3902:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974). 3887:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974). 3457:and Prime Minister (1952–55) 3287:St. Dionysius the Areopagite 3258:(c. 425–348 BC), philosopher 3228:(c. 448–400 BC), tragic poet 3172:(c. 469–399 BC), philosopher 3141:(c. 480–406 BC), tragic poet 3120:(c. 496–406 BC), tragic poet 3026:Ancient and medieval periods 3020: 2769:Recent historical population 2743:1996 Centenary Olympic Games 2374: 2364: 2342: 2336: 2326: 2320: 2305: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2263: 1383:, the historians Herodotus, 502: 7: 5824:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 5261:, London: J. Murray, 1840, 5086:. Oxford University Press. 5061:Palagia, Olga, ed. (2016). 4908:Habicht, Christian (1997). 4875:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 4786:Bayliss, Andrew J. (2011). 3632: 3461:Helen of Greece and Denmark 3222:(c. 450–461 BC), politician 3114:(fifth century BC), painter 2465:Historiarum Demonstrationes 1937:before it was taken by the 1861:The city was threatened by 1728:Church of the Holy Apostles 1702:The city was sacked by the 1635:Siege of Athens and Piraeus 1227:Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) 1031:Persian invasions of Greece 741:Obol of Athens, 545–525 BC 10: 6323: 5732:Saint Irene church, Athens 5701:National Historical Museum 5650:National Library of Greece 5240: 4948:Hornblower, Simon (2011). 4890:Geagan, Daniel J. (1967). 4779: 4546:"Laonicus Chalcocondyles." 4030:World History Encyclopedia 3808:Osborne, R. (1996, 2009). 3682:Herodotus, The Histories, 3068:(c. 570–500 BC), statesman 2685:Athens during World War II 2596:National Library of Greece 2592:National Gardens of Athens 2536: 2509: 2056:. The Burgundians brought 1968: 1846: 1741:began to be governed from 1651:subsequently designed the 1584: 1505:and installing his own. 1426: 1293: 1283: 1240: 1143: 1117: 998: 964: 958: 893:Harmodius and Aristogeiton 483:district. The hill of the 144: 31: 6002: 5935: 5891: 5819: 5766: 5740: 5714: 5658: 5629: 5620: 5592: 5549: 5511:Remains of the Long Walls 5491:Philopappos Hill/Monument 5431: 5367:Model of Classical Athens 5217:Worthington, Ian (2021). 5007:O'Sullivan, Lara (2009). 4967:Mikalson, Jon D. (1998). 4518:"Demetrius Chalcondyles." 4391:Augustinos, Olga (2007). 3975:Worthington, Ian (2021). 3951:. Bari: Levante Editori. 3440:(1882–1944), son of King 2751:2004 Summer Olympic Games 2657:in 1922. Suburbs such as 2512:Greek War of Independence 2401:Ismail Agha's successor, 1545:(192–188) ended with the 1525:(214–205 BC) between the 779: 745: 740: 723: 692: 687: 508:Origins and early history 61: 54: 44: 5953:First Cemetery of Athens 5481:Odeon of Herodes Atticus 5173:Vryonis, Speros (2002). 4578:. Kuperard. p. 36. 3917:Worthinton, Ian (2001). 3649: 3393:Prime Minister of Greece 3352:Demetrios Chalkokondyles 2879:Post-Population exchange 2703:resistance organizations 1880:Second Council of Nicaea 1280:Artists and philosophers 983:statue, created for the 626:, a prominent figure in 545:Late Bronze Age collapse 206:Second Hellenic Republic 5531:Temple of Olympian Zeus 5346:Athens official website 5198:van Wees, Hans (2013). 5080:Parker, Robert (1997). 5065:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 4550:Encyclopædia Britannica 4522:Encyclopædia Britannica 3825:, vol. 48, pp. 381-392. 3757:, Darmstadt, pp. 62–63. 3755:Die Akropolis von Athen 3706:Plutarch, Themistocles 3576:(born 1954), politician 3564:(born 1951), politician 3502:Constantine I of Greece 3413:Constantine I of Greece 3112:Apollodorus Skiagraphos 3010:Temple of Olympian Zeus 2953:Ancient sites in Athens 2604:Old Parliament Building 2561:Gustav Eduard Schaubert 2293:patriarchs of Jerusalem 2240:by the Venetians under 2195:was converted into the 1684:Temple of Olympian Zeus 1146:Athenian coup of 411 BC 1140:Athenian coup of 411 BC 877:Temple of Olympian Zeus 497:Temple of Olympian Zeus 460:, in the centre of the 367:, West Pediment of the 298: 246:Third Hellenic Republic 88:Historical affiliations 5864:Olympic Sports Complex 5681:Museum of Cycladic Art 5476:Monument of Lysicrates 5358:(archived 29 May 2011) 5202:. London: I B Tauris. 5028:Paga, Jessica (2021). 4988:Oliver, G. J. (2007). 4754:"Population of Greece" 4337:Hutton, James (1946). 3941:Henderson, J. (1993). 3782:Iakovides, S. (1962). 3766:Immerwahr, S. (1971). 