History of Malaysia

3434: 5950: 19: 2374: 4887: 3503: 4438: 5518: 4090: 5899: 3841: 60: 3244: 6532: 5247: 6026: 5041:, who held the title of Kapitan China of Kuala Lumpur, was the richest man in Malaya, owning a chain of mines, plantations and shops. Malaya's banking and insurance industries were run by the Chinese from the start, and Chinese businesses, usually in partnership with London firms, soon had complete control of the Malayan economy. Chinese bankers also lent money to the Malay sultans, which gave the Chinese political as well as economic leverage. At first the Chinese immigrants were mostly men. At first they married Malay women, producing a community of Sino-Malayans or 5494:, all of which except Malaya were still under British rule. It was stated that this would allow the central government to better control and combat communist activities, especially in Singapore. It was also feared that if Singapore became independent, it would become a base for Chinese chauvinists to threaten Malayan sovereignty. The proposed inclusion of British territories besides Singapore was intended to keep the ethnic composition of the new nation similar to that of Malaya, with the Malay and indigenous populations of the other territories canceling out the 6419: 5979:(NDP), under which some government programs designed to benefit the Bumiputera exclusively were opened up to other ethnicities. The NDP achieved success in one of its main aims, poverty reduction. By 1995, less than nine per cent of Malaysians lived in poverty, and income inequality had narrowed. Mahathir's government cut corporate taxes and liberalised financial regulations to attract foreign investment. The economy grew by over nine per cent per annum until 1997, prompting other developing countries to emulate Mahathir's policies. 2755: 5659: 5166: 3645: 5726:, which won all but one seat in the first post-independence Malayan Parliament. The two issues were related since the Chinese advantage in education played a large part in maintaining their control of the economy, which the UMNO leaders were determined to end. The MCA leaders were torn between the need to defend their own community's interests and the need to maintain good relations with UMNO. This produced a crisis in the MCA in 1959, in which a more assertive leadership under 4961: 2769:, which indicated that trade with India and China had existed since the 1st century AD. During this time, coastal city-states that existed had a trade network which encompassed the southern part of the Indochinese Peninsula and the western part of the Malay Archipelago. These coastal cities had ongoing trade as well as tributary relations with China, at the same time being in constant contact with Indian traders. They seem to have shared a common indigenous culture. 2430: 3346: 2547: 16268: 3791:, Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the old Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malaccan or Johor Sultanates. Perak endured 40 years of civil war in the early 18th century, where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the Bugis and Minang, all fighting for a share of tin revenues. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan 3723: 2655: 2086: 16278: 5570:

position of the natives of the Borneo States. North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore were also granted some autonomy not available to the states of Malaya. After negotiations in July 1963, it was agreed that Malaysia would come into being on 31 August 1963, consisting of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore. The date was to coincide with the independence day of Malaya and the British giving self-rule to Sarawak and North Borneo. However,

2882: 11384: 5919: 6311: 6124: 5389: 3150: 5153: 5742:(which moved from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur in 1963) would be conducted in Malay, even though most teaching at the university was in English until the 1970s. This had the effect of excluding many Chinese students. At the same time, Malay schools were heavily subsidised, and Malays were given preferential treatment. This obvious defeat for the MCA greatly weakened its support in the Chinese community. 5706:, had the effect of ending Chinese emigration to Malaya. At the time of independence in 1957, Malays comprised 55% of the population, Chinese 35% and Indians 10%. This balance was altered by the inclusion of the majority-Chinese Singapore, upsetting many Malays. The federation increased the Chinese proportion to close to 40%. Both UMNO and the MCA were nervous about the possible appeal of Lee's 3129:(Temasek). According to tradition, he was related to Sang Sapurba. He maintained control over Temasek for 48 years. He was recognized as ruler over Temasek by an envoy of the Chinese Emperor sometime around 1366. He was succeeded by his son Paduka Sri Pekerma Wira Diraja (1372–1386) and grandson, Paduka Seri Rana Wira Kerma (1386–1399). In 1401, the last ruler, Paduka Sri Maharaja 5714:). Racial tensions intensified as PAP created an opposition alliance aiming for equality between races. This provoked Tunku Abdul Rahman to demand that Singapore withdraw from Malaysia. Despite last-ditch attempts by Singaporean leaders to keep Singapore as a part of the Federation, on 9 August 1965 the Malaysian Parliament voted 126–0 in favour of the 5071:, and made a majority of those administrative positions open to non-Europeans. While the Chinese mostly built and paid for their own schools and colleges, importing teachers from China, the British aimed to control the education of young Malay elites and establish colonial ideas of race and class hierarchies. The colonial government opened 4878:

were placed under a Resident-General in 1895. The Unfederated Malay States had a slightly larger degree of independence. Johor, as Britain's closest ally in Malay affairs, had the privilege of a written constitution, which gave the Sultan the right to appoint his own Cabinet, but he was generally careful to consult the British first.

9916: 5941:(Heavy Industry Corporation of Malaysia), which not only directly employed many Malays but also invested in growing areas of the economy to create new technical and administrative jobs which were preferentially allocated to Malays. As a result, the share of Malay equity in the economy rose from 1.5% in 1969 to 20.3% in 1990. 6049:(IMF), the government cut government spending. It raised interest rates, which only served to exacerbate the economic situation. In 1998, in a controversial approach, Mahathir increased government spending and fixed the ringgit to the US dollar. Malaysia recovered from the crisis faster than its Southeast Asian neighbours. 5258:, which would turn the Federated and Unfederated Malay States, plus Penang and Malacca, into a single Crown colony, which would move towards independence. The Bornean territories and Singapore were left out as it was thought this would make union more difficult to achieve. There was however strong opposition from the 5278:, the Chief Minister of Johor. UMNO favoured independence for Malaya, but only if the new state was run exclusively by the Malays. Faced with Malay opposition, the British dropped the plan for equal citizenship. The Malayan Union was thus established in 1946, and was dissolved in 1948 and replaced by the 3283:, the Middle East, Africa and Europe. To prevent the Malaccan empire from falling to the Siamese and Majapahit, he forged a relationship with Ming China for protection. Following the establishment of this relationship, the prosperity of the Malacca entrepôt was then recorded by the first Chinese visitor, 6329:

movement also held four rallies from 2011 to 2016 during the Najib administration intending to reform Malaysia's electoral system. The movement expanded its demands to include issues such as clean governance and human rights. In response to accusations of corruption, Najib tightened his hold on power

6233:, one of the claimants to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu. In response to the incursion, Malaysian security forces launched a major operation to repel the militants, resulting in a decisive Malaysian victory, which ended the conflict in late March 2013. Following the elimination of militants, the 5853:

and placed severe restrictions on political activity. The ISA gave the government power to intern any person indefinitely without trial. These powers were widely used to silence the government's critics, and have never been repealed. The Constitution was changed to make illegal any criticism, even in

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in the 1950s and 1960s, Malaya (and later Malaysia) placed great stress on state planning, although UMNO was never a socialist party. The First and Second Malayan Plans (1956–1960 and 1961–1965 respectively) stimulated economic growth through state investment in industry and repairing infrastructure.

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was precipitated by the new constitution desired by Britain –under which about 90 percent of ethnic Chinese were deemed non-citizens– and by the eviction of poor peasants to make way for plantations. But although the war was long portrayed in most analyses by British authorities as a struggle against

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for Malacca with the Dutch left the British as the sole colonial power on the peninsula. The territories of the British were set up as free ports, attempting to break the monopoly held by the Dutch and French at the time, and making them large bases of trade. They allowed Britain to control all trade

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By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate. Brunei only had authority along the coastal regions of Sarawak where it was held by semi-independent Malay leaders. Meanwhile, the interior of Sarawak suffered from tribal wars fought

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The emperor of Ming China was sending out fleets of ships to expand trade. Admiral Zheng He called at Malacca and brought Parameswara with him on his return to China, a recognition of his position as ruler of Malacca. In exchange for regular tribute, the Chinese emperor offered Melaka protection from

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had tried to exert control over the smaller Malay states. The power of Srivijaya declined from the 12th century as the relationship between the capital and its vassals broke down. Wars with the Javanese caused it to request assistance from China, and wars with Indian states are also suspected. In the

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After reviewing the Cobbold Commission's findings, the British government appointed the Landsdowne Commission to draft a constitution for Malaysia. The eventual constitution was essentially the same as the 1957 constitution, albeit with some rewording; for instance, giving recognition to the special

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Traditional Malay society was greatly harmed by the loss of political sovereignty to the British colonisers. The sultans, who were seen as collaborators with both the British and the Chinese, lost some of their traditional prestige, but the majority of rural Malays continued to revere the sultans. A

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Workers were often treated violently by contractors, and sickness was frequent. Many Chinese labourers' debts increased through addictions to opium and gambling, which earned the British colonial government significant revenue, while Indian labourers' debts were increased through addiction to drink.

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in Sumatra. Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca, Selangor and Sumatra. Perak's administration became more organised after the Sultanate was established. With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade

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The most vexed issues of independent Malaysia were education and the disparity of economic power among the ethnic communities. The Malays felt unhappy with the wealth of the Chinese community, even after the expulsion of Singapore. Malay political movements emerged based around this. However, since

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delayed the formation of Malaysia. Due to these factors, an eight-member UN team was formed to re-ascertain whether North Borneo and Sarawak truly wanted to join Malaysia. Malaysia formally came into being on 16 September 1963, consisting of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore. In 1963 the

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The economic importance of Malaya to Europe grew rapidly during the 18th century. The fast-growing tea trade between China and United Kingdom increased the demand for high-quality Malayan tin, which was used to line tea-chests. Malayan pepper also had a high reputation in Europe, while Kelantan and

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As in education, the UMNO government's unspoken agenda in the field of economic development aimed to shift economic power away from the Chinese and towards the Malays. The two Malayan Plans and the First Malaysian Plan (1966–1970) directed resources heavily into developments that would benefit the

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The Education Act of 1961 put UMNO's victory on the education issue into legislative form. Henceforward Malay and English would be the only teaching languages in secondary schools, and state primary schools would teach in Malay only. Although the Chinese and Indian communities could maintain their

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Meanwhile, the communists were moving towards open insurrection. The MPAJA had been disbanded in December 1945, and the MCP organised as a legal political party, but the MPAJA's arms had been stored for future use. The MCP policy was for immediate independence with full equality for all races. The

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and other minorities. The British had decided on legalised equality between all races as they perceived the Chinese and Indians as more loyal to the British during the war than the Malays. The sultans, who had initially supported it, backed down and placed themselves at the head of the resistance.

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followed in 1922, and a Malay Women's Training College in 1935. All this reflected the official policy of the colonial administration that Malaya belonged to the Malays, and that the other races were only temporary residents. This view was increasingly out of line with reality, and resulted in the

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ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants. By the following year, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak. Following the long competition between Aceh and the VOC over

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who claimed he was the posthumous son of Mahmud II. With the help of the Orang Laut, Raja Kecil then captured Riau in 1718, the then capital of the Johor Sultanate and installed himself as the new Johor Sultan, Jalil Rahmat Shah, without the knowledge of the Bugis. Raja Sulaiman of Johor dethroned

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Within a few years of its establishment, Malacca officially adopted Islam. Parameswara became a Muslim, and because Malacca was under a Muslim prince, the conversion of Malays to Islam accelerated in the 15th century. The political power of the Malacca Sultanate helped Islam's rapid spread through

6161:. Abdullah came under growing criticism, primarily because of his failure to combat corruption and his subpar performance in the election. Hence, in October 2008, he announced his intention to resign. Abdullah was succeeded in office by his deputy, Najib Razak (son of Abdul Razak), in April 2009. 4877:

in London. Their population was roughly 50% Chinese-Malaysian, but all residents, regardless of race, were British subjects. The first four states to accept British residents, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang, were termed the Federated Malay States: while technically independent, they

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mining in the Malay states to merchants in the Straits Settlements led to infighting between the aristocracy on the peninsula. The destabilisation of these states damaged the commerce in the area. The wealth of Perak's tin mines made political stability there a priority for British investors, and

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Malacca's reign lasted little more than a century, but during this time became the established centre of Malay culture. Most future Malay states originated from this period. Malacca became a cultural centre, creating the matrix of the modern Malay culture: a blend of indigenous Malay and imported

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communities. According to one theory, Parameswara became a Muslim when he married a Princess of Pasai and he took the fashionable Persian title "Shah", calling himself Iskandar Shah. In 1414, Parameswara's son was then officially recognised as the second ruler of Melaka by the Chinese Emperor and

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of 1971, which was to be implemented through a series of four five-year plans from 1971 to 1990. The plan had two objectives: the elimination of poverty, particularly rural poverty, and the elimination of the identification between race and prosperity. This latter policy was understood to mean a

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the Philippines have laid claim to eastern Sabah on the basis that the territory was part of the defunct Sultanate of Sulu's territory. In 1888, what was left of Brunei was made a British protectorate, and in 1891 another Anglo-Dutch treaty formalised the border between British and Dutch Borneo.

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and the British North Borneo Company gave up their control of Sarawak and North Borneo respectively, and these became British Crown colonies. They were much less economically developed than Malaya, and their local political leaders were too weak to demand independence. Singapore, with its large

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would be promoted and subsidised. In effect, this meant that Malaya would be run by the Malays, but that the Chinese and Indians would have proportionate representation in the Cabinet and the parliament, would run those states where they were the majority, and would have their economic position

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with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country. The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers. Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca

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emerged as a regional economic and political power in Sumatra. Initially there was an attempt of an alliance between Johor and Jambi by way of a promised marriage. However, the alliance broke down and the Johor-Jambi war (1666–1679) ensued. After the sacking of Batu Sawar by Jambi in 1673, the

2358: 5110:, the colonial government were concerned with finding a balance between a centralised state and maintaining the power of the sultans. In 1935 the position of Resident-General of the Federated States was abolished, and its powers decentralised to the individual states. The colonial government 5750:(FELDA) helped many Malays to buy or upgrade farms. The state also provided a range of incentives and low-interest loans to help Malays start businesses, and government tendering systematically favoured Malay companies, leading many Chinese-owned businesses to "Malayanise" their management. 9920: 5358:

before burning the village to the ground. Heavy bombers went to war, dropping thousands of bombs on insurgent positions. Britain conducted 4,500 air strikes in the first five years of the conflict. Although the insurgency was defeated Commonwealth troops remained with the backdrop of the

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Philippines, respectively. Later, the Sulu kingdom invaded and occupied ports in Boni-ruled Sabah. They were later evicted with the help of the Majapahit Empire, which Brunei became a vassal to in the late 14th century. Nevertheless the Sulus stole 2 Sacred Pearls from the Brunei king.

5631:(PKI), chose to regard Malaysia as a "neocolonialist" plot against his country, and backed a Communist insurgency in Sarawak, mainly involving elements of the local Chinese community. Indonesian irregular forces were infiltrated into Sarawak, where they were contained by Malaysian and 5710:(then seen as a radical socialist party) to voters in Malaya and tried to organise a party in Singapore to challenge Lee's position there. Lee in turn threatened to run PAP candidates in Malaya at the 1964 federal elections, despite an earlier agreement that he would not do so (see 4973:

In the pre-colonial period and in the first few decades after the imposition of formal colonial rule in British Malaya, 'Malay' was not a racial or even a fixed identity in the modern sense of these terms. The construct of race was imposed by the British on their colonial subjects.

11757: 3896:(Abdul Jalil Shah III) to the Pahang throne in 1615 with the support of the Portuguese. However, he was eventually deposed in the Acehnese invasion of 1617, but restored to the Pahang throne and also installed as the new Sultan of Johor following the death of his uncle, Sultan 10366:... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name. 3821:, the last pre-Malaccan ruler of Pahang. Over the years, Pahang grew independent from Malaccan control and at one point even established itself as a rival state to Malacca until the latter's demise in 1511. In 1528, when the last Malaccan sultan died, the sultan at the time, 6272: 5429:

led a diehard group that lurked in the inaccessible country along the Thai border for many years. During 1955 and 1956 UMNO, the MCA and the British hammered out a constitutional settlement for a principle of equal citizenship for all races. In exchange, the MCA agreed that

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During occupation, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew. On the whole the Malayans were happy to see the British back in 1945, but things could not remain as they were before the war, and a stronger desire for independence grew. Britain was bankrupt and the new

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in which about 6,000 Chinese homes and businesses were burned and at least 184 people were killed, although Western diplomatic sources at the time suggested a toll of close to 600, with most of the victims are Chinese. The government declared a state of emergency, and a

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to re-annex the four northern states, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu that had been transferred to British Malaya in 1909. The loss of Malaya's export markets soon produced mass unemployment which affected all races and made the Japanese increasingly unpopular.

5975:, under which Malaysia would aim to become a fully developed country within 30 years. The target would require average economic growth of approximately seven per cent of the gross domestic product per annum. Vision 2020 was accompanied by the NEP's replacement, the 3763:

When the last Perak sultan of direct Malaccan lineage, Sallehuddin Riayat Shah died without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly cholera epidemic. Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to

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continually harassed most parts of the Malay Peninsula. Although Perak fell under the authority of Aceh, it remained entirely independent from Siamese control for over 200 years from 1612, in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and other northern Malay sultanates.

3678:, the mid-to-late 18th century saw the Bugis attempting to expand their influence in the region. This brought them into conflicts with the Dutch, which resulted in a final major battle in 1784 between the two, which ended Bugis and Johor dominance in the region. 4245:, who established numerous settlements on the peninsula which they used to interfere with Dutch trade. They seized control of Johor following the assassination of the last Sultan of the old Melaka royal line in 1699. Bugis expanded their power in the states of 5353:

warfare in Malaya and applied them against the MCP guerillas. The war was accompanied by abuses on both sides. The most notorious atrocity was committed in the village of Batang Kali, north of the capital Kuala Lumpur, in December 1948, when the British army

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The modern anthropology of South-East Asia: an introduction, Volume 1 of The modern anthropology of South-East Asia, RoutledgeCurzon Research on Southeast Asia Series – Page 54 – by Victor T. King, William D. Wilder published by Routledge, 2003,

3369:, the kingdom rapidly assumed the place previously held by Srivijaya, establishing independent relations with China, and exploiting its position dominating the Straits to control the China-India maritime trade, which became increasingly important when the 2868:

captured Palembang, the king, all his family members and his courtiers had their wealth taken away; by the end of the 12th century Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, with their last ruler, Queen Sekerummong being conquered and overthrown in 1288.

3779:(VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century. When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants. In 1650, Aceh's Sultana 5553:. Some of the points in these agreements were incorporated into the eventual constitution, some were instead accepted orally. These memoranda are often cited by those who believe that Sarawak's and North Borneo's rights have been eroded over time. A 5561:

withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from segments of its population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties and the status of the sultan in the planned merger. Additionally, the Bruneian Parti Rakyat Brunei staged an

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arrived in Sarawak, and Pengiran Muda Hashim requested his assistance in the matter, but Brooke refused. However, he agreed to a further request during his next visit to Sarawak in 1840. On 24 September 1841, Pengiran Muda Hashim agreed to depose

6106:. However, Abdullah was criticized for his handling of the sudden hikes in petrol and electricity prices due to the restructuring of government subsidies, especially as it was detrimental to Malaysia's position as a traditional exporter. At the 7704: 5880:. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, with a system of government that has attempted to combine overall economic development with political and economic policies that promote equitable participation of all races. 5302:. These rebels, under the leadership of the MCP, launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. In July, following a string of assassinations of plantation managers, the colonial government struck back, declaring a 5060:

small class of Malay nationalist intellectuals began to emerge during the early 20th century, and there was also a revival of Islam in response to the perceived threat of other imported religions, particularly Christianity. In fact few Malays

4212:(a representative of the Sultan of Brunei) began to develop the territory between 1824 and 1830. When antimony production increased, the Brunei Sultanate demanded higher taxes from Sarawak, which led to civil unrest and chaos. In 1839, Sultan 2409:

in present-day Sarawak. This skull is also one of the oldest modern human remains found in Southeast Asia. The first foragers visited the West Mouth of the Niah Caves, located 110 kilometers (68 miles) southwest of Miri, 40,000 years ago when

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as regent of Temasek. Within a few days, Parameswara killed Temagi and appointed himself regent. Some five years later he had to leave Temasek, due to threats from Siam. During this period, a Javanese fleet from Majapahit attacked Temasek.

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in 1743. In 1747, he only held power in north Perak and signed a treaty with the Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge, under which Perak's ruler recognised Dutch monopoly over the tin trade and agreed to sell all the tin ore to Dutch traders.

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and from 1951 successor to Datuk Onn as leader of UMNO. Both leaders were determined to forge an agreement their communities could live with as a basis for a stable independent state. The UMNO-MCA Alliance, which was later joined by the

3320:'s fleet. Due to Chinese involvement, Malacca had grown as a key alternative to other important and established ports. The Chinese and Indians who settled in the Malay Peninsula before and during this period are the ancestors of today's 3109:

with his two younger brothers, Sang Sapurba entered into a sacred covenant with Demang Lebar Daun, the native ruler of Palembang. The newly installed sovereign afterwards descended from the hill of Seguntang into the great plain of the

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British documents of the end of empire Series B Volume 8 – "Paper on the future of the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, and Borneo Territories":memorandum by Lee Kuan Yew for the government of the Federation of Malaya (CO1030/973, no

5829:, the UMNO-MCA-MIC Alliance polled only 48% of the vote, although it retained a majority in the legislature. The MCA lost most of the Chinese-majority seats to Gerakan or DAP candidates. A Malay backlash resulted, leading rapidly to 5425:'s death in 1953, there was a split in the MCP leadership over the wisdom of continuing the armed struggle. Many MCP militants lost heart and went home, and by the time Templer left Malaya in 1954, the Emergency was over, although 5513:

in 1961, Abdul Rahman explained his proposal further to its opponents. In October, he obtained an agreement from the British government for the plan, provided that feedback be obtained from the communities involved in the merger.

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Unlike some colonial powers, the British saw their empire as an economic concern, and its colonies were expected to turn a profit for shareholders in London. Initially, British colonisers were attracted by the Malay Archipelago's

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delta in West Kalimantan. Other sultanates in the area had close relations with the Brunei Monarchy, being in some cases effectively under the hegemony of the Brunei ruling family for periods of time, such as the Malay sultans of

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of Srivijaya ruled a maritime empire that became the main power in the archipelago. The empire was based around trade, with local kings (dhatus or community leaders) that swore allegiance to a lord for mutual profit. In 1025, the

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There were as many as 30 Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, mainly based on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula. Among the earliest kingdoms known to have been based in the Malay Peninsula was the ancient kingdom of

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was established in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate controlled the entire Pahang basin. The sultanate had its origins as a vassal to the Malaccan Sultanate. Its first sultan was a Malaccan prince,

3529:, except Perak, which was able to play-off Johor against the Siamese to the north and retain its independence. The Dutch did not interfere in local matters in Malacca, but at the same time diverted most trade to its colonies on 5909:

In 1970 three-quarters of Malaysians living below the poverty line were Malays, the majority of Malays were still rural workers, and Malays were still largely excluded from the modern economy. The government's response was the

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favoured a policy of collaboration with UMNO to win Malayan independence on a policy of equal citizenship, but with sufficient concessions to Malay sensitivities to ease nationalist fears. Tan formed a close collaboration with

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of 1826, the exiled Kedah Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin was not restored to his throne. He and his armed supporters then fought in a series of war known as Perang Musuh Bisik for his restoration over twelve years (1830–1842). When the

10896:"Exchanges of Notes Between the Government of the United Kingdom and The Government of The Republic of The Philippines Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic" 7881:

Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

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projects in Malaysia that were initiated by the previous government. He characterised these as "unequal treaties" and said some were linked to misappropriated funds from the 1MDB scandal. The government suspended work on the

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between 1821 and 1842, local Arab families supported the Sultan's efforts to lead resistance. In 1842, Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin finally agreed to accept Siamese terms and was restored to his throne of Kedah. The following year,

3585:, Aceh launched multiple raids against both Johor and Portuguese forces to tighten its grip over the straits. The rise and expansion of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a short-lived truce. During the rule of 3920:

to fight against Jambi. After Johor won in 1679, the Bugis decided to stay and asserted their power in the region. Many Bugis began to migrate and settle along the coast of Selangor such as the estuaries of the Selangor and

3612:. The Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with Johor. By the time the fortress at Malacca surrendered, the town's population had already been greatly decimated by famine and disease. 5177:

in December 1941. During the 1930s, anticipating the rising threat of Japanese naval power, they had built a great naval base at Singapore, but never anticipated an invasion of Malaya from the north. There was virtually no

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as an east–west shipping route was growing, while the islands of Southeast Asia were themselves prized sources of natural resources (metals, spices, etc.) whose inhabitants were being further drawn into the global economy.

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communism in a Cold War context, the MNLA received very little support from either the Soviet or Chinese communists. Rather, the main concern of British governments was to protect their commercial interests in the colony.

