History of Barbados

255: 610: 632: 161: 5801: 1144:. Governor Hennessy was quickly transferred from Barbados by the British Crown. In 1884, attempts were then made by the influential Barbados Agricultural Society to have Barbados form a political association with the Canadian Confederation. From 1958 to 1962 Barbados became one of the ten states of the West Indies Federation. Lastly in the 1990s, a plan was devised by the leaders of Guyana, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago to form a political association between those three governments. Again this deal was never completed, following the loss of 517:

was near parity with 27,000 blacks and 26,000 whites. By 1666, at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining whites were increasingly poor. By 1673, black slaves (33,184) outnumbered white settlers (21,309). By 1680, there were 17 slaves for every indentured servant. By 1684, the disparity grew even further to 19,568 white settlers and 46,502 black slaves. By 1696, there was an estimated 42,000 enslaved blacks, and the white population declined further to 16,888 by 1715.

621: 456: 601: 643: 5496: 5506: 922:, an organisation doomed to failure by a number of factors, including what were often petty nationalistic prejudices and limited legislative power. Indeed, Adams's position as "Prime Minister" was a misnomer, as all of the Federation members were still colonies of Britain. Adams, once a political visionary and now a man whose policies seemed to some blind to the needs of his country, not only held fast to his notion of defending the 678:, and the result of a growing sentiment that the treatment of slaves in Barbados was "intolerable", and who believed the political climate in Britain made the time ripe to peacefully negotiate with planters for freedom. Bussa became the most famous of the rebellion's organizers, many of whom were either enslaved persons of some higher position or literate freedmen. One woman, Nanny Grigg, is also named as a principal organizer. 528:. Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of African slaves to cultivate sugar cane. One early advocate of slave rights in Barbados was the visiting Quaker preacher 2318: 513:. As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands. The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and African slaves, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. Barbados replaced Hispaniola as the main sugar producer in the Caribbean. 2522: 2498: 2314: 682:

thought they would be supported by freed men of colour, but these instead joined efforts to quell the rebellion. Although they drove whites off the plantations, widespread killings did not take place. By the end, 120 slaves died in combat or were immediately executed and another 144 brought to trial and executed. The remaining rebels were shipped off the island.

2174:

holding a referendum on the matter, saying that to do so would be a 'mistake'. 'There is no need to and I don't think it makes a lot of sense. We had a situation where since 1999 this indicated its desire to go in the direction of a republic. The Opposition has always supported it ... So, I think there is enough cohesion in that regard to go with it,' he said.

867:. It was these merchants who continued to dominate Barbados politics, even after emancipation, due to a high income restriction on voting. Only the upper 30 per cent had any voice in the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that a movement for political rights was begun by the descendants of emancipated slaves, who started 485:. To work the plantations, black Africans – primarily from West Africa – were imported as slaves in such numbers that there were three for every one planter. Increasingly after 1750 the plantations were owned by absentee landlords living in Britain and operated by hired managers. Persecuted Catholics from 824:

Carrington (1982) examines politics during the American Revolution, revealing that Barbadian political leaders shared many of the grievances and goals of the American revolutionaries, but that they were unwilling to go to war over them. Nevertheless, the repeated conflicts between the island assembly

536:

By 1660, Barbados generated more trade than all the other English colonies combined. This remained so until it was eventually surpassed by geographically larger islands like Jamaica in 1713. But even so, the estimated value of the Colony of Barbados in 1730–1731 was as much as £5,500,000. Bridgetown,

339:

Most English arrivals were indentured. After five years of labour, they were given "freedom dues" of about £10, usually in goods. Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5–10 acres of land, but after that time the island filled and there was no more free land. Around the time of Cromwell a number of

758:

Adams and his party demanded more rights for the poor and for the people, and staunchly supported the monarchy. Progress toward a more democratic government in Barbados was made in 1942, when the exclusive income qualification was lowered and women were given the right to vote. By 1949, governmental

480:

was the focus of the industry. As it developed into the main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates which replaced the small holdings of the early English settlers as the wealthy planters pushed out the poorer. Some of the displaced farmers relocated to the English

343:

Timothy Meads of Warwickshire was one of the rebels sent to Barbados at that time, before he received compensation for servitude of 1000 acres of land in North Carolina in 1666. Parish registers from the 1650s show, for the white population, four times as many deaths as marriages. The death rate was

859:

was going to be amalgamated with another territory as part of a single state. In response, Barbados made an official bid to the British Government to have neighbouring Island Tobago joined with Barbados in a political union. The British government however decided that Trinidad would be a better fit

2173:

As Barbados prepares to ditch the Queen as its Head of State and become a republic, a prominent political scientist is predicting that Prime Minister Mia Mottley will follow the Trinidad and Tobago model. What's more, Peter Wickham has shot down any idea of the Barbados Labour Party administration

1069:

On 20 September 2021, just over a full year after the announcement for the transition was made, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. Passed on 6 October, the Bill made amendments to the Constitution of Barbados, introducing the office of the

746:

However, plantation owners and merchants of British descent still dominated local politics, owing to the high income qualification required for voting. More than 70 per cent of the population, many of them disenfranchised women, were excluded from the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s

568:

Justin Roberts shows that enslaved persons did not spend the majority of time in restricted roles cultivating, harvesting and processing sugar cane, the island's most important cash crop. Rather, the enslaved were involved in various activities and in multiple roles: raising livestock, fertilizing

516:

In 1655, the population of Barbados was estimated at 43,000, of which about 20,000 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large African slave-worked sugar plantations. By 1660, there

664:

in what was the first of three rebellions in the British West Indies to occur in the interval between the end of the slave trade and emancipation, and the largest slave uprising in the island's history. Around 20,000 enslaved persons from over 70 plantations are thought to have been involved. The

548:

As the sugar industry developed into its main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates that replaced the smallholdings of the early English settlers. In 1680, over half the arable land was held by 175 large planters, each of whom used at least 60 slaves. The great

21:

is an island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 21 miles (34 km) from northwest to southeast and about 14 miles (23 km) from east to west at its

964:

Due to several years of growing autonomy, Barbados, with Barrow at the helm, was able successfully to negotiate its independence at a constitutional conference with the United Kingdom in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state and

604:

Sketch of a flag taken from rebels against slavery in Barbados, after the uprising known as Bussa's Rebellion (1816). The flag appears to stress the rebels' loyalty to Britain and to the Crown while conveying their earnest desire for liberty. British forces on Barbados suppressed the revolt and

681:

However, the rebellion eventually failed. The uprising was triggered prematurely, but the slaves were already greatly outmatched. Barbados' flat terrain gave the horses of the better-armed militia the clear advantage over the rebels, with no mountains or forest for concealment. Slaves had also

578:

Slaveholders often counted as "married" only the enslaved with mates on the estate. For example, the manager of Newton estate... recorded 20 women with co-resident husbands and 35 with mates elsewhere. Members of the latter group were labelled single, members of extended units, or mother-child

1049:

The Government of Barbados announced on 15 September 2020 that it intended to become a republic by 30 November 2021, the 55th anniversary of its independence resulting in the replacement of the hereditary monarch of Barbados with an elected president. Barbados would then cease to be a

179:

in the early 16th century led to a massive decline in the Amerindian population so that by 1541 a Spanish writer claimed they were uninhabited. The Amerindians were either captured for use as slaves by the Spanish or fled to other, more easily defensible mountainous islands nearby.

779:(DLP) as a liberal alternative to Adams' conservative government. Barrow instituted many progressive social programmes, such as free education for all Barbadians and a school meals system. By 1961, Barrow had replaced Adams as Premier and the DLP controlled the government. 1105:

that showed 34% of respondents being in favour of transitioning to a republic, while 30% were indifferent. Notably, no overall majority was found in the survey; with 24% not indicating a preference, and the remaining 12% being opposed to the removal of Queen Elizabeth.

532:

in 1677: "For I am persuaded, that if they whom thou call'st thy Slaves, be Upright-hearted to God, the Lord God Almighty will set them Free in a way that thou knowest not; for there is none set free but in Christ Jesus, for all other Freedom will prove but a Bondage."

183:

From about 1600 the English, French, and Dutch began to found colonies in the North American mainland and the smaller islands of the West Indies. Although Spanish and Portuguese sailors had visited Barbados, the first English ship touched the island on 14 May 1625, and

61:

cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, which saw the increasing importation of black slaves from West Africa. Several black slave codes were implemented in the late-17th century which resulted in several slave rebellion attempts, however none was successful. The

786:. The island negotiated its own independence at a constitutional conference with Britain in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state on 30 November 1966, with Errol Barrow its first prime minister, with 668:

The rebellion largely surprised planters, who felt that their slaves were content because they were allowed weekly dances, participated in social and economic activity across the island and were generally fed and looked after. However, they had refused to reform the

1097:

Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of congratulations to President Mason and the people of Barbados, saying: "As you celebrate this momentous day, I send you and all Barbadians my warmest good wishes for your happiness, peace and prosperity in the future."

697:

Slavery was finally abolished in the British Empire eight years later, in 1834. In Barbados and the rest of the British West Indian colonies, full emancipation from slavery was preceded by a contentious apprenticeship period that lasted four years.

770:

served as its first and only "Premier", but his leadership failed in attempts to form similar unions, and his continued defence of the monarchy was used by his opponents as evidence that he was no longer in touch with the needs of his country.

713:. Asked from Canada were the terms of the Canadian side to initiate discussions, and whether or not the island of Barbados could depend on the full influence of Canada in getting the change agreed to by the British Parliament at Westminster. 903:

on the island fell drastically. With the death of O’Neal and the demise of the League, Adams cemented his power, but he used this to advocate for causes that had once been his rivals, including more help for the people especially the poor.

549:

plantation owners had connections with the English aristocracy and great influence on Parliament. (In 1668, the West Indian sugar crop sold for £180,000 after customs of £18,000. Chesapeake tobacco earned £50,000 after customs of £75,000).

545:.) By 1700, the English West Indies produced 25,000 tons of sugar, compared to 20,000 for Brazil, 10,000 for the French islands and 4,000 for the Dutch islands. This quickly replaced tobacco, which had been the island's main export. 2789: 673:

since its inception, a code that denied slaves human rights and prescribed inhumane torture, mutilation or death as a means of control. This contributed to what was later termed "Bussa's Rebellion", named after the slave ranger

323:

in 1639, in an effort to appease the planters, who might otherwise have opposed his controversial appointment. That year, 12 years after the settlement was established, the white adult population stood at an estimated 8,700.