3385:(1818–1875), architect 2765: 2728: 2681: 2673: 2655:Asia Minor Catastrophe 2638: 2631:Asia Minor Catastrophe 2583: 2502: 2471:(c. 1595–1673), was a 2452:(in 1493), and of the 2442:Demetrius Chalcondyles 2437: 2359: 2170: 1966: 1734: 1699: 1668: 117–138 AD 1611:, Athens was ruled by 1604: 1325: 1316:on their columns, and 1261:Philippides of Paiania 1216:Second Athenian League 1166: 1076: 991: 880: 444: 436: 371: 5922:Marina of Vouliagmeni 5389:(Season 1, Episode 4) 4790:. London: Continuum. 4644:Merry, Bruce (2004). 4363:Merry, Bruce (2004). 3538:European Commissioner 3530:(born 1938), composer 3481:Alexander I of Greece 3479:(1896–1972), wife of 3318:Aelia Eudocia Augusta 3309:Clement of Alexandria 3296:Athenagoras of Athens 3081:Miltiades the Younger 2763: 2723: 2679: 2671: 2653:in Greece, after the 2633:in 1922 thousands of 2624: 2581: 2489: 2461:Laonicus Chalcondyles 2428: 2354: 2246:temple of Athena Nike 2150: 1993:Eastern Mediterranean 1969:Further information: 1952: 1847:Further information: 1755:Roman imperial period 1725: 1697: 1621:Mithridates the Great 1609:First Mithridatic War 1598: 1555:Fourth Macedonian War 1539:Second Macedonian War 1499:Demetrius Poliorcetes 1495:Demetrius of Phalerum 1453:First Mithridatic War 1449:Second Macedonian War 1441:Demetrius of Phalerum 1427:Further information: 1303: 1153: 1134:Battle of Aegospotami 1059: 1029:). This provoked two 974: 965:Further information: 874: 843:Solonian Constitution 836:, but the Greek word 442: 434: 358: 5869:Presidential Mansion 5854:Old Parliament House 5569:Holy Apostles Church 5526:Temple of Hephaestus 3639:City walls of Athens 3470:and Queen Mother of 3468:Michael I of Romania 3354:(1423–1511), scholar 3313:Christian theologian 3300:Father of the Church 3005:Temple of Hephaestus 2616:1896 Summer Olympics 2588:University of Athens 1983:. The "Latins", or " 1868:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1772:Gregory of Nazianzus 1739:eastern Roman empire 1551:Third Macedonian War 1523:First Macedonian War 945:Philip II of Macedon 681:Reform and democracy 518:fourth millennium BC 493:Temple of Hephaestus 427:Geographical setting 266:Western civilization 166:1458–1822, 1826–1832 137:Eastern Roman Empire 111:Kingdom of Macedonia 99:City-state of Athens 6012:Agios Panteleimonas 5901:Agios Kosmas Marina 5829:Athens Concert Hall 5584:Holy Trinity Church 5536:Theatre of Dionysus 5486:Panathenaic Stadium 5423:Major landmarks of 5387:The History Channel 5379:From the TV series 5331:, Princeton : 4157:romanaqueducts.info 4052:"Craterus - Livius" 3840:romanaqueducts.info 3607:Kyriakos Mitsotakis 3552:(born 1947), singer 3509:(1907–1979), writer 3220:Ephialtes of Athens 2989:Lysicrates monument 2732:Contemporary Athens 2565:Stamatios Kleanthis 2434:The Bazar of Athens 2138:Early modern period 1959:Acropolis of Athens 1895:Battle of Manzikert 1670:), constructed the 1411:, and the sculptor 1375:, the philosophers 1269:Alexander the Great 1130:Sicilian Expedition 1089:captured and sacked 975:Roman statuette of 949:Battle of Chaeronea 374:Athena created the 258:oldest named cities 5612:Tzistarakis Mosque 5541:Tower of the Winds 5461:Aristotle’s Lyceum 5145:Old and New Athens 4737:on 1 October 2007. 4719:on 1 October 2007. 4256:Kazhdan, Alexander 3644:Timeline of Athens 3556:Arianna Huffington 3451:Alexandros Papagos 3442:George I of Greece 3419:(1913–17, 1920–22) 3417:King of the Greeks 3404:Anastasios Metaxas 3389:Stefanos Dragoumis 3368:Leonardos Philaras 3157:, originally from 3015:Tower of the Winds 2766: 2729: 2682: 2674: 2639: 2584: 2547:Republic of Greece 2524:Battle of Phaleron 2503: 2481:Greek independence 2469:Leonardos Philaras 2438: 2360: 2242:Francesco Morosini 2171: 2152:Leonardos Philaras 2132:Nerio I Acciajuoli 2128:Republic of Venice 2124:Nerio I Acciajuoli 1999:, similar to the 1967: 1735: 1700: 1672:Library of Hadrian 1653:Tower of the Winds 1605: 1543:Roman–Seleucid War 1535:Treaty of Phoenice 1531:Kingdom of Macedon 1503:Antipatrid dynasty 1429:Hellenistic Greece 1423:Hellenistic Athens 1326: 1274:Hellenistic Greece 1167: 1077: 1051:Battle of Marathon 992: 881: 826:Athenian democracy 780:An archaic silver 645:10th millennium BC 445: 443:1911 map of Athens 437: 405:, in his dialogue 372: 347:. Both Athena and 6307:History of Athens 6294: 6293: 6022:Akadimia Platonos 6007:Agios Eleftherios 5961: 5960: 5887: 5886: 5839:Gennadius Library 5706:Numismatic Museum 5686:Kerameikos Museum 5579:Pantanassa Church 5574:Kapnikarea Church 5559:Little Metropolis 5466:Hadrian's Library 5356:Ancient Athens 3D 5325:Traill, John S., 5165:978-960-99945-4-5 5135:978-90-5063-416-8 5114:978-1-139-82669-3 5093:978-0-19-815240-8 5020:978-90-04-17888-5 5013:. Leiden: Brill. 