315:
287:), which focused on translating texts from various languages into Arabic. This practice began out of a need to supply educated texts from around the world to a growing educated public market. In particular, the Arabic translation of Grecian texts became a substantial market because its primary impetus from the caliphate was to establish a new ideology with a political and scientific base. This translation helped to foster the transition between a primarily oral society, to one centered on a written language.
194:. Four equidistant gates pierced the outer walls where straight roads led to the center of the city. The Kufa Gate to the southwest and the Basra Gate to the southeast opened onto the Sarat canal â a key part of the network of waterways that drained the waters of the Euphrates into the Tigris. The Sham (Syrian) Gate to the northwest led to the main road on to Anbar, and across the desert to Syria. To the northeast the Khorasan Gate lay close to the Tigris, leading to the bridge of boats across it.
171:
145:
606:
299:. At this time, Baghdad was revered as the "center of the world" because of its scholarship. Michael Cooperson says that "Baghdadi scholars were so numerous and so eminent that reference to them could continue to support the 'center of the world' thesisâŠ". Al-Mansur's foundation and construction of the city as well were done by only the best scholars, further fostering the notion of an intellectual city population to support the Golden Age.
733:
593:
772:
699:
303:
to the city for jobs, thus being another reason
Baghdad became a center of commerce. Baghdad also being named the new capital of the Abbasid caliphate drew in people for the prestige and name alone. Al-Mansur designated a governor of Baghdad and sent with him a number of elites who gave the city a higher status, drawing more scholars to study.
253:, and the Anbar gate linked the bridges over the canals and Euphrates River to the city. These helped in bringing people into the city, and around these entrances, markets allowed travelers to trade. The link in trade routes provided goods to the city, which allowed markets to draw people from all over the Middle East.
256:
The markets that developed in
Baghdad were sophisticated because of the government's supervision of their products as well as trade amongst each other. An advanced banking system developed as well, allowing further settlement from outsiders. Baghdad's location between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
205:
said. "I have seen the great cities, including those noted for their durable construction. I have seen such cities in the districts of Syria, in
Byzantine territory, and in other provinces, but I have never seen a city of greater height, more perfect circularity, more endowed with superior merits or
197:
The four straight roads that ran towards the center of the city from the outer gates were lined with vaulted arcades containing merchants' shops and bazaars. Smaller streets ran off these four main arteries, giving access to a series of squares and houses; the limited space between the main wall and
302:
Al-Mansur's foundation of the city was ultimately based on its potential position as a military arsenal, and its ability to house and support many troops. Large numbers of troops were what originally gave the city such a dense population, but as the army continued to need supplies, more people came
294:
As the public and private sectors of the community became more educated, cultural narrative and secular writing began. In the city, demand for secular literature, designed for entertainment, developed, which shaped the culture of the city's population, as well as the
Abbasid Empire as a whole, with
209:
The city had an array of basic services and employed a staff of civil servants. These included night watchmen, lamplighters, health inspectors, market inspectors (who examined the weights and measures as well as the quality of goods), and debt collectors. It also had a police force with a police
240:
Caliph al-Mansur of the
Abbasid Caliphate chose the city's location because of its critical link in trade routes, mild climate, topography (critical for fortification), and proximity to water. All of these factors made the city a center for culture and knowledge. Baghdad is set on the
788:
indicated that about two-thirds of
Baghdad residents said that the removal of the Iraqi leader was worth the hardships they encountered and that they expected a better life in five years' time. As time passed, however, support for the occupation declined dramatically. In April 2004,
290:
Baghdad's location made it ideal for paper production, which lowered the cost of creating books, making them more prevalent and accessible to more people. As more texts began to be produced, a new market for book vendors opened, and libraries and bookstores appeared in the city.
659:. During the period of British control, the Mandatory administration ordered the construction of several new architectural projects around the city. Iraq was given formal independence by the British in 1932, and increased autonomy in 1946. On 14 July 1958, the Iraqi king,
779:
image of
Baghdad, taken March 31, 2003. The image shows smoke rising from pools of burning oil spread along "Canal Road" and other locations. Ditches full of oil were created shortly before the war to obscure visibility (black) and vegetation
166:
each course of the city wall consisted of 162,000 bricks for the first third of the wall's height. The wall was 80 ft high, crowned with battlements and flanked by bastions. A deep moat ringed the outer wall's perimeter.