972:

The Barrow government sought to diversify the economy away from agriculture, seeking to boost industry and the tourism sector. Barbados was also at the forefront of regional integration efforts, spearheading the creation of

2817: 1760:

William Dickson, LL.D., Mitigation of Slavery, In Two Parts. Part I: Letters and Papers of The Late Hon. Joshua Steele, p. 1-7, 132–136, 177–183. Part II: Letters to Thomas Clarkson, Esql M.A., p. 193, 338–353. (London,

2045: 552:

So much land was devoted to sugar that most foods had to be imported from New England. The poorer whites who were moved off the island went to the English Leeward Islands, or especially to Jamaica. In 1670, the

1120:

On 20 June 2022, a Constitutional Review Commission was formed and sworn in by Jeffrey Gibson (who, at the time, was serving temporarily as Acting President of Barbados) to review the Constitution of Barbados.

327:

In the period 1640–1660, the West Indies attracted over two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas. By 1650, there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12,000 on the

195:

England is commonly said to have made its initial claim to Barbados in 1625, although reportedly an earlier claim may have been made in 1620. Nonetheless, Barbados was claimed from 1625 in the name of King

500:

in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries. One group instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry were the

573:

technique was intercropping, planting subsistence crops between the rows of cash crops, which demanded of the enslaved skilled and experienced observations of growing conditions for efficient land use.

1015:, remaining prime minister until 2008. Arthur was a strong advocate of republicanism, though a planned referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth as Head of State in 2008 never took place. The DLP won the 2526: 2786: 290:

merchant who acquired the title to Barbados and several other islands. So the first colonists were actually tenants and much of the profits of their labor returned to Courten and his company.

1124:

The Commission will have an 18-month timeline to complete its work. They are expected to solicit input from members of the public in Barbados via a series of face-to-face and online events.

5483: 2814: 926:

but also made additional attempts to form other Federation-like entities after that union's demise. When the Federation was terminated, Barbados reverted to its former status as a

2292: 2257: 706: 435:, which arrived in October 1651, and blockaded the island. After some skirmishing, the Royalists in the House of Assembly, feeling the pressures of commercial isolation, led by 347:

Before this, the mainstay of the infant colony's economy was the growing export of tobacco, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s, as Chesapeake production expanded.

2160: 356: 3418: 2071: 2037: 5294: 3248: 1001:, which saw the return of the DLP under Errol Barrow, who had been highly critical of the US intervention in Grenada. Barrow, too, died in office, and was replaced by 2133: 312:, in what was called the "Great Barbados Robbery." Carlisle established a separate settlement at what he called Carlisle Bay, which later became known as Bridgetown. 1932: 825:

and the royal governors brought important constitutional reforms which confirmed the legislature's control over most local matters and its power over the executive.

3699: 2611: 139:") and a third in the mid-13th century. However, the Amerindian settlement surprisingly came to an end in the early 16th century. There's no evidence that the 440: 5542: 4153: 524:, which emphasized differential treatment between Africans, and the white workers and ruling planter class, the island became increasingly unattractive to 293:

The first English ship, which had arrived on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now

7731: 896: 436: 398: 297:(formerly Jamestown), by a group led by John Powell's younger brother, Henry, consisting of 80 settlers and 10 English laborers. The latter were young 267: 2682: 4867: 3411: 1909: 1893: 404:

Willoughby rounded up and deported many Roundheads from Barbados, confiscating their property. To try to bring the recalcitrant colony to heel, the

5461:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

7695: 7685: 2971: 2102: 1094:, who was heir apparent to the Barbadian Crown, attended the swearing-in ceremony in Bridgetown at the invitation of the Government of Barbados. 665:

rebellion was partly fuelled by information about the growing abolitionist movement in England, and the opposition against such by local whites.

2006: 3032: 7721: 5026: 657:

in 1807, but not the institution itself. The abolition of slavery itself would only be enacted in 1833 in most parts of the British Empire.

5800: 5454: 5437: 5315: 3404: 1871: 1860: 4906: 3666: 3636: 3541: 468: 705:

requesting his private and public views on whether the Dominion of Canada would favourably entertain having the then Colony of Barbados

4596: 4590: 3692: 3113: 3003: 2282: 2246: 989:. Adams adopted a more conservative and strongly pro-Western stance, allowing the Americans to use Barbados as the launchpad for their 6094: 476:

cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, after its introduction in 1637 by Pieter Blower. Initially, rum was produced but by 1642,

117:

Some evidence suggests that Barbados may have been settled in the second millennium BC, but this is limited to fragments of conch lip

4652: 2917: 2430: 2156: 5535: 2194: 1988: 844:. After the Government of Barbados officially exited from the Windward Island union in 1885, the seat was moved from Bridgetown to 557:

was founded, when some of the surplus population again left Barbados. Other nations receiving large numbers of Barbadians included

6190: 6140: 2224: 2067: 735:, Sir Theodore Branker, Q.C.and found them to be in favour of immediate federation of Barbados along with the rest of the British 7680: 3661: 1271:

Drewett, Peter (1993). "Excavations at Heywoods, Barbados, and the Economic Basis of the Suazoid Period in the Lesser Antilles".

7566: 1484: 4500: 841: 254: 128:

settlement dates to between about 350 and 650 AD, when the Troumassoid people arrived. The arrivals were a group known as the

7576: 7476: 4861: 3685: 3591: 3148: 2661: 1975: 1821: 1617: 1569: 1471:. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. 1: The Origins of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 238. 1311: 1020: 147:" by the Spanish) ever established a permanent settlement in Barbados, though they often visited the island in their canoes. 38: 408:

passed an act on 3 October 1650 prohibiting trade between England and Barbados, and because the island also traded with the

5199: 4809: 4035: 3641: 2125: 1218: 1168: 1087: 382: 1942: 74:

in 1834. Britain continued to rule the island until independence was granted in 1966 and the state became a member of the

6743: 5528: 5139: 3921: 3806: 2850: 1193: 1173: 911:

in 1951, and Adams was elected as Premier of Barbados in 1958. For his action and leadership, Adams would later become a

360: 2448: 7670: 4857: 3376: 3275: 2961: 2930: 1188: 1083: 945: 930:, but efforts were made by Adams to form another federation composed of Barbados and the Leeward and Windward Islands. 776: 374: 2474: 879:

and the members of the Democratic League were some of the leaders of this movement. This was initially opposed by Sir

7726: 7256: 5019: 4212: 3481: 2762: 2711: 2696: 2642: 2567: 2537: 1677: 1520: 990: 887:

newspapers, one of the movement's foremost voices. Adams would later found the Barbados Progressive League (now the

7675: 7586: 4892: 4879: 3531: 2998: 1082:

Sandra Mason was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition as candidate to be the first

936:

was to replace Grantley Adams as the advocate of populism, and it was he who would eventually lead the island into

609: 7665: 5108: 4839: 3677: 1132:

A number of proposals have been mooted in the past to integrate Barbados into neighbouring countries or even the

1114: 1028: 1016: 1012: 998: 982: 907:

Finally, in 1942, the income qualification was lowered. This was followed by the introduction of universal adult

803: 309: 7535: 2890: 2866: 569:

soil, growing provisional crops, maintaining plantation infrastructure, caregiving and other tasks. One notable

5402: 4930: 4544: 4438: 4255: 3939: 3546: 3441: 3202: 2981: 2879: 1437: 937: 3631: 1882: 747:

that the descendants of emancipated slaves began a movement for political rights. One of the leaders of this,

168:

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover the island. Portuguese navigator Pedro A. Campos named it

7489: 7450: 5212: 4976: 4727: 4168:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 4065: 3997: 3596: 3305: 3093: 2956: 2946: 2910: 1223: 1198: 1102: 728: 390: 240:

quickly grew to become the third major English settlement in the Americas due to its prime eastern location.

2404: 694:, which simultaneously granted concessions to the slaves while providing reassurances to the slave owners. 7716: 7463: 7437: 5012: 4462: 4386: 4362: 4356: 3713: 3551: 3231: 2991: 2502: 1780: 1163: 1079: 956:

for all Barbadians. In 1961, Barrow supplanted Adams as Premier as the DLP took control of the government.

489:

also worked the plantations. Life expectancy of slaves was short and replacements were purchased annually.

50: 2856: 1560:

Curwen, Alice (2004). "A relation of the labour, travail, and suffering (excerpt)". In Booy, David (ed.).

5429: 5095: 3945: 3345: 3027: 2378: 1937: 1145: 949: 912: 405: 5167: 4944: 4918: 4815: 4584: 3310: 3108: 3052: 3047: 1702: 554: 320: 2732: 2247:"Letter to the Speaker RE Nomination of Her Excellency Dame Sandra Mason as 1st President of Barbados" 2094: 5458:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 5101: 5057: 4779: 4490: 4165: 4135: 3893: 3651: 3174: 3037: 2582:, and Andrew Downes. "The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630–1680," 2014: 1751:

Beckles, "The Slave-Drivers' War", Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 1985, 39:85–109

1044: 366: 1113:'s Labor Party received a landslide victory, winning all 30 legislative seats, in the first general 5282: 4990: 4937: 4845: 4803: 4767: 4721: 4336: 3985: 3927: 3646: 3427: 3315: 3270: 3217: 3179: 3083: 2966: 2903: 2616:

Dunn, Richard S., "The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America",

2352: 1836: 1183: 872: 845: 815: 798:. A year later, Barbados' international linkages were expanded by obtaining membership of both the 727:

newspaper polled several prominent Barbadian politicians, lawyers, businessmen, the Speaker of the

1793:

Remarks on the Insurrection in Barbados and the Bill for the Registration of Slaves, London, 1816.

1388: 583:

By 1750, there were about 18,000 white settlers, compared to approximately 65,000 African slaves.

5499: 5331: 5206: 5174: 5155: 4821: 4773: 4715: 4424: 4368: 3744: 3656: 3253: 3207: 3192: 3143: 2717:

Molen, Patricia A. "Population and Social Patterns in Barbados in the Early Eighteenth Century,"

2287: 1208: 1178: 1055: 1002: 994: 966: 795: 428: 316: 86: 82: 75: 7545: 6990: 6636: 4970: 4951: 4827: 4791: 4563: 4551: 4450: 4330: 4318: 4206: 4161: 4149: 3780: 3626: 3536: 3486: 3446: 3133: 3128: 3098: 2976: 2833:

Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain?"