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Both Indonesia and the Philippines withdrew their ambassadors from Malaya on 15 September 1963, the day before Malaysia's formation. In Jakarta the British and Malayan embassies were stoned, and the British consulate in

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protected. The difficult issue of who would control the education system was deferred until after independence. This came on 31 August 1957, when Tunku Abdul Rahman became the first prime minister of independent Malaya.

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led an expedition to Malaya which seized Malacca with the intent of using it as a base for activities in Southeast Asia. This was the first colonial claim in what is now Malaysia. The son of the last Sultan of Malacca,

12909: 4180:. Though there were rapes, sacks and pillaging, the invasion was only temporary as the Spanish retreated. Brunei was unable to regain the territory it lost in the Philippines, yet it still maintained sway in Borneo. 12615: 5802:, had retreated to the Malaysian-Thailand border where it had regrouped and retrained for future offensives against the Malaysian government. The insurgency officially began when the MCP ambushed security forces in 3499:, Iskandar Muda's disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629, the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all the ships of his formidable fleet and 19,000 troops according to a Portuguese account. 6465: 4410:

and their rights to trade in Kelantan and Terengganu without Siamese interference. However, the five Malay-ethnic states were not represented in the treaty negotiation. In 1909 the parties of the agreement signed

2484:-speaking agriculturalists, who brought both their language and technology to the southern part of the peninsula approximately 4,000 years ago. They eventually united and coalesced with the indigenous population. 3891:

to retreat into the interior of Pahang. He nevertheless continued to exercise some ruling powers. His reign in exile is considered to have officially ended after the installation of a distant Johorean relative,

3615:

With the fall of Portuguese Malacca in 1641 and the decline of Aceh due to the growing power of the Dutch, Johor started to re-establish itself as a power along the Straits of Malacca during the reign of Sultan

3176:

through the Arab and Indian traders in the 13th century, ending the age of Hinduism and Buddhism. It arrived in the region gradually and became the religion of the elite before it spread to the commoners. The

6197:

which was passed by Parliament and given royal assent on 18 June 2012. The Act came into force on 31 July 2012. Najib's government came under criticism after SOSMA was misused to unfairly detain dissidents.

2947:

who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. The senior Chola's successor, Vira Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow other invaders. The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of

6624:

until at least 1 August in response to the COVID-19 crisis and political infighting. Parliament and elections were suspended while the Malaysian government was empowered to introduce laws without approval.

2179:

as early as the 10th century, but it was during the 15th century that the religion firmly took root, at least among the court elites, leading to the rise of several sultanates, the most prominent being the

12982: 5865:, the longest-serving Prime Minister. He ruled the country for a total of 22 years. During this period, he led the rapid economic development of Malaysia and the construction of many large-scale projects. 2564:

In the first millennium AD, the Malay became the dominant ethnicity on the peninsula. The small early states that were established were greatly influenced by Indian culture, as was most of Southeast Asia.

3652:

In the 1690s the Bugis, who played an important role in defeating Jambi two decades earlier, had a major political influence in Johor. Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realised how the death of Sultan

5286:

party's strength was in the Chinese-dominated trade unions, particularly in Singapore, and in the Chinese schools. In March 1947, reflecting the international Communist movement's "turn to left" as the

4508:, which divided the Malay Archipelago between Britain and the Netherlands. The Dutch evacuated Melaka and renounced all interest in Malaya, while the British recognised Dutch rule over the rest of the 14235: 6650:

and the government's failure to prevent COVID-19 infections and deaths. He was afterwards appointed back as caretaker prime minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong until a replacement can be selected.

6646:

Muhyiddin officially resigned as prime minister on August 16, 2021, after losing the majority in parliament support due to the country's political crisis, as well as calls for his resignation due to

13566: 7579: 4940:, appointing a governor and legislature. Its status was similar to that of a British Protectorate, and like Sarawak it expanded at the expense of Brunei. In 1947 Britain transferred control of the 3714:

for a period. He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang. There had been no sultans in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from

5211:, collaborated with the Japanese, on the understanding that Japan would unite the Dutch East Indies, Malaya and Borneo and grant them independence. The occupiers regarded the Chinese, however, as 3864:, Pahang cooperated with them in an attempt to get rid of the Portuguese. There was an attempt to establish a Johor-Pahang alliance to assist the Dutch. However, a quarrel erupted between Sultan 14510: 12126: 5776:(Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia) in 1968. Gerakan was a deliberately non-communal party, bringing in Malay trade unionists and intellectuals as well as Chinese and Indian leaders. At the same time, an 5603:, and was also a significant iron ore producer. These export industries gave the Malayan government a healthy surplus to invest in industrial development and infrastructure projects. Like other 2813:, was continuously frequented by Chinese and south Indian traders. Such was proven by the discovery of trade ceramics, sculptures, inscriptions and monuments dated from the 5th to 14th century. 13959: 7146: 3393:, and other kingdoms around the Malay Archipelago increasingly converting to Islam, it had become the dominant religion among Malays, and reached as far as the modern-day Philippines, leaving 2243:). The fourth phase of foreign influence was marked by a wave of immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs created by the colonial economy in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 11886: 7074: 6154:(HINDRAF) over alleged discriminatory policies favouring ethnic Malays. On 15 October 2008, HINDRAF was banned when the government labelled the organisation as a threat to national security. 14842: 6497:

Political infighting within the Pakatan Harapan coalition, as well as the uncertainty of the date of the transition of power to his designated successor, Anwar Ibrahim, soon culminated in a

5814:" as the British had done previously, the Malaysian government responded to the insurgency by introducing several policy initiatives including the Security and Development Program (KESBAN), 13879: 11769: 7992:

American anthropologist Vol 60 – Page 1228 – by American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C.), American Ethnological Society, 1958

3468:

established the Perak Sultanate to the north. Portuguese influence was strong, as they aggressively tried to convert the population of Malacca to Catholicism. In 1571, the Spanish captured

14610:

Islam di Brunei: zaman pemerintahan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzuddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam

14002: 2538:

and brought with them advanced farming techniques. The Malays remained politically fragmented throughout the Malay Archipelago, although they shared a common culture and social structure.

9989: 5243:

government was keen to withdraw its forces from the East. But most Malays were more concerned with defending themselves against the MCP than with demanding independence from the British.

4822:

Johor was the sole remaining state to maintain its independence, by modernising and giving British and Chinese investors legal protection. By the turn of the 20th century, the states of

3433: 7671: 4925:

helped suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District in 1841. In 1843, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the "

3479:

on northern Sumatra moved to fill the power vacuum left behind. The three powers struggled to dominate the Malay Peninsula and the surrounding islands. Meanwhile, the importance of the

2130:

is a modern concept, created in the second half of the 20th century. However, contemporary Malaysia regards the entire history of Malaya and Borneo, spanning thousands of years back to

5545:

approved a merger with North Borneo and Sarawak; however, it was found that a substantial number of Bruneians opposed merger. North Borneo drew up a list of points, referred to as the

4998:. And, in 1877, the rubber plant was introduced from Brazil. Rubber soon became Malaya's staple export, stimulated by booming demand from European industry. Rubber was later joined by 3214:

Parameswara headed north to find a new settlement, reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Melaka River) where he founded what would become the

13264: 5474:

supported the idea of the new federation and worked to convince Abdul Rahman to back it. On 27 May 1961, Abdul Rahman proposed the idea of forming "Malaysia", which would consist of

2980:

of the medieval period that their name was mentioned in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle Sejarah Melaya. Even today, the Chola rule is remembered in

2658:

The Buddha-Gupta stone, dating to the 4th–5th century AD, was dedicated by an Indian Merchant, Buddha Gupta. Found in Seberang Perai and kept in the National Museum, Calcutta, India.

13505: 12967: 12323: 5018:, to work on plantations as indentured labourers. The mines, mills and docks also attracted a flood of immigrant workers from southern China. Soon towns like Singapore, Penang, and 13539: 13096: 5505:) resisted. In North Borneo, where there were no political parties, community representatives also stated their opposition. Although the Sultan of Brunei supported the merger, the 5337:, in "white areas" free of MCP influence. From 1949 the MCP campaign lost momentum and the number of recruits fell sharply. Although the MCP succeeded in assassinating the British 13178: 12238: 7872:

Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751

5620:

was ransacked with Malaya's consul taking refuge in the US consulate. Malaysia withdrew its ambassadors in response, and asked Thailand to represent Malaysia in both countries.

4588: 3784:

Perak's tin trade, on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.

10325:

Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.

3206:(now Singapore). Parameswara sailed to Temasek to escape persecution. There he came under the protection of Temagi, a Malay chief from Patani who was appointed by the king of 13729: 13074: 12901: 12371: 6915: 4379: 3994:

emperor from the ruler of Boni (Brunei). The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war. In 1225, the Chinese official

2784:

script, are proof that the archipelago had adopted Indian models while maintaining their indigenous language and social system. These inscriptions reveal the existence of a

13911: 13242: 13130: 7980:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society – Page 17 – by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch, Singapore, 1936

4394:, who was remembered as a devout ruler who promoted trade and stable government. Under Thai rule, Terengganu prospered, and was largely left alone by the authorities in 2441:

A study of Asian genetics suggests that the original humans in East Asia came from Southeast Asia. The oldest complete skeleton found in Malaysia is the 11,000-year-old

14540: 12622: 5768:

The collaboration of the MCA and the MIC in these policies weakened their hold on the Chinese and Indian electorates. At the same time, the effects of the government's

2145:

are approximately 40,000 years old. The ancestors of the present-day population of Malaysia entered the area in multiple waves during prehistoric and historical times.

13156: 6066:

movement. It consisted of several mass demonstrations and rallies against the long-standing Barisan Nasional coalition government. He was jailed in April 1999 after a

5608:

The government was keen to reduce Malaya's dependence on commodity exports and was aware that demand for natural rubber was bound to fall as the production and use of

4352: 3792: 12770: 7984:

The Malay peoples of Malaysia and their languages – Page 36 – by Asmah Haji Omar published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia, 1983

6745:

grouping of emerging economies, emphasizing that the move would not affect domestic politics. Malaysia's path toward BRICS membership advanced when Russian President

4415:

that superseded the Burney Treaty and transferred four of the five Malay states from Siamese to British control, except for Patani. As Patani was not included in the

7913:

India and ancient Malaya (from the earliest times to circa A.D. 1400) – Page 3 – by D. Devahuti, Published by D. Moore for Eastern Universities Press, 1965

4226: 4209: 13044: 5738:-language primary schools, all their students were required to learn Malay, and to study an agreed "Malayan curriculum". Most importantly, the entrance exam to the 4386:, the eldest son of Long Yunus. The pro-Terengganu faction was defeated in 1800 and Long Muhammad ruled Kelantan with the new title of sultan as Sultan Muhammad I. 14075: 11859: 11773: 5711: 4819:

who advised the Sultans and soon became the de facto rulers of their states. These advisors held power in everything except to do with Malay religion and customs.

3856:(1560–1590), Pahang enjoyed a brief period of cordial relations with the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century. However, in 1607, following a visit by 12979: 4398:. However, in the Burney Treaty of 1826, the treaty acknowledged Siamese claims over several northern Malay states Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Terengganu—the future 11863: 7988:

Indigenous peoples of Asia – Page 274 – by Robert Harrison Barnes, Andrew Gray, Benedict Kingsbury published by the Association for Asian Studies, 1995

5026:, founded as a tin-mining centre in 1857. By 1891, when Malaya's first census was taken, Perak and Selangor, the main tin-mining states, had Chinese majorities. 4566: 13934: 6692:

In late 2022, a constitutional amendment was passed, that prohibits members of parliament from switching political parties. Several UMNO lawmakers called for a

6098:, which advocates the intercompatibility between Islam and economic and technological development. His administration also placed a strong emphasis on reviving 15553: 13618: 10379: 1735: 10779: 7956:

Area handbook on Malaya University of Chicago, Chester F. Roberts, Bettyann Carner published by University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files, 1955

5599:

At the time of independence, Malaya had great economic advantages. It was among the world's leading producers of three valuable commodities, rubber, tin, and

13338: 7243: 5929:

To provide jobs for all these new Malay graduates, the government created several agencies for intervention in the economy. The most important of these were

14243: 9556: 5772:

policies of the 1950s and 1960s had been to create a discontented class of educated but underemployed Malays. This led to the formation of a new party, the

5646:. The Philippines objected to the formation of the federation, claiming North Borneo was part of Sulu, and thus the Philippines. In 1966 the new president, 14466: 14102: 6647: 6303:, triggering widespread calls and protests from most Malaysians including the opposition parties for Najib's resignation. These protests culminated in the 4382:

of Terengganu. The enthronement of Tengku Muhammad by a noble from Terengganu was opposed by Long Yunus' sons, thus triggering a war against Terengganu by

1665: 14050: 13562: 12482: 9582: 5325:

troops in Malaya. The British strategy, which proved ultimately successful, was to isolate the MCP from its support base by a combination of economic and

13644: 4581: 3329:

styled Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasek and Malacca and he was known to his Muslim subjects as Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah (

13695: 12118: 9667: 9531: 8234: 1785: 15046:

Shamsul, Amri Baharuddin. (2001) "A history of an identity, an identity of a history: the idea and practice of 'Malayness' in Malaysia reconsidered."

14491: 13969: 12875: 10808: 6330:

by removing Muhyiddin Yassin, the deputy prime minister at the time, suspending two newspapers, and forcing through the parliaments the controversial

5095:(Young Malays Union or KMM) in Kuala Lumpur. It was the first nationalist political organisation in British Malaya. A specific ideal the KMM held was 12946: 7154: 1605: 14339: 11259: 7514: 15217: 14846: 14319: 13426: 7900:

Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

7625:

W. Linehan (October 1951). "Traces of a Bronze Age Culture Associated With Iron Age Implements in the Regions of Klang and the Tembeling, Malaya".

5763: 3625:

capital of Johor was frequently moved to avoid the threat of attack. The sultan escaped to Pahang and died four years later. His successor, Sultan

1104: 110: 13869: 7958:

Thailand into the 80's – Page 12 – by Samnak Nāyok Ratthamontrī published by the Office of the Prime Minister, Kingdom of Thailand, 1979

5971:

The expiry of the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1990 allowed Mahathir to outline his economic vision for Malaysia. In 1991, he announced

4457:

Before the mid-19th-century British interests in the region were predominantly economic, with little interest in territorial control. Already the

13992: 12797: 6819:

Major ports in their respective regions included Palembang on the Malaccan Strait, Calicut on the Malabar coast, and Mombasa on the Swahili Coast

5868:

During these years policies were put in place which led to the rapid transformation of Malaysia's economy and society, such as the controversial

4383: 1269: 12091: 10868: 10004: 5861:, was formed in 1973 to replace the Alliance party. Abdul Razak held office until he passed away in 1976. On July 16, 1981, Malaysia ushered in 5746:

rural Malay community. Several agencies were set up to enable Malay smallholders to upgrade their production and to increase their incomes. The

5557:

was conducted in Singapore to gauge opinion, and 70% supported merger with substantial autonomy given to the state government. The Sultanate of

4807:

was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution to civil disturbances caused by Chinese and Malay gangs employed in a political fight between

3998:

reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom. In the 14th century, a Chinese annal (

4574: 4329:. Siam re-exerted control over Northern Malay Sultanates and sacked Pattani; Kedah came under Siamese suzerainty. King Rama II of Siam ordered 1362: 9130: 7681: 7213: 3633:

in the fight to defeat Jambi. Johor would eventually prevail in 1679, but also ended in a weakened position as the Bugis refused to return to

16233: 11825: 11795: 11623: 11597: 11581: 11359: 11343: 11289: 10545: 9833: 7824: 7116: 6479:

in October 2019, which aimed to increase the incomes of all ethnic groups, focus more on the technology sector, and for Malaysia to become a

6430:

The unpopular tax was reduced to 0% on 1 June 2018. The government under Mahathir tabled the first reading Bill to repeal GST in Parliament (

6194: 4866:. The states under the most direct British control developed rapidly, becoming the largest suppliers in the world of first tin, then rubber. 3975:

writing in the 9th century recorded that the kingdom of Musa (probably referring to Brunei) was in alliance with the kingdom of Mayd (either

2310:(NEP), adopted in 1971, sought to eradicate poverty and restructure society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function. 2114: 13290: 12801: 11440: 7915:

The making of modern Malaya: a history from earliest times to independence – Page 5 – by N. J. Ryan, Oxford University Press, 1965

5064:, although many Chinese did. The northern regions, which were less influenced by Western ideas, became strongholds of Islamic conservatism. 13268: 5470:

On 24 April 1961, Lee Kuan Yew proposed the idea of forming Malaysia during a meeting to Tunku Abdul Rahman. Deputy Malayan Prime Minister

4367: 3967:

Before its conversion to Islam, the oldest records of Brunei in Arabic sources defined it as "Sribuza" which was a Bornean Vassal-State to

2912: 2890: 1645: 13509: 12315: 3941:, backed by the Minangkabaus, invaded Selangor but were driven off by the Bugis in 1742. To establish a power base, the Bugis led by Raja 2333:

nearly caused the country's currency, stock, and property markets to crash, but they later recovered. Early in 2020, Malaysia underwent a

18: 14024: 13531: 5510: 3240:. He built and improved facilities for trade. The Malacca Sultanate is commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula. 1685: 1199: 14951: 13298: 10760: 7986:

Encyclopedia of world cultures Volume 5 – Page 174 – by David Levinson – History – 1993 published by G.K. Hall, 1993

15366: 14184:"In first-ever speech, new PM asks MPs to save 'Keluarga Malaysia' together, offers Opposition leaders a chance to join Covid-19 fight" 13482: 13190: 5854:

Parliament, of the Malaysian monarchy, the special position of Malays in the country, or the status of Malay as the national language.

4949: 4886: 3084:

dynasties. It is possible that Santubong was an important seaport in Sarawak during the period, but its importance declined during the

2772:

Gradually, the rulers of the western part of the archipelago adopted Indian cultural and political models. Three inscriptions found in

2534:

of Cambodia and Vietnam. The Deutero-Malays, the first group in the peninsula to use metal tools, were the direct ancestors of today's

11427:

On 24 Apr Lee Kuan Yew informed Selkirk that on the previous day he had spoken to the Tunku for the first time about the Grand Design.

7994:

Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia (set of 5 Vols.) – Page 4 – by Brajendra Kumar published by Akansha Publishing House, 2006,

7291: 6287:. Later that year, his administration was engulfed in scandal when Najib and other officials were implicated in a multibillion-dollar 5949: 5517: 4089: 3837:. However, in the face of superior Portuguese arms and vessels, the Pahang and Johor forces were forced to retreat on both occasions. 15907: 15114: 11652: 10468: 10430: 8205:

Braddell, Roland (December 1937). "An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca".

7550: 7483: 6643:, after the Kuala Lumpur High Court rejected North Korean businessman Mun Chol Myong's appeal from extradition to the United States. 6468:(ICERD). However, after weeks of receiving racially and religiously charged demonstrations against the convention, particularly from 5938: 3291:. In Malacca during the early 15th century, Ming China actively sought to develop a commercial hub and a base of operation for their 1999: 1895: 14266: 11959: 11669: 9900: 8862: 7592: 7177: 5345:, in October 1951, this turn to terrorist tactics alienated many moderate Chinese from the party. The arrival of Lieutenant General 5075:

in 1905 and created the Malay Administrative Service in 1910. (The college was dubbed "Bab ud-Darajat" – the Gateway to High Rank.)

4488:, looked for an alternative base, and in 1819 he acquired Singapore from the Sultan of Johor. The exchange of the British colony of 4461:, the British were looking towards southeast Asia for new territories. The growth of the China trade in British ships increased the 15487: 15326: 15242: 14209: 13721: 9216:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

8678:

In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.

6552: 6510: 6498: 5730:

defied UMNO over the education issue, only to be forced to back down when Tunku Abdul Rahman threatened to break up the coalition.

5650:, dropped the claim, although it has since been revived and is still a point of contention marring Philippine–Malaysian relations. 4481:, the British with the consent of the French-occupied Netherlands occupied Dutch Melaka to forestall possible French encroachment. 2334: 1352: 915: 911: 13066: 12593: 12290: 4815:

paved the way for the expansion of British influence in Malaya. The British concluded treaties with some Malay states, installing

4596: 3417:, which had originally evolved in Sumatra and been brought to Malacca at the time of its foundation. In time Malay came to be the 3409:

Indian, Chinese and Islamic elements. Malacca's fashions in literature, art, music, dance and dress, and the ornate titles of its

16182: 15706: 15078: 12684: 8019: 7794: 7457: 6094:

agencies and providing more avenues for the public to expose corrupt practices. He advocated an interpretation of Islam known as

4798:

Initially, the British followed a policy of non-intervention in relations between the Malay states. The commercial importance of

4310: 2373: 1615: 13901: 13238: 13122: 7990:

Peoples of the Earth: Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia edited by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard published by Danbury Press, 1973

7911:

A history of Malaya and her neighbours – Page 21 – by Francis Joseph Moorhead, published by Longmans of Malaysia, 1965

3502: 16243: 13401: 11157: 10500: 7346: 6366: 6073:

Having spent over 22 years in office, Mahathir was the world's longest-serving elected leader when he retired in October 2003.

5842:, took power from the government of Tunku Abdul Rahman, who, in September 1970, was forced to retire in favour of Abdul Razak. 5224: 4905:. Development on the peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now 3657:

in 1699 caused a power vacuum and allowed them to exert their power in Johor. The Minangkabau introduced a Minangkabau prince,

2631: 14409: 13212: 12381: 11388: 9133:[Gazette Document (Perak Darul Ridzuan – History)] (in Malay). Geographical Names Database of Malaysia. Archived from 9005: 6993:"Misinterpretation on Rumors towards Racial Conflict: A Review on the Impact of Rumors Spread during the Riot of May 13, 1969" 15477: 15269: 15177: 14969: 14905: 14886: 14831: 14812: 14771: 14752: 14733: 14715: 14696: 14677: 14658: 14598: 14579: 14128: 12216: 11904: 11716: 11495: 11239: 11037: 11010: 10851: 10729: 10476: 10438: 10352: 10116: 10065: 9817: 9790: 9763: 9736: 9650: 9619: 9491: 9427: 9347: 9251: 9224: 9197: 9167: 9049: 9015: 8948: 8921: 8891: 8846: 8791: 8742: 8713: 8664: 8523: 8349: 8322: 8295: 8262: 8180: 8056: 8007: 7976: 7936: 7714: 7602: 7092: 6950: 6800: 4322: 3865: 3295:. Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both 3114:, where he married Wan Sendari, the daughter of the local chief, Demang Lebar Daun. Sang Sapurba was said to have reigned in 2004: 784: 14618:

Borschberg, Peter (2010b). "Ethnicity, language and culture in Melaka during the transition from Portuguese to Dutch rule".

14153: 7952:

Malaya – Page 17 – by Norton Sydney Ginsburg, Chester F. Roberts published by University of Washington Press, 1958

7396: 5230:

Although the Japanese argued that they supported Malay nationalism, they offended Malay nationalists by allowing their ally

15237: 15227: 15202: 13152: 12760: 9559:[List of Sultans of Perak] (in Malay). The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Archived from 6447: 6398: 6387: 6296: 6276: 6174: 5915:

decisive shift in economic power from the Chinese to the Malays, who until then made up only 5% of the professional class.

5349:

as British commander in 1952 was the beginning of the end of the Emergency. Templer helped create the modern techniques of

5045:

people, but soon they began importing Chinese brides, establishing permanent communities and building schools and temples.

4157:

and one of the five great seaports on the island of Borneo), though under the influence of Brunei, was self-governed under

3900:

in 1623. This event led to the union of the crown of Pahang and Johor, and the formal establishment of Pahang-ruled Johor.

1975: 1745: 1319: 1249: 1054: 14365: 13828: 9864: 7940:

An introduction to the Malaysian legal system – Page 1 – by Min Aun Wu, Heinemann Educational Books (Asia), 1975

5421:(MIC), won convincing victories in local and state elections in both Malay and Chinese areas between 1952 and 1955. After 5205:

point of view, and fostered a limited form of Malay nationalism. The Malay nationalist Kesatuan Melayu Muda, advocates of

4858:

were personal acquaintances who recognised each other as equals. It was not until 1914 that Sultan Abu Bakar's successor,

4437: 2626:

Trade relations with China and India were established in the 1st century BC. Shards of Chinese pottery have been found in

16157: 13040: 7730:

Fix, Alan G. (June 1995). "Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli".

7487: 6609:, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption. After failing several appeals, he entered 6261: 5307: 5271: 4529: 3853: 3541:

At its height, the sultanate controlled modern-day Johor, several territories by the Klang and Linggi rivers, Singapore,

2283: 1775: 1625: 1545: 1299: 1004: 11088: 6696:

before the end of 2022 to resolve ongoing infighting in the party and obtain a stronger mandate. This led to an earlier

6116:, a Malaysian orthopedic surgeon, became the first Malaysian astronaut to travel to space aboard the Russian spacecraft 5658: 4229:

and bestow the title of governor on James Brooke. This appointment was later confirmed by the Sultan of Brunei in 1842.