806:
were still unreliable more than a year after the invasion. In the summer of 2004, electricity was only available intermittently in most areas of the city. An additional pressing concern was the lack of security. The
260:
The mild climate and topography made it attractive as well for travelers. Cultures shared knowledge, books, language, and faiths, ultimately creating a "cosmopolitan city" that developed into a learning center.
248:
During the construction of the city, gates were placed at the entrances of the major roads into the city, in order to funnel traffic into the city. The Kufah Gate was on a major road that pilgrims took to
675:. The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of
1701:
Neggaz, Nassima. "The falls of
Baghdad in 1258 and 2003: A study in SunnÄ«-ShÄ«'Ä« clashing memories" (PhD dissertation, â âGeorgetown UniversityâProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â2013.â3606870).
338:
By the 10th century, the city's population was between 300,000 and 500,000. Baghdad's early meteoric growth slowed due to troubles within the caliphate, including relocations of the capital to
799:
in
Baghdad indicated that "only 13 percent of the people now say the invasion of Iraq was morally justifiable. In the 2003 poll, more than twice that number saw it as the right thing to do."
1651:
Hanne, Eric J. â"The
Caliphate revisited: The Abbasids of eleventh and twelfth century Baghdad" (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan;âProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â1998.â9909898).
1374:
Micheau, Francoise (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era: A Cosmopolitan and Multi-Confessional Capital". In Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, Andre (eds.).
970:"Tarikh Baghdad. Die Geschichte von Bagdad. The History of Baghdad. by al-Khatib al Baghdadi:: Gut Leinen/cloth. (1967) 14 BĂ€nde / volumes. | Fundus-Online GbR Borkert Schwarz ZerfaĂ"
1654:
Hassan, Mona F.â â"Loss of caliphate: The trauma and aftermath of 1258 and 1924"(PhD dissertation, Princeton University;âProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â2009.â3341296).
1684:
1680:
1672:
1454:
JOHNSON, I.M. "The impact on libraries and archives in Iraq of war and looting in 2003 â a preliminary assessment of the damage and subsequent reconstruction efforts."
1244:
Bevan, Brock Llewllyn (2000). "Greek Though, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries)".
1229:
Bevan, Brock Llewllyn (2000). "Greek Though, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries)".
550:
1730:
Wu. Pai-nan Rashid. "The Fall of Baghdad and the Mongol Rule in Al-Iraq, 1258-1335' (PhD dissertation, U of Utah; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,â1974.â7509617).
306:
At its height, Baghdad was estimated to have over one and half million people living in the city. It may have been the largest city in the world during that time.
1631:
Connelly, Coleman. "Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth-Century Baghdad" (PhD dissertation, Harvard UniversityâProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â2016.â10632945).
1050:
Le Strange, G (October 1899). "Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. A Topographical Summary, with a Notice of the Contemporary Arabic and Persian Authorities".
275:. Law is a critical study for the Muslim people, because of the understanding of justice on Earth as applied to God. The Hanafi today is the largest school of
1173:
Le Strange, G (Oct 1899). "Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. A Topographical Summary, with a Notice of the Contemporary Arabic and Persian Authorities".
314:
1642:
906:
witnessed the rebuilding of the half-ruined capital, but the Round City would appear never to have recovered from the effects of this disastrous siege
52:
capital 35 km southeast of Baghdad, which was virtually abandoned by the end of the 8th century. Baghdad was the center of the Caliphate during the
1598:
897:
the partial ruin of Western Baghdad, more especially the Round City of ManĂ§ĂŒr, had followed as the result of the first siege in the time of Amin
710:
of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money flowed into the army and thousands of residents were killed. Iran launched a number of
117:
257:
created a trade link to further destinations such as China, India, and Armenia, drawing more people, literature, and knowledge to the city.