2253: 1228: 1133: 986: 919: 819: 775:, a fervent reformer, became the people's new advocate. Barrow had left the BLP and formed the 763: 740: 710: 691: 63: 2628: 7344: 5963: 5920: 5850: 5509: 5115: 4270: 4047: 4029: 3838: 3769: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3466: 3243: 3212: 3118: 3103: 3088: 3015: 2714:. Especially see Chapter V., "Big Storms in Little England", pp. 140–172; popular writer 1883:

The Parliament of the United Kingdom c/o Hansard system: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BILL.—(No. 195).

1071: 953: 941: 927: 888: 783: 752: 538: 421: 394: 386: 381:, when the island's government fell under the control of Royalists (ironically the Governor, 370: 3601: 2752: 7114: 6649: 5861: 5420: 5238: 5151: 5085: 5063: 4964: 4924: 4833: 4797: 4735: 4660: 4348: 4083: 4077: 4071: 3606: 3521: 3496: 3287: 3078: 3066: 2986: 1847:

S. H. Carrington, "West Indian Opposition to British Policy: Barbadian Politics, 1774–82",

1213: 1158: 923: 837: 661: 654: 624: 613: 595: 378: 67: 2315:"In Barbados, parliament votes to amend constitution, paving the way to republican status" 948:, as the liberal alternative to the conservative BLP government under Adams. He remains a 301:

who according to some sources had been abducted, effectively making them slaves. About 40

188:

was the first European nation to establish a lasting settlement there from 1627, when the

8: 7134: 4899: 4702: 4609: 4444: 4432: 4412: 4400: 4312: 4103: 4015: 3571: 3506: 3476: 3369: 3330: 3297: 3162: 3138: 2339: 1727: 1063: 933: 828:

From 1800 until 1885, Barbados then served as the main seat of Government for the former

772: 670: 542: 537:

the capital, was one of the three largest cities in English America (the other two being

521: 249: 205: 46: 2800: 2186: 1992: 305:

slaves were brought in from Guyana to help plant crops on the west coast of the island.

7045: 5626: 5145: 5127: 5067: 4958: 4684: 4646: 4622: 4603: 4494: 4041: 3967: 3933: 3832: 3812: 3738: 3586: 3581: 3511: 3491: 3282: 2216: 1872:

The Parliament of the United Kingdom c/o Hansard system: MOTION FOR A SELECT COMMITTEE.

1651: 1137: 1136:. To date all have failed, and one proposal led to deadly riots in 1876, when Governor 1051: 900: 748: 732: 631: 279: 197: 160: 90: 2783:

Economy and Environment in the Caribbean: Barbados and the Windwards in the Late 1800s

855:

Soon after Barbados' withdrawal from the Windward Islands, Barbados became aware that

135:

The second wave of settlers appeared around 800 AD (the Spanish referred to these as "

6931: 6214: 6207: 6161: 6036: 5930: 5672: 5613: 5551: 5505: 5091: 4709: 4674: 4406: 4294: 4242: 4236: 4220: 4059: 4053: 4003: 3973: 3903: 3526: 3516: 3461: 3456: 3385: 3350: 3340: 3335: 3042: 2758: 2707: 2692: 2657: 2638: 2563: 1971: 1817: 1673: 1613: 1565: 1516: 1481: 1307: 791: 759:

control was wrested from the planters, and in 1953 Adams became Premier of Barbados.

739:

with complete Dominion Status within five years from the date of inauguration of the

723: 506: 98: 417: 121:

found in association with shells that have been radiocarbon-dated to about 1630 BC.

7690: 7180: 7156: 7124: 6576: 6171: 5462: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5307: 5218: 5186: 5073: 4873: 4785: 4570: 4096: 4089: 3991: 3876: 3821: 3576: 3501: 3325: 3184: 3123: 2771:

Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. "Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, 1750–1833",

1642:

Roberts, Justin (2006). "Agriculture on Two Barbadian Sugar Plantations, 1796–97".

1141: 892: 876: 833: 751:, founded the Barbados Progressive League in 1938, which later became known as the 298: 3707: 7502: 7424: 6778: 5760: 5415: 5192: 5121: 4912: 4851: 4690: 4374: 4276: 3979: 3471: 2821: 2793: 2740: 2632: 1623: 1575: 1488: 1317: 1024: 782:

With the Federation dissolved, Barbados reverted to its former status, that of a

570: 413: 401:

as governor, a move which confirmed the Cavaliers as the government of Barbados.

283: 217: 213: 1861:"Motion for a select committee", Hansard, HC Deb 30 June 1876 vol 230 cc738-822. 373:

spilled over into Barbados and Barbadian territorial waters. The island was not

7055: 6894: 6337: 6297: 5993: 5721: 5600: 5300: 5288: 5133: 4749: 4678: 4667: 4456: 4418: 4324: 4288: 4282: 4248: 3786: 3709: 2951: 2728: 2579: 1464: 1460: 1358: 1091: 880: 864: 852:, where it remained until the territory of the Windward Islands was dissolved. 829: 799: 767: 702: 620: 558: 482: 329: 287: 176: 71: 54: 45:

who saw trees with a beard like feature (hence the name Barbados), and then by

42: 30: 2739:, Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews, 2038:"Barbados announces plan to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state next year" 7710: 6904: 6860: 6491: 6378: 5659: 5341: 5161: 4342: 4226: 1963: 1248: 502: 432: 144: 136: 102: 34: 7255:

1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

2872: 2811:

Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775

2744: 2634:

The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire

1905: 1814:

A History of Barbados: from Amerindian settlement to Caribbean single market

1595:

Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775

1363:

A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market

1321: 1283:

Fitzpatrick, Scott M. "A critical approach to c14 dating in the Caribbean".

600: 7081: 6441: 6261: 5973: 5371: 5079: 4640: 4634: 4615: 4380: 4115: 4022: 3961: 3955: 3396: 3260: 2546:

The Rise of West Indian Democracy: The Life and Times of Sir Grantley Adams

1627: 1579: 1101:

A survey was taken between October 23, 2021, and November 10, 2021, by the

1075: 868: 787: 529: 510: 497: 455: 201: 94: 2507: 1816:(2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–119. 1140:

tried to pressure Barbadian politicians to integrate more firmly into the

7367: 6847: 6824: 6811: 6557: 6421: 6327: 5488: 4984: 4885: 4696: 4300: 4200: 3915: 3909: 2886:

The Tramways of Barbados: historical survey with map and 16 illustrations

2531: 1680:)), p. 85 and see p. 99 (author assoc. prof. sociology, Univ. of Toledo). 1469:

The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century

1110: 1032: 1008: 635: 409: 333: 106: 5873: 2891:

Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice

1302:

Watson, Karl (1970). "A Brief History of Barbados". In Ali, Arif (ed.).

642: 439:

surrendered. The conditions of the surrender were incorporated into the

164:

Spanish 1632 map of the "isla del Barbado" ("island of the Bearded Man")

7635: 7609: 7211: 7161: 6501: 6461: 6084: 6016: 4761: 4742: 4485: 4264: 3883: 3800: 3265: 2838: 2776: 2722: 2621: 1655: 1346: 1078:, Queen of Barbados. The following week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent 969:

on 30 November 1966, Errol Barrow serving as its first prime minister.

646: 493: 473: 229: 125: 58: 23: 5884: 2587: 2283:"Barbados just appointed its first president as it becomes a republic" 2068:"Barbados elects first president, replacing UK Queen as head of state" 952:

for his work in social reformation, including the institution of free

220:

were claimed by the English at about the same time as Barbados (1623:

6870: 6680: 5734: 5708: 5636: 5407: 4260: 4009: 3793: 3320: 1203: 736: 5520: 2895: 1670:

Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean

883:, who played an instrumental role in the bankruptcy and shutdown of 586:

The slave trade ceased in 1807 and slaves were emancipated in 1834.

397:). On 7 May 1650, the General Assembly of Barbados voted to receive 7357: 7104: 6967: 6944: 6921: 6768: 6732: 6352: 5983: 5747: 5335: 5250: 4529: 4481: 4230: 4157: 4143: 4139: 4109: 3897: 2926: 2562:. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. 908: 460: 294: 221: 140: 129: 18: 7622: 2885: 2353:"A message from The Queen to the President and people of Barbados" 70:, this was then followed by the total abolition of slavery in the 7305: 7234: 7191: 7068: 6801: 6695: 6398: 6347: 6127: 6058: 6006: 5953: 5649: 5244: 4577: 4537: 4130: 3887: 3846: 2479: 1632:, discusses Barbados in the context of North American settlement. 978: 974: 849: 525: 486: 444: 263: 259: 233: 209: 192:

arrived with more than 60 white settlers and six African slaves.

185: 2608:

The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843

2431:"Barbados PM hails governing party's landslide election victory" 2157:"Wickham predicts Barbados' republic model to mirror Trinidad's" 1898: 7319: 7094: 6788: 6621: 6600: 6451: 6356: 6317: 6307: 6105: 6047: 5907: 5840: 5773: 5695: 5254: 4629: 4394: 4172: 3774: 1059: 856: 562: 6234: 2861: 918:

From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the

762:

From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the

357:

English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

7201: 6837: 6758: 6708: 6587: 6481: 6471: 6388: 6368: 6284: 6274: 6200: 6026: 5894: 5590: 4755: 4477: 3949: 2679:

The Empowering Impulse: The Nationalist Tradition of Barbados

940:

in 1966. Barrow, a fervent reformer and once a member of the

766:, a federalist organisation doomed by nationalist attitudes. 675: 477: 416:

were passed prohibiting any but English vessels trading with

302: 225: 118: 2126:"Barbados to remove Queen as head of state by November 2021" 1515:. Hansib Publishing (Caribbean) Ltd. 1997. pp. 46, 48. 701:

In 1884, the Barbados Agricultural Society sent a letter to

443:(Treaty of Oistins), which was signed at the Mermaid's Inn, 6431: 4306: 2689:

A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny

2340:"Barbados becomes a republic and parts ways with the Queen" 1728:"Slavery Abolition Act | History & Impact | Britannica" 863:

African slaves worked on plantations owned by merchants of

41:

in the 16th century. The island was briefly claimed by the

7259:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. 993:

in 1983. Adams died in office in 1985 and was replaced by

6662: 3197: 2869:, Government Information Services, Government of Barbados 2513: 2093:

Team, Caribbean Lifestyle Editorial (15 September 2020).

1894:

The Parliament of the United Kingdom c/o Hansard system:

794:. Upon independence Barbados became a full member of the 105:. Barbados became a republic on November 30, 2021, under 1986: 2449:"Members of Constitutional Review Commission sworn in" 1541: 1529: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1328: 1090:

on 20 October. Mason took office on 30 November 2021.