3316:

the constant threat of a Siamese attack. Because of its strategic location, Malacca was an important stopping point for

15639: 15558: 15351: 14440: 12419: 10040: 9457: 7768: 7265: 6659: 6640: 6446:

and continued it after terms had been renegotiated. Mahathir cancelled approximately $ 2.8 billion worth of deals with

6331: 6304: 5785: 5747: 5076: 4952:, which had up until then been administered by the British North Borneo Company. Since the administration of President 4929:" began ruling Sarawak as a de facto independent state in 1846. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei. 4707: 4473:

in 1786. This was followed soon after by the leasing of a block of territory on the mainland opposite Penang (known as

4465:'s desire for bases in the region. Various islands were used for this purpose, but the first permanent acquisition was 3962: 3877: 3671: 3422: 2758:

Built in the 6th century AD, Candi Bukit Batu Pahat is the most well-known ancient Hindu temple found in Bujang Valley.

465: 14934: 13588: 12711: 11732: 4497:, to which Britain made a useful counterweight. During the 19th century the Malay Sultans aligned themselves with the 16202: 15734: 15331: 15065: 15033: 14987: 14791: 11569: 11535: 11470: 11413: 11140: 10968: 10641: 10513: 9379: 9279: 8376: 8081: 7999: 7968: 7928: 7923:

A design guide of public parks in Malaysia – Page 38 – by Jamil Abu Bakar published by Penerbit UTM, 2002,

7921:"How the dominoes fell": Southeast Asia in perspective – Page 7 – by Mae H. Esterline, Hamilton Press, 1986 7857: 6621: 6572: 6522: 6284: 5703: 3897: 3869: 2107: 1765: 1259: 11326: 10389: 7594:

The Kettledrums of Southeast Asia: A Bronze Age World and Its Aftermath – August Johan Bernet Kempers – Google Books

3312:

thereafter. The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.

2634:. In the early centuries of the first millennium, the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the Indian religions of 15304: 13320: 12150:"Combating Corruption and Managing Integrity in Malaysia: A Critical Overview of Recent Strategies and Initiatives" 10775: 6682: 6678: 6629: 6583: 6514: 6487: 6454: 5994:, designed to cater for the information technology industry. Other Mahathir's projects included the development of 5961: 5846: 5795: 5587: 5582:" and the Philippines claiming North Borneo as its territory. The opposition from the Indonesian government led by 3826: 3457: 3050: 1815: 1795: 1495: 1044: 939: 806: 15232: 13935:"PM Muhyiddin receives first Covid-19 vaccine as Malaysia kicks off mass inoculation campaign | The Straits Times" 13800: 13352: 11122: 11032:. Comparative Perspectives on Theory and Practice (1 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 191–211. 7399:"Archaeological Heritage of Lenggong Valley: Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List" 7235: 1279: 15548: 15371: 15207: 9871: 9560: 9507: 8393: 7919:

A history of Malaysia and Singapore – Page 5 – by N. J. Ryan published by Oxford University Press, 1976

6970: 6880:

Annual Report on the Federation of Malaya: 1951 in C.C. Chin and Karl Hack, Dialogues with Chin Peng pp. 380, 81.

6697: 6671:

on August 21, 2021. During his inaugural speech as prime minister on 22 August 2021, Ismail Sabri introduced the

6461: 6379: 6362: 6343: 6158: 6107: 5960:

was sworn in as prime minister on 16 July 1981. One of his first acts was to release 21 detainees held under the

5893: 5826: 4674: 4617: 4053:

state, when the king of Brunei converted to Islam, brought Muslim Indians and Arab merchants from other parts of

3141:

in 1402. The Sultanate of Malacca succeeded the Srivijaya Empire as a Malay political entity in the archipelago.

2569:

dates back to at least the 3rd century BC. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the South Indian

2566: 2342: 2208: 2163:

dominated early regional history, reaching their peak from the 7th to the 13th centuries during the reign of the

1675: 1332: 1309: 1169: 1034: 445: 5537:

to see whether the two were interested in the idea to form the Federation of Malaysia with Malaya and Singapore.

5161:, the Malaysian national monument, is dedicated to those who fell during World War II and the Malayan Emergency. 3279:. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and 15568: 12492: 11758:

Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963

9586: 6536: 6234: 5911: 5549:, proposing terms for its inclusion in the new federation. Sarawak prepared a similar memorandum, known as the 4391: 4313:

in 1767, the Northern Malay Sultanates were freed from Siamese domination temporarily. In 1786, British trader

4301:

led to the first influx of foreign settlers into the Malay world – initially Arabs and Indians, later Chinese.

4164:

The Bruneian empire began to decline during the arrival of western powers. Spain sent several expeditions from

3888: 3442: 3330: 2059: 1935: 1925: 1905: 1875: 1525: 1515: 12265: 11163:. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE, University of Oxford. Archived from 3421:

of all the Malaysian states, although local languages survived in many places. After the fall of Malacca, the

3413:, came to be seen as the standard for all ethnic Malays. The court of Malacca also gave great prestige to the 15900: 15661: 15656: 15422: 15376: 15346: 15274: 15173: 15143: 15107: 12737: 12566: 9837: 8231: 8195:

History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. by Sigfried J. de Laet p. 395

7397:

Department of National Heritage, Ministry of Information Communications and Culture Malaysia (January 2011).

6795: 6579: 6518: 6476: 6350: 5869: 5773: 5400: 4356: 3893: 2338: 2307: 2195:

were the first European colonial power to establish themselves on the Malay Peninsula and in Southeast Asia,

1885: 1725: 1655: 1555: 1414: 1342: 1159: 780: 590: 15005: 14511:"PM Anwar: Malaysia set to become Brics 'partner country' soon, bloc won't interfere with domestic politics" 13506:"Malaysia PM Mahathir says the world can learn from Kim Jong Un's 'new attitude' and decision to meet Trump" 12541: 7950:

Southeast Asia, past & present – Page 10 – by D. R. SarDesai published by Westview Press, 1994

5306:, banning the MCP and arresting hundreds of its militants. The Party retreated to the jungle and formed the 2422:

burial sites have also been discovered in the area. The region around the Niah Caves has been designated as

16302: 15992: 15602: 15264: 14183: 13722:"Malaysia bans travel abroad, shuts schools and businesses over coronavirus spread; lockdown till March 31" 12932: 10815: 8656: 6434:) on 31 July 2018. GST was successfully replaced with Sales Tax and Service Tax starting 1 September 2018. 6241: 5691: 5679: 5628: 5483: 4933: 4549: 4517: 4416: 4412: 3014:

in the 11th century and ruled the northern parts, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in

2405:

The earliest evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia is a 40,000-year-old skull excavated from the

2236: 2100: 2024: 2009: 1965: 1915: 1825: 1755: 1505: 1425: 1014: 925: 724: 39: 11402: 6411:

and was released from prison on 16 May 2018. He was designated to take over the reins from Prime Minister

6205:, a military conflict that began when hundreds of militants, some of whom were armed, arrived by boats in 6120:

on October 10, 2007. This mission marked a notable achievement in Malaysia's space exploration endeavors.

6018:

to satisfy electricity demand in Peninsular Malaysia. Work on the dam was eventually suspended due to the

3953:

in 1766. Selangor is unique as it is the only state on the Malay Peninsula that was founded by the Bugis.

2995: 59: 16238: 15779: 15696: 15588: 15457: 15336: 15010:

Kheng, Cheah Boon. (1997) "Writing Indigenous History in Malaysia: A Survey on Approaches and Problems",

11505: 11474: 11267: 11101:

Koh, Adeline (2014). "Educating Malayan Gentlemen: Establishing an Anglicised Elite in Colonial Malaya".

10344: 9065: 7524: 6253: 6067: 6046: 6019: 5976: 5835: 5643: 5464: 5395:(Independence Square) in Kuala Lumpur, where Malaysians celebrate Independence Day on 31 August each year 5368: 5227:(MPAJA). With British assistance, the MPAJA became the most effective resistance force in occupied Asia. 5191: 5072: 5030:

Workers' debts acquired in this way meant that they were tied to their labour contracts for much longer.

4334: 3003: 2916: 2894: 2330: 2326: 2014: 1845: 1835: 1465: 1139: 435: 12824: 12239:"IDEAS Report - Modern agrotechnology and subsidies in Malaysian agriculture: Are we using them wisely?" 9709: 7891:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

7214:"Malaysia's new prime minister has been sworn in — but some say the political crisis is 'far from over'" 4869:

By 1910, the pattern of British rule in the Malay lands was established. The Straits Settlements were a

4501:, due to the benefits of associations with the British and their fear of Siamese or Burmese incursions. 3840: 3333:). He ruled Malacca from 1414 to 1424. Through the influence of Indian Muslims and, to a lesser extent, 2835:. The site Prasasti Hujung Langit, which sat at the centre of Srivijaya's empire, is thought to be at a 2677:

in Cambodia, which also ruled parts of northern Malaysia until the 6th century. In the 5th century, the

2673:, located in the northern Malay Peninsula and based somewhere on the east coast. It was closely tied to 16197: 16102: 15482: 15407: 15361: 15319: 15294: 9116:

Anthony Reid, "Islamization and Christianization in Southeast Asia: the Critical Phase, 1550–1650". In

6785: 6716: 6668: 6560: 6375: 6190: 5715: 5122:

built rival clandestine organisations in Malaya, leading to regular disturbances in the Chinese towns.

4505: 4419:

and remained under Siamese rule, this led Patani to be excluded from the Federation of Malaya in 1957.

4371: 4061:(1485–1524) the empire controlled the coastal areas of northwest Borneo and reached the Philippines at 3857: 3601: 3574: 2957: 2786: 2476:

lineages tracing back to the ancestors of the Semang and about half to later ancestral migrations from

2445:, unearthed in 1991. The indigenous groups on the peninsula can be divided into three ethnicities: the 2302:

resulted in the imposition of emergency rule, the suspension of parliament and the proclamation of the

2220: 1945: 1805: 1535: 1024: 550: 14945: 12345: 10750: 7917:

The cultural heritage of Malaya – Page 2 – by N. J. Ryan published by Longman Malaysia, 1971

6567:, following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad. The fallen government was replaced by the new 5982:

Mahathir initiated a series of major infrastructure projects in the 1990s. One of the largest was the

15530: 15518: 15341: 15309: 11026:

Goh, Daniel P. S. (2019). "Arrested Multiculturalisms". In Ashcroft, Richard T.; Bevir, Mark (eds.).

10873: 8763: 7520: 6790: 6770: 5781: 5418: 4941: 4851: 4785: 4347: 3872:

of Johor (1597–1615). This resulted in Johor declaring war on Pahang in 1612; with the aid of Sultan

3769: 3703: 3158: 2730: 2295: 2196: 540: 13441: 11074: 9917:"Sultan Muzaffar Shah III Of Perak Signed The Treaty Of Dutch Monopoly Over Trading Of Tin In Perak" 9401: 6045:, foreign investment fled, and the main stock exchange index fell by over 75%. At the urging of the 16207: 15924: 15893: 15860: 15810: 15686: 15629: 15583: 15535: 15523: 15437: 15412: 15299: 15100: 11561: 11132: 9134: 7820: 7406: 6443: 6438: 6202: 6030: 5889: 5707: 5506: 5130: 5052:

emerged during the early 20th century, but the majority of Indians remained poor and uneducated in

4863: 4399: 4165: 4101: 4034: 4026: 3788: 3776: 3699: 3675: 3609: 3518: 3507: 3475:

After the fall of Malacca to Portugal, the Johor Sultanate on the southern Malay Peninsula and the

3465: 1715: 1635: 1475: 1064: 734: 500: 326: 13474: 13374: 11833: 11803: 11631: 11297: 10620:

This in turn helped Captain Henry Burney conclude a treaty of commerce with Thailand in June 1826.

10549: 9841: 8310: 7954:

Asia: a social study – Page 43 – by David Tulloch published by Angus and Robertson, 1969

7124: 5578:

strenuously objected to this development, with Indonesia claiming Malaysia represented a form of "

5501:

Although Lee Kuan Yew supported the proposal, his opponents from the Singaporean Socialist Front (

3990:

One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo was the 977 letter to the

3674:(1722–1760), but he was a weak ruler and became a puppet of the Bugis. During the reign of Sultan 3608:. Finally in 1641, the Dutch and Johor headed by Bendahara Skudai, defeated the Portuguese in the 3243: 3105:

was promoted as the new paramount of the Srivijayan mandala. It was said that after he acceded to

16152: 16117: 16072: 15671: 15513: 15289: 12937: 12793: 11448: 7942:

A short history of Malaysia – Page 22 – by Harry Miller published by F.A. Praeger, 1966

6113: 6099: 5799: 5687: 5632: 5487: 5322: 5220: 5119: 5084: 4859: 4557: 4217: 4054: 3822: 3814: 3605: 3451:

From the 15th century onwards, the Portuguese started seeking a maritime route to Asia. In 1511,

2496: 2481: 2271: 2212: 2049: 2019: 1955: 1865: 1445: 1204: 1179: 929: 13960:"North Korea says it will sever ties with Malaysia over extradition of 'innocent citizen' to US" 9336:

M.C. Ricklefs; Bruce Lockhart; Albert Lau; Portia Reyes; Maitrii Aung-Thwin (19 November 2010).

8540:"Srivijaya empire | History, Location, Religion, Government, & Facts | Britannica" 6749:

invited the country to participate in the upcoming BRICS Summit during their meeting at the 9th

5198:, was forced to surrender in February 1942. British North Borneo and Brunei were also occupied. 3829:, and began to expel the Portuguese from the Malay Peninsula. Two attempts were made in 1547 at 3719:

in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.

3582: 3181:

form of Islam in Malaysia was influenced by previous religions and was originally not orthodox.

2141:

occupation in the region dates back at least 1.83 million years, while the earliest remnants of

16042: 16037: 15932: 15820: 15649: 15624: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15442: 15427: 12942: 12195:

Ali, Muhamad (2016), Abdelkader, Deina; Adiong, Nassef Manabilang; Mauriello, Raffaele (eds.),

8734: 7033: 6750: 6257: 5683: 5321:

The Malayan Emergency lasted from 1948 to 1960 and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by

4894: 4835: 4812: 4513: 3942: 3695: 3111: 2999: 2614: 2514:, China. This was followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into the 2286:

on August 31, 1957, through diplomatic negotiation with the British. On 16 September 1963, the

2259: 1595: 1565: 866: 714: 640: 600: 14305: 11000: 10462: 10338: 9807: 9780: 9692: 9337: 9241: 9214: 9187: 9157: 9039: 8938: 8881: 8781: 8366: 8312: 8287: 6842:"Al-Attas' Philosophy of History on the Arrival and Proliferation of Islam in the Malay World" 6543:

deserted throughout the Malaysian movement control order, as seen on 22 March 2020, to combat

4168:

to invade and colonise Brunei's territories in the Philippines. Eventually the Spanish, their

16162: 16137: 16052: 16032: 15982: 15952: 15942: 15701: 15666: 15634: 15578: 15447: 15417: 15279: 15252: 15212: 14940: 13670:"Malaysia : Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship | Reporters without borders" 12980:

Najib must resign if he can't dispute claims in WSJ, Sarawak Report, Guan Eng tells reporters

11182: 10745: 10719: 10424: 10106: 10030: 9753: 9726: 9636: 9481: 9447: 9267: 8911: 8836: 8650: 8252: 8046: 7945: 7847: 6686: 6590: 6564: 6469: 6087: 5431: 5326: 5259: 5246: 4862:, accepted a British adviser. The four previously Siamese states and Johor were known as the 4458: 4213: 4194: 3626: 3578: 3496: 3452: 3292: 3252: 3115: 2924: 2519: 2291: 2278:

from 1948 to 1960. A forceful military response to the communist insurgency, followed by the

1855: 1372: 1084: 826: 11029:

Arrested Multiculturalisms:: Race, Capitalism, and State Formation in Malaysia and Singapore

9694:

The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia

8023: 7798: 6890: 6531: 5566:, which, though it was put down, was viewed as potentially destabilising to the new nation. 4803:

Perak was thus the first Malay state to agree to the supervision of a British resident. The

4493:

through the straits of Malacca. British influence was increased by Malayan fears of Siamese

3525:, or VOC) was established. Backed by the Dutch, Johor established a loose hegemony over the 2984:

as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such was the Raja of

16248: 16127: 16122: 16002: 15754: 15749: 15691: 15614: 15390: 15314: 15187: 15148: 13745:"Movement control as an effective measure against Covid-19 spread in Malaysia: an overview" 7036:[National Operations Council (NOC): Efforts to Restore Malaysia's National Peace]. 6775: 6061: 5999: 5739: 5723: 5495: 5479: 5439: 5355: 5279: 5240: 5092: 4937: 4749: 4489: 4173: 4161:

before being fully integrated into the Bruneian Empire upon sultan Tengah's death in 1641.

4142: 4030: 3909: 3738: 3617: 3199: 3138: 3130: 3126: 2609:; this term may refer to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. The Malay Peninsula was shown on 2500: 2492: 2385: 2267: 2181: 1485: 1410: 1289: 1189: 959: 704: 412: 71: 9091: 8601:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

7558: 7491: 7432: 6724: 6457:

and announced that Malaysia would reopen its embassy in North Korea and resume relations.

6423: 5467:

orchestrated complex negotiations between these local leaders and the Malayan government.

5282:, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection. 3929:

may have also settled in Selangor by the 17th century, perhaps earlier. The Bugis and the

3460:

fled to the southern tip of the peninsula, where he founded a state that which became the

2794:

who led an expedition against his enemies and who curses those who does not obey his law.

8: 16222: 16192: 16142: 16097: 16077: 15967: 15853: 15846: 15721: 15681: 15573: 15501: 15402: 15356: 15127: 15087: 14324: 12933:"Investigators Believe Money Flowed to Malaysian Leader Najib's Accounts Amid 1MDB Probe" 11951: 11855: 11680: 10895: 8977:

Sen, Tansen (2016). "The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions".

8866: 7184: 6664: 6491: 6418: 6206: 6193:

would be repealed and replaced by two new laws. The ISA was replaced and repealed by the

5930: 5807: 5671: 5491: 5471: 5334: 4914: 4680: 4521: 4261:

from central Sumatra migrated into Malaya, and eventually established their own state in

4126: 4122: 4114: 4010: 3873: 3597: 3495:'s reign, the sultanate's control was extended over a number of Malay states. During the 2961: 2739: 2185: 836: 530: 14267:"PM Ismail unveils Malaysia's biggest five-year development plan with $ 129b allocation" 13001:"1MDB corruption scandal in Malaysia: a study of failings in control and accountability" 10583:

Hadhrami Traders, Scholars, and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s–1960s: 1750s- 1960s

9585:(in Malay). The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Archived from 8341:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas

6761:. Malaysia had officially submitted its application to join BRICS earlier in July 2024. 6349:

Relations between Malaysia and North Korea deteriorated in 2017 in the aftermath of the

6025: 5953:

Mahathir Mohamad was the leading force in making Malaysia into a major industrial power.

5190:

with impunity, and despite resistance from British, Australian, and Indian forces, they

2642:, which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Malaysia. The 16167: 16082: 16062: 15947: 15937: 15739: 15676: 15644: 15197: 15153: 14877: 14635: 14293: 13777: 12585: 12196: 12177: 11210: 11158:"The Formation and Management of Political Identities: Indonesia and Malaysia Compared" 11062: 11043: 10938: 10700: 10316: 9389: 9369: 8430: 8422: 8214: 7982:

Malay and Indonesian leadership in perspective – Page 9 – by Ahmad Kamar 1984

7747: 7634: 6720: 6617: 6568: 6472:, the Pakatan Harapan government chose not to accede to the ICERD on 23 November 2018. 6147: 6090:

promised to combat corruption when he became the fifth prime minister, thus empowering

6037:

In 1997, the Asian financial crisis threatened to devastate Malaysia. The value of the

5872:, which was intended to increase proportionally the share of the economic "pie" of the 5811: 5769: 5722:

there was no effective opposition party, these issues were contested mainly within the

5604: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5522: 5447: 5409: 5372: 5350: 5303: 5049: 4953: 4525: 4474: 4462: 4326: 4258: 4022: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3834: 3654: 3638: 3604:

and Raja Bongsu of Johor in 1606. The combined Johor-Dutch forces ultimately failed to

3472:

and established a colony in the Philippines, reducing the Sultanate of Brunei's power.

3461: 3446: 2965: 2940: 2728:, Malaysia with Raja Gangga Shah Johan as one of its kings. According to the legendary 2678: 2510:

Anthropologists support the notion that the Proto-Malays originated from what is today

2504: 2423: 2362: 2071: 754: 674: 490: 422: 268: 134: 12197:"Malaysia's Islam Hadhari and the Role of the Nation-State in International Relations" 9728:

Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy

9298:

The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century

8808: 7960:

Man in Malaya – Page 22 – by B. W. Hodder published by Greenwood Press, 1973

7909:

R.H von Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar.

7461: 7398: 6142:. It was precipitated by allegations of corruption and discrepancies in the Malaysian 5125:

Although a belligerent as part of the British Empire, Malaya saw little action during

3057:, broke away from Srivijaya's control. By the late 13th century, the Siamese kings of 2597:; some argue that this is a reference to the Malay Peninsula. The ancient Indian text 2398:. These axes date back 1.83 million years, making them some of the oldest evidence of 16277: 16212: 16147: 16112: 16047: 16027: 16017: 15977: 15962: 15957: 15869: 15784: 15769: 15764: 15744: 15711: 15619: 15540: 15192: 15083: 15061: 15029: 14983: 14965: 14901: 14882: 14827: 14808: 14787: 14767: 14748: 14729: 14711: 14692: 14673: 14654: 14639: 14594: 14575: 14274: 13997: 13964: 13782: 13764: 13449: 13420: 13022: 12487: 12464: 12212: 12181: 12169: 11900: 11712: 11565: 11531: 11500: 11409: 11235: 11214: 11202: 11136: 11089:

https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Malaysia/sub5_4a/entry-3619.html#chapter-5

11033: 11006: 10964: 10930: 10847: 10725: 10692: 10637: 10509: 10472: 10434: 10348: 10112: 10061: 10036: 9813: 9786: 9759: 9732: 9646: 9615: 9509:

Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years ...

9487: 9453: 9423: 9375: 9343: 9275: 9247: 9220: 9193: 9163: 9045: 9011: 8944: 8917: 8887: 8842: 8787: 8738: 8709: 8660: 8519: 8434: 8372: 8345: 8337: 8318: 8291: 8280: 8258: 8176: 8087: 8077: 8052: 8003: 7995: 7972: 7964: 7932: 7924: 7853: 7710: 7598: 7088: 7055: 7014: 6946: 6863: 6780: 6673: 6544: 6526: 6339: 6230: 6135: 6127: 6038: 5792: 5690:. However, Singapore left the Federation less than two years after the merger due to 5338: 5314: 5263: 5187: 5100: 4910: 4509: 4270: 4134: 4014: 3707: 3488: 3487:

In 1607, the Sultanate of Aceh rose as the most powerful and wealthiest state in the

3480: 3418: 3377:

the archipelago. By the start of the 16th century, with the Malacca Sultanate in the

3366: 3358: 3350: 3215: 3207: 3173: 3134: 3058: 3046: 2904: 2806: 2766: 2735: 2692: 2619: 2515: 2473: 2378: 2275: 2228: 2192: 2054: 1094: 969: 359: 349: 248: 15051: 14541:"Anwar accepts Putin's invitation to attend summit, paving way for BRICS membership" 11164: 10657: 10519: 8539: 5219:, up to 80,000 Chinese in Malaya and Singapore were killed. The Chinese, led by the 4986:

mines. But British planters soon began to experiment with tropical plantation crops—

4504:

In 1824, British control in Malaya (before the name Malaysia) was formalised by the

3845: 2754: 2503:, about 20,000 years ago. Areas comprising what is now Malaysia participated in the 16253: 16172: 16132: 16107: 16087: 16022: 15997: 15987: 15972: 15815: 15432: 14627: 14417: 13772: 13756: 13343: 13097:"2021/167 "The Profound Impact of the BERSIH Movement since 2007" by Khoo Boo Teik" 13012: 12454: 12316:"As Malaysia struggles with rising fuel subsidy bill, government eyes reform | GSI" 12204: 12161: 11892: 11255: 11194: 11103:

Chapters on Asia: A Selection of Papers from the Lee Kong Chian Research Fellowship

10922: 10596: 10384: 10308: 8986: 8465: 8414: 8311:

Ishtiaq Ahmed; Professor Emeritus of Political Science Ishtiaq Ahmed (4 May 2011).