190:, thought there were 100,000 workers involved. "They say that no other round city is known in all the regions of the world," according to
342:(during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the
1392:
A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the KitÄb Na't al-កayawÄn) in the Ibn BakhtÄ«shĆ«' Tradition
57:
1074:
945:
915:
in the early years of the fourth century (which began 912 A.D.) and the walls of West Baghdad, had likewise fallen to complete ruin
206:
possessing more spacious gates or more perfect defenses than Al Zawra (Baghdad), that is to say, the city of Abu Jafar al-Mansur."
764:" within the heart of the city from which it governed Iraq during the period before the new Iraqi government was established. The
356:
Nevertheless, the city remained one of the cultural and commercial hubs of the Islamic world until February 10, 1258, when it was
226:. It never recovered; its walls were destroyed by 912, nothing of them remains, there is no agreement as to where it was located.
331:
178:
Thousands of architects, engineers, legal experts, surveyors, carpenters, blacksmiths, diggers, and laborers from across the
1765:
969:
846:
1137:
399:
centered in Persia. The city was reconstructed and flourished under the Mongols. In 1401, Baghdad was again conquered, by
1634:
Falagas, Matthew E., Effie A. Zarkadoulia, and George Samonis. "Arab science in the golden age (750â1258 CE) and today."
1027:
811:
imposed immediately after the invasion had been lifted in the winter of 2003, but the city that had once had a vibrant
432:
428:
580:
90:
1103:
994:
1662:
1695:
1119:
few historians can agree on its exact location; most believe that it existed only a short time before it vanished
765:
757:
826:
On 10 April 2007, the United States military began construction of a three-mile (5 km) long 3.5 metre tall
1721:
878:
672:
484:
65:
852:
1639:
388:
civilization never fully recovered. The Mongols placed a Chinese governor in Baghdad after it was captured.
102:
1760:
1740:
820:
802:
Most residents of Baghdad became impatient with the coalition forces because essential services such as
1494:
1625:
465:
in the 16th century. The city saw a relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under the
384:
system were destroyed. The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate, a blow from which the
556:
544:
538:
1159:
457:, Baghdad fell into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and
574:
471:
442:
357:
1519:
1339:
Kennedy, Hugh (1981). "Central Government and Provincial Elites in the Early Abbasid Caliphate".
562:
529:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
198:
the inner wall was due to Mansur's desire to maintain the heart of the city as a royal preserve.
68:
320:
726:
568:
490:
466:
201:
By 766, Mansur's Round City was complete. The ninth-century essayist, polymath, and polemicist
1310:
856:
741:
461:. For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East before being overtaken by
191:
159:
148:
623:
812:
714:
attacks against Baghdad, although they caused relatively little damage and few casualties.
8:
1546:
868:
616:
412:
408:
296:
815:
was still considered too dangerous after dark for many citizens. Those dangers included
1770:
1356:
1298:
1178:
1147:
1055:
753:
668:
235:
61:
53:
1717:
1710:
1573:
1437:
1416:"The architecture of the British Mandate in Iraq: nation-building and state creation"
1360:
1023:
744:, and fell under US control by April 7â9. Additional damage was caused by the severe
707:
179:
113:
41:
1200:. New York: New York State University. Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe. p. 243.
768:
ceded power to the interim government at the end of June 2004 and dissolved itself.
1427:
1396:
1348:
396:
37:
1432:
1415:
368:. The Mongols killed most of the city's inhabitants, including the Abbasid Caliph
245:, which was an established meeting place for caravan routes from all directions.