836:. During that period of around 85 years, the resident 5360: 4493:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 2187:"Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state" 1391:. 11 January 2011 – via The Ship Stamp Society. 1273:

Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society

1127: 1035:, who became Barbados's first female prime minister. 393:, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported 7276: 2095:"Barbados to become an Independent Republic in 2021" 1968:

Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I

1683: 1672:(Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1989 ( 1612:. Penguin History of the United States. Allen Lane. 2475:"BARBADOES.—OBSERVATIONS. (Hansard, 1 August 1876)" 1407: 1395: 1369: 685: 1610:American Colonies: The Settlement of North America 340:rebels and criminals were also transported there. 1482:South Carolina National Heritage Corridor (SCNHC) 638:flag of the Colony of Barbados from 1870 to 1966. 272:Les Forces de l'Europe, Asie, Afrique et Amerique 7708: 2785:(The University of the West Indies Press, 1997) 2637:. William S. Hein Publishing. pp. 195–206. 2586:Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn 1987), pp. 225–247. 860:and Tobago instead was made a Ward of Trinidad. 132:-Barrancoid from the mainland of South America. 109:, thus removing the queen as its head of state. 7696:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 7686:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago 7397: 1562:Autobiographical Writings by Early Quaker Women 29:Barbados was inhabited by indigenous peoples – 2837:, Vol. 21, No. 1 (April 1968), pp. 30–45 2721:Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1971), pp. 287–300 2620:vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 3–30, 895:. The Depression caused mass unemployment and 22:widest point. The capital and largest town is 5536: 5020: 3693: 3412: 2911: 2677:Howe, Glenford D., and Don D. Marshall, eds. 690:In 1826, the Barbados legislature passed the 5455:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 5438:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5316:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3426: 2813:(University of the West Indies Press, 1994) 2775:Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1931), pp. 7–24 2603:(Barbados: Caribbean Contact, 1988, 160 pp.) 2594:National Heroine of Barbados: Sarah Ann Gill 1980: 505:, who had originally been expelled from the 431:sent an invasion force under the command of 200:. There were earlier English settlements in 68:largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history 2555:. P.N.M. Publishing Company, Port-of-Spain. 2123: 1365:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–6. 469:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 243: 5543: 5529: 5027: 5013: 3700: 3686: 3419: 3405: 2918: 2904: 2798: 2596:(Barbados: Methodist Church, 1998, 27 pp.) 2209: 2124:Speare-Cole, Rebecca (16 September 2020). 1005:, who remained prime minister until 1994. 365:Around the same time, fighting during the 7732:1625 establishments in the British Empire 7018: 2727: 2155:Madden, Marlon, ed. (17 September 2020). 1703:"How did the slave trade end in Britain?" 1507: 1505: 1109:In January 2022, Barbados Prime Minister 1038: 716: 450: 155: 4499:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 2862:Barbados Museum & Historical Society 2159:. Top Featured Article. Barbados Today. 2007:"Barbados General Election Results 2018" 641: 630: 619: 608: 599: 481:colonies in North America, most notably 454: 253: 159: 7681:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 2799:Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann (1848). 2750: 2651: 1811: 1805: 1641: 1547: 1535: 1459: 1401: 1357: 1282: 1270: 1054:, but could maintain membership in the 520:Due to the increased implementation of 175:Frequent slave-raiding missions by the 7709: 5813: 5484:Historical flags of the British Empire 5468:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 2626: 2553:British Historians and the West Indies 2317:. ConstitutionNet. 30 September 2021. 2154: 2105:from the original on 23 September 2021 1989:"Barbados to vote on move to republic" 1933:"Ex-airport boss recalls Cubana crash" 1930: 1837:Timeline of the Caribbean 1950-present 1689: 1607: 1559: 1513:Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination 1502: 1435: 1418: 1375: 1334: 1304:Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination 1301: 350: 112: 7396: 7275: 7017: 6528: 6233: 5812: 5562: 5550: 5524: 5359: 5271: 5008: 4517: 4189: 3864: 3757: 3681: 3400: 2925: 2899: 2805:. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. 2652:Frasier, Henry S. (9 November 1990). 2584:Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2490: 2405:"UWI poll: Republic preferred option" 2179: 2035: 1931:Carter, Gercine (26 September 2010). 1770:Davis, p. 211; Northrup, p. 191. 1455: 1453: 1451: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1295: 944:, had left the party to form his own 842:Colonial head of the Windward Islands 459:Ruins of a plantation in Saint Lucy, 420:. These acts were a precursor to the 49:from 1532 to 1620. The island was an 39:European colonization of the Americas 7722:English colonization of the Americas 7406: 7285: 7027: 6538: 6243: 6203:) and small temporary coastal bases. 5822: 5572: 2533:U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets 2295:from the original on 21 October 2021 2263:from the original on 15 October 2021 2092: 2074:from the original on 26 October 2021 1991:. Caribbean Net News. Archived from 1592: 1219:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1169:British colonization of the Americas 1148:in the Barbadian general elections. 809: 731:and later as first President of the 589: 278:The settlement was established as a 5295:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 4138:. British Cameroons is now part of 2379:"Survey shows support for republic" 2321:from the original on 8 October 2021 2227:from the original on 8 October 2021 2217:"Barbados Parliament Bills Archive" 2163:from the original on 13 August 2021 2136:from the original on 13 August 2021 2048:from the original on 7 October 2021 1957: 1912:from the original on 8 October 2014 1906:"Encyclopedia Britannica- Barbados" 1194:List of prime ministers of Barbados 1174:French colonization of the Americas 605:hundreds of the rebels were killed. 361:Restoration in the English colonies 308:Courten's title was transferred to 150: 13: 7671:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire 4154:unilaterally declared independence 3849:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 2851:Notable dates of Barbadian History 2828:The Economic Geography of Barbados 2573: 2197:from the original on 11 March 2021 1781:"The National Archives - Homepage" 1448: 1424: 1189:History of the British West Indies 1128:Confederations and union proposals 1117:since Barbados became a republic. 81:From 1966 to 2021, Barbados was a 26:, which is also the main seaport. 14: 7743: 6095:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 5361:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 5340:Occupied by Argentina during the 5272: 4518: 2844: 2538:United States Department of State 1023:died in 2010 and was replaced by 7676:Portuguese colonial architecture 7277:North America and North Atlantic 6141:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 5799: 5563: 5504: 5495: 5494: 4907:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3542:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2706:. Secker & Warburg. London. 2601:Methodism, 200 years in Barbados 2525: This article incorporates 2520: 2501: This article incorporates 2496: 1436:Watson, Karl (5 November 2009). 686:Towards the abolition of slavery 315:Carlisle then chose as governor 198:James I of England and Scotland. 7666:Armorial of Portuguese colonies 2757:(3rd ed.). Manatee Press. 2480:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2467: 2441: 2423: 2397: 2371: 2345: 2333: 2307: 2275: 2239: 2148: 2117: 2099:Caribbean Culture and Lifestyle 2086: 2060: 2029: 1999: 1924: 1887: 1876: 1865: 1854: 1841: 1830: 1796: 1787: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1745: 1720: 1695: 1662: 1635: 1601: 1586: 1564:. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. 1553: 1493: 1475: 1242: 1017:2008 Barbadian general election 1013:1994 Barbadian general election 999:1986 Barbadian general election 983:1976 Barbadian general election 959: 804:Organization of American States 310:James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle 6529: 5403:Australian Antarctic Territory 4259:since 1965 (before as part of 4256:British Indian Ocean Territory 4142:, while Tanganyika is part of 3773:since 1960 (before as part of 2982:Barbados Independence Act 1966 2857:African influences in Barbados 1381: 1351: 1340: 1264: 1251:, real estate and houses on it 848:on the neighbouring island of 216:), and several islands in the 1: 6696:Portuguese Paliacate outpost 3004:2021 Constitutional Amendment 2691:. Addison-Wesley Publishing. 2291:. Scotland. 20 October 2021. 1258: 1224:Timeline of Barbadian history 1199:List of governors of Barbados 1103:University of the West Indies 1019:, but the new Prime Minister 997:; however, St. John lost the 391:House of Assembly of Barbados 377:until after the execution of 57:colony from 1625 until 1966. 7438:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 7231: • 1938–1941 7208: • 1890–1999 7198: • 1851–1999 7188: • 1864–1999 7088: • 1578–1650 7075: • 1576–1605 7062: • 1522–1575 6987: • 1779–1954 6964: • 1687–1749 6901: • 1598–1610 6891: • 1579–1632 6867: • 1568–1659 6857: • 1559–1961 6844: • 1548–1658 6834: • 1540–1612 6821: • 1536–1662 6808: • 1535–1739 6785: • 1534–1661 6775: • 1534–1601 6765: • 1531–1571 6755: • 1531–1571 6739: • 1528–1666 6729: • 1523–1662 6705: • 1521–1740 6692: • 1518–1619 6659: • 1510–1961 6646: • 1507–1657 6633: • 1502–1661 6611: • 1502–1658 6597: • 1501–1663 6584: • 1500–1663 3714:British Overseas Territories 3667:United States Virgin Islands 1849:Journal of Caribbean History 1812:Beckles, Hilary McD (2006). 