7821:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Malaysia : Orang Asli" 7739: 7676: 7080: 7045: 7034:"Majlis Gerakan Negara (MAGERAN): Usaha Memulihkan Semula Keamanan Negara Malaysia" 7004: 6853: 6602: 6556: 6412: 6371: 6292: 6139: 6053: 6014:. The ambitious hydroelectric project was intended to carry electricity across the 5957: 5862: 5858: 5788:(DAP), gained increasing support, at the expense of UMNO and the MCA respectively. 5699: 5647: 5609: 5502: 5460: 5262:, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to 5141: 5061: 4901:

During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of

4816: 4722: 4485: 4298: 4070: 3805: 3734: 2908: 2674: 2535: 2365:, in Sarawak, has been identified as the earliest evidence for human settlement in 2314: 2247: 2066: 2044: 1585: 1435: 1239: 886: 796: 744: 610: 455: 369: 258: 205: 9638:

Klian Intan: Perlombongan Bijih Timah dan Perkembangan Sosioekonomi (Penerbit USM)

9004:

Jin, Shaoqing (2005). Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province (ed.).

8701: 7743: 7147:"Rancangan Malaysia Keenam (RMKe-6), 1990-1995 | Portal Rasmi Kementerian Ekonomi" 6734:

concept as a national policy on January 19, 2023, in Putrajaya which replaced the

16092: 16057: 16012: 16007: 15916: 15874: 15774: 15759: 15452: 15222: 14802: 14781: 14608: 14161: 12986: 12849: 12647: 11706: 11229: 10841: 9609: 9335: 8513: 8339: 8238: 8170: 6992: 6731: 6701: 6606: 6466:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

6265: 6183: 6091: 6015: 5922: 5877: 5839: 5830: 5759: 5392: 5179: 5034: 4945: 4874: 4831: 4695: 4667: 4478: 4470: 4446: 4403: 4363:, Siam separated Perlis into a separate principality directly vassal to Bangkok. 4278: 4262: 4130: 3742: 3730: 3386: 3378: 3153:

The earliest record of a local law influenced by Islamic teaching and written in

3122: 3106: 3069: 3068:

An excavation by Tom Harrisson in 1949 unearthed a series of Chinese ceramics at

2828: 2663: 2570: 2491:

have a more diverse origin and had settled in Malaysia by 1000 BC as a result of

2318: 2299: 2255: 2204: 2200: 2176: 2090: 1575: 1455: 1229: 1129: 694: 399: 389: 336: 313: 14236:"Malaysia Will Continue To Call For Equitable Vaccine Roll Out - PM Ismail Sabr" 13744: 12208: 10152: 9611:

The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka, 1575–1619: Power, Trade, and Diplomacy

7009: 6840:

Kamaruzaman, Azmul Fahimi; Omar, Aidil Farina; Sidik, Roziah (1 December 2016).

5463:

remained as a British client in his oil-rich enclave. Between 1959 and 1962 the

3690:), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the 2457:. The first inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula were most likely Negritos. These 15563: 15168: 15163: 14391: 13850: 13818: 13760: 12149: 12065: 11556:

Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004).

11198: 10926: 9875: 7371: 7319: 6746: 6715:, the chairman of Pakatan Harapan (PH), was appointed and sworn in as the 10th 6598: 6335: 5991: 5735: 5579: 5526: 5435: 5404: 5371:

for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on 31 August 1957, with

5346: 5250:

Japanese troops moving through Kuala Lumpur during their advance through Malaya

5088: 5011: 4855: 4659: 4599: 4553: 4541: 4512:. By 1846 the British controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of 4498: 4450: 4432: 4428: 4118: 3950: 3765: 3756: 3726: 3715: 3593: 3562: 3550: 3476: 3414: 3096: 3042: 2507:, a trading network that existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BC and 1000 AD. 2224: 2216: 2138: 816: 664: 660: 580: 520: 379: 14129:"Malaysia: Ismail Sabri Yaakob appointed new prime minister | DW | 20.08.2021" 14051:"Malaysia's Muhyiddin to stay on as caretaker PM until successor is appointed" 12459: 12442: 12165: 11047: 11027: 10597:"A Slice of Thai History: Dr. John Crawfurd and the Mission to Thailand, 1822" 10499:

B.A., Hussainmiya (2006). "The Brookes and the British North Borneo Company".

10312: 10092: 10080: 8990: 8689: 7292:"Umno meetings expose rift between ruling party's leaders | The Straits Times" 6858: 6841: 6490:

improved slightly under Mahathir's tenure, and the country's rank rose in the

5849:(ISA), the new government suspended Parliament and political parties, imposed 5403:(MCA) in 1949 as a vehicle for moderate Chinese political opinion. Its leader 16296: 16271: 15800: 15729: 15284: 15182: 15158: 14944: 14631: 14278: 14103:"Agong appoints Ismail Sabri as Malaysia's ninth prime minister | Malay Mail" 13768: 13619:"PM launches Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, says will hit the ground running" 13453: 13026: 13017: 13000: 12468: 12376: 12173: 11206: 10934: 10764:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 478–484. 10755: 10749: 10696: 9634: 7059: 7050: 7018: 6867: 6712: 6693: 6610: 6450:, stating that Malaysia would not be able to repay its obligations to China. 6404: 6353:

in Malaysia, which made global headlines and sparked a major diplomatic row.

6143: 6103: 6095: 6082: 6057: 6003: 5675: 5563: 5451: 5422: 5299: 5255: 5068: 4653: 4442: 4338: 4330: 4314: 4237:

The weakness of the small coastal Malay states led to the immigration of the

4198: 4177: 4158: 4078: 3884: 3768:

of Aceh, who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Perak Sultan,

3586: 3554: 3492: 3402: 3154: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2865: 2810: 2802: 2777: 2703: 2555: 2442: 2366: 2346: 2263: 1695: 1400: 949: 560: 510: 235: 13819:"Najib Razak: Former Malaysian PM guilty on all charges in corruption trial" 11896: 10134: 8553:

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

8254:

Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the Fourteenth Century

8091: 7772: 7084: 6966: 6704:, the first federal election to have such a result in the nation's history. 6146:

that heavily favoured the ruling political party, Barisan Nasional. Another

6070:

that was criticised by human rights groups and several foreign governments.

5898: 3644: 3061:

had brought most of Malaya under their rule. In the 14th century, the Hindu

2695:

were old polities believed to be located in the northeast of the peninsula.

15826: 13874: 13801:"Najib gets concurrent 12-year jail sentence, RM210mil fine (Live Updates)" 13786: 13696:"How Anwar Ibrahim and Azmin Ali's mentor-protégé relationship turned sour" 13596: 12666: 12406: 11736: 11124: 10083:

p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.

9274:. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 36. 6431: 6408: 6318: 6288: 6245: 6117: 5987: 5983: 5972: 5902: 5727: 5667: 5456: 5364: 5342: 5202: 5195: 5165: 5111: 5107: 5053: 5023: 4926: 4922: 4870: 4808: 4701: 4545: 4494: 4269:

on the Malay Peninsula which was partly filled by the Siamese kings of the

4266: 4221: 4109: 4108:

In the 16th century, the Brunei empire's influence also extended as far as

3991: 3984: 3861: 3711: 3667: 3662: 3566: 3526: 3511: 3272: 3260: 3233: 3224: 3219: 3102: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3037: 3033: 3007: 2977: 2920: 2919:). In 1025 and 1026, Gangga Negara was attacked by Rajendra Chola I of the 2900: 2873:, a subordinate to Srivijaya, soon dominated the region's political scene. 2743: 2708: 2683: 2583: 2391: 2322: 2303: 2279: 2251: 2142: 1149: 1074: 979: 876: 684: 27: 23: 12515: 11496:"Big 'Unity' Plan – Tengku on Closer Ties with S'pore, Borneo, and Brunei" 10915:

Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice

9988:

Bungo, N.; Hussin, Nordin; Omar, Rahilah; Bidin, Aishah (September 2012).

8368:

The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)

7849:

The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 Bc-1300 Ad)

5455:

Chinese majority, achieved autonomy in 1955, and in 1959 the young leader

5194:

in two months. Singapore, with no landward defences, no air cover, and no

4838:, had British advisors. In 1909 the Siamese kingdom was compelled to cede 2472:

appear to be a composite group, with approximately half of their maternal

2325:

beginning in the 1980s. The previous economic policy was succeeded by the

2219:

ultimately gained hegemony across the territory that is now Malaysia. The

16281: 14492:"Malaysia wants to join BRICS, China's Xi an 'outstanding leader': Anwar" 13851:"Najib Razak: Malaysia's ex-PM starts jail term after final appeal fails" 12876:"Three men found guilty of murdering 298 people in shooting down of MH17" 12765: 12648:"U.S. says troubled over arrest of Malaysian activist under security law" 12402: 10799: 10797: 10299: 7652: 6754: 6636: 6594: 6480: 6394: 6383: 6226: 6042: 5637: 5575: 5330: 5212: 5207: 5174: 5157: 5126: 5087:

sentiments; it is known as the birthplace of Malay nationalism. In 1938,

5015: 5007: 5003: 4770: 4484:

When Malacca was handed back to the Dutch in 1818, the British governor,

4294: 4190: 4150: 4077:

which Brunei had incorporated via royal intermarriage with the rulers of

3922: 3830: 3780: 3691: 3600:

and allied themselves to Johor. Two treaties were signed between Admiral

3410: 3321: 2989: 2836: 2798: 2605: 2599: 2495:

expansion. Although they show some connections with other inhabitants of

2488: 2454: 2429: 2345:

resulted in the first-ever hung parliament in the country's history, and

81: 14863: 14572:

Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil

13902:"Malaysia's king declares state of emergency to curb spread of Covid-19" 13265:"Anwar Ibrahim freed from prison after royal pardon from Malaysian king" 12825:"Malaysia officially declares MH370 passengers and crew 'presumed dead'" 11408:. University of London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 108. 10942: 10910: 10704: 10680: 10340:

Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery, Book 1

10153:

Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines

9155: 8613:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations

8218: 7638: 6150:

was held in the same month, on 25 November 2007, in Kuala Lumpur led by

5857:

In 1971, the Parliament reconvened, and a new government coalition, the

4960: 3259:

and other envoys on his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with

2361:

The discovery of a skull estimated to be around 40,000 years old in the

13186: 12738:"Filipino group on Borneo claims to represent sultanate, Malaysia says" 10843:

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth

10320: 10297:

Broek, Jan O.M. (1962). "Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo".

8589:

History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800

7436: 6916:"Proclamation of independence of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 31 August 1957)" 5965: 5850: 5819: 5554: 5275: 5216: 5115: 5038: 4890: 4847: 4804: 4778: 4387: 4282: 4009:, some parts of Sarawak and ruled the formerly independent kingdoms of 3995: 3972: 3938: 3658: 3345: 3334: 3276: 3236:. Taking this as a good omen, he decided to establish a kingdom called 3229: 3178: 3162: 3149: 3015: 2670: 2551: 2546: 2527: 2458: 2434: 2415: 2406: 2131: 1705: 846: 620: 570: 225: 180: 121: 13442:"'We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision" 12792:

Poling, Gregory; DePadua, Phoebe; Frentasia, Jennifer (8 March 2013).

10794: 9643:

Klian Intan: Tin Mining and Socio-Economic Development (USM Publisher)

9185: 8511: 8426: 7751: 6110:, the Barisan Nasional led by Abdullah Badawi had a massive victory. 5173:

The British in Malaya were completely unprepared for the outbreak the

4359:, after the Sultan of Kedah gave his endorsement for the formation of 3337:

from China, Islam became increasingly common during the 15th century.

2654: 2274:(MCP) took up arms against the British, leading to the declaration of 14392:"Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock" 13375:"Malaysia to cancel $ 20 billion China-backed rail project: minister" 13348: 11327:"Malaya—Britain's forgotten war for rubber | Economic History Malaya" 9575: 7551:"Niah Cave (Borneo, Malaysia) – Anatomically modern humans in Borneo" 7372:"Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock" 6582:

spread throughout the nation. In response, Muhyiddin implemented the

6222: 6179: 6170: 6007: 5995: 5873: 5571: 5426: 5295: 5137: 5042: 4734: 4728: 4141:

had developed dynastic relations with the royal house of Brunei. The

3968: 3818: 3787:

In 1699, when Johor lost its last sultan of Malaccan lineage, Sultan

3558: 3268: 3062: 3020: 3011: 2949: 2881: 2870: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2822: 2791: 2773: 2477: 2419: 2239:

defined the boundaries between British Malaya and Siam (which became

2232: 2199:. This event led to the establishment of several sultanates, such as 2168: 650: 630: 288: 278: 145: 15092: 13993:"North Korean in Malaysia loses final appeal against US extradition" 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 6338:

skyrocketed as a result of Najib's numerous subsidy cuts, while the

5918: 5114:—and during the 1920s and 1930s, the Chinese Nationalist Party (the 5083:

The Malay teacher's college had lectures and writings that nurtured

3848:

and his courtiers. Many years after the precolonial period. c. 1900.

3722: 3596:

reached Southeast Asia. At that time the Dutch were at war with the

3049:. The power of the Buddhist Maharajas was further undermined by the 15805: 15123: 15012:

Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

14648: 13870:"Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political turmoil" 13823: 13475:"Malaysia cancels China-backed pipeline projects | Financial Times" 13291:"Anwar hails 'new dawn for Malaysia' following release from prison" 13067:"Malaysia's Mahathir and opposition sign declaration to oust Najib" 10461:

Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (12 November 2012).

9452:. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd. pp. 64–65. 9296: 9120:, ed. Anthony Reid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp.151–79 8812: 8418: 7347:"Anwar sworn in as Malaysia's PM after 25-year struggle for reform" 6310: 6214: 6123: 5934: 5777: 5663: 5600: 5399:

Chinese reaction against the MCP was shown by the formation of the

5360: 5291: 5287: 5231: 5183: 4999: 4763: 4632: 4375: 4343: 4254: 4242: 4205: 4169: 4074: 4062: 4042: 3980: 3917: 3634: 3506:

The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the

3398: 3317: 3308: 3288: 3256: 2981: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2593: 2523: 2395: 2287: 2240: 2152: 2148: 2127: 94: 15885: 14728:. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. 11383: 11374: 11372: 9486:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 61–117, 121. 8338:

Stephen Adolphe Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tryon (1996).

6741:

On 18 June 2024, Anwar announced Malaysia's intention to join the

5876:

as compared to other ethnic groups—was launched by Prime Minister

5642:

an economic, political, and military confrontation – lasted until

5388: 5037:(run by "Hui-Guan" 會館, or non-profit organisations). In the 1890s 14593:, vol. 16 – The Rulers of Malaysia, Editions Didier Millet, 14413: 14340:"Malaysia's ruling party pushes for national elections this year" 10032:

Crossroads (2nd Edn): A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore

9962: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9449:

Crossroads (2nd Edn): A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore

8076:. Rothermund, Dietmar 1933– (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. 6738:

concept from the previous administration of Ismail Sabri Yaakob.

6300: 6249: 6218: 6151: 6011: 5624: 5583: 5530: 5080:

formation of resistance movements against British colonial rule.

4991: 4987: 4755: 4640: 4625: 4395: 4146: 4058: 3934: 3570: 3382: 3300: 3296: 3284: 3237: 3203: 3195: 3073: 3045:, a port possibly located further up the Sumatran coast near the 2968:, Chola overlordship was established over the Srivijaya province 2840: 2781: 2780:, written in the form of Malay and in alphabets derived from the 2762: 2721: 2717: 2610: 2446: 2399: 2164: 14689:

South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide

14025:"Malaysia's Muhyiddin resigns after troubled 17 months in power" 12420:"Malaysia bans Hindraf, says it's a threat to national security" 9118:

Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief

8020:"Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians" 7795:"Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians" 7633:(3 (156)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–59. 6397:" and conduct elaborate and transparent investigations into the 6390:, the 6% Goods and Services Tax, and the rising cost of living. 6134:

In November 2007, Malaysia saw two anti-government rallies. The

5067:

The British gave elite Malays positions in the police and local

4378:

and was succeeded in 1795 by his son-in-law, Tengku Muhammad by

3373:

conquests closed the overland route between China and the west.

3198:

on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula was founded in 1400 by

14766:, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Kuala Lumpur, 11864:"The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia" 11369: 10426:

Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official

10035:. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd. p. 71. 9865:"Rule Behind the Silk Curtain: The Sultanahs of Aceh 1641–1699" 9668:"The story behind Malaysia's second oldest sultanate uncovered" 9659: 9532:"The story behind Malaysia's second oldest sultanate uncovered" 7410: 6758: 6540: 6422:

Philippine President Duterte in a meeting with Mahathir in the

6326: 6314: 5558: 5475: 5329:

to the Chinese and the resettlement of Chinese squatters into "

5033:

Some Chinese immigrant workers were connected with networks of

4995: 4918: 4902: 4843: 4823: 4715: 4647: 4466: 4407: 4360: 4318: 4290: 4138: 4066: 4050: 3542: 3469: 3370: 3353:

in the 15th century became the main point for the spreading of

3325: 3002:

heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital. The Buddhist

2805:, being strategically located at the northwest entrance of the 2713: 2688: 2627: 2511: 2462: 2411: 1219: 856: 215: 14933:(4th ed. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd, 2020) 14845:(in Indonesian). National Library of Indonesia. Archived from 14650:

Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies

14467:"PM launches 'Madani Nation' tagline to lead Malaysia forward" 13669: 13560: 12709: 11708:

Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013

10093:

Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl

10081:

Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl

9516: 9156:

P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977).

8512:

Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (15 September 1984).

7266:"Malaysia's Political Crisis Is Dooming Its COVID-19 Response" 6991:

Othman, Al-Amril; Ali, Mohd Nor Shahizan (29 September 2018).

6138:

was held in Kuala Lumpur on 10 November 2007, to campaign for

5791:

Following the end of the Malayan Emergency, the predominantly

5294:

was purged and replaced by the veteran MPAJA guerrilla leader

5152: 2738:'s son Raja Ganji Sarjuna of Kedah, allegedly a descendant of 2499:, some also have ancestry in Indochina around the time of the 2341:, causing political, health, social, and economic crises. The 14724: 13645:"Three things we learned about Shared Prosperity Vision 2030" 13532:"Malaysia, Japan hope for successful US – North Korea summit" 10464:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

10140: 9990:"Early settlements of the minangkabaus community in Selangor" 9919:. National Archives of Malaysia. 25 June 1747. Archived from 9758:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 61–117. 9186:

Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (19 February 2015).

6922:. The National Archives of the United Kingdom. 3 January 2017 6742: 6210: 5617: 5534: 5438:

would be the official language, and that Malay education and

5413: 5099:, which called for the unification of British Malaya and the 4906: 4839: 4827: 4742: 4688: 4611: 4274: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4038: 4006: 3913: 3809: 3630: 3621: 3354: 3280: 3247:

The Zheng He monument, today, marks his stopover at the city.

3169: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2953: 2885:

Bronze Avalokiteshvara statue found in Perak, 8th–9th century

2725: 2531: 2469: 2450: 2357: 2172: 2160: 2156: 14620:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

14210:"Malaysia's new PM strikes conciliatory tone in 1st address" 12989:. The Malaysian Insider, 3 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. 12667:"Is putting activists under Sosma the new norm under Najib?" 10685:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

10206: 9902:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

6551:

On 1 March 2020, a week after the country was thrown into a

6271: 6157:

Abdullah Badawi was re-elected as the prime minister in the

5201:

The Japanese colonial government regarded the Malays from a

5186:. The Japanese were thus able to attack from their bases in 2306:, a national philosophy promoting unity among citizens. The 2211:

increased during the 17th to 18th centuries, with the Dutch

14410:"Anwar Ibrahim appointed as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister" 14076:"King appoints Muhyiddin as caretaker PM, no polls for now" 13321:"Bill to repeal GST tabled in Parliament for first reading" 13041:"Malaysia alliance demands removal of scandal-hit PM Najib" 11854: 9010:. Fujian, China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 58. 8579:

by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40

8364: 7845: 7769:"TED Cast Study: Taman Negara Rain Forest Park and Tourism" 5925:

in Kuala Lumpur was the tallest building in Southeast Asia.

5803: 5310:, with about 13,000 mostly ethnic Chinese, men under arms. 5019: 4983: 4850:, which already had British advisors, over to the British. 4018: 3976: 3546: 3530: 3394: 3390: 3304: 3264: 3054: 2998:, a Tamil poem of the 2nd century AD, describes goods from 12970:. Free Malaysia Today, 6 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. 12514:

Sabri, Muda Mohd Noor & Abdul Rahim (8 October 2008).

12443:"The 2008 Malaysian Elections: An End to Ethnic Politics?" 9826: 9607: 8411:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

8207:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

7627:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

6464:, stating that his government would promise to ratify the 5753: 5147: 4374:

origin succeeded in unifying the territory of present-day

4093:

A view of a river from the anchorage off Sarawak, Borneo,

14926:(2nd ed. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016). 13906: 12685:"Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own" 11670:"No 8029: Manila Accord, Declaration and Joint Statement" 11087:

Hays, Jeffrey. "BRITISH IN MALAYSIA". Facts and Details,

10266: 10218: 8371:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 162–163. 6943:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

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would be drawn from the ranks of the Malay sultans, that

5002:

as an export good. All these industries required a large

4979: 4799: 4057:, who came to trade and spread Islam. During the rule of 14993:

Hack, Karl. "Decolonisation and the Pergau Dam affair."

14465:

Fadli, 'Ainin Wan Salleh and Mohamad (19 January 2023).

14441:"PM launches Malaysia MADANI slogan | New Straits Times" 13179:"Malaysia expels North Korea ambassador over Kim murder" 12372:"Asia Sentinel – Malaysian Petitioners Defy Police" 11129:

Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Sejarah Tingkatan 2

10681:"Dutch Records from Malacca in the India Office Records" 10508:. Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Press Sdn Bhd. p. 6. 10170: 9862: 9805: 9635:

Mohamad Rashidi Pakri; Nik Haslinda Nik Hussain (2017).

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U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 486–488.

9500: 8708:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 8409:

Wheatley, P. (1 January 1955). "The Golden Chersonese".

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as the home of Malaysia's public service and bringing a

3702:(1528–1549), first Sultan of Perak, after surviving the 3133:, was expelled from Temasek by forces from Majapahit or 14931:

Crossroads: a popular history of Malaysia and Singapore

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Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times

14613:(in Malay). Department of History of Brunei Darussalam. 14588: 12092:"Malaysia: Charges against Anwar politically motivated" 10194: 10182: 9975: 9956: 7787: 6334:, which gives the prime minister unprecedented powers. 4201:, who aggressively fought to expand their territories. 3825:(c. 1519–1530) joined forces with the Sultan of Johor, 3255:

arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameswara was escorted by

2377:

The Malay Peninsula, shown in the Ptolemy's map as the

2349:

became Malaysia's prime minister on November 24, 2022.

14922:

Andaya, Barbara Watson, and Leonard Y. Andaya. (2016)

14265:

Correspondent, Ram AnandMalaysia (27 September 2021).

13400:

CARVALHO, MAZWIN NIK ANIS, JOSEPH KAOS Jr and MARTIN.

12791: 12516:"Pak Lah tidak tanding presiden, letak jawatan PM Mac" 8979:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

7175: 6299:(1MDB), a state-owned investment fund masterminded by 6252:. Just four months later, 298 people were killed when 5091:, an alumnus of Sultan Idris College, established the 4598:

Leaders of 19th & 20th century rebellions against

4406:. The treaty further guaranteed British possession of 2801:, the Malay Peninsula was involved in this trade. The 2558:

for transmission of religion, music, arts, and cuisine

14745:

A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania

13563:"Malaysia to reopen embassy in North Korea: Mahathir" 13123:"Malaysia's Najib looks to ride out political crisis" 12422:. Kuala Lumpur: Press Trust of India. 17 October 2008 11127:; Muhd Yusof bin Ibrahim; Singh, D.S. Ranjit (1994). 11002:

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10242: 9812:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. p. 106. 9751: 9479: 7178:"Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis" 6997:

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6006:. One of the most controversial developments was the 5662:

The proclamation on the formation of the independent

4968: 3053:. Areas which were converted to Islam early, such as 2649: 2646:

writing system was used as early as the 4th century.

14687:

Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989).

14320:"Anti-hopping law among 14 Acts given royal consent" 13213:"Mahathir sworn in as Malaysia's 7th prime minister" 11848: 10888: 10564: 10278: 10230: 10158: 9987: 9782:

European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India

9707: 8314:

The Politics of Religion in South and Southeast Asia

7944:

Malaya and its history – Page 14 – by Sir

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Esa, Mohd Sohaimi; Ationg, Romzi (2 December 2020).

6839: 6630:

the country's vaccination programme against COVID-19

6415:

as planned and agreed by the coalition before GE14.