4980:978-0-520-91967-9 4940:978-1-900188-51-7 4903:. 2.7.1: 371–437. 4882:978-1-85043-595-2 4858:978-1-938770-88-3 4818:978-1-351-59697-8 4410:978-1-84511-505-0 4310:(1986). "Atīna". 4271:978-0-19-504652-6 3988:978-0-19-063399-8 3613:Giorgos Lanthimos 3580:Kostas Karamanlis 3347:Byzantine empress 3341:(c. 752–803 AD), 3329:(c. 650–710 AD), 3311:(c. 150–215 AD), 3298:(c. 133–190 AD), 3209:Peloponnesian war 3092:(c. 525–455 BC), 3074:(c. 556–468 BC), 3072:Simonides of Ceos 3044:(c. 640–560 BC), 2950: 2949: 2820:Metro population 2806: 2805: 2643:Greco-Turkish War 2539:Kingdom of Greece 2362:The first owner ( 2258:Ioannis Benizelos 2115:Florentine period 2025:Burgundian period 1793:under their king 1776:Basil of Caesarea 1599:The ruins of the 1306:Academy of Athens 1223:Battle of Leuctra 1126:Peloponnesian War 1120:Peloponnesian War 1114:Peloponnesian War 1104:Battle of Plataea 1097:Battle of Salamis 1075: 1035:Achaemenid Empire 875:The ruins of the 811:, (Ancient Greek 788: 787: 775: 765: 736: 735: 719: 709: 708:Four-spoked wheel 657:1st millennium BC 271:During the early 192:Kingdom of Greece 93:Kingdom of Athens 85: 84: 18:History of athens 16:(Redirected from 6314: 6192:Pedion tou Areos 6062:Erythros Stavros 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5859:Old Royal Palace 5849:National Theatre 5758:Pedion tou Areos 5753:National Gardens 5696:National Gallery 5666:Acropolis Museum 5627: 5626: 5564:Daphni Monastery 5496:Platonic Academy 5417: 5410: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5372:Athens in 421 BC 5322: 5303: 5277: 5232: 5213: 5194: 5169: 5148: 5139: 5118: 5097: 5076: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5032:. 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Crat. 407b 3735: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3663:"Name of Athena" 3659: 3601:Leonidas Kavakos 3550:Maria Farantouri 3528:Dimitri Terzakis 3513:Stavros Niarchos 3507:Angelos Terzakis 3398:Dimitrios Rallis 3291:Bishop of Athens 2817:Urban population 2808: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2780: 2773: 2755:2008 Greek Riots 2727:during the 1960s 2612:New Royal Palace 2600:Old Royal Palace 2403:Hadji Ali Haseki 2377: 2367: 2347: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2310: 2299:(1737–1766) and 2290: 2284: 2276: 2269:(governor), the 2268: 2236:, the Acropolis 2224: 2223: 1603–1617 2222: 2167:Greek liberation 2160: 2157: 2068:Aragonese period 2033:, a fief of the 1853:Byzantine Greece 1849:Byzantine Empire 1843:Byzantine Athens 1829: 1827: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1788: 1786: 1669: 1667: 1445:Chremonidean War 1371:, the physician 1338:political satire 1286:Greek philosophy 1068: 967:Classical Greece 961:Classical Athens 955:Classical Athens 951:in 338 BC. 922:had one or more 868:Metro stations. 768: 755: 750: 738: 737: 712: 702: 697: 685: 684: 651:Classical period 561:burials, in the 470:Mount Pentelicus 290: 277:Byzantine Empire 244: 242: 241: 230: 229: 228: 217: 216: 215: 204: 202: 201: 190: 188: 187: 176: 174: 173: 162: 160: 159: 148: 147: 146: 135: 133: 132: 66: 42: 41: 21: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6231:Profitis Daniil 5998: 5992: 5962: 5957: 5931: 5883: 5815: 5781:Kolonaki Square 5768: 5762: 5748:Lycabettus Hill 5736: 5710: 5654: 5616: 5588: 5545: 5521:Stoa of Attalos 5451:Arch of Hadrian 5427: 5421: 5342: 5306: 5287: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5237:Further reading 5229: 5210: 5166: 5136: 5115: 5094: 5073: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5021: 5000: 4981: 4960: 4941: 4933:. Oxbow Books. 4920: 4883: 4859: 4838: 4819: 4798: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4752: 4751: 4742: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4690: 4689: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4642: 4638: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4572: 4568: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4487: 4483: 4470:Miller, William 4467: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4361: 4357: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4308:Babinger, Franz 4305: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4235: 4228: 4203: 4180: 4168: 4164: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4114: 