1164:Military history of Barbados 1080:Governor-General of Barbados 1027:. The BLP returned to power 865:English and Scottish descent 7: 7398:South America and Caribbean 5430:British Antarctic Territory 5140:Western Pacific Territories 5034: 2875:List of rulers for Barbados 2719:William and Mary Quarterly, 2618:William and Mary Quarterly, 1438:"The Civil War in Barbados" 1151: 1146:Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford 10: 7748: 7546:Nova Colónia do Sacramento 6625:(Coulão / Kollam) 5696:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué 5168:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 4585:British Arctic Territories 3865: 3758: 3033:Cities, towns and villages 2882:. BBC History, 2001-04-01. 2751:Pariser, Harry S. (2000). 2702:Michener, James, A. 1989. 2221:www.barbadosparliament.com 1644:William and Mary Quarterly 1306:. Hansib. pp. 30–34. 1042: 813: 660:In 1816, enslaved persons 653:The British abolished the 593: 555:Province of South Carolina 466: 354: 247: 172:(meaning "bearded ones"). 7661: 7403: 7392: 7282: 7271: 7024: 7013: 6747:(Porto Grande De Bengala) 6535: 6524: 6240: 6229: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5569: 5558: 5479: 5448: 5408:Commonwealth of Australia 5366: 5355: 5326: 5278: 5267: 5233: 5040: 5004: 4810:Newfoundland and Labrador 4524: 4513: 4491:League of Nations mandate 4472: 4196: 4185: 4166:Lancaster House Agreement 4136:League of Nations mandate 4125: 3871: 3860: 3764: 3753: 3720: 3642:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3560: 3434: 3363: 3296: 3239: 3230: 3170: 3161: 3074: 3065: 3023: 3014: 2937: 2880:The Civil War in Barbados 1045:Republicanism in Barbados 367:War of the Three Kingdoms 66:was passed following the 7727:History of the Caribbean 4938:Turks and Caicos Islands 4245:(protectorate) 1907–1949 4190: 3817:(integrated into the UK) 3662:Turks and Caicos Islands 3428:History of North America 3079:Administrative divisions 2853:– Government of Barbados 1285:Latin American Antiquity 1235: 1184:History of North America 816:British Windward Islands 244:Early English settlement 7577:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 7496: • 1621–1815 7483: • 1578–1607 7470: • 1572–1578 7457: • 1572–1578 7444: • 1549–1572 7431: • 1534–1549 6798: • 1535 6670: • 1512–1525 6338:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 5221:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 5046:18th and 19th centuries 4862:Queen Charlotte Islands 4822:North-Western Territory 4794:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 4397:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 4062:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 3745:Commonwealth of Nations 2967:Windward Islands colony 2835:Economic History Review 2802:The History of Barbados 2687:Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. 2606:Butler, Kathleen Mary. 2558:Scott, Caroline. 1999. 1347:Retrieved 5 March 2016. 1209:Piracy in the Caribbean 1179:History of the Americas 1086:, and was subsequently 1074:to replace the role of 1056:Commonwealth of Nations 1003:Lloyd Erskine Sandiford 995:Harold Bernard St. John 967:Commonwealth of Nations 946:Democratic Labour Party 796:Commonwealth of Nations 777:Democratic Labour Party 429:Commonwealth of England 406:Commonwealth Parliament 266:planters in Barbados. 87:parliamentary democracy 83:constitutional monarchy 76:Commonwealth of Nations 7567:Grão-Pará and Maranhão 6991:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4971:West Indies Federation 4160:) and continued as an 3743:Current member of the 3592:British Virgin Islands 2999:Parliamentary republic 2977:West Indies Federation 2781:Richardson; Bonham C. 2737:The American Gazetteer 2627:Dupont, Jerry (2001). 2599:Blackman, Francis W., 2592:Blackman, Francis W., 2560:Insight Guide Barbados 2551:Williams, Eric. 1964. 2527:public domain material 2503:public domain material 2254:Parliament of Barbados 2011:caribbeanelections.com 1229:West Indies Federation 1134:Canadian Confederation 1039:Transition to republic 920:West Indies Federation 891:) in 1938, during the 820:West Indies Federation 764:West Indies Federation 741:West Indies Federation 717:Towards decolonisation 711:Canadian Confederation 692:Consolidated Slave Law 650: 639: 628: 617: 606: 581: 464: 451:Sugar cane and slavery 447:, on 17 January 1652. 319:, who established the 275: 165: 156:Early colonial history 64:Consolidated Slave Law 7257:invasion by Indonesia 7019:East Asia and Oceania 6191:São Tomé and Príncipe 5964:Portuguese Mozambique 5921:Portuguese Gold Coast 4893:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4164:state until the 1979 3770:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3532:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3114:Deputy Prime Minister 2873:Rulers.org — Barbados 2809:Sheridan; Richard B. 2773:Agricultural History, 2672:A History of Barbados 2654:Treasures of Barbados 2193:. 16 September 2020. 1987:Norman 'Gus' Thomas. 1668:Morrissey, Marietta, 1608:Taylor, Alan (2002). 1593:Sheridan, Richard B. 1084:President of Barbados 1072:President of Barbados 942:Barbados Labour Party 928:self-governing colony 889:Barbados Labour Party 873:Charles Duncan O'Neal 784:self-governing colony 753:Barbados Labour Party 645: 634: 623: 612: 603: 576: 539:Boston, Massachusetts 458: 422:First Anglo-Dutch War 257: 236:). Nevertheless, the 163: 5421:Realm of New Zealand 5419:(transferred to the 5406:(transferred to the 5239:Realm of New Zealand 4840:Prince Edward Island 4718:1671–1816, 1833–1960 2681:(Canoe Press, 2001) 2580:Beckles, Hilary McD. 2017:on 12 September 2019 1995:on 28 December 2007. 1487:7 March 2012 at the 1214:Politics of Barbados 965:formally joined the 838:Governor of Barbados 625:Bridgetown, Barbados 614:Bridgetown, Barbados 492:The introduction of 389:while the Barbadian 385:, remained loyal to 7717:History of Barbados 5910:(São Jorge da Mina) 5761:São João da Mamora 5603:(El Qsar es Seghir) 5452:Since 2009 part of 5344:of April–June 1982. 4931:Trinidad and Tobago 4545:Antigua and Barbuda 4445:Straits Settlements 3547:Trinidad and Tobago 3442:Antigua and Barbuda 2972:Confederation riots 2962:British West Indies 2820:4 June 2011 at the 2792:4 June 2011 at the 2656:. MacMillan Press. 2544:Hoyes, F. A. 1963. 2256:. 12 October 2021. 2070:. 22 October 2021. 2036:Yasharoff, Hannah. 1802:Davis, pp. 212–213. 1444:. History in-depth. 1064:Trinidad and Tobago 1011:of the BLP won the 991:invasion of Grenada 981:. The DLP lost the 934:Errol Walton Barrow 840:also served as the 773:Errol Walton Barrow 709:as a member of the 671:Barbados Slave Code 543:Port Royal, Jamaica 441:Charter of Barbados 375:involved in the war 351:England's civil war 299:indentured laborers 250:British West Indies 113:Before colonization 7623:Portuguese Guiana 7587:Maranhão and Piauí 7235:Lapa and Montanha 7046:Portuguese Malacca 6932:Portuguese Ceylon 6886:(Portuguese India) 6724:(Portuguese India) 6355: • 5814:Sub-Saharan Africa 4604:Cape Breton Island 4495:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 4337:Unfederated States 4152:Southern Rhodesia 3739:Commonwealth realm 3482:Dominican Republic 3203:Telecommunications 2509:The World Factbook 2491:Additional sources 2453:www.nationnews.com 2411:. 20 December 2021 2409:www.nationnews.com 2385:. 21 December 2021 2359:. 30 November 2021 1945:on 24 January 2012 1732:www.britannica.com 1389:"William And John" 1138:John Pope Hennessy 1052:Commonwealth realm 901:standard of living 749:Sir Grantley Adams 703:Sir Francis Hincks 651: 640: 629: 618: 607: 465: 282:and funded by Sir 280:proprietary colony 276: 238:Colony of Barbados 166: 91:Westminster system 89:, modelled on the 7704: 7703: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7592: 7591: 7551: 7550: 7518: 7517: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7373: 7372: 7327: 7326: 7267: 7266: 7250: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7225:Portuguese Macau 7217: 7216: 7170: 7169: 7140: 7139: 7009: 7008: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6981:Portuguese India 6973: 6972: 6958:Portuguese India 6950: 6949: 6913: 6912: 6876: 6875: 6714: 6713: 6568: 6567: 6558:Laccadive Islands 6520: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6404: 6403: 6225: 6224: 6215:Portuguese Angola 6208:Portuguese Guinea 6184: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6162:Portuguese Guinea 6146: 6145: 6112: 6111: 6067: 6066: 6037:Portuguese Angola 5936: 5935: 5931:Mascarene Islands 5795: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5678: 5677: 5646:1487–16th century 5552:Portuguese Empire 5518: 5517: 5475: 5474: 5351: 5350: 5283:Providence Island 5263: 5262: 5228: 5227: 5096:Western Australia 5064:Van Diemen's Land 5000: 4999: 4977:Associated States 4675:Columbia District 4509: 4508: 4363:Manila and Cavite 4181: 4180: 4060:Southern Rhodesia 4054:South-West Africa 4004:Northern Rhodesia 3916:Cape of Good Hope 3856: 3855: 3733:Current territory 3675: 3674: 3564:other territories 3394: 3393: 3359: 3358: 3226: 3225: 3185:Barbadian dollar 3157: 3156: 3149:Political parties 3094:Foreign relations 3061: 3060: 2826:Starkey, Otis P. 2663:978-0-333-53369-7 2548:. Advocate Press. 2435:www.aljazeera.com 1976:978-0-19-928357-6 1851:1982 (17): 26–49. 1823:978-0-521-67849-0 1619:978-0-7139-9588-6 1571:978-0-7546-0753-3 1337:, pp. 30–38. 