5383: 2855:

is mentioned, believed to be a Chinese rendering of

2797:

Being on the maritime trade route between China and

2706:

was a semi-legendary Hindu kingdom mentioned in the

12203:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 207–228, 12066:"Anwar Ibrahim: A long-held dream to lead Malaysia" 10717: 10254: 9940: 9938: 9374:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 71, 81–82, 87, 108. 9189:

A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830

9181: 9179: 7672:"Tracing back Malaysia's stone-age man in Lenggong" 7038:

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

6029:A view of Petronas Twin Towers and the surrounding 5591:total population of Malaysia was about 10 million. 4873:, ruled by a governor under the supervision of the 3641:of Sumatra also started to assert their influence. 3263:granted protection to Malacca against attacks from 15002:A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West 11888:Malaysia's New Economic Policy and 'National Unity 11227: 11183:"Malay Society under Japanese Occupation, 1942–45" 9997:Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 9665: 9529: 8800: 8779: 8603:by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71 8279: 7706:Beneath Another Sky: A Global Journey into History 7236:"Malaysia's GDP shrinks 5.6% in COVID-marred 2020" 7076:Malaysia's New Economic Policy and 'National Unity 6382:on 10 May 2018. A number of issues contributed to 6279:tainted the tenure of Prime Minister, Najib Razak. 3401:today. The government in Malacca was based on the 2876: 2827:Between the 7th and the 13th century, much of the 15043:(Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1967). 14955:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 478–484. 13561:Praveen Menon; Darren Schuettler (12 June 2018). 12710:Michael Ubac; Dona Z. Pazzibugan (3 March 2013). 12322:. Global Subsidies Initiative. 27 December 2007. 12119:"Mahathir bows out with parting shot at the Jews" 10866: 9697:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. p. 152. 9212: 9131:"Dokumen Gazetir (Perak Darul Ridzuan – Sejarah)" 9123: 8936: 6437:Mahathir's administration promised to review all 6356: 6285:controversial 6 percent tax on goods and services 4917:. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of 4909:) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of 3775:Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the 3589:, Aceh attacked Johor in 1613 and again in 1615. 2480:. Scholars suggest they are descendants of early 2414:was connected to the mainland of Southeast Asia. 16294: 14158:Pejabat Perdana Menteri Malaysia Laman Web Rasmi 13952: 13693: 12798:Center for Strategic & International Studies 12677: 11353: 11254: 10416: 9935: 9176: 8172:World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia 7948:published by Hutchinson University Library, 1962 5274:(UMNO) was founded by Malay nationalists led by 4390:experienced stability under the reign of Sultan 4304: 3908:During the 17th century Johor-Jambi war, Sultan 2972:in the late 11th century. The expedition of the 2903:of south India was friendly during the reign of 2541: 2518:. Around 300 BC, they were pushed inland by the 2215:with the aid of Johor. In the 19th century, the 14726:History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past 13984: 13339:"Malaysia to remove GST for consumers on Jun 1" 12761:"Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013" 11231:Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia 10460: 8775: 8773: 7506: 7450: 7108: 6189:On 15 September 2011, Najib announced that the 4220:to restore order. It was around this time that 2816: 2266:was established in 1946 and reorganized as the 15021:(Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 14939: 14861: 14126: 12574:(in Malay). Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia. 2010. 11662: 11526:Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). 10998: 10744: 10570: 9870:. Centre for Editing Lives and Letters (Cell) 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9044:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 296. 8044: 7590: 7458:"Niah National Park – Early Human settlements" 6653: 5702:of the 1930s, followed by the outbreak of the 5008:the longer-established British colony in India 4528:until 1867, when they were transferred to the 3365:After an initial period paying tribute to the 3006:took control of Kedah shortly after. Its king 2390:Stone hand axes from early hominids, probably 2294:was expelled from the federation and became a 15901: 15108: 14686: 14264: 12735: 12621:. Attorney-General's Chambers. Archived from 12578: 12403:30,000 Hindraf protesters rally in KL streets 12369: 10212: 10055: 9724: 9701: 9417: 8909: 8758:"South and Southeast Asia, 500 – 1500". 6501:known as the Sheraton Move in February 2020. 6460:On 28 September 2018, Mahathir addressed the 6321:peacefully before the police confronted them. 6317:'s protesters marched through the streets of 6195:Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 5594: 4582: 4337:to invade Kedah Sultanate in 1821. Under the 4005:) reported that Boni invaded or administered 3307:. In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral 3041:11th century, the centre of power shifted to 2576: 2108: 13503: 13425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13402:"Work on ECRL expected to resume next month" 12968:Zaid: Najib's finest hour when he steps down 12703: 12291:"Achieving Food Security for All Malaysians" 11772:. Singapore Attorney-General. Archived from 10911:"The Making and Unmaking(?) of a Malay Race" 10636:(Paperback ed.). Lightning Source Inc. 10546:"Empire in Your Backyard – Sir James Brooke" 10502:Brunei – Revival of 1906 – A popular history 10104: 9772: 9718: 9645:] (in Malay). Penerbit USM. p. 35. 9041:Songs of Memory in Islands of Southeast Asia 9037: 8943:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 127. 8770: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 7320:"Malaysia elects first ever hung parliament" 5784:(PAS) and a Democratic socialist party, the 5764:Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989) 5215:, and treated them with harshly: during the 5112:regarded the Chinese as clever but dangerous 3912:(r. 1623–1677) of Johor engaged the help of 3880:, Pahang eventually defeated Johor in 1613. 2976:Emperors had such a great impression on the 2891:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I 2765:, a Greek geographer, had written about the 14617: 14606: 14569: 12930: 11118: 11116: 10377: 10272: 10176: 10098: 9785:. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. 9745: 9466: 9323: 9192:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. 9162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8930: 8905: 8903: 8831: 8829: 8728: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 6945:. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. 6940: 6504: 6388:1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal 5810:, on 17 June 1968. Instead of declaring a " 3945:(1705–1788) founded the present hereditary 3428: 3253:Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing 3218:. Over time this developed into modern-day 2461:hunters were probably the ancestors of the 15908: 15894: 15115: 15101: 14779: 14742: 14646: 14607:Awang Juned, Awang Abdul Aziz bin (1992). 14439:Radhi, Nor Ain Mohamed (19 January 2023). 14048: 13990: 12148:Siddiquee, Noore Alam (17 November 2009). 12016: 12004: 11992: 11711:. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 40–41. 11005:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 148–149. 10588: 10224: 10095:p. 38 citing Ferrand. Relations. Page 344. 9806:Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan (27 April 2018). 9778: 9752:Barbara Watson Andaya (11 November 1982). 9480:Barbara Watson Andaya (11 November 1982). 9311: 9294: 8625:Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8358: 8250: 7624: 7425: 6641:severance of diplomatic ties with Malaysia 6613:on August 23, 2022 to serve his sentence. 6342:declined. After Barisan Nasional lost the 6260:while flying over territory controlled by 6076: 5944: 4589: 4575: 4355:was installed by the Siamese as the first 4273:, who made the five northern Malay states— 3637:where they came from. On top of this, the 3629:(1677–1685), then engaged the help of the 3437:16th century Portuguese sketch of Malacca. 2630:dating from the 1st century following the 2115: 2101: 14100: 13867: 13776: 13016: 12931:Wright, Tom; Clark, Simon (2 July 2015). 12822: 12794:"The Royal Army of Sulu Invades Malaysia" 12586:"Malaysia to scrap Internal Security Act" 12458: 12147: 11818: 11796:"Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety" 11788: 11400: 10718:Joshua Samuel Brown (15 September 2010). 10131:Coedes, Indianized States, Page 128, 132. 10028: 9445: 8555:by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67 8441: 7797:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 7669: 7049: 7031: 7008: 6990: 6857: 5254:In 1944, the British drew up plans for a 5169:Japanese troops landed on Malaya in 1941. 4232: 4049:By the 15th century, the empire became a 3577:in the 16th century, most notably in the 15019:Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya 14821: 14800: 13642: 12902:"Budget 2014: GST at 6% from April 2015" 12850:"MH17 Ukraine plane crash: What we know" 12440: 12116: 11920: 11891:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 182–214. 11698: 11234:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 11113: 10776:"Johor is brought under British control" 10422: 10410: 10380:"Sultan Tengah – Sarawak's first Sultan" 10336: 10200: 10188: 9731:. Proglen Trading Co., Ltd. p. 56. 9441: 9439: 9266: 9007:Zheng He's voyages down the western seas 8957: 8940:Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet? 8900: 8838:Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas 8826: 8408: 8204: 8098: 8065: 7846:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (January 2002). 7591:Bernet Kempers, A. J. (1 January 1988). 7512: 7079:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 182–214. 6846:International Journal of Islamic Thought 6530: 6417: 6309: 6270: 6122: 6024: 5948: 5917: 5897: 5657: 5516: 5511:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 5387: 5378: 5245: 5164: 5151: 4959: 4936:was granted control of the territory of 4885: 4436: 4088: 3839: 3721: 3643: 3501: 3432: 3344: 3242: 3148: 3144: 3137:. He later headed north and founded the 2927:emperor who is now thought to have laid 2880: 2851:. In the 7th century, a new port called 2753: 2653: 2545: 2428: 2372: 2356: 2254:ended British rule in Malaya. After the 17: 14959: 14840: 14761: 13153:"New bill gives Najib extensive powers" 11704: 11149: 10831:by the Government of the United Kingdom 10809:"Policy in regard to Malaya and Borneo" 10778:. National Library Board. 12 May 1914. 10658:"The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya" 10164: 10060:. Oxford University Press. p. 74. 9944: 9422:. Oxford University Press. p. 22. 8780:C. Edmund Bosworth (26 December 2007). 8706:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 8480: 6707: 6677:idea. During his tenure, he lifted the 6164: 5754:Crisis of 1969 and Communist insurgency 5298:, who turned the party increasingly to 5148:World War II and the state of emergency 3755:Throughout the early 17th century, the 3088:, and the port was deserted during the 3065:came into possession of the peninsula. 2899:The relation between Srivijaya and the 2746:royalty no later than the 2nd century. 2581:In ancient Indian literature, the term 1686:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 16295: 14895: 14780:Milne, R. S.; Mauzy, Diane K. (1999). 14667: 14402: 14101:Palansamy, Yiswaree (20 August 2021). 13868:Ratcliffe, Rebecca (12 January 2021). 13719: 12665:Anwar, Nurul Izzah (5 December 2016). 11679:. United Nations. 1963. Archived from 11321: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11155: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10958: 10954: 10952: 10678: 10632:Wood, William A. R. (1 October 2001). 10581:Ulrike Freitag, W. G. Clarence-Smith, 10284: 10248: 9413: 9411: 9367: 9213:Spencer C. Tucker (23 December 2009). 8886:. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. p. 153. 8883:Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD 8879: 8873: 8700: 8694: 8391: 8286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8277: 7763: 7761: 7702: 7183:. Thammasat University. Archived from 7114: 6891:"Malayan Independence | History Today" 6700:in November 2022, which resulted in a 6367:Second premiership of Mahathir Mohamad 5525:were formed to conduct a study in the 4293:had gold mines. The growth of tin and 4241:, escaping from Dutch colonisation of 3293:treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean 3287:, who travelled together with Admiral 3271:and Malacca officially submitted as a 3027: 2939:in 1025. A second invasion was led by 2632:southward expansion of the Han dynasty 15889: 15122: 15096: 14743:Lea, David; Milward, Colette (2001). 14705: 14508: 14464: 14438: 13743:Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel (13 June 2020). 13694:Tashny Sukumaran (18 December 2019). 13485:from the original on 9 September 2018 13439: 12998: 12758: 12729: 12664: 12539: 12513: 11471:"Tunku announces proposal for merger" 10867:Peter C. Richards (6 December 1947). 10594: 10423:Alastair, Morrison (1 January 1993). 10371: 10296: 10236: 9436: 9363: 9361: 9359: 8729:Alexanderll, James (September 2006). 8648: 8317:. Taylor & Francis. p. 129. 8257:. Ohio University Press. p. 39. 8071: 8051:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. 7544: 7542: 7314: 7312: 7211: 7207: 7205: 6801:Japanese occupation of British Borneo 6681:(MCO) following the expansion of the 6201:In early February 2013, there was an 4602:in Pre-Malaysian states prior to WWII 4570: 4137:and the Muslim Rajahs of precolonial 3903: 3817:(1455–1475), himself the grandson of 3694:by the eldest son of Malaccan Sultan 3686:Based on the Perak Royal Genealogy (" 3666:Raja Kechil with help from the Bugis 3184: 15554:States and municipalities by exports 15243:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 14874: 13932: 13914:from the original on 12 January 2021 13882:from the original on 12 January 2021 13742: 13399: 13241:. Free Malaysia Today. 10 May 2018. 12999:Jones, David Seth (1 January 2020). 12596:from the original on 31 October 2022 12129:from the original on 4 November 2011 12052: 12040: 12028: 11980: 11962:from the original on 22 October 2012 11938: 11926: 11884: 10908: 10631: 10498: 10058:A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore 9420:A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore 8806: 8783:Historic Cities of the Islamic World 7344: 7289: 7072: 6723:as Anwar has obtained support for a 6511:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 6399:1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal 6175:1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal 4881: 4562: 4422: 4084: 1976:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 15915: 14943:; Graham, Walter Armstrong (1911). 14358: 14120: 13732:from the original on 20 April 2020. 13538:. New Straits Times. 12 June 2018. 13205: 12263: 12194: 11598:"Malaysia: Fighting the Federation" 11312: 11180: 11100: 11025: 10977: 10949: 10748:; Graham, Walter Armstrong (1911). 10260: 9809:Sovereign Women in a Muslim Kingdom 9608:Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto (2012). 9408: 9342:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 150. 9295:Borschberg, Peter (February 2010). 9239: 9003: 8976: 8937:Donald B. Freeman (17 April 2003). 7758: 7729: 7653:"Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity" 7488:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7484:"History of the Great Cave of Niah" 7433:"History of the Great Cave of Niah" 7115:Spaeth, Anthony (9 December 1996). 5272:United Malays National Organisation 5225:Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army 4913:, who later became a vassal of the 4216:(1827–1852), ordered his uncle the 4176:assaulted Brunei itself during the 3956: 3799: 3670:and reclaimed the throne as Sultan 2952:, which had exerted influence over 1776:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 13: 15048:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15000:Hooker, Virginia Matheson. (2003) 14980:Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics 14916: 14670:A Short History of South-East Asia 14416:. 24 November 2022. Archived from 14366:"Malaysia PM dissolves parliament" 14005:from the original on 20 March 2021 13508:. Business Insider. Archived from 13239:"1MDB poses fresh threat to Najib" 13159:from the original on 29 March 2019 13133:from the original on 29 March 2019 13077:from the original on 29 March 2019 12912:from the original on 19 March 2021 12823:Brumfield, Ben (29 January 2015). 12759:Najib, Najiah (30 December 2013). 12736:Jethro Mullen (15 February 2013). 12568:1 Malaysia Booklet Edisi Terbaharu 12540:Foong, Joshua (15 December 2010). 12441:Pepinsky, Thomas B. (April 2009). 12117:Spillius, Alex (31 October 2003). 11952:"The exotic doctor calls it a day" 11630:. 6 September 1963. Archived from 11438: 10846:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. 10141:History for Brunei Darussalam 2009 9666:Alan Teh Leam Seng (8 July 2018). 9530:Alan Teh Leam Seng (8 July 2018). 9356: 9038:Nicole Revel (17 September 2013). 8863:"Yong-le: Year 9, Month 9, Day 15" 7703:Davies, Norman (7 December 2017). 7539: 7513:Faulkner, Neil (7 November 2003). 7460:. Sarawak Forestry. Archived from 7309: 7202: 6660:Premiership of Ismail Sabri Yaakob 6571:(PN) coalition government, led by 6393:Mahathir promised to "restore the 5883: 5838:, headed by Deputy Prime Minister 5748:Federal Land Development Authority 5223:(MCP), became the backbone of the 5006:, so the British sent people from 4969:Race relations during colonial era 4893:hoisted for the first time on the 3681: 3536: 3523:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie 3425:became the major centre of Islam. 3340: 2650:Early kingdoms (3rd–7th centuries) 1616:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1536:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 58: 14: 16314: 15072: 14783:Malaysian Politics under Mahathir 14242:. 26 October 2021. Archived from 13933:Auto, Hermes (24 February 2021). 13831:from the original on 28 July 2020 13569:from the original on 14 June 2018 13542:from the original on 15 June 2018 13047:from the original on 12 July 2016 12804:from the original on 8 March 2021 12773:from the original on 9 March 2021 12326:from the original on 24 June 2019 12201:Islam and International Relations 11653:"Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No" 11624:"Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No" 10782:from the original on 30 June 2015 10111:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 30. 9863:Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan (2009). 9583:"Tok Temong (Keramat Tok Temong)" 9246:. Psychology Press. p. 763. 9243:The Far East and Australasia 2003 8760:The Encyclopedia of World History 8637:India and Malaya Through the Ages 8282:A History of Chinese Civilization 8022:. Oxford Journals. Archived from 7548: 7246:from the original on 31 July 2021 6523:2021 Malaysian state of emergency 6386:'s defeat, including the ongoing 6060:and his supporters initiated the 5831:riots and inter-communal violence 5806:–Betong, in the northern part of 5384:Struggle for independent Malaysia 4459:strongest European power in India 3983:in the Philippines), against the 3232:outwitting a dog resting under a 2530:people descended partly from the 2331:late 1990s Asian financial crisis 2175:made its initial presence in the 1786:Attacks against places of worship 16276: 16267: 16266: 15203:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 14997:(Nov 1994), 44#11 pp. 9–12. 14962:History of the Dutch in Malaysia 14862:Suzalina Halid (18 March 2015). 14589:Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), 14533: 14521:from the original on 9 July 2024 14502: 14484: 14458: 14432: 14384: 14332: 14312: 14258: 14228: 14202: 14176: 14160:. 22 August 2022. Archived from 14146: 14094: 14068: 14042: 14017: 13926: 13894: 13861: 13843: 13811: 13793: 13736: 13720:Hassan, Hazlin (17 March 2020). 13713: 13687: 13662: 13636: 13611: 13581: 13554: 13524: 13497: 13467: 13440:Beech, Hannah (20 August 2018). 13433: 13393: 13367: 13331: 13313: 13283: 13257: 13245:from the original on 30 May 2018 13231: 13171: 13145: 13115: 13089: 13059: 13033: 13005:Public Administration and Policy 12992: 12973: 12961: 12949:from the original on 3 July 2015 12924: 12894: 12868: 12842: 12816: 12785: 12752: 12658: 12640: 12608: 12559: 12533: 12507: 12475: 12434: 12412: 12396: 12363: 12338: 12308: 12283: 12257: 12231: 12188: 12141: 12110: 12084: 12058: 12046: 12034: 12022: 12010: 11998: 11986: 11974: 11944: 11932: 11878: 11802:. 27 August 1965. Archived from 11762: 11751: 11725: 11677:United Nations Treaty Collection 11646: 11616: 11607: 11591: 11575: 11550: 11541: 11520: 11488: 11463: 11432: 11394: 11382: 11337: 11282: 11248: 11221: 11174: 11094: 11081: 11019: 10902: 10898:– via treaties.fco.gov.uk. 10869:"New Flag Over Pacific Paradise" 10860: 10834: 10768: 10738: 10711: 10672: 10650: 10625: 10575: 10537: 10492: 10454: 10404: 10378:Rozan Yunos (28 December 2008). 10330: 10290: 10146: 10125: 10086: 10074: 10049: 10022: 9981: 9950: 9909: 9893: 9856: 9799: 9685: 9628: 9601: 9549: 8365:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). 8045:Anthony Milner (25 March 2011). 7212:Cheng, Harrison (3 March 2020). 6593:convicted former Prime Minister 6584:Malaysian movement control order 6515:Malaysian movement control order 6346:, these issues came to an end. 6283:On 1 April 2015, Najib passed a 5796:Malayan National Liberation Army 5653: 5308:Malayan Peoples' Liberation Army 5129:, except for the sinking of the 4516:, which they established as the 4449:of Penang, marking the start of 3937:struggled for control of Johor. 3573:. The Portuguese and Johor were 3189: 2698: 2317:, the country experienced rapid 2290:was formed, but in August 1965, 2084: 1746:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 14964:. Malaysia: Nutmeg Publishing. 14509:Yusry, Muhammad (9 July 2024). 13643:Loheswar, R. (7 October 2019). 11156:Graham, Brown (February 2005). 11123:Zainal Abidin bin Abdul Wahid; 10337:Donald F, Lach (15 July 2008). 10108:Adventure Guides: East Malaysia 9872:Queen Mary University of London 9725:Duncan Stearn (25 March 2019). 9368:Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). 9339:A New History of Southeast Asia 9329: 9317: 9305: 9288: 9260: 9233: 9206: 9149: 9110: 9084: 9058: 9031: 8997: 8855: 8807:Kent, Jonathan (3 March 2005). 8751: 8731:Malaysia Brunei & Singapore 8722: 8704:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 8683: 8649:Zheng, Dekun (1 January 1982). 8642: 8630: 8618: 8606: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8558: 8546: 8532: 8402: 8385: 8331: 8304: 8271: 8251:Derek Heng (15 November 2009). 8244: 8225: 8198: 8189: 8038: 8012: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7875: 7866: 7839: 7813: 7723: 7696: 7663: 7645: 7618: 7584: 7573: 7476: 7390: 7364: 7338: 7290:Auto, Hermes (22 August 2022). 7283: 7258: 7228: 7169: 7139: 6813: 6462:United Nations General Assembly 6453:Mahathir was supportive of the 6448:China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau 6363:2018 Malaysian general election 6305:Malaysian Citizens' Declaration 6100:Malaysia's agriculture industry 5937:(National Petroleum Ltd.), and 5894:Freedom of religion in Malaysia 5818:(Neighbourhood Watch), and the 5644:the downfall of Sukarno in 1966 4675:Tengku Antah ibni Yamtuan Radin 4535: 4524:, administered first under the 4183: 3698:. He ascended to the throne as 3648:Johor-Dutch battle in the 1780s 3592:In the early 17th century, the 3517:In the early 17th century, the 3036:, the Siamese Kingdom, and the 3018:and the Sri Lankan chronicles, 2877:Relations with the Chola Empire 2734:, Gangga Negara was founded by 2270:in 1948. In the peninsula, the 2223:defined the boundaries between 1606:Penang terminal bridge collapse 591:Separation of Perlis from Kedah 16234:British Indian Ocean Territory 14946:"Malay States (British)" 14691:. University of Hawaii Press. 14562: 14127:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 13189:. 5 March 2017. Archived from 12491:. 3 April 2009. Archived from 11588:, New York, 20 September 1963. 11439:JC, Fong (16 September 2011). 11389:Federation of Malaya Agreement 10751:"Malay States (British)" 9272:A history of Johore, 1365–1895 9159:The Cambridge History of Islam 8910:Wong Hui Shin (20 June 2012). 8398:. Liang Khoo Printing Company. 8392:Singam, S. Durai Raja (1962). 7176:Ping Lee Poh; Yean Tham Siew. 7066: 7025: 6984: 6959: 6934: 6908: 6883: 6874: 6833: 6357:Second Mahathir administration 6332:National Security Council Bill 6235:Eastern Sabah Security Command 6056:, it was a political triumph. 5140:on 28 October 1914 during the 5022:were majority Chinese, as was 4921:. In 1840, British adventurer 3963:Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) 3710:in 1511 and living quietly in 3202:, a Srivijayan prince fleeing 2573:in the 4th and 5th centuries. 2567:Indian influence in the region 2402:habitation in Southeast Asia. 1516:Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1: 15174:Japanese occupation of Malaya 14049:hermesauto (16 August 2021). 13504:Jonathan Loh (12 June 2018). 13351:. 16 May 2018. Archived from 12447:Journal of East Asian Studies 11832:. 23 May 1969. Archived from 11733:"Philippines' Claim To Sabah" 11659:, New York, 6 September 1963. 11604:, New York, 21 December 1962. 11547:Shuid & Yunus, pp. 30–31. 11296:. 19 May 1952. Archived from 10959:Alatas, Syed Hussein (1977). 10724:. Lonely Planet. p. 22. 10543: 9838:National Archives of Malaysia 9834:"Kota Belanda, Pulau Pangkor" 9714:. Methodist Publishing House. 9708:Charles Otto Blagden (1925). 8841:. 五洲传播出版社. 2005. p. 58. 8652:Studies in Chinese Archeology 7771:. August 1999. Archived from 7744:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090 6826: 6796:Japanese occupation of Malaya 6519:COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia 6477:Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 6351:assassination of Kim Jong-nam 6130:that was held in Kuala Lumpur 5933:(National Corporation Ltd.), 5588:Sarawak United People's Party 5496:Chinese majority in Singapore 5375:as the first prime minister. 5056:in the rubber-growing areas. 4618:Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah 4370:, an aristocratic warlord of 4317:managed to obtain a lease of 4305:Siamese expansion into Malaya 4094: 3746: 3303:, and was a vassal region of 3121:In 1324, a Srivijaya prince, 2935:in Tamil) was invaded by the 2859:. For over six centuries the 2542:Early Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms 2352: 2329:(NDP) from 1991 to 2000. The 1726:2002 Taman Hillview landslide 781:Japanese occupation of Malaya 240: 99: 15488:State legislative assemblies 15208:Sarawak communist insurgency 15079:Economic History of Malaysia 15041:Origins of Malay Nationalism 14898:Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1 14801:Saunders, Graham E. (2002). 