4110: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3915: 3911: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3635: 3630: 3574:Dora Bakogianni 3562:Antonis Samaras 3544:Lucas Papademos 3522:Melina Mercouri 3517:shipping tycoon 3378: 3373: 3358:Saint Philothei 3343:empress consort 3339:Irene of Athens 3028: 3023: 2974:Arch of Hadrian 2955: 2814:City population 2802: 2796: 2793: 2786:needs expansion 2771: 2734: 2707:Greek Civil War 2687: 2627:Asia Minor Asia 2549: 2535: 2526: 2508: 2365:malikhane sahib 2254:Michel Fourmont 2219: 2158: 2145: 2140: 2117: 2103:, captain, and 2074:Catalan Company 2070: 2031:Duchy of Athens 2027: 2003:established in 2001:Crusader states 1991:brought to the 1977: 1971:Duchy of Athens 1947: 1876:Irene of Athens 1859: 1845: 1840: 1832:Theme of Hellas 1824: 1809: 1798: 1783: 1732:Stoa of Attalos 1720: 1688:Arch of Hadrian 1664: 1593: 1585:Main articles: 1583: 1567:Roman provinces 1557:(150–148). The 1547:Peace of Apamea 1533:ended with the 1511: 1455: 1425: 1324:seated in front 1298: 1292: 1284:Main articles: 1282: 1245: 1243:Rise of Macedon 1239: 1196: 1158:statues of the 1148: 1142: 1122: 1116: 1067: 1007: 999:Main articles: 997: 969: 963: 957: 683: 653: 630:who killed the 628:Greek Mythology 592: 541:Dorian invasion 510: 505: 468:, to the north 462:Cephisian Plain 429: 421:hē theoû nóēsis 359:The contest of 301: 288: 251: 239: 237: 226: 224: 213: 211: 199: 197: 185: 183: 171: 169: 157: 155: 150:Duchy of Athens 142: 130: 128: 105:Hellenic League 95:1556 BC–1068 BC 89: 81: 57: 50: 47: 40: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6236:Profitis Ilias 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6036:Kountouriotika 6029: 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2747:Athens Airport 2738:European Union 2733: 2730: 2725:Omonoia Square 2686: 2683: 2534: 2533:Modern history 2531: 2507: 2504: 2491:Peter von Hess 2448:(in 1488), of 2430:Edward Dodwell 2408:Wall of Haseki 2357:Wall of Haseki 2212:Sultan's harem 2204:Franz Babinger 2144: 2143:Ottoman Athens 2141: 2139: 2136: 2116: 2113: 2069: 2066: 2054:Frankish Tower 2045:family called 2026: 2023: 1963:Frankish Tower 1946: 1943: 1931:Fourth Crusade 1890:(r. 811–812). 1857:Hellas (theme) 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1828: 641–668 1813: 527–565 1802: 395–410 1787: 355–363 1743:Constantinople 1726:The Byzantine 1719: 1718:Late Antiquity 1716: 1708:Sack of Athens 1582: 1579: 1559:Achaean League 1527:Roman Republic 1510: 1507: 1485:, secured the 1424: 1421: 1395:, the orators 1350:public opinion 1281: 1278: 1257:Philip II 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1212:Corinthian War 1195: 1192: 1190:was declared. 1180:Thirty Tyrants 1144:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1023:Persian Empire 996: 993: 979:, copy of the 959:Main article: 956: 953: 852:and along the 850:Mount Hymettos 804:landed estates 786: 785: 777: 776: 766: 752: 751: 743: 742: 734: 733: 721: 720: 710: 699: 698: 690: 689: 682: 679: 652: 649: 596:ruled by kings 591: 590:Founding myths 588: 509: 506: 504: 501: 466:Mount Hymettus 428: 425: 378:, symbolizing 315:language. The 300: 297: 285:Ottoman Empire 262:Ancient Greece 256:is one of the 250: 249: 235: 222: 219:Hellenic State 209: 195: 181: 167: 164:Ottoman Empire 153: 140: 126: 120: 117:Roman Republic 114: 108: 102: 101:1068 BC–322 BC 96: 86: 83: 82: 78:Leo von Klenze 76:in Athens, by 67: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 48: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6319: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Treis Gefyres 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Asteroskopeio 6045: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5927:Marina of Zea 5925: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Alimos Marina 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Athens Towers 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Kotzia Square 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741:Gardens/Parks 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671:Benaki Museum 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Ancient Agora 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5335:(ASCSA), 1975 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5230: 5228:9780190633981 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5209:9781780766867 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5072:9781785705304 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5039:9780190083571 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4999:9780199283507 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4959:9780415602921 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4919:9780674051119 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4837:9789519529523 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811:. Routledge. 