1313:978-1-8705-1854-3 1159:Bussa's rebellion 985:to the BLP under 810:Political history 792:Queen of Barbados 729:House of Assembly 724:Barbados Advocate 596:Bussa's rebellion 590:Bussa's rebellion 507:Iberian Peninsula 433:Sir George Ayscue 321:House of Assembly 124:Fully documented 99:Queen of Barbados 7739: 7691:Portuguese India 7639: 7626: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7501: 7488: 7475: 7462: 7449: 7436: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7394: 7393: 7348: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7273: 7272: 7238: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7185: 7184: 7181:Portuguese Macau 7178: 7166: 7165: 7157:Portuguese Timor 7149: 7148: 7146: 7093: 7080: 7067: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7015: 7014: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6935: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6880: 6879: 6851: 6828: 6815: 6792: 6748: 6718: 6717: 6699: 6685: 6674: 6653: 6640: 6639:(Cochin de Cima) 6626: 6615: 6604: 6591: 6581: 6580: 6577:Portuguese India 6574: 6562: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6539: 6526: 6525: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6360: 6288: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6231: 6230: 6172:Portuguese Congo 6155: 6154: 6152: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6062: 6050: 5997: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5911: 5898: 5876: 5864: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5738: 5725: 5724:(Souira Guedima) 5712: 5699: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5663: 5640: 5617: 5604: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5463:Antarctic Treaty 5424: 5411: 5396:Falkland Islands 5388:Tristan da Cunha 5380:Ascension Island 5357: 5356: 5308:Falkland Islands 5269: 5268: 5237:Now part of the 5109:Pitcairn Islands 5074:Auckland Islands 5043: 5042: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5006: 5005: 4991:Windward Islands 4945:Vancouver Island 4722:MassachusettsBay 4591:British Columbia 4515: 4514: 4331:Federated States 4187: 4186: 4097:Tristan da Cunha 4066:Southern Nigeria 3998:Northern Nigeria 3877:Ascension Island 3862: 3861: 3818: 3755: 3754: 3729:Former territory 3726: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3632:Saint Barthélemy 3562:Dependencies and 3435:Sovereign states 3421: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3379: 3372: 3237: 3236: 3188: 3168: 3167: 3072: 3071: 3021: 3020: 2992:Governor-General 2920: 2913: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2806: 2768: 2754:Explore Barbados 2747: 2667: 2648: 2541: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2500: 2499: 2485: 2484: 2483:. 1 August 1876. 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2357:The Royal Family 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2130:Evening Standard 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2013:. Archived from 2003: 1997: 1996: 1984: 1978: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1941:. Archived from 1938:Nation Newspaper 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1457: 1446: 1445: 1433: 1422: 1416: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1280: 1268: 1252: 1246: 1142:Windward Islands 893:Great Depression 877:Clennell Wickham 834:Windward Islands 832:colonies of the 268:Pieter vander Aa 190:William and John 151:Colonial history 7747: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7653: 7652: 7637: 7624: 7611: 7596: 7553: 7522: 7499: 7486: 7473: 7460: 7447: 7434: 7411: 7399: 7384: 7383: 7346: 7331: 7290: 7278: 7263: 7262: 7251: 7236: 7224: 7219: 7179: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7142: 7091: 7078: 7065: 7032: 7020: 7005: 7004: 6980: 6975: 6957: 6952: 6933: 6907:(Machilipatnam) 6906: 6849: 6826: 6813: 6790: 6779:Salsette Island 6750: 6746: 6745: 6697: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6651: 6638: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6589: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6543: 6531: 6516: 6515: 6408: 6350: 6286: 6263: 6248: 6236: 6221: 6220: 6217:from the 1920s. 6185: 6148: 6129: 6114: 6104: 6071: 6060: 6046: 5995: 5940: 5909: 5896: 5872: 5860: 5827: 5815: 5804: 5791: 5790: 5775: 5762: 5749: 5736: 5723: 5710: 5697: 5682: 5661: 5638: 5615: 5602: 5601:Alcácer Ceguer 5577: 5565: 5554: 5549: 5519: 5514: 5471: 5444: 5418: 5416:Ross Dependency 5405: 5362: 5347: 5322: 5274: 5259: 5229: 5224: 5180: 5175:Solomon Islands 5122:North Australia 5102:South Australia 5058:New South Wales 5036: 5033: 4996: 4716:Leeward Islands 4520: 4505: 4468: 4375:Muscat and Oman 4192: 4177: 4121: 3867: 3852: 3816: 3760: 3749: 3724: 3716: 3706: 3676: 3671: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3430: 3425: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3355: 3346:Public holidays 3292: 3222: 3186: 3153: 3057: 3010: 2933: 2924: 2847: 2822:Wayback Machine 2794:Wayback Machine 2765: 2664: 2645: 2576: 2574:Further reading 2530: 2521: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2166: 2164: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1985: 1981: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1667: 1663: 1640: 1636: 1620: 1606: 1602: 1591: 1587: 1572: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489:Wayback Machine 1480: 1476: 1465:Canny, Nicholas 1461:Beckles, Hilary 1458: 1449: 1434: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1359:Beckles, Hilary 1356: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1314: 1300: 1296: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1154: 1130: 1047: 1041: 1025:Freundel Stuart 962: 822: 814:Main articles: 812: 719: 688: 649:harbour in 1902 598: 592: 571:soil management 509:, to end up in 471: 453: 437:Lord Willoughby 414:navigation acts 399:Lord Willoughby 363: 355:Main articles: 353: 284:William Courten 252: 246: 218:Leeward Islands 214:Plymouth Colony 158: 153: 115: 37:– prior to the 12: 11: 5: 7745: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7607: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477:Rio de Janeiro 7471: 7467: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7347:(Newfoundland) 7342: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7301: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7153: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6911: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6620: 6618: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6566: 6565: 6556: 6554: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6264:(Bandar Abbas) 6259: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6125: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5413: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5289:Willoughbyland 5286: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4952:Virgin Islands 4948: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4919:South Carolina 4916: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4816:North Carolina 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4750:Mosquito Coast 4747: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679:Oregon Country 4672: 4668:Cayman Islands 4664: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4457:Trucial States 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4150:Self-governing 4147: 4133: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3922:Central Africa 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3891: 3881: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3810: 3807:Ionian Islands 3804: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3710:British Empire 3705: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3652:Sint Eustatius 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3597:Cayman Islands 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3193:Stock exchange 3190: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109:Prime Minister 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2952:British Empire 2949: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878:Watson, Karl. 2876: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2846: 2845:External links 2843: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2824: 2815:online edition 2807: 2796: 2787:online edition 2779: 2769: 2763: 2748: 2725: 2715: 2700: 2685: 2683:online edition 2675: 2670:Harlow, V. T. 2668: 2662: 2649: 2643: 2624: 2614: 2612:online edition 2604: 2597: 2590: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2518: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2466: 2455:. 20 June 2022 2440: 2422: 2396: 2383:Barbados Today 2370: 2344: 2332: 2306: 2274: 2238: 2208: 2178: 2147: 2116: 2085: 2059: 2028: 1998: 1979: 1956: 1923: 1897: 1886: 1875: 1864: 1853: 1840: 1829: 1822: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1772: 1763: 1753: 1744: 1719: 1694: 1682: 1661: 1650:(3): 551–586. 1634: 1618: 1600: 1597:. p. 144. 1585: 1570: 1552: 1550:, p. 224. 1540: 1538:, p. 225. 1528: 1521: 1501: 1499:Ragatz (1931). 