567:
I. Krypiakevych
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine began to collect accounts. Tetiana Kostenko has been focusing on the region of Dubno, Ivan Pusko on the regions of Volyn, and Volodymyr Sobchuk, the area around Kremenets. Yaroslav Tsaruk began collecting accounts from the area around Volodymyr-Volyns'k in 1985 and became more active in the 1990s, stimulated by the writings of Yu. Turovsky and V. Siemaszko, when he noticed that the accounts in their writings did not correspond with his own findings. Travelling by bicycle throughout the area, he collected accounts from those who remembered the events, and made lists of those who died or were wounded during the war, including accounts about Poles, Ukrainians and others. He counterchecked the accounts against information that was collected immediately after the war and again in 1976. The post war account paralleled his findings, whereas the 1976 account was specially written to show all anti-soviet actions in a negative light.
613:, a prominent Ukrainian historian tasked with investigating the events in Volhynia. Ilyushn questions whether the Polish approach typified by Siemaszko can be scholarly, objective, or impartial, and considered an approach to be flawed when it is based primarily on the testimony of one, Polish, side. He also questions Siemaszko's credibility because Siemaszko was a participant at the height of the conflict himself. Ilyushin notes that Siemaszko's large tome used only three OUN-UPA documents and fails to make use of any Soviet or German materials. As an example of inaccuracy that Siemaszko' approach leads to, Ilyushin described a case discussed in Siemaszko's work in which, based on AK testimony, Siemaszko claimed that 9 Poles were killed by Ukrainian nationalists in September 1939. The same event was described in the NKVD archives in Ukraine and according to those records the perpetrators were western Ukrainian communists.
546:(Klym Savur) initiated a wave of UPA attacks against the Polish civilian population. Kliachkivsky gave the liquidation order on July 11. By Autumn 1944 most of the anti-Polish actions stopped and terror was used only against those who co-operated with the NKVD, and the Ukrainians leaders had understood that it was time to unite with the Poles against the USSR. Polish actions against the Ukrainian civilian population were restricted and punitive in their nature according to Motyka. They were done by the Polish auxiliary police, the self-defense leagues, the AK, and by Red partisan units formed from ethnic Poles. In his latest studies, Motyka attempts to synthesize the main concepts of both current directions in Polish historiography, analyzing and understanding the problem of anti-Polish terror in Volyn, the reasons and the results, in order to induce the Ukrainians to officially condemn the activities of the OUN and UPA.
478:
point of view the author examines anti-Polish actions, the spontaneous actions of the peasants, and the influence of OUN propaganda on their fight for social justice. Describing concrete incidence of terror in Volyn, he states that the pivotal moment for the development of bloodshed came with the transfer of armed
Ukrainian police into the forests. This act raised the number of OUN-B dependent groups with people who had experience in the ethnic cleansing of Jews. Secondly it initiated a mass movement of Poles into the ranks of the auxiliary police, which further escalated the situation. The author postulates that anti-Polish terror may have been planned, it had as its main purpose to chase out the Poles. Torzecki states that the raid by
550:
demanding that the
Ukrainians condemn these actions. The treatment of the anti-Ukrainian actions of the Polish underground is relegated to a secondary position, and the moral and emotional style of exposition of materials, the inclusion of materials whose authenticity is questionable (memoirs, eye witness accounts, works of literature etc.). At the same time, it is in Poland that the professional study of Ukrainian–Polish conflict was started. Polish historians were the first to thoroughly study and analyse the facts of this conflict, developed a periodization, collected a significant number of Polish historic sources and developed a number of alternative methods of studying the problem.
563:. Despite publishing a number of works devoted to the history of UPA, the Ukrainian emigration researchers (with only few exceptions) remained completely mute about the Volyn events for many years. Until very recently much of the remaining documentation was closed in Ukrainian state archives, unavailable to researchers. As a result, Ukrainian historiography lacks broader reliable research of the events and the presence of the issue in Ukrainian publications is still very limited. The young generation of Ukrainian historians is often infected with Ukrainocentrism, and often borrows the stereotypes and myths about Poland and Poles from the biased publications of the Ukrainian diaspora.
1184:
1249:
1215:
1195:
164:, which were used by the Nazis in their interests. Similar concepts were formulated by A. Szczesiak and W. Szota in a publication that was soon removed from sale and libraries. Officially the book was dedicated to the activities of the Ukrainian nationalists in the interbellum but it also explained that the conflict had its origins in the late 19th century, and that the Volyn tragedy was a continuation of the terror campaigns of 1918-1939. This work investigated in detail the Ukrainian-Polish negotiations from 1942-45 to stop the conflict and to unite to fight a common foe – the USSR. This study brought about a re-evaluation of the UPA within the USSR itself.
1187:
1252:
1218:
1198:
205:. He ascribes the reason for the Volyn tragedy to the inadequate policies of the Polish government in the interbellum and the destruction of moral society during the Soviet and German occupations. Olszański notes that in pre-war Poland, a Ukrainian nationalist movement could develop relatively freely even in the most radical forms, including the use of terror, and that the Polish state wasn't able to solve the problems concerning coexistence of Poles and Ukrainians, which resulted in popularization of nationalist and communist movements among the Ukrainians.