4810: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4797:9781441111517 4793: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4655:0-313-30813-6 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4613:0-19-812889-4 4609: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4585:1-85733-369-1 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4500:9780472110551 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4374:0-313-30813-6 4370: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4323:90-04-08114-3 4319: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4227:0-609-80815-X 4223: 4219: 4218:260, 263, 265 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206:Tung, Anthony 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4170:Travlos, John 4166: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4138:0-609-80815-X 4134: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4117:Tung, Anthony 4112: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3958:88-7949-026-5 3954: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3928:0-292-79143-7 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3694:Bibliotheca, 3691: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3627:Mathematician 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3568:Louka Katseli 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534:Stavros Dimas 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515:(1909–1996), 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477:Aspasia Manos 3475: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455:Field Marshal 3453:(1883–1955), 3452: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427:revolutionary 3424: 3423:Ion Dragoumis 3421: 3418: 3415:(1868–1923), 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376:Modern period 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345:, thereafter 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322:Theodosius II 3319: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134:Halicarnassus 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059:564–528 BC), 3058: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3037:mythical king 3034: 3031: 3030: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2784:This section 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2500: 2498: 2495:The Entry of 2492: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2477:Duke of Parma 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2416:Elgin marbles 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2277:(judge), the 2275: 2274: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2199:of the city. 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2161:–1673) was a 2153: 2149: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119:In 1388, the 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099:with its own 2098: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2013:First Crusade 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1939:Ottoman Turks 1936: 1932: 1927: 1926:Byzantine art 1922: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866:dispute over 1864: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1835: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1796: 1792: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1715: 1714:and Hadrian. 1713: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619:installed by 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537:. During the 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:Magna Graecia 1516: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1290:Greek theatre 1287: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1108:Delian League 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:Ionian Revolt 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1002: 1001:Ionian Revolt 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 968: 962: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916: 911: 907: 906: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 878: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854:Ilissos