1492: 1474: 1447: 1423: 1406: 1394: 1380: 1368: 1350: 1339: 1327: 1312: 1294: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1129: 1126: 1092:Prince Charles 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1021:David Thompson 961: 958: 881:Grantley Adams 811: 808: 800:United Nations 768:Grantley Adams 718: 715: 687: 684: 594:Main article: 591: 588: 559:British Guiana 503:Sephardic Jews 483:South Carolina 467:Main article: 452: 449: 418:Dutch colonies 352: 349: 332:and 23,000 in 288:City of London 248:Main article: 245: 242: 177:Spanish Empire 157: 154: 152: 149: 114: 111: 72:British Empire 43:Spanish Empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7744: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7647: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7378: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7023: 7016: 7012: 6999: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6905:Masulipatnam 6903: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861:Daman and Diu 6859: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850:(Thoothukudi) 6846: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6827:(Kodungallur) 6823: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814:(Vasai-Virar) 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6561:(Lakshadweep) 6555: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6523: 6510: 6503: 6502:Bandar-e Kong 6500: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6492:Dibba Al-Hisn 6490: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5895:Fernando Poo 5893: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5343: 5342:Falklands War 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5273:South America 5270: 5266: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5162:Union Islands 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874:Rupert's Land 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834:Paulet affair 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4780:New Hampshire 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4768:New Brunswick 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4519:North America 4516: 4512: 4502: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4439:South Vietnam 4437: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3552:United States 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3276:Ethnic groups 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2764:1-893643-51-4 2760: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2712:0-436-27971-1 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2697:0-201-52396-5 2694: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2644:0-8377-3125-9 2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568:0-88729-033-7 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:Dieter Nohlen 1960: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1757: 1748: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1708: 1707:www.rmg.co.uk 1704: 1698: 1692:, p. 64. 1691: 1686: 1679: 1678:0-7006-0394-8 1675: 1671: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1524: 1522:1-870518-54-3 1518: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1421:, p. 44. 1420: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1384: 1378:, p. 42. 1377: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 970: 968: 957: 955: 951: 950:National Hero 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 913:National Hero 910: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 821: 817: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 769: 765: 760: 756: 754: 750: 744: 743:with Canada. 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725: 721:In 1952, the 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 683: 679: 677: 672: 666: 663: 658: 656: 648: 644: 637: 633: 626: 622: 615: 611: 602: 597: 587: 584: 580: 575: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 550: 546: 544: 540: 534: 531: 527: 523: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 479: 475: 470: 462: 457: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 362: 358: 348: 345: 341: 337: 335: 331: 325: 322: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 251: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 193: 191: 187: 181: 178: 173: 171: 162: 148: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 122: 120: 110: 108: 104: 103:head of state 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 25: 20: 16: 7645: 7598:19th century 7597: 7595: 7555:18th century 7554: 7552: 7524:17th century 7523: 7521: 7512: 7413:16th century 7412: 7410: 7376: 7333:16th century 7332: 7330: 7318: 7317: 7304: 7303: 7292:15th century 7291: 7289: 7244: 7221:20th century 7220: 7218: 7176:19th century 7175: 7173: 7144:17th century 7143: 7141: 7034:16th century 7033: 7031: 6997: 6977:18th century 6976: 6974: 6954:17th century 6953: 6951: 6652:(Nagapatnam) 6572:16th century 6571: 6569: 6545:15th century 6544: 6542: 6508: 6410:17th century 6409: 6407: 6379:Tarut Island 6250:16th century 6249: 6247: 6235:Middle East 6201:Anosy Region 6178: 6150:19th century 6149: 6147: 6116:18th century 6115: 6113: 6073:17th century 6072: 6070: 5974:Saint Helena 5942:16th century 5941: 5939: 5829:15th century 5828: 5826: 5783: 5684:16th century 5683: 5681: 5579:15th century 5578: 5576: 5564:North Africa 5453: 5436: 5428: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5372:Saint Helena 5370: 5314: 5306: 5156:Cook Islands 5107: 5080:New Hebrides 5049:20th century 4965:West Florida 4950: 4936: 4868:Rhode Island 4846:Pennsylvania 4804:Newfoundland 4741: 4666: 4616:East Florida 4587:16th c.–1880 4576: 4557: 4528: 4425:Crown Colony 4413:Pulo Condore 4387:Crown Colony 4381:North Borneo 4254: 4213:Protectorate 4162:unrecognised 4156:in 1965 (as 4095: 4048:South Africa 4036:Sierra Leone 4023:Saint Helena 4021: 4016:Orange River 3894:Bechuanaland 3875: 3833:Protectorate 3792: 3768: 3732: 3712:and Current 3657:Sint Maarten 3637:Saint Martin 3451: 3316:Coat of arms 3271:Demographics 3249:Human rights 3180:Central Bank 3084:Constitution 2938: 2834: 2827: 2810: 2801: 2782: 2772: 2753: 2736: 2718: 2703: 2688: 2678: 2671: 2653: 2633: 2617: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2583: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2532: 2508: 2478: 2469: 2457:. Retrieved 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2413:. Retrieved 2408: 2399: 2387:. Retrieved 2382: 2373: 2361:. Retrieved 2356: 2347: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2288:The National 2286: 2277: 2265:. Retrieved 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2220: 2211: 2199:. Retrieved 2190: 2181: 2172: 2165:. Retrieved 2150: 2140:16 September 2138:. Retrieved 2129: 2119: 2109:15 September 2107:. Retrieved 2098: 2088: 2076:. Retrieved 2062: 2052:16 September 2050:. Retrieved 2041: 2031: 2019:. Retrieved 2015:the original 2010: 2001: 1993:the original 1982: 1967: 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1943:the original 1936: 1926: 1914:. Retrieved 1900: 1889: 1878: 1867: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1832: 1813: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1775: 1766: 1756: 1747: 1735:. Retrieved 1731: 1722: 1710:. Retrieved 1706: 1697: 1685: 1669: 1664: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1588: 1561: 1555: 1548:Beckles 2001 1543: 1536:Beckles 2001 1531: 1512: 1495: 1477: 1468: 1441: 1404:, p. 7. 1402:Beckles 2007 1397: 1383: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1342: 1330: 1303: 1297: 1291:(4): 389 ff. 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1244: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1076:Elizabeth II 1068: 1048: 1007: 971: 963: 960:Independence 938:Independence 932: 917: 906: 884: 869:trade unions 862: 854: 846:St. George's 827: 823: 788:Elizabeth II 781: 761: 757: 745: 722: 720: 700: 696: 689: 680: 667: 659: 652: 585: 582: 577: 567: 551: 547: 535: 530:Alice Curwen 519: 515: 511:Dutch Brazil 498:Dutch Brazil 491: 472: 426: 403: 364: 346: 342: 338: 326: 317:Henry Hawley 314: 307: 292: 277: 271: 237: 212:, and 1620: 202:The Americas 194: 189: 182: 174: 169: 167: 134: 123: 116: 95:Elizabeth II 80: 53:and later a 28: 17: 15: 7636:Upper Peru 7610:Cisplatina 7368:Nova Scotia 7345:Terra Nova 6934:(Sri Lanka) 6825:Cranganore 6684:(Kozhikode) 6637:Pallipuram 6422:Khor Fakkan 6375:1521?–1551? 6199:A factory ( 5737:(El Jadida) 5711:(Essaouira) 5639:(El Jadida) 5489:Anglosphere 5207:New Zealand 5116:New Zealand 4985:West Jersey 4900:Saint Lucia 4886:Saint Kitts 4880:Saint Croix 4860:1763–1791* 4828:Nova Scotia 4774:New England 4730:, 1691–1776 4697:East Jersey 4685:Connecticut 4564:Bay Islands 4451:Transjordan 4369:Mesopotamia 4207:Afghanistan 4201:Aden Colony 3986:Niger Coast 3952:) 1874–1957 3928:East Africa 3910:Cape Colony 3900:) 1884–1966 3890:) 1868–1966 3627:Puerto Rico 3537:Saint Lucia 3487:El Salvador 3175:Agriculture 2733:"Barbadoes" 2415:22 December 2389:22 December 2363:30 November 1690:Watson 1970 1419:Watson 1970 1376:Watson 1970 1335:Watson 1970 1111:Mia Mottley 1033:Mia Mottley 1009:Owen Arthur 655:slave trade 636:Blue Ensign 526:poor whites 522:slave codes 410:Netherlands 383:Philip Bell 371:Interregnum 344:very high. 334:New England 170:Os Barbados 107:Mia Mottley 7711:Categories 7364:1516–1579? 7354:1500–1579? 7341:1500–1579? 7212:Ilha Verde 7162:East Timor 6848:Tuticorin 6744:Chittagong 6650:Negapatam 6601:Cannanore 6530:South Asia 6365:1521–1529? 6334:1515–1633? 6210:from 1879. 6193:from 1753. 6085:Ziguinchor 6017:Madagascar 5851:Cape Verde 5750:(Azemmour) 5441:since 1908 5433:since 1908 5399:since 1833 5391:since 1816 5383:since 1815 5375:since 1658 5332:department 5319:since 1908 5311:since 1833 5112:since 1838 5092:Swan River 5086:Queensland 4973:1958–1962 4955:since 1666 4941:since 1799 4792:New Jersey 4762:New Albion 4746:since 1632 4743:Montserrat 4724:1629–1691 4671:since 1670 4593:1858–1866 4581:since 1619 4533:since 1650 4486:Bangladesh 4421:1841–1946 4383:1882–1963 4349:Federation 4327:1819–1826 4265:Seychelles 4209:1839–1842 4100:since 1816 4084:Tanganyika 4042:Somaliland 4030:Seychelles 4026:since 1658 3946:Gold Coast 3940:The Gambia 3884:Basutoland 3880:since 1815 3822:Free State 3815:1542–1800 3801:Heligoland 3797:since 1713 3622:Montserrat 3617:Martinique 3612:Guadeloupe 3467:Costa Rica 3187:(currency) 3134:Parliament 3099:Government 2629:"Barbados" 2342:, BBC News 2299:21 October 2267:16 October 2078:23 October 1949:16 October 1279:: 113–137. 