14591:The Encyclopedia of Malaysia 12616:"Federal Government Gazette" 11735:. epilipinas. Archived from 11582:"Malaysia: Hurray for Harry" 11366:, New York, 9 September 1957 10003:(3): 931–947. Archived from 9976:Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011 9957:Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011 8809:"Chinese diaspora: Malaysia" 8657:The Chinese University Press 8175:. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. 7270:Council on Foreign Relations 6559:was appointed as the eighth 6455:2018–19 Korean peace process 6374:was sworn in as the seventh 6297:1Malaysia Development Berhad 6242:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5822:(People's Volunteer Group). 5629:Communist Party of Indonesia 4934:British North Borneo Company 4811:and Raja Muda Abdullah. The 4550:Crown Colony of North Borneo 4417:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 4323:Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II 4079:Sulu, Manila and Maguindanao 3251:In 1404, the first official 3010:used it as a base to attack 2817:Srivijaya (7th–13th century) 2749: 2603:also mentions a place named 2296:separate independent country 2237:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 1966:2024 Lumut helicopters crash 1886:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 1766:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 1045:North Borneo self-governance 7: 15707:Water supply and sanitation 15233:1997 Asian financial crisis 15026:The Malay Dilemma Revisited 14570:Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). 13991:hermesauto (9 March 2021). 13101:ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute 12483:"New Malaysian PM sworn in" 12266:"RM4bil food security plan" 12209:10.1007/978-1-137-49932-5_9 11770:"Proclamation on Singapore" 11506:National Library, Singapore 11475:National Library, Singapore 11290:"MALAYA: Token Citizenship" 11228:David Koh Wee Hock (2007). 11181:Soh, Byungkuk (June 1998). 10961:The Myth of the Lazy Native 10345:University of Chicago Press 9779:Om Prakash (28 June 1998). 8916:. AuthorHouse. p. 49. 8577:Singapore in Global History 8567:by B. V. Rao (2005), p. 211 7670:Liz Price (17 March 2007). 7010:10.17576/JKMJC-2018-3403-16 6764: 6719:on 24 November 2022 by the 6654:Ismail Sabri administration 6622:national state of emergency 6578:During his administration, 6254:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 6182:campaign was introduced by 6102:and ensuring the country's 6047:International Monetary Fund 5977:National Development Policy 5836:National Operations Council 5774:Malaysian People's Movement 5509:opposed it as well. At the 5459:became prime minister. The 5401:Malayan Chinese Association 4265:. The fall of Johor left a 4208:ore in the Kuching region, 4204:Following the discovery of 3852:During the reign of Sultan 3510:in 1606 to gain control of 2917:Chola invasion of Srivijaya 2895:Chola invasion of Srivijaya 2831:was under the influence of 2554:cultural influence zone of 2465:, an ethnic Negrito group. 2337:, which coincided with the 2327:National Development Policy 1816:Genting Highlands bus crash 1796:Cameron Highlands bus crash 1496:AIA building hostage crisis 1466:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1415:Philippine militant attacks 1220:Federal Territory of Labuan 1150:Declaration of Rukun Negara 1140:National Operations Council 1105:Second communist insurgency 10: 16319: 15270:Cities, towns and villages 15228:1988 constitutional crisis 14710:. New Holland Publishers. 14647:Borschberg, Peter (2011). 13761:10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w 12370:Imtiaz Shah Yacob, Imran. 12154:Public Organization Review 11199:10.1177/223386599800100205 10927:10.3167/015597705780886239 10595:Steam, Duncan (May 2004). 10155:By Wang Zhenping Page 256. 10029:Jim Baker (15 July 2008). 9446:Jim Baker (15 July 2008). 8880:Lim SK (1 November 2011). 8627:, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158 7516:Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo 7123:. New York. Archived from 6786:History of the Philippines 6667:was sworn in as the ninth 6657: 6508: 6360: 6237:(ESSCOM) was established. 6191:Internal Security Act 1960 6168: 6080: 5968:as deputy prime minister. 5887: 5757: 5595:Challenges of independence 4539: 4426: 4348:invaded and occupied Kedah 4149:, known to the Portuguese 3960: 3868:of Pahang (1592–1614) and 3688:Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak" 3602:Cornelis Matelief de Jonge 3443:Malay–Portuguese conflicts 3440: 3397:as an isolated outpost of 2931:to waste. Kedah (known as 2888: 2820: 2661: 2577:Trade with India and China 2383: 2221:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 2207:. Dutch hegemony over the 2143:anatomically modern humans 1946:2022 Batang Kali landslide 1260:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 16262: 16221: 16181: 15923: 15840: 15793: 15720: 15610: 15601: 15509: 15500: 15398: 15389: 15260: 15251: 15134: 14982:. Pelanduk Publications. 14822:Saunders, Graham (2013). 14762:Linehan, William (1973), 14672:. John Wiley & Sons. 14471:Free Malaysia Today (FMT) 12716:Philippine Daily Inquirer 12689:Philippine Daily Inquirer 12542:"Understanding 1Malaysia" 12460:10.1017/s1598240800002824 12346:"Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor" 12166:10.1007/s11115-009-0102-y 11613:Shuid & Yunus, p. 31. 11187:International Area Review 10874:The Sydney Morning Herald 10313:10.1080/03085696208592208 10213:Herbert & Milner 1989 9219:. ABC-CLIO. p. 581. 8991:10.1017/S0041977X16001038 8764:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 8639:, by S. Durai Raja Singam 8468:. State.gov. 14 July 2010 7580:British Museum Collection 7521:Current World Archaeology 6859:10.24035/ijit.10.2016.001 6791:History of Southeast Asia 6771:The formation of Malaysia 6616:In mid-January 2021, the 6152:Hindu Rights Action Force 6031:central business district 5984:Multimedia Super Corridor 5782:Islamic Party of Malaysia 5627:, backed by the powerful 5367:. Against this backdrop, 5062:converted to Christianity 5048:An Indian commercial and 4852:Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor 4786:Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong 4608: 3858:Admiral Matelief de Jonge 3672:Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah 3228:, here Parameswara saw a 2843:, based near what is now 2731:Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa 2712:that covered present-day 2394:, have been unearthed in 2213:capturing Malacca in 1641 2197:capturing Malacca in 1511 1876:Movida Bar grenade attack 1626:Bright Sparklers disaster 1526:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1506:National Monument bombing 1476:Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1270:Royal Immunity Amendments 1015:Singapore self-governance 926:Crown Colony of N. Borneo 541:Siamese invasion of Kedah 15983:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 15760:Malay ethnic nationalism 15218:Second Malayan Emergency 15060:. East West Publishing. 14978:Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). 14960:De Witt, Dennis (2007). 14843:"Naskah Nagarakretagama" 14826:. Taylor & Francis. 14653:. Singapore: NUS Press. 14632:10.1353/ras.2010.a405052 13749:Journal of Public Health 13700:South China Morning Post 13018:10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0032 11705:Mathews, Philip (2013). 11562:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 11133:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 8591:by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43 8278:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 8237:19 February 2020 at the 7597:. Taylor & Francis. 7407:World Heritage Committee 7051:10.47405/mjssh.v5i12.585 6806: 6607:criminal breach of trust 6586:(MCO) on 18 March 2020. 6539:and its surroundings in 6505:Muhyiddin administration 6439:Belt and Road Initiative 6262:Russian-backed militants 6229:. The group was sent by 5905:, a blend of old and new 5890:Human rights in Malaysia 5845:Using the Emergency-era 5798:, the armed wing of the 5412:, the Chief Minister of 5077:A Malay Teachers College 4864:Unfederated Malay States 4834:, known together as the 4453:in the Malay Archipelago 4400:Unfederated Malay States 4353:Syed Hussein Jamalullail 4102:National Maritime Museum 3887:invaded Pahang, forcing 3870:Alauddin Riayat Shah III 3793:Muzaffar Riayat Shah III 3777:Dutch East India Company 3519:Dutch East India Company 3429:Post-Malaccan sultanates 2913:invaded Srivijaya cities 2907:but during the reign of 1896:Darul Quran madrasa fire 1716:2001 Kampung Medan riots 1636:Highland Towers collapse 1333:Pakatan Harapan takeover 735:Unfederated Malay States 327:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 16244:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15028:. Merantau Publishers. 15024:Musa, M. Bakri (1999). 14952:Encyclopædia Britannica 13217:Singapore Straits Times 12943:Dow Jones & Company 12938:The Wall Street Journal 12712:"No surrender, we stay" 11897:10.1057/9780230554986_8 11441:"Formation of Malaysia" 11350:, New York, 2 May 1960. 11260:"Our Region, Ourselves" 10999:Gullick, J. M. (1967). 10761:Encyclopædia Britannica 9711:British Malaya, 1824–67 8913:Sunshine Little Kitchen 8072:Kulke, Hermann (2004). 7732:American Anthropologist 7523:Issue 2. Archived from 7085:10.1057/9780230554986_8 6632:in late February 2021. 6537:Lim Chong Eu Expressway 6475:Mahathir announced the 6277:1MDB corruption scandal 6244:vanished en route from 6203:incursion in Lahad Datu 6186:in the summer of 2009. 6114:Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor 6077:Abdullah administration 5945:Mahathir administration 5800:Malayan Communist Party 5786:Democratic Action Party 5635:forces. This period of 5633:Commonwealth of Nations 5419:Malayan Indian Congress 5290:set in, the MCP leader 5221:Malayan Communist Party 5120:Chinese Communist Party 5010:, consisting mainly of 4558:Crown Colony of Sarawak 4477:). In 1795, during the 4227:Pangeran Indera Mahkota 4210:Pangeran Indera Mahkota 4174:Latin-American recruits 4055:Maritime Southeast Asia 3827:Alauddin Riayat Shah II 3729:'s influence in Perak, 3606:capture Malacca in 1606 3458:Alauddin Riayat Shah II 2776:(South Sumatra) and on 2497:Maritime Southeast Asia 2272:Malayan Communist Party 1956:2023 Elmina plane crash 1936:2021-22 Malaysia floods 1916:2020-21 Malaysia floods 1906:2018 Subang Temple riot 1866:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 1846:2014–15 Malaysia floods 1756:Bukit Gantang bus crash 1200:South China Sea dispute 1180:1977 Kelantan Emergency 1170:Federal Territory of KL 1065:Sarawak self-governance 139:65,000–40,000 BCE 15559:Science and technology 15056:Ye, Lin-Sheng (2003). 15050:32.3 (2001): 355–366. 14941:Clifford, Hugh Charles 14896:Welman, Frans (2013). 14881:. Palgrave Macmillan. 14668:Church, Peter (2012). 12985:6 January 2016 at the 12017:Milne & Mauzy 1999 12005:Milne & Mauzy 1999 11993:Milne & Mauzy 1999 11826:"Race War in Malaysia" 11401:Stockwell, AJ (2004). 10963:. London: Frank Cass. 10909:Kahn, Joel S. (2005). 10746:Clifford, Hugh Charles 10225:Lea & Milward 2001 10056:Tan Ding Eing (1975). 9557:"Senarai Sultan Perak" 9418:Tan Ding Eing (1978). 9066:"Sultanate of Malacca" 8786:. BRILL. p. 314. 8735:New Holland Publishers 8518:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8241:Retrieved 29 May 2008. 8232:ASEAN Member: Malaysia 6967:"Road to Independence" 6751:Eastern Economic Forum 6679:Movement Control Order 6548: 6427: 6344:2018 general elections 6322: 6280: 6258:surface-to-air missile 6131: 6034: 6020:Asian financial crisis 6000:Formula One Grand Prix 5954: 5926: 5906: 5827:1969 federal elections 5716:expulsion of Singapore 5695: 5684:Stephen Kalong Ningkan 5664:Federation of Malaysia 5538: 5432:Malaya's head of state 5396: 5251: 5170: 5162: 5136:by the German cruiser 4965: 4898: 4836:Federated Malay States 4813:Pangkor Treaty of 1874 4454: 4325:of Kedah on behalf of 4233:Struggles for hegemony 4145:(covering present day 4105: 3883:In 1615, the Acehnese 3849: 3808:centred in modern-day 3752: 3649: 3575:frequently in conflict 3514: 3464:in 1528. Another son, 3438: 3362: 3248: 3166: 2964:. During the reign of 2886: 2809:as well as facing the 2759: 2659: 2559: 2438: 2437:, dated 200 BC–200 AD 2381: 2370: 2369:(photo December 1958). 2288:Federation of Malaysia 2137:The first evidence of 2134:, as its own history. 1566:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1436:Brunei's Limbang claim 1280:Asian financial crisis 867:Sandakan Death Marches 715:Federated Malay States 601:Crown Colony of Labuan 63: 31: 15213:Singapore in Malaysia 14924:A history of Malaysia 14706:Hicks, Nigel (2007). 12592:. 15 September 2011. 12096:Amnesty International 11344:"Malaya: Siege's End" 10105:Wendy Hutton (2000). 9371:A history of Malaysia 8869:on 24 September 2015. 8515:A History of Malaysia 8344:. Walter de Gruyter. 7946:Richard Olaf Winstedt 7852:. BRILL. p. 24. 6721:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 6687:Twelfth Malaysia Plan 6683:vaccination programme 6618:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 6589:On 28 July 2020, the 6565:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 6534: 6421: 6313: 6274: 6159:2008 general election 6126: 6108:2004 general election 6088:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 6028: 5962:Internal Security Act 5952: 5921: 5901: 5847:Internal Security Act 5708:People's Action Party 5661: 5623:Indonesian President 5520: 5391: 5379:Emergence of Malaysia 5327:political concessions 5249: 5168: 5155: 4964:Evolution of Malaysia 4963: 4950:Philippine government 4889: 4440: 4214:Omar Ali Saifuddin II 4092: 3961:Further information: 3898:Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah 3843: 3725: 3647: 3505: 3497:Battle of Duyon River 3453:Afonso de Albuquerque 3436: 3348: 3246: 3152: 3145:Rise of Muslim states 2884: 2757: 2681:was mentioned in the 2657: 2549: 2432: 2376: 2360: 2343:2022 general election 2313:Under Prime Minister 1806:Hulu Langat landslide 1486:Malaysian haze crisis 1250:Constitutional crisis 1085:Singapore in Malaysia 1075:Formation of Malaysia 940:Anti-cession movement 827:Parit Sulong Massacre 306:Rise of Muslim states 230:100 BCE–1474 CE 62: 21: 16158:United Arab Emirates 15589:World Bank Relations 15327:World Heritage Sites 15305:environmental issues 15188:Federation of Malaya 14875:Wain, Barry (2010). 14864:"Sultan Kubang Pasu" 14747:. Psychology Press. 13939:www.straitstimes.com 13481:. 9 September 2018. 13183:Agence France-Presse 11885:Jomo, K. S. (2005). 11862:(1 September 2004). 11806:on 30 September 2007 11170:on 10 February 2012. 11135:. pp. 208–209. 10691:(2 (245)): 105–133. 10679:Baxter, Ian (1983). 9923:on 15 September 2019 9881:on 12 September 2019 8766:. 2001. p. 138. 7296:www.straitstimes.com 7073:Jomo, K. S. (2005). 6941:Baten, Jörg (2016). 6895:www.historytoday.com 6776:History of Singapore 6708:Anwar administration 6628:Muhyiddin commenced 6535:The usually crowded 6488:freedom of the press 6444:East Coast Rail Link 6165:Najib administration 6043:currency speculation 5923:Petronas Twin Towers 5740:University of Malaya 5724:coalition government 5586:and attempts by the 5440:economic development 5356:massacred 24 Chinese 5280:Federation of Malaya 5180:British air capacity 5106:In the years before 5093:Kesatuan Melayu Muda 5035:mutual aid societies 4938:British North Borneo 4218:Pengiran Muda Hashim 4143:Sultanate of Sarawak 4100:. Painting from the 3971:. The Arabic author 3949:with its capital at 3910:Abdul Jalil Shah III 3889:Alauddin Riayat Shah 3806:Old Pahang Sultanate 3618:Abdul Jalil Shah III 3508:Dutch–Portuguese War 3139:Sultanate of Malacca 3127:Kingdom of Singapura 3101:, a new ruler named 2501:Last Glacial Maximum 2386:Prehistoric Malaysia 2284:Malayan independence 2268:Federation of Malaya 2258:was defeated by the 2182:Sultanate of Malacca 1736:Indian Ocean tsunami 1426:Singapore race riots 1411:North Borneo dispute 1190:Pedra Branca dispute 1005:Malayan Independence 960:Federation of Malaya 725:Anglo-Siamese Treaty 705:Mat Salleh Rebellion 501:Dutch–Portuguese War 220:100 BCE–642 CE 172:11,000–200 BCE 16303:History of Malaysia 16185:limited recognition 15357:Peninsular Malaysia 15088:Library of Congress 15058:The Chinese Dilemma 15014:10#2 (1997): 33–81. 14929:Baker, Jim. (2020) 14824:A History of Brunei 14804:A history of Brunei 14420:on 24 November 2022 14398:. 24 November 2022. 14325:Free Malaysia Today 14154:"Keluarga Malaysia" 13910:. 12 January 2021. 13589:"The ICERD Outrage" 13155:. 5 December 2015. 12654:. 24 November 2016. 12628:on 29 December 2019 12409:, 25 November 2007. 12295:www.krinstitute.org 12123:The Daily Telegraph 12072:. 25 September 2020 11958:. 3 November 2003. 11856:Jomo Kwame Sundaram 11836:on 16 February 2007 11558:Sejarah Tingkatan 3 11270:on 12 February 2001 10571:Suzalina Halid 2015 9905:. The Branch. 1936. 9844:on 11 February 2015 9755:History Of Malaysia 9563:on 7 September 2019 9483:History Of Malaysia 9137:on 9 September 2019 8659:. pp. 49, 50. 8615:by Tansen Sen p.226 8395:Malayan Place Names 8213:(3 (129)): 64–126. 7659:. 11 December 2009. 7494:on 22 November 2014 7464:on 18 February 2015 7157:on 24 February 2024 6730:Anwar launched the 6665:Ismail Sabri Yaakob 6648:economic stagnation 6575:leader Muhyiddin. 6492:Press Freedom Index 6256:was shot down by a 6207:Lahad Datu District 5986:, an area south of 5912:New Economic Policy 5870:New Economic Policy 5808:Peninsular Malaysia 5507:Parti Rakyat Brunei 5335:concentration camps 5276:Dato Onn bin Jaafar 4915:Spanish East Indies 4897:on 24 December 1846 4681:Datuk Siamang Gagap 4522:Straits Settlements 4321:Island from Sultan 4127:Sultanate of Sambas 3874:Abdul Jalilul Akbar 3579:1587 siege of Johor 3423:Sultanate of Brunei 3331:Megat Iskandar Shah 3222:. According to the 3076:) that date to the 3028:Decline and breakup 2740:Alexander the Great 2308:New Economic Policy 2300:racial riot in 1969 2186:Sultanate of Brunei 2091:Malaysia portal 1926:LRT train collision 1696:Al-Ma'unah incident 1676:Tropical Storm Greg 1160:New Economic Policy 997:Independence period 837:Battle of Singapore 531:Straits Settlements 466:Kubang Pasu Kingdom 185:500 – 200 BCE 15677:Malaysian diaspora 15569:Telecommunications 15198:Malaysia Agreement 15154:Portuguese Malacca 14304:has generic name ( 14164:on 19 October 2022 13599:on 3 December 2018 13446:The New York Times 13129:. 11 August 2015. 13103:. 21 December 2021 12882:. 17 November 2022 12691:. 16 February 2013 12055:, pp. 105–109 12043:, pp. 185–189 12031:, pp. 104–105 11686:on 11 October 2010 11530:, p. 29. Longman. 11300:on 6 November 2007 10821:on 4 November 2017 10525:on 2 December 2016 9589:on 15 October 2019 9324:Borschberg (2010b) 9314:, pp. 215–223 8542:. 12 January 2024. 8074:A history of India 7684:on 15 October 2015 7561:on 5 November 2013 7378:. 24 November 2022 7326:. 20 November 2022 6635:On 19 March 2021, 6569:Perikatan Nasional 6549: 6428: 6378:after winning the 6323: 6281: 6240:On March 8, 2014, 6225:, in the southern 6132: 6035: 5990:, in the mould of 5955: 5927: 5907: 5812:state of emergency 5770:affirmative action 5712:PAP–UMNO Relations 5696: 5605:developing nations 5551:18-point agreement 5547:20-point agreement 5543:Cobbold Commission 5539: 5523:Cobbold Commission 5465:British government 5448:Japanese surrender 5410:Tunku Abdul Rahman 5397: 5373:Tunku Abdul Rahman 5351:counter-insurgency 5304:state of emergency 5252: 5171: 5163: 5050:professional class 4966: 4954:Diosdado Macapagal 4899: 4526:East India Company 4506:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 4475:Province Wellesley 4469:, leased from the 4463:East India Company 4455: 4327:East India Company 4299:service industries 4106: 4073:and some parts of 3947:Selangor Sultanate 3904:Selangor Sultanate 3850: 3835:Portuguese Malacca 3753: 3704:capture of Malacca 3650: 3515: 3462:Sultanate of Johor 3447:Portuguese Malacca 3439: 3363: 3349:The extent of the 3249: 3185:Malaccan Sultanate 3167: 2966:Kulothunga Chola I 2941:Virarajendra Chola 2887: 2760: 2660: 2560: 2505:Maritime Jade Road 2439: 2424:Niah National Park 2382: 2371: 1666:Pos Dipang mudflow 1446:Penang Hartal riot 1290:Reformasi Movement 1035:Sarawak Insurgency 755:Kelantan rebellion 675:Jementah Civil War 581:Kingdom of Sarawak 551:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 491:Portuguese Malacca 423:Selangor Sultanate 72:Prehistoric period 64: 32: 16290: 16289: 16227:other territories 15883: 15882: 15836: 15835: 15662:Income inequality 15657:Human trafficking 15597: 15596: 15496: 15495: 15478:Political parties 15423:Foreign relations 15385: 15384: 15193:Malayan Emergency 15039:Roff, William R. 15017:Milner, Anthony. 14971:978-983-43519-0-8 14907:978-616-222-235-1 14888:978-0-230-23873-2 14833:978-1-136-87401-7 14814:978-0-7007-1698-2 14773:978-0710-101-37-2 14764:History of Pahang 14754:978-1-85743-117-9 14735:978-99917-2-372-3 14717:978-1-84537-663-5 14698:978-0-8248-1267-6 14679:978-1-118-35044-7 14660:978-9971-69-467-8 14600:978-981-3018-54-9 14581:978-1-84511-423-7 14372:. 10 October 2022 14328:. 3 October 2022. 14271:The Straits Times 14107:www.malaymail.com 14055:The Straits Times 14029:www.aljazeera.com 13998:The Straits Times 13965:Channel News Asia 13857:. 23 August 2022. 13381:. 26 January 2019 13071:The Straits Times 12218:978-1-349-69847-9 11906:978-1-349-52546-1 11718:978-967-10617-4-9 11528:Malaysian Studies 11501:The Straits Times 11387:Works related to 11241:978-981-230-468-1 11039:978-0-520-29932-0 11012:978-0-7100-4141-8 10853:978-0-85229-961-6 10731:978-1-74220-401-7 10634:A History of Siam 10478:978-0-87727-712-5 10469:SEAP Publications 10440:978-0-87727-712-5 10431:SEAP Publications 10354:978-0-226-46708-5 10118:978-962-593-180-7 10067:978-0-19-580722-6 10010:on 29 August 2020 9889:– via CORE. 9819:978-981-325-005-5 9792:978-0-521-25758-9 9765:978-1-349-16927-6 9738:978-616-456-012-3 9672:New Straits Times 9652:978-967-461-134-7 9621:978-967-9948-51-6 9536:New Straits Times 9493:978-1-349-16927-6 9429:978-0-19-580722-6 9349:978-1-137-01554-9 9326:, pp. 97–100 9312:Borschberg (2011) 9253:978-1-85743-133-9 9226:978-1-85109-672-5 9199:978-0-521-88992-6 9169:978-0-521-29137-8 9051:978-1-4438-5280-7 9017:978-7-5085-0708-8 8950:978-0-7735-2515-3 8923:978-1-4772-1460-2 8893:978-981-229-594-1 8848:978-7-5085-0708-8 8793:978-90-474-2383-6 8744:978-1-86011-309-3 8715:978-0-8248-0368-1 8666:978-962-201-261-5 8525:978-0-312-38121-9 8351:978-3-11-013417-9 8324:978-1-136-72703-0 8297:978-0-521-49781-7 8264:978-0-89680-475-3 8182:978-0-7614-7642-9 8058:978-1-4443-9166-4 8008:978-81-8370-073-3 7977:978-0-415-29751-6 7937:978-983-52-0274-2 7716:978-1-84614-832-3 7604:978-90-6191-541-6 7351:www.aljazeera.com 7117:"Bound for Glory" 7094:978-1-349-52546-1 6952:978-1-107-50718-0 6920:CVCE.EU by UNI.LU 6781:History of Brunei 6736:Keluarga Malaysia 6674:Keluarga Malaysia 6545:COVID-19 pandemic 6527:Muhyiddin cabinet 6483:country by 2030. 6424:Malacanang Palace 6407:was given a full 6340:Malaysian ringgit 6295:scheme involving 6231:Jamalul Kiram III 6136:2007 Bersih Rally 6128:2007 Bersih rally 6041:plummeted due to 5704:Sino-Japanese War 5339:High Commissioner 5315:Malayan Emergency 5188:French Indo-China 5101:Dutch East Indies 5097:Panji Melayu Raya 5085:Malay nationalist 4882:British in Borneo 4795: 4794: 4563:British in Malaya 4423:British influence 4311:Fall of Ayutthaya 4271:Ayutthaya Kingdom 4172:allies and their 4135:Sultanate of Sulu 4085:16th–18th century 3916:mercenaries from 3757:Sultanate of Aceh 3727:Sultanate of Aceh 3610:Battle of Malacca 3489:Malay Archipelago 3481:Strait of Malacca 3477:Sultanate of Aceh 3419:official language 3359:Malay Archipelago 3216:Malacca Sultanate 3174:Malay Archipelago 3116:Minangkabau lands 3095:According to the 2911:the Chola Empire 2905:Raja Raja Chola I 2807:Strait of Malacca 2767:Golden Chersonese 2736:Merong Mahawangsa 2679:Kingdom of Pahang 2620:Golden Chersonese 2589:Golden Peninsula) 2516:Malay Archipelago 2474:mitochondrial DNA 2379:Golden Khersonese 2339:COVID-19 pandemic 2248:Japanese invasion 2229:Dutch East Indies 2132:prehistoric times 2125: 2124: 1984: 1983: 1646:Genting landslide 1596:Ming Court Affair 1384: 1383: 1363:Bornean Amendment 1343:COVID-19 pandemic 1300:H1N1 flu pandemic 1208: 1113: 1112: 1095:ASEAN Declaration 988: 987: 970:Malayan Emergency 895: 894: 763: 762: 474: 473: 413:Sarawak Sultanate 390:Pattani Sultanate 350:Malacca Sultanate 297: 296: 243:100 CE–1025 189: 188: 16310: 16280: 16270: 16269: 16239:Christmas Island 15925:Sovereign states 15910: 15903: 15896: 15887: 15886: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15608: 15607: 15544: 15507: 15506: 15396: 15395: 15258: 15257: 15117: 15110: 15103: 15094: 15093: 14975: 14956: 14948: 14911: 14892: 14871: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14841:Suyatno (2008). 14837: 14818: 14797: 14776: 14758: 14739: 14721: 14702: 14683: 14664: 14643: 14614: 14603: 14585: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14551: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14451: 14436: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14425: 14406: 14400: 14399: 14388: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14377: 14362: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14346:. 1 October 2022 14336: 14330: 14329: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14303: 14299: 14297: 14289: 14287: 14285: 14262: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14251: 14232: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14221: 14216:. 22 August 2021 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14190:. 22 August 2021 14180: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14169: 14150: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14124: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14082:. 16 August 2021 14080:The Edge Markets 14072: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14061: 14046: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14021: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14010: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13972:on 22 March 2021 13968:. Archived from 13956: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13930: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13898: 13892: 13891: 13889: 13887: 13865: 13859: 13858: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13827:. 28 July 2020. 