1646:
873:
664:
369:
284:
98:
49:
29:
21:
1075:"Story of cities #3: the birth of Baghdad was a landmark for world civilization"
946:"Story of cities #3: the birth of Baghdad was a landmark for world civilisation"
279:, and it was a draw for scholars to the city of Baghdad. Another school was the
1668:
1659:
Baghdad and Isfahan: A Dialogue of Two Cities in an Age of Science CA. 750-1750
849:
749:
722:
684:
656:
652:
644:
462:
458:
454:
438:
94:
1599:"Suicide attack in Iraq's Sadr City kills at least 35, wounds dozens -sources"
1400:
1352:
1754:
1441:
346:
280:
242:
218:
The Round City was partially ruined during the siege of 812â813, when Caliph
1390:
1341:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1551:
1524:
839:
827:
453:'s command in 1638, during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623-1639. Under the
446:
350:
223:
83:
1744:
1288:
771:
170:
1705:
1468:
1090:
The last traces of Mansur's Round City were demolished in the early 1870s
803:
796:
785:
776:
648:
365:
33:
1182:
1059:
326:
144:
816:
761:
392:
381:
183:
121:
45:
1716:, translated by Seymour Feiler, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
1692:
Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood--A History in Thirteen Centuries
1020:
The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad
698:
1052:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
819:
and the risk of being caught in fighting between security forces and
791:
748:
during the days following the end of the war. With the deposition of
676:
660:
404:
155:
129:
732:
592:
309:
1577:
883:
718:
450:
324:, published in Baghdad in 1209. The horserider is wearing a Turkic
202:
75:
182:
were brought in to survey, measure, and excavate the foundations.
1175:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
745:
711:
692:
655:
forces. After the war, Baghdad was placed under the control of a
416:
385:
361:
339:
272:
269:
219:
154:
Baghdad was founded on 30 July 762 CE. It was designed by Caliph
120:. It is the largest city in Iraq, the second-largest city in the
78:
rule, but never rose to its former glory. It was again sacked by
60:
by the beginning of the 10th century. It began to decline in the
17:
1274:
Cooperson, Michael (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative".
1259:
Cooperson, Michael (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative".
403:("Tamerlane"). It became a provincial capital controlled by the
808:
688:
680:
622:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
265:
133:
86:
82:
in 1401 and fell under Turkic rule. It was briefly occupied by
831:
533:
524:
419:
Persian (1508–1534) – (1624–1638) empires.
400:
377:
373:
250:
125:
79:
229:
1520:"Latest US solution to Iraq's civil war: a three-mile wall"
835:
449:
of the Safavids in 1624, and retaken by the Ottomans under
422:
343:
276:
109:
924:
but of the Round City of Mançur apparently nothing remains
740:
Baghdad was bombed heavily in March and April 2003 in the
89:
in 1508, but fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1534. With the
855:
and 35 people in July. In April, 82 people died due to
64:
of the 9th to 11th centuries and was destroyed in the
842:, called for construction to be halted on the wall.
116:
estimated at a population of 7,000,000 divided into
1328:. New York: New York State University. p. 240.
1293:. New York: New York State University. p. 245.
1289:Al-Tabari. Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe (1995).
1209:
1207:
475:reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.
1709:
1101:
97:in 1920 and became the capital of the independent
1493:Soriano, Cesar G.; Komarow, Steven (2004-04-30).
1469:"U.S. transfers sovereignty to Iraq 2 days early"
310:Stagnation and invasions (10th to 16th centuries)
56:of the 9th and 10th centuries, growing to be the
1752:
1204:
372:, and destroyed large sections of the city. The
1667:
1324:Al Tabari (1995). Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
1131:
1129:
1127:
1492:
1072:
213:
1049:
760:established a three-square-mile (8 km) "
487:, during the Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
1712:Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate
1704:
1456:International Information and Library Review
1124:
695:facilities were built during this period.
651:, when on 11 March 1917 it was captured by
1172:
995:"Kitab Al-Buldan - Primary Source... book"
587:
74:The city was rebuilt and flourished under
1547:"Iraqi PM calls for halt to Baghdad wall"
1517:
1431:
1388:
1323:
1273:
1258:
1195:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
230:Sphere of learning (8th to 9th centuries)
1213:
770:
731:
697:
591:
423:Ottoman Baghdad (16th to 19th centuries)
313:
210:chief who lived in the caliph's palace.
169:
143:
1626:Timeline of Baghdad § Bibliography
1413:
1373:
1338:
1198:The History of Al-Tabari, Volume XXVIII
1135:
1102:NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF (14 December 2003).
1054:. Cambridge University Press: 847â893.
1017:
992:
943:
391:At this point Baghdad was ruled by the
1753:
1291:The History of Al-Tabari Volume XXVIII
1036:
834:district of Baghdad. On 23 April, the
437:In 1534, Baghdad was conquered by the
332:Egyptian National Library and Archives
1243:
1228:
1218:. New York: Cambridge UP. p. 27.