1259:References 899:, and the 885:The Herald 647:Bridgetown 494:sugar cane 474:Sugar cane 412:, further 395:Charles II 387:Parliament 330:Chesapeake 230:Montserrat 126:Amerindian 59:Sugar cane 24:Bridgetown 7638:(Bolivia) 7619:1809–1817 7612:(Uruguay) 7606:1808–1822 7583:1772–1775 7573:1772–1775 7563:1751–1772 7542:1680–1777 7532:1621–1751 7509:1536–1620 7421:1500–1822 7237:(Hengqin) 7152:1642–1975 7131:1580–1586 7121:1557–1999 7115:Larantuka 7111:1515–1859 7101:1512–1665 7052:1512–1621 7042:1511–1641 6941:1558–1573 6928:1518–1658 6918:1518–1521 6871:Mangalore 6698:(Pulicat) 6616:1659–1661 6553:1498–1545 6488:1624–1648 6438:1621–1622 6395:1588–1648 6385:1550–1551 6344:1521–1602 6314:1515–1650 6294:1515–1648 6281:1515–1622 6271:1507–1643 6258:1506–1615 6168:1885–1974 6158:1879–1974 6137:1753–1975 6130:(Mombasa) 6128:Mombassa 6124:1728–1729 6101:1687–1974 6091:1680–1961 6081:1645–1888 6061:(Mombasa) 6059:Mombassa 6055:1593–1698 6043:1588–1974 6033:1575–1975 6023:1557–1578 6013:1508–1547 6003:1506–1511 5990:1505–1512 5980:1503–1698 5970:1502–1659 5960:1501–1975 5950:1500–1630 5927:1498–1540 5917:1482–1642 5904:1482–1637 5891:1478–1778 5881:1474–1778 5869:1471–1975 5857:1470–1975 5847:1462–1975 5837:1455–1633 5770:1577–1589 5757:1515–1541 5744:1513–1541 5731:1506–1769 5718:1506–1525 5705:1506–1525 5692:1505–1541 5656:1488–1541 5633:1485–1550 5623:1471–1662 5610:1471–1550 5597:1458–1550 5587:1415–1640 5425:1841–1947 5412:1841–1933 5303:1831–1966 5297:1670–1688 5291:1651–1667 5285:1631–1641 5215:1914–1962 5209:1907–1947 5202:1901–1942 5200:Australia 5195:1900–1974 5189:1900–1970 5177:1893–1978 5170:1892–1979 5164:1889–1948 5158:1888–1901 5152:Rarotonga 5148:1884–1902 5142:1877–1976 5136:1874–1970 5130:1851–1901 5124:1846–1847 5118:1841–1907 5104:1836–1901 5098:1829–1901 5088:1824–1901 5082:1824–1980 5076:1807–1863 5070:1803–1901 5060:1788–1901 4993:1833–1960 4987:1674–1702 4979:1967–1983 4967:1763–1783 4961:1607–1776 4947:1849–1866 4933:1889–1962 4927:1862–1863 4921:1712–1776 4915:1635–1644 4909:1627–1979 4902:1605–1979 4895:1882–1983 4888:1623–1983 4882:1625–1650 4876:1670–1870 4870:1636–1776 4864:1853–1863 4854:1620–1691 4848:1681–1776 4842:1763–1873 4830:1713–1867 4824:1859–1870 4818:1712–1776 4812:1583–1907 4806:1907–1949 4800:1664–1776 4788:1637–1662 4786:New Haven 4782:1680–1776 4776:1686–1689 4770:1784–1867 4758:1628–1983 4752:1655–1860 4738:1632–1776 4712:1655–1962 4705:1733–1776 4699:1674–1702 4693:1701–1776 4687:1636–1776 4681:1818–1846 4663:1663–1712 4655:1867–1931 4649:1841–1867 4643:1791–1841 4637:1791–1841 4625:1762–1974 4618:1763–1783 4612:1763–1978 4606:1754–1820 4597:1866–1871 4573:1871–1981 4566:1643–1860 4560:1624–1966 4554:1670–1973 4547:1860–1981 4540:1632–1860 4465:1898–1930 4459:1892–1971 4453:1921–1946 4447:1826–1946 4441:1945–1946 4435:1946–1963 4433:Singapore 4427:1946–1963 4415:1702–1705 4409:1786–1946 4403:1923–1948 4401:Palestine 4389:1946–1963 4377:1891–1971 4371:1920–1932 4365:1762–1764 4359:1796–1965 4351:1948–1957 4345:1946–1948 4339:1885–1946 4333:1895–1946 4321:1848–1946 4315:1918–1961 4309:1811–1816 4303:1858–1947 4297:1841–1997 4295:Hong Kong 4291:1878–1960 4285:1795–1948 4279:1888–1984 4273:1824–1948 4261:Mauritius 4251:1874–1963 4239:1757–1947 4233:1812–1824 4223:1685–1824 4221:Bencoolen 4215:1879–1919 4203:1839–1967 4118:1887–1897 4112:1890–1963 4106:1890–1962 4092:1900–1910 4090:Transvaal 4086:1922–1961 4080:1899–1956 4074:1893–1968 4072:Swaziland 4068:1900–1914 4056:1915–1931 4050:1910–1931 4044:1884–1960 4038:1792–1961 4032:1903–1976 4018:1900–1910 4012:1891–1964 4010:Nyasaland 4006:1924–1964 4000:1900–1914 3994:1914–1960 3988:1884–1900 3982:1856–1910 3976:1810–1968 3974:Mauritius 3970:1807–1808 3964:1862–1906 3958:1920–1963 3942:1816–1965 3936:1882–1922 3930:1895–1920 3924:1891–1907 3918:1806–1910 3912:1795–1803 3906:1919–1961 3904:Cameroons 3841:1813–1964 3835:1800–1813 3824:1921–1931 3809:1809–1864 3803:1807–1890 3794:Gibraltar 3789:1878–1960 3783:1794–1796 3737:*Current 3607:Greenland 3522:Nicaragua 3497:Guatemala 3321:Crop Over 3244:Education 3213:Transport 3119:Judiciary 3104:President 3089:Elections 3016:Geography 2957:Governors 2745:23272543M 2729:Morse, J. 2704:Caribbean 2622:in JSTOR. 2325:9 October 2231:8 October 2042:USA TODAY 1322:28145358M 1204:Longitude 987:Tom Adams 954:education 737:Caribbean 379:Charles I 206:Jamestown 143:(called " 7536:Maranhão 7513:Barbados 7358:Labrador 7135:Nagasaki 7105:Makassar 6968:Mylapore 6945:Maldives 6922:Maldives 6791:(Mumbai) 6733:Mylapore 6603:(Kannur) 6353:Muharraq 6213:Part of 6206:Part of 6196:Or 1600. 6189:Part of 5984:Zanzibar 5874:Príncipe 5862:São Tomé 5776:(Asilah) 5763:(Mehdya) 5735:Mazagan 5709:Mogador 5698:(Agadir) 5673:Graciosa 5637:Mazagan 5616:(Asilah) 5500:Category 5336:Colombia 5251:Kiribati 5128:Victoria 5068:Tasmania 4959:Virginia 4925:Stickeen 4913:Saybrook 4852:Plymouth 4798:New York 4736:Maryland 4728:Province 4691:Delaware 4661:Carolina 4653:Dominion 4647:Province 4610:Dominica 4558:Barbados 4530:Anguilla 4501:disputed 4482:Pakistan 4357:Maldives 4231:Billiton 4158:Rhodesia 4144:Tanzania 4140:Cameroon 4116:Zululand 4110:Zanzibar 3898:Botswana 3572:Anguilla 3507:Honduras 3477:Dominica 3452:Barbados 3386:Category 3331:Landship 3288:Religion 3261:Language 3129:Military 3067:Politics 2987:Monarchy 2947:Timeline 2931:articles 2927:Barbados 2839:in JSTOR 2818:Archived 2790:Archived 2777:in JSTOR 2731:(1797), 2723:in JSTOR 2610:(1995), 2588:in JSTOR 2319:Archived 2293:Archived 2258:Archived 2225:Archived 2201:18 March 2195:Archived 2191:BBC News 2161:Archived 2134:Archived 2103:Archived 2072:Archived 2046:Archived 1910:Archived 1628:7798386M 1580:3680144M 1485:Archived 1463:(2001). 1361:(2007). 1152:See also 1115:election 924:monarchy 909:suffrage 802:and the 707:admitted 461:Barbados 369:and the 295:Holetown 258:English 232:, 1632: 228:, 1632: 224:, 1628: 222:St Kitts 208:, 1609: 141:Kalinago 130:Saladoid 47:Portugal 19:Barbados 7625:(Amapá) 7306:Madeira 7192:Coloane 7069:Ternate 6812:Baçaím 6802:Ponnani 6789:Bombay 6681:Calicut 6590:(Kochi) 6588:Cochim 6498:1624?–? 6462:Libedia 6428:1621?–? 6348:Bahrain 6324:1515?–? 6298:Quriyat 6287:(Ormus) 6285:Hormuz 6007:Socotra 5996:(Kilwa) 5994:Quíloa 5954:Malindi 5908:Elmina 5897:(Bioko) 5885:Annobón 5774:Arzila 5748:Azamor 5650:Ouadane 5627:Tangier 5614:Arzila 5491:culture 5245:Vanuatu 5035:Oceania 4710:Jamaica 4703:Georgia 4623:Grenada 4578:Bermuda 4552:Bahamas 4538:Antigua 4419:Sarawak 4131:Namibia 3992:Nigeria 3968:Madeira 3888:Lesotho 3847:Minorca 3813:Ireland 3781:Corsica 3708:Former 3602:Curaçao 3587:Bonaire 3582:Bermuda 3512:Jamaica 3492:Grenada 3447:Bahamas 3370:Outline 3311:Cuisine 3298:Culture 3232:Society 3208:Tourism 3163:Economy 3139:Cabinet 3038:Climate 3028:Beaches 2939:History 2867:History 2830:(1939). 2674:(1926). 2459:21 June 1966:(2005) 1737:25 June 1656:3877375 1467:(ed.). 1088:elected 1058:, like 1029:in 2018 979:CARICOM 975:CARIFTA 897:strikes 850:Grenada 830:British 755:(BLP). 662:rose up 627:in 1848 616:in 1848 487:Ireland 445:Oistins 274:, 1726. 264:tobacco 260:quakers 234:Antigua 210:Bermuda 204:(1607: 186:England 137:Arawaks 93:, with 55:British 51:English 31:Arawaks 7646: 7503:Brazil 7500: 7490:Brazil 7487: 7474: 7461: 7451:Brazil 7448: 7435: 7425:Brazil 7377: 7320:Azores 7245: 7095:Tidore 7092: 7079: 7066: 7056:Maluku 6998: 6883: 6721: 6673: 6622:Quilon 6614: 6509: 6478:1624–? 6468:1624–? 6458:1623–? 6452:Khasab 6448:1623–? 6432:As Sib 6418:1620–? 6399:Matrah 6357:Manama 6318:Muscat 6308:Qalhat 6304:1515–? 6262:Gamru 6179: 6106:Bissau 6048:Cacheu 5841:Arguim 5784: 5662:(Safi) 5660:Safim 5510:Portal 5330:Now a 5301:Guiana 5255:Tuvalu 4858:Quebec 4630:Canada 4571:Belize 4463:Weihai 4407:Penang 4395:Padang 4325:Malaya 4319:Labuan 4313:Kuwait 4289:Cyprus 4283:Ceylon 4277:Brunei 4249:Borneo 4243:Bhutan 4237:Bengal 4173:Zambia 4104:Uganda 3866:Africa 3839:Colony 3829:Malta 3787:Cyprus 3775:Cyprus 3759:Europe 3725:Legend 3527:Panama 3517:Mexico 3462:Canada 3457:Belize 3351:Sports 3306:Anthem 3283:Health 3266:People 3144:Police 3053:Rivers 2929: 2761: 2743: 2710: 2695: 2660: 2641: 2566: 2167:4 June 2021:26 May 1974: 1970:, p90 1916:9 July 1820: 1761:1814). 1712:11 May 1676: 1654: 1626: 1616: 1578: 1568: 1519: 1320: 1310: 1249:Estate 1060:Guyana 1031:under 857:Tobago 733:Senate 579:units. 563:Panama 541:, and 145:Caribs 35:Caribs 7464:Bahia 7202:Taipa 7125:Macau 7082:Ambon 6895:Hugli 6838:Surat 6769:Chalé 6759:Chaul 6709:Chaul 6482:Madha 6472:Kalba 6442:Qeshm 6389:Qatif 6369:Qatif 6328:Barka 6275:Sohar 6027:Accra 5722:Aguz 5591:Ceuta 5253:and * 5219:Nauru 5213:Samoa 5187:Tonga 5146:Papua 4756:Nevis 4641:Upper 4635:Lower 4478:India 4343:Union 4301:India 4271:Burma 4227:Banka 4078:Sudan 3980:Natal 3962:Lagos 3956:Kenya 3950:Ghana 3934:Egypt 3577:Aruba 3502:Haiti 3377:Index 3341:Music 3336:Media 3218:Water 3048:Flora 3043:Fauna 2529:from 2505:from 2261:(PDF) 2250:(PDF) 1652:JSTOR 1236:Notes 676:Bussa 496:from 478:sugar 303:Taino 226:Nevis 119:adzes 101:, as 7632:1822 7314:1432 7300:1420 6675:1750 5669:1489 5249:Now 5243:Now 5193:Niue 5134:Fiji 4836:1843 4764:1579 4484:and 4476:Now 4307:Java 4263:and 4229:and 4191:Asia 4171:Now 4129:Now 3647:Saba 3472:Cuba 3326:Flag 3254:LGBT 2759:ISBN 2708:ISBN 2693:ISBN 2658:ISBN 2639:ISBN 2564:ISBN 2461:2022 2417:2021 2391:2021 2365:2021 2327:2021 2301:2021 2269:2021 2233:2021 2203:2021 2169:2021 2142:2020 2111:2020 2080:2021 2054:2020 2023:2018 1972:ISBN 1951:2011 1918:2019 1818:ISBN 1739:2023 1714:2022 1674:ISBN 1614:ISBN 1566:ISBN 1517:ISBN 1308:ISBN 1062:and 977:and 818:and 561:and 427:The 359:and 286:, a 262:and 85:and 33:and 6663:Goa 5334:of 3198:Rum 3124:Law 2514:CIA 1442:BBC 790:as 7713:: 4480:, 2741:OL 2735:, 2631:. 2536:. 2512:. 2477:. 2451:. 2433:. 2407:. 2381:. 2355:. 2285:. 2252:. 2223:. 2219:. 2189:. 2171:. 2132:. 2128:. 2101:. 2097:. 2044:. 2040:. 2009:. 1935:. 1908:. 1730:. 1705:. 1648:63 1646:. 1624:OL 1622:. 1576:OL 1574:. 1504:^ 1450:^ 1440:. 1426:^ 1409:^ 1318:OL 1316:. 1289:17 1287:. 1281:; 1277:38 1275:. 1066:. 915:. 875:, 871:. 806:. 565:. 424:. 336:. 270:, 97:, 78:. 7164:) 7160:( 6359:) 6351:( 5544:e 5537:t 5530:v 5465:. 5423:) 5410:) 5205:* 5198:* 5173:* 5154:/ 5094:/ 5066:/ 5028:e 5021:t 5014:v 4905:* 4898:* 4891:* 4708:* 4677:/ 4628:* 4621:* 4569:* 4550:* 4543:* 4536:* 4267:) 4146:. 3948:( 3896:( 3886:( 3777:) 3701:e 3694:t 3687:v 3420:e 3413:t 3406:v 2919:e 2912:t 2905:v 2767:. 2699:. 2666:. 2647:. 2540:. 2516:. 2463:. 2437:. 2419:. 2393:. 2367:. 2329:. 2303:. 2271:. 2235:. 2205:. 2144:. 2113:. 2082:. 2056:. 2025:. 1953:. 1920:. 1826:. 1783:. 1741:. 1716:. 1658:. 1630:. 1582:. 1525:. 1324:. 463:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.