13815: 13809: 13808: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13780: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13706: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13666: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13640: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13629: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13595:. Archived from 13585: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13574: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13424: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13397: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13386: 13371: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13344:Channel NewsAsia 13335: 13329: 13328: 13317: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13306: 13297:. Archived from 13295:Channel NewsAsia 13287: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13267:. Archived from 13261: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13093: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13073:. 4 March 2016. 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13020: 12996: 12990: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12789: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12681: 12675: 12674: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12627: 12620: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12582: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12537: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12462: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12416: 12410: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12380:. Archived from 12367: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11822: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11766: 11760: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11685: 11674: 11666: 11660: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11620: 11614: 11611: 11605: 11595: 11589: 11579: 11573: 11554: 11548: 11545: 11539: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11447:. Archived from 11436: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11422: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11376: 11367: 11357: 11351: 11341: 11335: 11334: 11323: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11266:. Archived from 11256:Mahathir Mohamad 11252: 11246: 11245: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11162: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11120: 11111: 11110: 11098: 11092: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11066: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11023: 11017: 11016: 10996: 10975: 10974: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10814:. Archived from 10813: 10801: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10753: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10660:. British Empire 10654: 10648: 10647: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10615: 10601: 10592: 10586: 10579: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10552:on 17 March 2015 10548:. Archived from 10541: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10518:. Archived from 10507: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10420: 10414: 10413:, pp. 54–60 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10388:. Archived from 10385:The Brunei Times 10375: 10369: 10368: 10363: 10361: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10273:Abdul Majid 2007 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10186: 10180: 10177:Awang Juned 1992 10174: 10168: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10009: 9994: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9874:. Archived from 9869: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9840:. Archived from 9830: 9824: 9823: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9527: 9514: 9513: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9477: 9464: 9463: 9443: 9434: 9433: 9415: 9406: 9405: 9399: 9395: 9393: 9385: 9365: 9354: 9353: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8974: 8955: 8954: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8907: 8898: 8897: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8865:. Archived from 8859: 8853: 8852: 8833: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8698: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8673: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8509: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8462: 8439: 8438: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8285: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8248: 8242: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8167: 8096: 8095: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8016: 8010: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7765: 7756: 7755: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7680:. Archived from 7677:The Brunei Times 7667: 7661: 7660: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7588: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7557:. Archived from 7549:Hirst, K. Kris. 7546: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7527:on 23 March 2015 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7490:. Archived from 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7403: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7345:Mayberry, Kate. 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7153:. Archived from 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7127:on 17 March 2009 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7012: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6837: 6820: 6817: 6698:general election 6685:and oversaw the 6603:money laundering 6557:Muhyiddin Yassin 6553:political crisis 6499:political crisis 6413:Mahathir Mohamad 6372:Mahathir Mohamad 6293:money-laundering 6140:electoral reform 6068:trial for sodomy 5958:Mahathir Mohamad 5863:Mahathir Mohamad 5859:Barisan Nasional 5851:press censorship 5734:own Chinese and 5648:Ferdinand Marcos 5610:synthetic rubber 5503:Barisan Sosialis 5461:Sultan of Brunei 5142:Battle of Penang 5131:Russian cruiser 4895:island of Labuan 4603: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4486:Stamford Raffles 4392:Omar Riayat Shah 4285:—their vassals. 4099: 4096: 4071:Sulu Archipelago 3957:Brunei Sultanate 3844:Photo of Sultan 3800:Pahang Sultanate 3770:Muzaffar Shah II 3751: 3748: 3063:Majapahit Empire 3004:kingdom of Ligor 2909:Rajendra Chola I 2724:in the state of 2687:. Besides this, 2536:Malaysian Malays 2367:Malaysian Borneo 2335:political crisis 2315:Mahathir Mohamad 2282:in 1955, led to 2209:Malay sultanates 2117: 2110: 2103: 2089: 2088: 2087: 1856:Sabah earthquake 1397: 1396: 1380: 1353:Political crisis 1327: 1310:Sedition Dragnet 1240:Operation Lalang 1214: 1202: 1126: 1125: 1001: 1000: 908: 907: 904:Formative period 887:Jesselton revolt 807:Bornean Campaign 797:Malayan campaign 776: 775: 745:Battle of Penang 611:Pahang Civil War 487: 486: 430: 407: 370:Pahang Sultanate 344: 337:Brunei Sultanate 321: 310: 309: 242: 202: 201: 179: 168: 157: 133: 109: 101: 93: 77: 76: 52: 34: 33: 16318: 16317: 16313: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16293: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16258: 16226: 16217: 16198:Northern Cyprus 16184: 16177: 15919: 15917:History of Asia 15914: 15884: 15879: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15832: 15789: 15780:Public holidays 15716: 15697:Sex trafficking 15593: 15542: 15492: 15458:Law enforcement 15381: 15247: 15223:13 May incident 15130: 15121: 15075: 14972: 14919: 14917:Further reading 14914: 14908: 14889: 14852: 14850: 14834: 14815: 14794: 14774: 14755: 14736: 14718: 14708:The Philippines 14699: 14680: 14661: 14601: 14582: 14565: 14560: 14559: 14549: 14547: 14539: 14538: 14534: 14524: 14522: 14507: 14503: 14498:. 18 June 2024. 14490: 14489: 14485: 14475: 14473: 14463: 14459: 14449: 14447: 14437: 14433: 14423: 14421: 14408: 14407: 14403: 14390: 14389: 14385: 14375: 14373: 14364: 14363: 14359: 14349: 14347: 14338: 14337: 14333: 14318: 14317: 14313: 14301: 14300: 14291: 14290: 14283: 14281: 14263: 14259: 14249: 14247: 14246:on 2 March 2024 14234: 14233: 14229: 14219: 14217: 14208: 14207: 14203: 14193: 14191: 14182: 14181: 14177: 14167: 14165: 14152: 14151: 14147: 14137: 14135: 14125: 14121: 14111: 14109: 14099: 14095: 14085: 14083: 14074: 14073: 14069: 14059: 14057: 14047: 14043: 14033: 14031: 14023: 14022: 14018: 14008: 14006: 13989: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13943: 13941: 13931: 13927: 13917: 13915: 13900: 13899: 13895: 13885: 13883: 13866: 13862: 13849: 13848: 13844: 13834: 13832: 13817: 13816: 13812: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13741: 13737: 13718: 13714: 13704: 13702: 13692: 13688: 13678: 13676: 13668: 13667: 13663: 13653: 13651: 13641: 13637: 13627: 13625: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13602: 13600: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13572: 13570: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13543: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13515: 13513: 13512:on 15 June 2018 13502: 13498: 13488: 13486: 13473: 13472: 13468: 13458: 13456: 13438: 13434: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13408: 13398: 13394: 13384: 13382: 13373: 13372: 13368: 13358: 13356: 13337: 13336: 13332: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13304: 13302: 13289: 13288: 13284: 13274: 13272: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13248: 13246: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13222: 13220: 13211: 13210: 13206: 13196: 13194: 13193:on 5 March 2017 13177: 13176: 13172: 13162: 13160: 13151: 13150: 13146: 13136: 13134: 13121: 13120: 13116: 13106: 13104: 13095: 13094: 13090: 13080: 13078: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13034: 12997: 12993: 12987:Wayback Machine 12978: 12974: 12966: 12962: 12952: 12950: 12929: 12925: 12915: 12913: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12885: 12883: 12874: 12873: 12869: 12859: 12857: 12848: 12847: 12843: 12833: 12831: 12821: 12817: 12807: 12805: 12790: 12786: 12776: 12774: 12757: 12753: 12743: 12741: 12734: 12730: 12720: 12718: 12708: 12704: 12694: 12692: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12663: 12659: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12631: 12629: 12625: 12618: 12614: 12613: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12560: 12550: 12548: 12538: 12534: 12524: 12522: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12496: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12439: 12435: 12425: 12423: 12418: 12417: 12413: 12401: 12397: 12387: 12385: 12384:on 16 July 2011 12368: 12364: 12355: 12353: 12352:, 22 April 2024 12344: 12343: 12339: 12329: 12327: 12314: 12313: 12309: 12299: 12297: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12274: 12272: 12264:RITIKOS, JANE. 12262: 12258: 12248: 12246: 12245:. 24 April 2011 12237: 12236: 12232: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12193: 12189: 12146: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12098:. 6 August 2008 12090: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12051: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12027: 12023: 12015: 12011: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11965: 11963: 11950: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11883: 11879: 11869: 11867: 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11809: 11807: 11794: 11793: 11789: 11779: 11777: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11756: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11739:on 7 March 2010 11731: 11730: 11726: 11719: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11651: 11647: 11637: 11635: 11634:on 2 April 2008 11622: 11621: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11596: 11592: 11580: 11576: 11555: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11454: 11452: 11451:on 16 July 2014 11445:The Borneo Post 11437: 11433: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11399: 11395: 11377: 11370: 11358: 11354: 11342: 11338: 11325: 11324: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11273: 11271: 11258:(31 May 1999). 11253: 11249: 11242: 11226: 11222: 11179: 11175: 11167: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11121: 11114: 11099: 11095: 11086: 11082: 11070: 11069: 11060: 11059: 11052: 11050: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11013: 10997: 10978: 10971: 10957: 10950: 10907: 10903: 10894: 10893: 10889: 10879: 10877: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10795: 10785: 10783: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10716: 10712: 10677: 10673: 10663: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10630: 10626: 10613: 10611: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10580: 10576: 10569: 10565: 10555: 10553: 10542: 10538: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10471:. p. 497. 10459: 10455: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10395: 10393: 10392:on 3 April 2014 10376: 10372: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10347:. p. 581. 10335: 10331: 10295: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10211: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10187: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10027: 10023: 10013: 10011: 10007: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9974: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9943: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9915: 9914: 9910: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9820: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9723: 9719: 9706: 9702: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9540: 9538: 9528: 9517: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9478: 9467: 9460: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9416: 9409: 9397: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9366: 9357: 9350: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9268:Winstedt, R. O. 9265: 9261: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8975: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8778: 8771: 8762:. Vol. 1. 8757: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8699: 8695: 8690:The Tuah Legend 8688: 8684: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8565:History of Asia 8563: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8510: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8442: 8407: 8403: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8239:Wayback Machine 8230: 8226: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8169: 8168: 8099: 8084: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8026:on 10 July 2012 8018: 8017: 8013: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7802: 7801:on 10 July 2012 7793: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7668: 7664: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7547: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7190:on 1 April 2010 7187: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7071: 7067: 7044:(12): 170–178. 7030: 7026: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6767: 6732:Malaysia Madani 6725:grand coalition 6710: 6702:hung parliament 6662: 6656: 6529: 6509:Main articles: 6507: 6369: 6361:Main articles: 6359: 6266:Eastern Ukraine 6177: 6169:Main articles: 6167: 6144:election system 6092:anti-corruption 6085: 6079: 6054:domestic sphere 6033:in Kuala Lumpur 6016:South China Sea 5964:. He appointed 5947: 5896: 5886: 5884:Modern Malaysia 5878:Tun Abdul Razak 5840:Tun Abdul Razak 5766: 5760:13 May incident 5758:Main articles: 5756: 5676:Donald Stephens 5656: 5597: 5529:territories of 5521:Members of the 5393:Dataran Merdeka 5386: 5381: 5333:", in reality, 5150: 5014:-speakers from 4971: 4946:Mangsee Islands 4884: 4875:Colonial Office 4832:Negeri Sembilan 4796: 4791: 4708:Sultan Abdullah 4696:Lela Pandak Lam 4668:Negeri Sembilan 4604: 4597: 4595: 4565: 4560: 4540:Main articles: 4538: 4530:Colonial Office 4479:Napoleonic Wars 4471:Sultan of Kedah 4447:Fort Cornwallis 4435: 4427:Main articles: 4425: 4307: 4297:and associated 4263:Negeri Sembilan 4235: 4186: 4131:West Kalimantan 4097: 4087: 4029:in present-day 3965: 3959: 3906: 3833:and in 1551 at 3802: 3749: 3743:Malay Peninsula 3700:Muzaffar Shah I 3684: 3682:Perak Sultanate 3676:Mahmud Shah III 3539: 3537:Johor Sultanate 3491:. Under Sultan 3466:Muzaffar Shah I 3449: 3431: 3387:Demak Sultanate 3379:Malay Peninsula 3351:Malaccan Empire 3343: 3341:Rise of Malacca 3192: 3187: 3147: 3123:Sang Nila Utama 3051:spread of Islam 3030: 2897: 2879: 2829:Malay Peninsula 2825: 2819: 2752: 2701: 2666: 2664:Sanskritisation 2652: 2591:is used in the 2579: 2571:Pallava dynasty 2544: 2388: 2355: 2319:economic growth 2256:Empire of Japan 2177:Malay Peninsula 2121: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2029: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1656:MH2133 incident 1586:Sabah Emergency 1576:Memali Incident 1456:13 May Incident 1394: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1325: 1230:Memali incident 1212: 1130:13 May incident 1123: 1115: 1114: 998: 990: 989: 905: 897: 896: 790: 787: 773: 765: 764: 695:Pahang Uprising 484: 483:Colonial period 476: 475: 428: 405: 400:Johor Sultanate 342: 319: 314:Kedah Sultanate 307: 299: 298: 283:700s–1025 199: 191: 190: 181:Neolithic Klang 177: 169:Perak man/woman 166: 158:Bewah man/woman 155: 131: 107: 95:Lenggong Valley 91: 74: 50: 43: 12: 11: 5: 16316: 16306: 16305: 16288: 16287: 16285: 16284: 16274: 16263: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16230: 16228: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16189: 16187: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15929: 15927: 15921: 15920: 15913: 15912: 15905: 15898: 15890: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15877: 15872: 15865: 15864: 15857: 15850: 15842: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15830: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15726: 15724: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15653: 15652: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15611: 15605: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15564:Stock exchange 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15538: 15536:Federal budget 15533: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15483:Prime Minister 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15408:Shadow Cabinet 15405: 15399: 15393: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15352:National parks 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15295:climate change 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15261: 15255: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15171: 15169:British Borneo 15166: 15164:British Malaya 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15140: 15138: 15132: 15131: 15120: 15119: 15112: 15105: 15097: 15091: 15090: 15081: 15074: 15073:External links 15071: 15070: 15069: 15054: 15044: 15037: 15022: 15015: 15008: 14998: 14991: 14976: 14970: 14957: 14937: 14927: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14906: 14900:. Booksmango. 14893: 14887: 14872: 14859: 14849:on 23 May 2017 14838: 14832: 14819: 14813: 14798: 14792: 14777: 14772: 14759: 14753: 14740: 14734: 14722: 14716: 14703: 14697: 14684: 14678: 14665: 14659: 14644: 14615: 14604: 14599: 14586: 14580: 14574:. I.B.Tauris. 14566: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14532: 14501: 14483: 14457: 14431: 14401: 14383: 14357: 14331: 14311: 14257: 14240:www.kkd.gov.my 14227: 14201: 14175: 14145: 14119: 14093: 14067: 14041: 14016: 13983: 13951: 13925: 13893: 13860: 13842: 13810: 13792: 13755:(3): 583–586. 13735: 13712: 13686: 13661: 13635: 13610: 13580: 13553: 13523: 13496: 13466: 13432: 13392: 13366: 13355:on 16 May 2018 13330: 13312: 13301:on 17 May 2018 13282: 13271:on 16 May 2018 13256: 13230: 13204: 13170: 13144: 13114: 13088: 13058: 13032: 12991: 12972: 12960: 12923: 12893: 12867: 12856:. 17 July 2014 12841: 12815: 12784: 12751: 12728: 12702: 12676: 12657: 12639: 12607: 12577: 12558: 12532: 12506: 12495:on 5 June 2011 12474: 12433: 12411: 12395: 12362: 12337: 12307: 12282: 12256: 12230: 12217: 12187: 12160:(2): 153–171. 12140: 12109: 12083: 12057: 12045: 12033: 12021: 12009: 11997: 11985: 11983:, pp. 1–3 11973: 11943: 11931: 11919: 11905: 11877: 11847: 11817: 11787: 11776:on 11 May 2011 11761: 11750: 11724: 11717: 11697: 11661: 11645: 11615: 11606: 11590: 11574: 11549: 11540: 11519: 11487: 11462: 11431: 11414: 11393: 11368: 11360:"A New Nation" 11352: 11336: 11311: 11281: 11247: 11240: 11220: 11173: 11148: 11141: 11112: 11093: 11080: 11048:j.ctvr7fcvv.13 11038: 11018: 11011: 10976: 10969: 10948: 10921:(2): 164–172. 10901: 10887: 10859: 10852: 10833: 10793: 10767: 10756:Chisholm, Hugh 10737: 10730: 10710: 10671: 10649: 10642: 10624: 10587: 10574: 10563: 10536: 10514: 10491: 10477: 10453: 10439: 10433:. p. 10. 10415: 10403: 10370: 10353: 10329: 10289: 10277: 10265: 10263:, p. 203. 10253: 10241: 10229: 10217: 10205: 10193: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10133: 10124: 10117: 10097: 10085: 10073: 10066: 10048: 10042:978-9814516020 10041: 10021: 9980: 9961: 9949: 9934: 9908: 9892: 9855: 9825: 9818: 9798: 9791: 9771: 9764: 9744: 9737: 9717: 9700: 9684: 9658: 9651: 9627: 9620: 9600: 9574: 9548: 9515: 9499: 9492: 9465: 9459:978-9814516020 9458: 9435: 9428: 9407: 9398:|website= 9380: 9355: 9348: 9328: 9316: 9304: 9287: 9280: 9259: 9252: 9232: 9225: 9205: 9198: 9175: 9168: 9148: 9122: 9109: 9096:Britannica.com 9083: 9070:Britannica.com 9057: 9050: 9030: 9016: 8996: 8985:(3): 615–621. 8956: 8949: 8929: 8922: 8899: 8892: 8872: 8854: 8847: 8825: 8799: 8792: 8769: 8750: 8743: 8721: 8714: 8702:Coedès, George 8693: 8682: 8665: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8545: 8531: 8524: 8479: 8440: 8419:10.2307/621273 8401: 8384: 8377: 8357: 8350: 8330: 8323: 8303: 8296: 8270: 8263: 8243: 8224: 8197: 8188: 8181: 8097: 8082: 8064: 8057: 8037: 8011: 7902: 7893: 7884: 7874: 7865: 7858: 7838: 7812: 7786: 7775:on 9 June 2010 7757: 7738:(2): 313–323. 7734:. New Series. 7722: 7715: 7709:. Penguin UK. 7695: 7662: 7644: 7617: 7603: 7583: 7572: 7538: 7505: 7475: 7449: 7424: 7389: 7363: 7337: 7308: 7282: 7257: 7227: 7201: 7168: 7151:ekonomi.gov.my 7138: 7107: 7093: 7065: 7024: 7003:(3): 271–282. 6983: 6958: 6951: 6933: 6907: 6882: 6873: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6763: 6747:Vladimir Putin 6717:Prime Minister 6709: 6706: 6669:Prime Minister 6658:Main article: 6655: 6652: 6639:announced the 6599:abuse of power 6561:Prime Minister 6506: 6503: 6376:Prime Minister 6358: 6355: 6166: 6163: 6081:Main article: 6078: 6075: 5992:Silicon Valley 5946: 5943: 5885: 5882: 5816:Rukun Tetangga 5793:ethnic Chinese 5755: 5752: 5655: 5652: 5596: 5593: 5580:neocolonialism 5527:British Borneo 5405:Tan Cheng Lock 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5347:Gerald Templer 5264:ethnic Chinese 5192:overran Malaya 5149: 5146: 5089:Ibrahim Yaacob 5069:military units 4994:, pepper, and 4970: 4967: 4942:Turtle Islands 4883: 4880: 4860:Sultan Ibrahim 4856:Queen Victoria 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4775: 4774: 4760: 4759: 4753: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4664: 4663: 4660:Syarif Masahor 4657: 4651: 4637: 4636: 4622: 4621: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4600:British rulers 4594: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4554:Raj of Sarawak 4542:British Malaya 4537: 4534: 4499:British Empire 4433:British Borneo 4429:British Malaya 4424: 4421: 4357:Raja of Perlis 4306: 4303: 4281:, Perlis, and 4234: 4231: 4199:Kenyah peoples 4185: 4182: 4086: 4083: 3958: 3955: 3951:Kuala Selangor 3905: 3902: 3846:Ahmad Muʽazzam 3801: 3798: 3789:Mahmud Shah II 3766:Iskandar Thani 3683: 3680: 3583:Triangular war 3538: 3535: 3430: 3427: 3415:Malay language 3342: 3339: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3159:stone monument 3146: 3143: 3107:Seguntang Hill 3032:At times, the 3029: 3026: 2960:and as far as 2878: 2875: 2818: 2815: 2751: 2748: 2700: 2697: 2651: 2648: 2578: 2575: 2543: 2540: 2520:Deutero-Malays 2384:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2276:emergency rule 2231:(which became 2225:British Malaya 2171:civilisation. 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005:Constitutional 2002: 2000:Communications 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826:MH370 incident 1822: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 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1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 985: 982: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 936: 935: 932: 922: 921: 918: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 879: 873: 872: 869: 863: 862: 859: 853: 852: 849: 843: 842: 839: 833: 832: 829: 823: 822: 819: 817:Battle of Muar 813: 812: 809: 803: 802: 799: 793: 792: 788: 779: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 711: 710: 707: 701: 700: 697: 691: 690: 687: 681: 680: 677: 671: 670: 667: 661:British Malaya 657: 656: 653: 647: 646: 643: 641:Pangkor Treaty 637: 636: 633: 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 613: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 521:Pahang Kingdom 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 452: 451: 448: 442: 441: 438: 432: 431: 425: 419: 418: 415: 409: 408: 402: 396: 395: 392: 386: 385: 382: 380:Aceh Sultanate 376: 375: 372: 366: 365: 362: 360:Sulu Sultanate 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 339: 333: 332: 329: 323: 322: 316: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 294: 291: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 265: 264: 263:170–1135 261: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 208: 200: 198:Early kingdoms 197: 196: 193: 192: 187: 186: 183: 174: 173: 170: 163: 162: 159: 152: 151: 149: 141: 140: 137: 128: 127: 125: 117: 116: 113: 111:Mansuli Valley 104: 103: 102:2,000,0000 BCE 97: 88: 87: 85: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 55: 54: 45: 44: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16315: 16304: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16273: 16265: 16264: 16261: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16224: 16220: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16208:South Ossetia 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16190: 16188: 16186: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15911: 15906: 15904: 15899: 15897: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15851: 15848: 15844: 15843: 15839: 15829: 15828: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15719: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15640:Ethnic groups 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15549:States by GDP 15547: 15545: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15521: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15499: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15332:Hill stations 15330: 15328: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15310:deforestation 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15285:East Malaysia 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15250: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15183:Malayan Union 15181: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15159:Dutch Malacca 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15118: 15113: 15111: 15106: 15104: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15089: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15067: 15066:0-9751646-1-9 15063: 15059: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15034:1-58348-367-5 15031: 15027: 15023: 15020: 15016: 15013: 15009: 15007: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14995:History Today 14992: 14989: 14988:967-978-475-4 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14967: 14963: 14958: 14954: 14953: 14947: 14942: 14938: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14921: 14920: 14909: 14903: 14899: 14894: 14890: 14884: 14880: 14879: 14873: 14869: 14868:Berita Harian 14865: 14860: 14848: 14844: 14839: 14835: 14829: 14825: 14820: 14816: 14810: 14807:. Routledge. 