721:caused extensive damage to Baghdad's
1745:See more ethnic maps of Baghdad here
1741:Ethnic changes in Baghdad, 2003-2007
1674:Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate
1022:. Simon & Schuster. p. 69.
847:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
752:'s regime, the city was occupied by
599:
222:was killed by his brother, who then
174:Zumurrud Khaton tomb in Baghdad,1932
158:. According to 11th-century scholar
13:
1619:
1574:"Iraqi PM criticises Baghdad wall"
1389:Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012).
1378:. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 235.
14:
1782:
1734:
277:legal thought in the Muslim world
264:Schools were built including the
128:) and the second-largest city in
91:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1687:). A standard scholarly history.
1142:(Second ed.). Brill Online.
1073:Justin Marozzi (16 March 2016).
604:
577:, United States invasion of Iraq
139:
1591:
1566:
1539:
1511:
1486:
1461:
1448:
1407:
1382:
1367:
1332:
1317:
1282:
1267:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1189:
1166:
1095:
1066:
766:Coalition Provisional Authority
758:Coalition Provisional Authority
729:, and sanitary infrastructure.
478:
295:Baghdad being a reason for the
118:neighborhoods in nine districts
1518:MacAskill, Ewen (2007-04-21).
1495:"Poll: Iraqis out of patience"
1414:Jackson, Iain (2 April 2016).
1104:"A Crumbling Cultural History"
1011:
986:
962:
944:Marozzi, Justin (2016-03-16).
937:
918:
909:
900:
891:
879:History of the Jews in Baghdad
433:History of Baghdad (1831â1917)
429:History of Baghdad (1638â1704)
1:
1433:10.1080/13602365.2016.1179662
1376:The City in the Islamic World
1136:Bearman, P. (24 April 2012).
931:
626:related to non-recent events.
617:slanted towards recent events
581:Battle of Baghdad (2006â2008)
108:As the capital of the modern
517:, Mongol conquest of Baghdad
7:
1766:Histories of cities in Iraq
1420:The Journal of Architecture
1395:. Brill. p. Plate 33.
862:
853:killed 32 people in January
214:Destruction and abandonment
10:
1787:
1623:
795:reported that a follow-up
736:2003 street map of Baghdad
485:Siege of Baghdad (812â813)
441:, under the leadership of
426:
233:
40:after their defeat of the
1677:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1638:20.10 (2006): 1581-1586.
1401:10.1163/9789004222656_005
1353:10.1017/s0041977x00104380
784:On September 23, 2003, a
557:Capture of Baghdad (1638)
545:Capture of Baghdad (1624)
539:Capture of Baghdad (1534)
93:, Baghdad fell under the
28:) was established by the
1458:, 37 (3), 2005, 209â271.
1326:The History of Al-Tabari
1214:Robinson, Chase (2003).
1018:Bobrick, Benson (2012).
575:Battle of Baghdad (2003)
493:, during the Fifth Fitna
472:The Nuttall Encyclopedia
443:Suleiman the Magnificent
101:in 1932 (converted to a
663:, was executed and the
643:Baghdad remained under
588:20th and 21st centuries
563:Siege of Baghdad (1733)
551:Siege of Baghdad (1625)
530:Siege of Baghdad (1401)
521:Siege of Baghdad (1393)
515:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
509:Siege of Baghdad (1157)
503:Siege of Baghdad (1136)
497:Battle of Baghdad (946)
415:(1469–1508), and
36:, marking a new era in
1694:(Da Capo Press, 2014)
1216:Islamic Historiography
781:
737:
703:
667:was dissolved after a
597:
569:Fall of Baghdad (1917)
565:, Ottoman-Persian Wars
559:, OttomanâSafavid Wars
553:, OttomanâSafavid Wars
547:, OttomanâSafavid Wars
541:, OttomanâSafavid Wars
491:Siege of Baghdad (865)
335:
175:
151:
58:largest city worldwide
32:as its capital in the
1657:Kheirandish, Elaheh.