river 851: 846: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 819: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 778: 774:Square incuse 773: 772: 767: 764: 760: 759: 754: 753: 749: 744: 739: 732:, 545–510 BC 731: 727: 722: 717: 716: 711: 707: 706: 701: 700: 696: 691: 686: 678: 676: 672: 668: 667: 662: 658: 648: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610:, called the 609: 605: 602:known as the 601: 597: 587: 585: 581: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 500: 498: 494: 488: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 450: 441: 433: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 398: 394: 389: 385: 381: 377: 370: 366: 362: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 341:west pediment 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 296: 294: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 247: 236: 233: 223: 220: 210: 207: 196: 193: 182: 179: 168: 165: 154: 151: 141: 138: 127: 124: 121: 118: 115: 113:322 BC–148 BC 112: 109: 107:338 BC–322 BC 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 79: 75: 71: 65: 60: 53: 43: 35: 30: 19: 6181:Kallimarmaro 6157:Nea Filothei 6142:Metaxourgeio 5948:Ermou Street 5633:'s "Trilogy" 5381: 5327: 5311: 5292: 5258: 5218: 5199: 5185:(1): 5–115. 5182: 5178: 5154: 5144: 5124: 5103: 5082: 5062: 5029: 5009: 4989: 4969: 4949: 4929: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4871: 4867:Freely, John 4847: 4827: 4807: 4787: 4766:. Retrieved 4762:the original 4757: 4735:the original 4725: 4717:the original 4707: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4645: 4639: 4617: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4555:26 September 4553:. Retrieved 4549: 4540: 4532: 4527:25 September 4525:. Retrieved 4521: 4512: 4504: 4490: 4484: 4474: 4429:. Retrieved 4419: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4338: 4332: 4312: 4280: 4259: 4213: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4122: 4111: 4099: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055: 4046: 4034:. Retrieved 4028: 4019: 3977: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3918: 3912: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3855: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3822: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3783: 3770:. Princeton. 3767: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3666: 3657: 3492:Dora Stratou 3444:, father of 3238:Aristophanes 3204: 3179: 3100:Themistocles 3055: 3051:Peisistratos 2794: 2790:adding to it 2785: 2735: 2699:Great Famine 2695:World War II 2688: 2640: 2598:(1842), the 2594:(1840), the 2590:(1837), the 2585: 2573: 2555:, Prince of 2550: 2527: 2494: 2464: 2458: 2439: 2433: 2400: 2388:Orlov Revolt 2361: 2317: 2251: 2238:was besieged 2227: 2201: 2186: 2172: 2118: 2104: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2051: 2035:Latin Empire 2028: 2018:Frankokratia 2016: 1989:Latin Church 1978: 1975:Frankokratia 1945:Latin Athens 1923: 1915: 1892: 1860: 1778:and emperor 1768:Neoplatonism 1765: 1758: 1736: 1730:next to the 1701: 1606: 1591:Roman Empire 1587:Roman Greece 1581:Roman Athens 1512: 1456: 1379:, Plato and 1369:Aristophanes 1354: 1330:Persian Wars 1327: 1246: 1220: 1197: 1168: 1123: 1101: 1093:Themistocles 1085:was defeated 1078: 1069: 1008: 938: 936: 927: 919: 913: 909: 903: 901: 882: 862:Evangelismos 847: 837: 830:Peisistratos 823: 816: 812: 808: 796:debt bondage 791: 789: 769: 756: 730:Peisistratus 713: 703: 664: 654: 593: 557: 534: 511: 489: 474: 458:Saronic Gulf 446: 420: 416: 411:, offers an 406: 401: 397:Persian Wars 373: 303:The name of 302: 270: 252: 248:1974–present 125:27 BC–395 AD 123:Roman Empire 119:146 BC–27 BC 74:Areios Pagos 29: 6202:Philopappou 6167:Neos Kosmos 6152:Monastiraki 6137:Kynosargous 6107:Kolokynthou 6057:Ellinoroson 6032:Ampelokipoi 5791:Monastiraki 5767:Squares and 5516:Roman Agora 5382:Lost Worlds 4851:. ISD LLC. 4025:"Antipater" 3872:24 December 3625:Sofia Pappa 3327:Saint Giles 3281:Demosthenes 3244:Thrasybulus 3176:Telecleides 3066:Cleisthenes 2994:Philopappos 2962:, with the 2711:Dekemvriana 2689:Athens was 2543:Greek junta 2459:His cousin 2420:Erechtheion 2208:Kizlar Agha 2197:main mosque 2179:Yaqub Pasha 2159: 1595 2062:tournaments 2047:De la Roche 1838:Middle Ages 1821:Constans II 1806:Justinian I 1657:Roman forum 1607:During the 1601:Roman Agora 1563:Achaean War 1515:Pyrrhic War 1491:Polyperchon 1409:Demosthenes 1391:, the poet 1373:Hippocrates 