14806: 14805: 14799: 14795: 14793:0-415-17143-1 14789: 14786:. Routledge. 14785: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14769: 14765: 14760: 14756: 14750: 14746: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14713: 14709: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14690: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14671: 14666: 14662: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14626:(2): 93–117. 14625: 14621: 14616: 14612: 14611: 14605: 14602: 14596: 14592: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14573: 14568: 14567: 14546: 14542: 14536: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14505: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14472: 14468: 14461: 14446: 14442: 14435: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14397: 14393: 14387: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14315: 14307: 14295: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14261: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14231: 14215: 14211: 14205: 14189: 14185: 14179: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14134: 14130: 14123: 14108: 14104: 14097: 14081: 14077: 14071: 14056: 14052: 14045: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14004: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13987: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13955: 13940: 13936: 13929: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13897: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13864: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13814: 13806: 13802: 13796: 13788: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13739: 13731: 13727: 13726:Straits Times 13723: 13716: 13701: 13697: 13690: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13568: 13564: 13557: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13511: 13507: 13500: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13470: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13436: 13428: 13422: 13407: 13403: 13396: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13334: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13244: 13240: 13234: 13219:. 10 May 2018 13218: 13214: 13208: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13102: 13098: 13092: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12927: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12897: 12881: 12877: 12871: 12855: 12851: 12845: 12830: 12826: 12819: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12788: 12772: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12755: 12739: 12732: 12717: 12713: 12706: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12653: 12649: 12643: 12624: 12617: 12611: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12570: 12569: 12562: 12547: 12543: 12536: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12494: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12478: 12470: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12453:(1): 87–120. 12452: 12448: 12444: 12437: 12421: 12415: 12408: 12404: 12399: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12377:Asia Sentinel 12373: 12366: 12351: 12347: 12341: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12311: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12244: 12240: 12234: 12220: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12191: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12054: 12049: 12042: 12037: 12030: 12025: 12018: 12013: 12007:, p. 166 12006: 12001: 11995:, p. 165 11994: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11961: 11957: 11956:The Economist 11953: 11947: 11940: 11935: 11928: 11923: 11908: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11881: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11851: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11821: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11754: 11738: 11734: 11728: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11701: 11682: 11678: 11671: 11665: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11610: 11603: 11599: 11594: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11571: 11570:983-62-8285-8 11567: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11544: 11537: 11536:983-74-2024-3 11533: 11529: 11523: 11508:. 28 May 1961 11507: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11491: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11417: 11415:0-11-290581-1 11411: 11407: 11406: 11397: 11391:at Wikisource 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11373: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11349: 11345: 11340: 11332: 11328: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11193:(2): 81–111. 11192: 11188: 11184: 11177: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11144: 11142:983-62-1009-1 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11125:Khoo, Kay Kim 11119: 11117: 11108: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11084: 11076: 11064: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11022: 11014: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10972: 10970:0-7146-3050-0 10966: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10897: 10891: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10817: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10781: 10777: 10771: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10741: 10733: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10675: 10659: 10653: 10645: 10643:1-931541-10-8 10639: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10567: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10521: 10517: 10515:99917-32-15-2 10511: 10504: 10503: 10495: 10480: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10457: 10442: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10427: 10419: 10412: 10411:Saunders 2002 10407: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10333: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10286: 10281: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10251:, p. 16. 10250: 10245: 10239:, p. 34. 10238: 10233: 10227:, p. 16. 10226: 10221: 10215:, p. 99. 10214: 10209: 10203:, p. 60. 10202: 10201:Saunders 2013 10197: 10191:, p. 23. 10190: 10189:Saunders 2013 10185: 10178: 10173: 10166: 10161: 10154: 10149: 10143:, p. 43. 10142: 10137: 10128: 10120: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10052: 10044: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10025: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9958: 9953: 9946: 9941: 9939: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9904: 9903: 9896: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9821: 9815: 9811: 9810: 9802: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9748: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9721: 9713: 9712: 9704: 9696: 9695: 9688: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9631: 9623: 9617: 9614:. NUS Press. 9613: 9612: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9412: 9403: 9391: 9383: 9381:9780312381202 9377: 9373: 9372: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9300: 9299: 9291: 9283: 9281:983-99614-6-2 9277: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9255: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9236: 9228: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9182: 9180: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9152: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9119: 9113: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9034: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8933: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8906: 8904: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8776: 8774: 8765: 8761: 8754: 8746: 8740: 8737:. p. 8. 8736: 8732: 8725: 8717: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8686: 8679: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8578: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8549: 8541: 8535: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8467: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8413:(21): 61–78. 8412: 8405: 8397: 8396: 8388: 8380: 8378:9789004119734 8374: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8334: 8326: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8307: 8299: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8274: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8192: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8083:0-203-39126-8 8079: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8001: 8000:81-8370-073-X 7997: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7969:0-415-29751-6 7966: 7947: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7929:983-52-0274-5 7926: 7906: 7897: 7888: 7878: 7869: 7861: 7859:90-04-11973-6 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7826: 7823:. Ref World ( 7822: 7816: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7587: 7581: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7543: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6972: 6971:US Government 6968: 6962: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6713:Anwar Ibrahim 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6694:snap election 6690: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6611:Kajang Prison 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6405:Anwar Ibrahim 6402: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104:food security 6101: 6097: 6096:Islam Hadhari 6093: 6089: 6084: 6083:Islam Hadhari 6074: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6058:Anwar Ibrahim 6055: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5692:racial issues 5689: 5686:(bottom) for 5685: 5681: 5678:(centre) for 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5654:Racial strife 5651: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5452:Brooke family 5449: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5423:Joseph Stalin 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5300:direct action 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270:In 1946, the 5268: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5256:Malayan Union 5248: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5167: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073:Malay College 5070: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5054:rural ghettos 5051: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932:In 1881, the 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723:Dato' Bahaman 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4654:Liu Shan Bang 4652: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443:Francis Light 4439: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4384:Long Muhammad 4381: 4380:Sultan Mansur 4377: 4373: 4369: 4366:Around 1760, 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4339:Burney Treaty 4336: 4332: 4331:Noi Na Nagara 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315:Francis Light 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4181: 4179: 4178:Castilian War 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4159:Sultan Tengah 4156: 4152: 4151:cartographers 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4129:(present-day 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065:(present-day 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021:, as well as 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3885:Iskandar Muda 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823:Mahmud Shah I 3820: 3816: 3815:Muhammad Shah 3811: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3772:(1636–1653). 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620:(1623–1677). 3619: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3587:Iskandar Muda 3584: 3581:. During the 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3493:Iskandar Muda 3490: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3403:feudal system 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3381:and parts of 3380: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190:Establishment 3182: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945:Chola dynasty 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:Kota Gelanggi 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2866:Chola dynasty 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2811:Bay of Bengal 2808: 2804: 2803:Bujang Valley 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2787:Dapunta Hyang 2783: 2779: 2778:Bangka Island 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2704:Gangga Negara 2699:Gangga Negara 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2557: 2556:Greater India 2553: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2482:Austroasiatic 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2347:Anwar Ibrahim 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Malayan Union 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139:archaic human 2135: 2133: 2129: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1836:MH17 incident 1834: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401:Brunei revolt 1399: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122:Modern period 1119: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 994: 993: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 950:Malayan Union 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 931: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 913: 912:BMA of Malaya 910: 909: 901: 900: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 874: 870: 868: 865: 864: 860: 858: 855: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 840: 838: 835: 834: 830: 828: 825: 824: 820: 818: 815: 814: 810: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 789: 786: 782: 778: 777: 769: 768: 758: 756: 753: 752: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706: 703: 702: 698: 696: 693: 692: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 673: 672: 668: 666: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 628: 624: 622: 619: 618: 614: 612: 609: 608: 604: 602: 599: 598: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 582: 579: 578: 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 562: 561:Burney Treaty 559: 558: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 522: 519: 518: 514: 512: 511:Dutch Malacca 509: 508: 504: 502: 499: 498: 494: 492: 489: 488: 480: 479: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456:Reman Kingdom 454: 453: 449: 447: 446:Setul Kingdom 444: 443: 439: 437: 436:Besut Kingdom 434: 433: 426: 424: 421: 420: 416: 414: 411: 410: 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 391: 388: 387: 383: 381: 378: 377: 373: 371: 368: 367: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 351: 348: 347: 340: 338: 335: 334: 330: 328: 325: 324: 317: 315: 312: 311: 303: 302: 292: 290: 287: 286: 282: 280: 277: 276: 272: 270: 267: 266: 262: 260: 257: 256: 253:424–775 252: 250: 247: 246: 239: 237: 236:Gangga Negara 234: 233: 229: 227: 224: 223: 219: 217: 214: 213: 209: 207: 206:Ancient Kedah 204: 203: 195: 194: 184: 182: 176: 175: 171: 165: 164: 160: 154: 153: 150: 148: 147: 143: 142: 138: 136: 135:Niah cultures 130: 129: 126: 124: 123: 119: 118: 114: 112: 106: 105: 98: 96: 90: 89: 86: 84: 83: 79: 78: 73: 68: 67: 61: 57: 56: 53: 47: 46: 41: 36: 35: 29: 25: 20: 16: 16223:Dependencies 16153:Turkmenistan 16118:Saudi Arabia 16067: 15861:Bibliography 15827:Rukun Negara 15825: 15735:Architecture 15687:Prostitution 15630:Demographics 15524:Central bank 15438:Human rights 15413:Constitution 15300:conservation 15238:1MDB scandal 15135: 15057: 15047: 15040: 15025: 15018: 15011: 15001: 14994: 14979: 14961: 14950: 14930: 14923: 14897: 14876: 14867: 14851:. Retrieved 14847:the original 14823: 14803: 14782: 14763: 14744: 14725: 14707: 14688: 14669: 14649: 14623: 14619: 14609: 14590: 14571: 14550:13 September 14548:. Retrieved 14544: 14535: 14523:. Retrieved 14514: 14504: 14495: 14486: 14474:. Retrieved 14470: 14460: 14448:. Retrieved 14444: 14434: 14422:. Retrieved 14418:the original 14404: 14395: 14386: 14374:. Retrieved 14369: 14360: 14348:. Retrieved 14343: 14334: 14323: 14314: 14282:. Retrieved 14270: 14260: 14248:. Retrieved 14244:the original 14239: 14230: 14218:. Retrieved 14213: 14204: 14192:. Retrieved 14187: 14178: 14166:. Retrieved 14162:the original 14157: 14148: 14136:. Retrieved 14132: 14122: 14110:. Retrieved 14106: 14096: 14084:. Retrieved 14079: 14070: 14058:. Retrieved 14054: 14044: 14032:. Retrieved 14028: 14019: 14007:. Retrieved 13996: 13986: 13974:. Retrieved 13970:the original 13963: 13954: 13942:. Retrieved 13938: 13928: 13916:. Retrieved 13905: 13896: 13884:. Retrieved 13875:The Guardian 13873: 13863: 13854: 13845: 13833:. Retrieved 13822: 13813: 13804: 13795: 13752: 13748: 13738: 13725: 13715: 13703:. Retrieved 13699: 13689: 13677:. Retrieved 13673: 13664: 13652:. Retrieved 13648: 13638: 13626:. Retrieved 13622: 13613: 13601:. Retrieved 13597:the original 13593:Malaysiakini 13592: 13583: 13571:. Retrieved 13556: 13544:. Retrieved 13535: 13526: 13514:. Retrieved 13510:the original 13499: 13487:. Retrieved 13478: 13469: 13457:. Retrieved 13445: 13435: 13409:. Retrieved 13405: 13395: 13383:. Retrieved 13378: 13369: 13357:. Retrieved 13353:the original 13342: 13333: 13324: 13315: 13303:. Retrieved 13299:the original 13294: 13285: 13273:. Retrieved 13269:the original 13259: 13247:. Retrieved 13233: 13221:. Retrieved 13216: 13207: 13195:. Retrieved 13191:the original 13182: 13173: 13161:. Retrieved 13147: 13135:. Retrieved 13126: 13117: 13105:. Retrieved 13100: 13091: 13079:. Retrieved 13070: 13061: 13049:. 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Retrieved 12242: 12233: 12222:, retrieved 12200: 12190: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12131:. Retrieved 12122: 12112: 12100:. Retrieved 12095: 12086: 12074:. Retrieved 12069: 12060: 12048: 12036: 12024: 12019:, p. 74 12012: 12000: 11988: 11976: 11964:. Retrieved 11955: 11946: 11941:, p. 38 11934: 11929:, p. 40 11922: 11912:24 September 11910:. Retrieved 11887: 11880: 11868:. Retrieved 11850: 11838:. Retrieved 11834:the original 11829: 11820: 11808:. Retrieved 11804:the original 11799: 11790: 11778:. Retrieved 11774:the original 11764: 11753: 11741:. Retrieved 11737:the original 11727: 11707: 11700: 11688:. Retrieved 11681:the original 11676: 11664: 11656: 11648: 11636:. Retrieved 11632:the original 11627: 11618: 11609: 11601: 11593: 11585: 11577: 11557: 11552: 11543: 11527: 11522: 11510:. Retrieved 11499: 11490: 11478:. Retrieved 11465: 11453:. Retrieved 11449:the original 11444: 11434: 11426: 11419:. Retrieved 11403: 11396: 11378: 11363: 11355: 11347: 11339: 11330: 11302:. 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Retrieved 10339: 10332: 10324: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10287:, p. 8. 10280: 10275:, p. 2. 10268: 10256: 10244: 10232: 10220: 10208: 10196: 10184: 10172: 10165:Suyatno 2008 10160: 10148: 10136: 10127: 10107: 10100: 10088: 10076: 10057: 10051: 10031: 10024: 10014:20 September 10012:. Retrieved 10005:the original 10000: 9996: 9983: 9978:, p. 81 9959:, p. 80 9952: 9947:, p. 31 9945:Linehan 1973 9927:15 September 9925:. Retrieved 9921:the original 9911: 9901: 9895: 9885:12 September 9883:. Retrieved 9876:the original 9858: 9848:12 September 9846:. Retrieved 9842:the original 9828: 9808: 9801: 9781: 9774: 9754: 9747: 9727: 9720: 9710: 9703: 9693: 9687: 9675:. Retrieved 9671: 9661: 9642: 9637: 9630: 9610: 9603: 9591:. Retrieved 9587:the original 9577: 9565:. Retrieved 9561:the original 9551: 9539:. Retrieved 9535: 9508: 9502: 9482: 9448: 9419: 9370: 9338: 9331: 9319: 9307: 9297: 9290: 9271: 9262: 9242: 9240:Eur (2002). 9235: 9215: 9208: 9188: 9158: 9151: 9139:. 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Retrieved 6894: 6885: 6876: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6815: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727:government. 6711: 6691: 6672: 6663: 6645: 6634: 6627: 6615: 6588: 6577: 6550: 6496: 6485: 6474: 6459: 6452: 6436: 6432:Dewan Rakyat 6429: 6409:royal pardon 6403: 6392: 6370: 6348: 6336:Living costs 6324: 6319:Kuala Lumpur 6301:Low Taek Jho 6289:embezzlement 6282: 6246:Kuala Lumpur 6239: 6200: 6188: 6178: 6156: 6133: 6118:Soyuz TMA-11 6112: 6086: 6072: 6062: 6051: 6036: 5988:Kuala Lumpur 5981: 5970: 5956: 5928: 5908: 5903:Kuala Lumpur 5867: 5856: 5844: 5824: 5815: 5790: 5767: 5744: 5732: 5728:Lim Chong Eu 5720: 5697: 5680:North Borneo 5668:Lee Kuan Yew 5636: 5622: 5614: 5598: 5568: 5564:armed revolt 5540: 5500: 5484:North Borneo 5469: 5457:Lee Kuan Yew 5445: 5398: 5369:independence 5365:Soviet Union 5363:against the 5343:Henry Gurney 5331:new villages 5323:Commonwealth 5320: 5312: 5284: 5269: 5253: 5237: 5229: 5213:enemy aliens 5206: 5200: 5196:water supply 5172: 5156: 5132: 5124: 5108:World War II 5105: 5096: 5082: 5066: 5058: 5047: 5032: 5028: 5024:Kuala Lumpur 5004:labour force 4976: 4972: 4931: 4927:White Rajahs 4923:James Brooke 4900: 4891:British flag 4871:Crown colony 4868: 4842:, Kelantan, 4826:, Selangor, 4821: 4809:Ngah Ibrahim 4797: 4777: 4776: 4762: 4761: 4741: 4740: 4714: 4713: 4702:Ngah Ibrahim 4687: 4686: 4666: 4665: 4639: 4638: 4624: 4623: 4610: 4546:North Borneo 4536:Colonial era 4518:crown colony 4503: 4495:expansionism 4483: 4456: 4451:British rule 4413:a new treaty 4365: 4308: 4287: 4277:, Kelantan, 4267:power vacuum 4236: 4222:James Brooke 4203: 4187: 4184:19th century 4163: 4154: 4125:. The Malay 4110:Kapuas River 4107: 4098: 1800s 4048: 4002: 3999: 3992:Song dynasty 3989: 3985:Tang dynasty 3966: 3931:Minangkabaus 3927:Minangkabaus 3923:Klang rivers 3907: 3882: 3866:Abdul Ghafur 3862:Dutch Empire 3851: 3803: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3754: 3750: 1570s 3687: 3685: 3668:Daeng Parani 3651: 3639:Minangkabaus 3627:Ibrahim Shah 3614: 3591: 3540: 3527:Malay states 3522: 3516: 3486: 3474: 3450: 3407: 3375: 3364: 3314: 3273:protectorate 3250: 3234:Malacca tree 3225:Malay Annals 3223: 3220:Malacca Town 3213: 3194:The port of 3193: 3172:came to the 3168: 3161:is found in 3125:founded the 3120: 3103:Sang Sapurba 3098:Malay Annals 3097: 3094: 3090:Ming dynasty 3086:Yuan dynasty 3067: 3038:Chola Empire 3034:Khmer Empire 3031: 3019: 3008:Chandrabhanu 2996:Pattinapalai 2994: 2978:Malay people 2932: 2921:Chola Empire 2901:Chola Empire 2898: 2852: 2826: 2796: 2785: 2771: 2761: 2729: 2709:Malay Annals 2707: 2702: 2684:Book of Song 2682: 2667: 2625: 2618: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2584:Suvarnadvipa 2582: 2580: 2563: 2561: 2509: 2493:Austronesian 2489:Proto Malays 2486: 2467: 2455:Proto-Malays 2440: 2404: 2392:Homo erectus 2389: 2323:urbanization 2312: 2304:Rukun Negara 2280:Baling Talks 2252:World War II 2245: 2190: 2147: 2136: 2126: 2050:Kuala Lumpur 1490:1972–present 1420:1962–present 1320:1MDB scandal 980:Baling Talks 877:Si Rat Malai 783: / 772:World War II 685:North Borneo 144: 120: 80: 48: 28:Kuala Lumpur 24:Gombak River 15: 16282:Asia portal 16183:States with 16103:Philippines 16043:South Korea 16038:North Korea 15933:Afghanistan 15514:Agriculture 15372:Earthquakes 15290:Environment 15149:Prehistoric 14563:Works cited 14525:1 September 14476:11 February 14450:11 February 14424:24 November 14302:|last= 14168:25 November 13565:. Reuters. 13107:25 February 13081:9 September 13051:9 September 12766:Astro Awani 12744:25 February 12695:20 February 12600:31 December 12551:18 November 12102:20 December 11071:|work= 10300:Imago Mundi 10285:Welman 2013 10249:Church 2012 9677:7 September 9567:7 September 9541:7 September 9141:9 September 8672:29 December 8030:11 November 7330:25 November 7275:2 September 7240:Nikkei Asia 7161:24 February 6755:Vladivostok 6637:North Korea 6620:declared a 6595:Najib Razak 6486:Malaysia's 6481:high-income 6395:rule of law 6384:Najib Razak 6227:Philippines 6184:Najib Razak 5973:Vision 2020 5825:At the May 5780:party, the 5638:Konfrontasi 5576:Philippines 5472:Abdul Razak 5208:Melayu Raya 5175:Pacific War 5158:Tugu Negara 5127:World War I 5016:South India 4788:(1922–1928) 4771:Tok Janggut 4752:(1894–1905) 4737:(1891–1895) 4731:(1891–1895) 4725:(1891–1895) 4710:(1875–1877) 4704:(1875–1877) 4698:(1875–1877) 4683:(1872–1874) 4677:(1872–1874) 4662:(1860–1861) 4650:(1853–1861) 4635:(1831–1832) 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January 12834:28 January 12525:19 January 12499:20 January 12488:Al-Jazeera 12133:5 February 11966:4 February 11870:27 October 11840:26 October 11810:26 October 11780:27 October 11638:17 October 11560:, p. 207. 11331:www.ehm.my 11304:26 October 11274:26 October 10880:22 October 10614:21 October 10556:29 October 10544:R, Reece. 10529:2 December 10484:29 October 10446:29 October 10307:(1): 134. 10237:Hicks 2007 9593:15 October 8466:"Malaysia" 8048:The Malays 7437:ABC Online 7301:22 January 7220:21 October 6852:(1): 1–7. 6827:References 6591:High Court 6470:Bumiputras 5966:Musa Hitam 5888:See also: 5874:bumiputras 5820:RELA Corps 5700:Depression 5670:(top) for 5612:expanded. 5555:referendum 5446:After the 5217:Sook Ching 5118:) and the 5116:Kuomintang 5039:Yap Ah Loy 4848:Terengganu 4805:Royal Navy 4779:Terengganu 4750:Mat Salleh 4441:Statue of 4388:Terengganu 4368:Long Yunus 4309:After the 4283:Terengganu 4104:of London. 4003:Nanhai zhi 3996:Zhao Rukuo 3943:Salehuddin 3939:Raja Kecil 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August 13769:2198-1833 13454:0362-4331 13349:Mediacorp 13027:2517-679X 12469:1598-2408 12350:Knowledge 12330:23 August 12182:154647583 12174:1566-7170 12053:Wain 2010 12041:Wain 2010 12029:Wain 2010 11981:Wain 2010 11939:Wain 2010 11927:Wain 2010 11690:16 August 11215:145411097 11207:1226-7031 11073:ignored ( 11063:cite book 10935:0155-977X 10721:Singapore 10697:0126-7353 9400:ignored ( 9390:cite book 9102:8 October 9076:8 October 8435:188062111 7831:8 October 7688:8 October 7555:about.com 7442:6 January 7417:8 October 7131:20 August 7060:2504-8562 7019:2289-1528 6868:2232-1314 6223:Tawi-Tawi 6180:1Malaysia 6171:1Malaysia 6063:Reformasi 6008:Bakun Dam 5996:Putrajaya 5672:Singapore 5572:Indonesia 5492:Singapore 5427:Chin Peng 5296:Chin Peng 5203:pan-Asian 5138:SMS Emden 4817:residents 4735:Mat Kilau 4729:Tok Gajah 4490:Bencoolen 4249:, Kedah, 4119:Samarinda 4115:Pontianak 4027:Wenduling 4000:Yuan Dade 3969:Srivijaya 3819:Dewa Sura 3655:Mahmud II 3559:Bengkalis 3367:Ayutthaya 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