774:
742:2003 invasion of Iraq
735:
701:
595:
445:. It was captured by
427:Further information:
349:(945–1055) and
317:
234:Further information:
224:became the new caliph
192:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
173:
160:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
149:Round city of Baghdad
147:
1555:. London. 2007-04-23
702:Baghdad in the 1970s
499:, BuyidâHamdanid War
353:(1055–1135).
1661:(Harvard UP, 2021)
869:Timeline of Baghdad
717:In 1991, the first
411:(1411–1469),
407:(1400–1411),
380:forming the city's
334:, (Khalil Agha F8).
318:Miniature from the
297:Golden Age of Islam
164:History of Baghdad,
1761:History of Baghdad
1645:2023-06-02 at the
1309:has generic name (
1196:al-Tabari (1995).
782:
738:
704:
598:
336:
236:Islamic Golden Age
176:
152:
66:Mongolian invasion
62:Iranian Intermezzo
54:Islamic Golden Age
46:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1727:. popular history
1690:Marozzi, Justin.
1636:The FASEB Journal
1108:Los Angeles Times
687:including modern
641:
640:
188:Book of Countries
180:Abbasid Caliphate
114:metropolitan area
42:Umayyad Caliphate
1778:
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321:KitÄb al-bayáčara
112:, Baghdad has a
110:Republic of Iraq
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1607:. Retrieved
1605:. 2021-07-20
1602:
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1580:. 2007-04-22
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1552:The Guardian
1550:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:The Guardian
1523:
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1498:
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840:Nouri Maliki
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775:A satellite
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479:War timeline
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1156:|work=
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830:around the
804:electricity
797:Gallup poll
786:Gallup poll
777:false-color
754:U.S. troops
649:World War I
366:Hulagu Khan
34:8th century
1755:Categories
1723:080610922X
1624:See also:
1609:2021-08-21
1584:2009-08-21
1559:2009-08-21
1532:2009-08-21
1504:2010-05-04
1479:2021-08-04
1278:(13): 100.
1263:(13): 106.
1004:2021-08-04
979:2021-08-04
955:2021-08-04
932:References
821:insurgents
817:kidnapping
813:night life
762:Green Zone
669:revolution
583:, Iraq War
413:Aq Quyunlu
393:Il-Khanids
382:irrigation
122:Arab world
105:in 1958).
1771:Silk Road
1499:USA Today
1442:1360-2365
1361:151066906
1299:cite book
1158:ignored (
1148:cite book
845:In 2021,
792:USA Today
677:petroleum
661:Faisal II
632:July 2020
534:Tamerlane
525:Tamerlane
405:Jalayirid
347:Buwayhids
186:, in his
156:al-Mansur
130:West Asia
1708:(1971),
1671:(1900),
1643:Archived
1578:BBC News
1528:. London
1473:NBC News
1276:Muqarnas
1261:Muqarnas
1183:25208155
1113:1 August
1084:1 August
1060:25208155
884:Iraq War
863:See also
719:Gulf War
673:republic
665:monarchy
455:Ottomans
451:Murad IV
327:sharbƫsh
203:al-Jahiz
103:Republic
76:Ilkhanid
50:Sasanian
24:: ŰšŰșۯۧۯ
1696:excerpt
1663:excerpt
1603:Reuters
1139:Baghdad
746:looting
712:missile
693:highway
653:British
645:Ottoman
417:Safavid
386:Islamic
362:Mongols
360:by the
344:Iranian
340:Samarra
270:Hanbali
220:al-Amin
184:Ya'qubi
162:in his
132:(after
124:(after
84:Safavid
69:in 1258
18:Baghdad
1720:
1640:online
1440:
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1058:
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809:curfew
780:(red).
756:. The
689:sewers
683:. New
681:export
374:canals
364:under
358:sacked
266:Hanafi
134:Tehran
87:Persia
26:BaÄĄdÄd
22:Arabic
1685:Index
1357:S2CID
1179:JSTOR
1056:JSTOR
836:Iraqi
832:Sunni
727:power
532:, by
523:, by
401:Timur
378:dykes
251:Mecca
126:Cairo
80:Timur
1718:ISBN
1438:ISSN
1311:help
1160:help
1115:2020
1086:2020
1024:ISBN
828:wall
431:and
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268:and
48:, a
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