1342:Comic poets 1304:The modern 1296:Attic Greek 1231:Epaminondas 1184:Thrasybulus 1160:Erechtheion 987:in 447 BC, 897:Cleisthenes 800:breaking up 666:synoikismos 655:During the 600:aristocracy 530:Erechtheion 481:Monastiraki 325:Apollodorus 317:origin myth 293:Greek state 273:Middle Ages 232:Greek junta 6271:Thymarakia 6215:Anafiotika 6077:Girokomeio 5776:Anafiotika 5471:Kerameikos 5241:See also: 4098:; Aelian, 3997:1157812352 3667:greeka.com 3276:Chalkidike 3214:Alcibiades 3189:Thucydides 3184:Old Comedy 3076:lyric poet 2984:Kerameikos 2946:3,761,810 2932:3,444,358 2797:April 2021 2663:Nea Smyrni 2647:Asia Minor 2635:Asia Minor 2537:See also: 2510:See also: 2412:Lord Elgin 2392:Mitromaras 2332:Negroponte 2297:Parthenius 2244:, and the 2234:Morean War 2173:The first 2121:Florentine 2079:Almogavars 2043:Burgundian 2011:after the 1888:Staurakios 1872:iconophile 1645:Andronicus 1642:astronomer 1639:Macedonian 1633:after the 1549:, and the 1513:After the 1475:Lamian War 1433:Lamian War 1385:Thucydides 1334:Macedonian 1294:See also: 1265:Hypereides 1156:Karyatides 1064:decadrachm 1019:Asia Minor 1017:Greeks of 889:Hipparchus 792:Eupatridae 763:Gorgoneion 604:Eupatridae 563:Kerameikos 376:olive tree 289:re-emerged 6281:Votanikos 6246:Rizoupoli 6197:Petralona 6127:Kypriadou 6102:Keramikos 6067:Exarcheia 6042:Asyrmatos 6027:Acropolis 5551:Byzantine 5456:Areopagus 5441:Acropolis 5320:24347510M 5301:24368063M 5191:2241-1674 5128:. BRILL. 5048:cite book 4693:cite book 4625:cite book 4102:, ix. 9; 4088:Athenaeus 4005:cite book 3786:. Athens. 3540:(2004–09) 3364:and saint 3304:apologist 3268:Aristotle 3195:Hermippus 3139:Euripides 3130:Herodotus 3118:Sophocles 3090:Aeschylus 3046:statesman 3021:Athenians 2979:Areopagus 2964:Parthenon 2960:Acropolis 2943:3,130,841 2715:communist 2659:Nea Ionia 2651:resettled 2551:In 1832, 2499:in Athens 2497:King Otto 2450:Isocrates 2396:reprisals 2380:Arvanites 2344:malikhane 2301:Ephram II 2230:Propylaea 2193:Parthenon 2183:Mehmed II 2109:suffragan 2101:castellan 1955:Propylaea 1919:Venetians 1901:emperors 1884:Theophano 1791:Visigoths 1753:; in the 1676:gymnasium 1571:Macedonia 1483:Cassander 1459:Antipater 1405:Aeschines 1401:Isocrates 1393:Simonides 1381:Aristotle 1365:Euripides 1361:Sophocles 1357:Aeschylus 1164:Acropolis 1039:Miltiades 985:Parthenon 940:strategoi 918:and each 620:polemarch 612:Areopagus 526:Cyclopean 522:Mycenaean 514:Neolithic 503:Antiquity 453:Neolithic 449:Acropolis 413:etymology 393:Pandrosus 369:Parthenon 345:Parthenon 337:Pausanias 321:Herodotus 313:Pre-Greek 287:, Athens 234:1973–1974 221:1941–1944 208:1924–1935 180:1822–1826 152:1205–1458 70:Acropolis 6301:Category 6285:Elaionas 6261:Syntagma 6226:Probonas 6221:Polygono 6177:Pangrati 6112:Kolonaki 6017:Akadimia 5879:Zappeion 5806:Syntagma 5715:Churches 5308:"Athens" 5289:"Athens" 5275:6952607M 5255:"Athens" 4869:(2004). 4768:2 August 4472:(1921). 4431:22 March 4208:(2001). 4172:(1971). 4119:(2001). 3797:Hesperia 3739:Cratylus 3708:Them. 19 3633:See also 3262:Menander 3250:Xenophon 3170:Socrates 3145:Pheidias 3124:Pericles 2996:monument 2691:occupied 2608:Zappeion 2375:voevodas 2370:Livadeia 2313:salt tax 2096:veguería 2089:(rarely 2058:chivalry 1981:Crusades 1899:Komnenos 1795:Alaric I 1760:Rhomaioi 1680:aqueduct 1655:for the 1613:Aristion 1529:and the 1471:Thessaly 1463:Craterus 1417:Pericles 1397:Antiphon 1389:Xenophon 1377:Socrates 1346:theatres 1318:Socrates 1176:Cleophon 1061:Athenian 1047:Darius I 1043:Persians 915:trittyes 866:Syntagma 838:tyrannos 818:Ecclesia 726:didrachm 632:Minotaur 618:and the 567:Lefkandi 559:Iron Age 551:with no 417:ἁ θεονόα 408:Cratylus 365:Poseidon 349:Poseidon 333:Plutarch 281:Crusades 139:395–1205 6266:Thiseio 6256:Sepolia 6211:Aerides 6187:Patisia 6172:Omonoia 6162:Neapoli 6132:Kypseli 6122:Koukaki 6117:Kolonos 5893:Marinas 5811:Thiseio 5659:Museums 5640:Academy 5594:Ottoman 5433:Ancient 4780:Sources 4347:3305912 4258:(ed.). 4129:256–260 4096:xii.542 4036:12 July 3737:Plato, 3472:Romania 3408:shooter 3272:Stagira 3232:Eupolis 3226:Agathon 3155:hetaera 3151:Aspasia 3085:general 3033:Theseus 2940:745,514 2926:772,072 2912:885,737 2898:867,023 2884:718,000 2867:473,000 2854:123,000 2557:Bavaria 2384:valonia 2216:Ahmed I 2175:Ottoman 2091:Athenes 2087:Cetines 2007:and on 1957:on the 1903:Alexios 1863:Saracen 1661:Hadrian 1649:Cyrrhus 1628:general 1487:Piraeus 1479:Eumenes 1467:Aetolia 1437:Phocion 1413:Phidias 1344:at the 1340:of the 1332:to the 1308:, with 1249:Macedon 1204:Corinth 1188:amnesty 1186:and an 1049:at the 1033:by the 981:Phidias 920:trittys 885:Hippias 724:Silver 636:Timaeus 624:Theseus 616:archons 575:Knossos 549:Ionians 388:Paestum 384:Cecrops 343:of the 6097:Ilisia 6052:Attiki 5996:Athens 5936:Others 5631:Hansen 5622:Modern 5425:Athens 5318: 5312:Greece 5299: 5273: 5267:397597 5265: 5225: 5206: 5189: 5162: 5132: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5036: 5017: 4996: 4977: 4956: 4937: 4916: 4879: 4855: 4834: 4815: 4794: 4682:359509 4680: 4652: 4610: 4582: 4497: 4407: 4371: 4345: 4320: 4268: 4224: 4135: 4092:vi.272 4061:20 May 3995: 3985: 3955: 3925: 3863: 3362:martyr 3331:hermit 3164:Nicias 3094:tragic 3061:tyrant 2877:1921 ( 2842:44,500 2709:, the 2545:, and 2522:, and 2501:, 1839 2436:, 1821 2188:firman 2111:sees. 2105:veguer 2039:Thebes 2009:Cyprus 1985:Franks 1935:Latins 1911:Manuel 1855:, and 1780:Julian 1704:Heruli 1686:. The 1617:tyrant 1575:Achaea 1451:, and 1407:, and 1314:Athena 1310:Apollo 1200:Thebes 1081:Xerxes 1045:under 1015:Ionian 1005:Europe 977:Athena 834:tyrant 809:Thetai 802:large 798:), by 661:Attica 584:Sparta 580:Thebes 571:Euboea 553:Dorian 361:Athena 309:Athena 305:Athens 254:Athens 243: 203: 189: 175: 161: 134: 80:(1846) 49:Ἀθῆναι 46:Athens 34:Athens 6241:Psyri 6207:Plaka 6092:Gouva 6087:Goudi 5801:Plaka 3799:VIII. 3720:horse 3650:Notes 3334:saint 3256:Plato 3201:Cleon 3159:Milet 3106:Cimon 3042:Solon 2969:Agora 2828:4,000 2649:were 2569:Plaka 2473:Greek 2446:Homer 2337:pasha 2327:pasha 2321:pasha 2307:haraç 2288:pasha 2281:mufti 2265:pasha 2163:Greek 2005:Syria 1997:fiefs 1817:Slavs 1751:Greek 1747:Latin 1678:, an 1631:Sulla 1625:Roman 1322:Plato 1208:Argos 1172:Cleon 1025:(the 932:Boule 928:phyle 924:demes 910:phyle 905:phyle 813:Θήται 675:Solon 671:Draco 640:Neith 537:Pylos 477:Agora 403:Plato 380:peace 56:Polis 39:Polis 6251:Rouf 6147:Mets 6082:Gyzi 6072:Gazi 5501:Pnyx 5263:OCLC 5223:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5187:ISSN 5160:ISBN 5130:ISBN 5109:ISBN 5088:ISBN 5067:ISBN 5054:link 5034:ISBN 5015:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4954:ISBN 4935:ISBN 4914:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4832:ISBN 4813:ISBN 4792:ISBN 4770:2007 4699:link 4678:OCLC 4650:ISBN 4631:link 4608:ISBN 4580:ISBN 4557:2009 4529:2009 4495:ISBN 4433:2009 4405:ISBN 4369:ISBN 4343:OCLC 4318:ISBN 4266:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4133:ISBN 4063:2021 4038:2018 4011:link 3993:OCLC 3983:ISBN 3953:ISBN 3923:ISBN 3874:2014 3861:ISBN 3696:3.14 3684:8.55 3465:King 3302:and 3096:poet 3000:Pnyx 2958:The 2937:2001 2923:1991 2909:1981 2895:1971 2851:1896 2839:1870 2825:1833 2811:Year 2661:and 2563:and 2553:Otto 2454:Suda 2273:kadi 2060:and 1973:and 1953:The 1909:and 1907:John 1712:Nero 1674:, a 1615:, a 1589:and 1573:and 1469:and 1461:and 1387:and 1367:and 1320:and 1312:and 1288:and 1202:and 1174:and 1154:The 1003:and 887:and 864:and 782:obol 771:Rev: 758:Obv: 715:Rev: 705:Obv: 608:Ares 582:and 573:and 485:Pnyx 475:The 363:and 329:Ovid 299:Name 72:and 5385:of 3205:fl. 3180:fl. 3056:fl. 2792:. 1647:of 1569:of 1071:Rev 569:in 419:or 6303:: 6213:, 5316:OL 5310:, 5297:OL 5291:, 5271:OL 5269:, 5257:, 5183:43 5181:. 5177:. 5050:}} 5046:{{ 4756:. 4743:^ 4695:}} 4691:{{ 4684:. 4658:. 4627:}} 4623:{{ 4616:. 4588:. 4559:. 4548:. 4531:. 4520:. 4503:. 4441:^ 4377:. 4349:. 4289:^ 4236:^ 4220:. 4212:. 4181:^ 4155:. 4131:. 4094:, 4090:, 4054:. 4027:. 4007:}} 4003:{{ 3991:. 3967:^ 3838:. 3775:^ 3741:, 3675:^ 3665:. 3274:, 3035:, 2918:– 2904:– 2890:– 2834:– 2571:. 2541:, 2518:, 2514:, 2493:: 2483:. 2432:: 2295:, 2221:r. 2156:c. 2021:. 1905:, 1851:, 1834:. 1826:r. 1811:r. 1800:r. 1785:r. 1774:, 1666:r. 1447:, 1443:, 1439:, 1435:, 1431:, 1403:, 1399:, 1363:, 1359:, 1352:. 1276:. 1255:, 1233:. 1218:. 1053:. 858:in 761:A 586:. 335:, 331:, 327:, 323:, 295:. 268:. 6287:) 6283:( 6217:) 6209:( 6183:) 6179:( 6038:) 6034:( 5987:e 5980:t 5973:v 5416:e 5409:t 5402:v 5231:. 5212:. 5193:. 5168:. 5138:. 5117:. 5096:. 5075:. 5056:) 5042:. 5023:. 5002:. 4983:. 4962:. 4943:. 4922:. 4885:. 4861:. 4840:. 4821:. 4800:. 4772:. 4701:) 4633:) 4435:. 4413:. 4397:" 4326:. 4274:. 4230:. 4159:. 4141:. 4106:. 4065:. 4040:. 4013:) 3999:. 3961:. 3931:. 3876:. 3842:. 3812:. 3722:. 3669:. 3203:( 3178:( 3053:( 2929:– 2915:– 2901:– 2887:– 2881:) 2870:– 2857:– 2831:– 2799:) 2795:( 2218:( 2169:. 2154:( 1823:( 1808:( 1797:( 1782:( 1663:( 1011:2 36:. 20:)

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