268:, auxiliary police and other independent groups. Kowalewski introduces the thesis that the reason why OUN changed its strategy regarding the Poles in 1944–45 was in order to form a unified Polish-Ukrainian front against the USSR. This would explain the waves of OUN propaganda that were spread in the Polish population regarding the formation of a unified front and the cessation of retributive actions. The Ukrainian and some sections of the Polish population understood that without an independent Poland there could not be an independent Ukraine.
574:, who studied the materials collected by Siemaszko from Polish villagers, the number of ethnic Poles given by them in some of the villages he is familiar with, does not correspond to recorded Ukrainian statistical data. According to Tsaruk, Siemaszko included in the number of Polish casualties those who emigrated before the commencement of these hostilities, and that Siemaszko included colonies, subdivisions of villages and population points which were never separate administrative units, enlarging the number of Polish population points.
1606:
2319:
944:, 2006. The list of gminas and counties where the murders took place include: Bóbrka, Brzozów, Dobromil, Drohobycz, Gródek Jagielloński, Jarosław, Jaworów, Lesko, Lubaczów, Lwów, Mościska, Nisko, Przemyśl, Rawa Ruska, Rudki, Sambor, Sanok, Sokal, Turka, and Żółkiew; op. cit., pp. 31, 94, 148, 187, 221, 288, 357, 425, 509, 636, 734, 778, 835, 915, 1030, 1113, 1144.
244:. This was the first step to an understanding with the Poles, which in 1945 was affirmed by the tactical understanding between the UIA and AK. In the words of Olszawski, this was the end of conflict between these national movements, who would now wage a joint battle against the communist regime in Poland.
597:
Władysław
Siemaszko stated that Tsaruk isn't a historian or a reliable source, and that his research is based on reports from the locals long after war, while Siemaszko's sources were published and are widely available. He further stated that "almost every Ukrainian family in Volhynia was involved in
558:
The issue of the Volyn massacres was largely non-existent in
Ukrainian scholarly literature for many years, and Ukrainian historiography did not undertake any objective research of the events in Volyn. Until 1991, any independent Ukrainian historic research was only possible abroad, mainly in the USA
259:
Olszański expressed view that the goal of the action was to expel Poles and not to exterminate them. Ten years later, in the post script to his previous article, he admitted that he was wrong: "More and more documents prove not only that the de-polonization action was a planned military operation and
566:
The active collection and publication of information regarding the Volyn
Tragedy began in the summer of 2002 after it became known that Kresy organizations (made up of AK veterans and various Associations) were planning to hold commemorations in memory of only the Polish victims of the conflict. The
477:
The liberal-democratic movement is represented by the works of
Ryszard Torzecki which reviewed the thesis put forward during the communist administration and developed a framework for further scholarship. Torzecki argues that the territorial integrity of Volyn lay in the Polish population. From this
260:
that the order from OUN-UPA leadership existed (though still not found), but also that the purpose of this operation was physical extermination (murder) of at least most of the Polish population of these lands, and not only – as I erroneously believed – expulsion. Thus it was the crime of genocide."
151:
New studies were initiated in the early 1970s based on factual information. Under the influence of the Soviet historiography, Polish historians continued to expound the mistaken Soviet concept of
Ukrainian bourgeoise nationalists, viewed in their own specific manner. This category includes the works
581:
region only 80 Ukrainians were murdered. According to materials collected by Ya. Tsaruk 1454 Ukrainians died from the hands of Polish paramilitary groups (the names of 1244 victims have been collected). Tsaruk stated that in the
Volodymyr region initially there were attacks on Ukrainian villages by
530:
Using a solid documentary base, the authors attempt to convince the reader of the genocidal character of the anti-Polish actions of the UPA. The first volume gives a chronological and geographical listing of 1686 witnesses, archival information, and other facts. The second volume gives the authors'
450:
The fall of the
Communist system in Poland gave fuel to two directions in Polish historiography regarding the Ukrainian–Polish conflicts: liberal-democrаtic and nationalistic. The first group has focused on the reasons for the inter-ethnic conflict in Western Ukraine. This group is subscribed to by
208:
Olszański introduces the term "de-polonisation". Olszański suggests that the OUN expected a return to the situation as it was from 1918, when Poles and Ukrainians fought over disputed territories, and that the Ukrainian leadership wanted an absence of Polish population and Polish military activity.
549:
According to Roman Hrytskiv a characteristic of Polish historiography is the national component in its understanding of the problem. This is evident by the treatment of the Ukrainian–Polish conflict as an episode of purely Polish history; focusing attention to the anti-Polish terror of the UPA and
585:
In the village of Biskupychy Verkhni (Nekhvoroshchi) Ya. Tsaruk notes 11 murdered Ukrainians (including a 3-year-old girl and a 95-year-old grandmother) which happened May 20, 1943. Siemaszko's book mentions the murder of 90 Poles on July 11, but doesn't mention the murder of the Ukrainians that,
239:
in the occupied zones in directing conflict against the UPA. Retaliatory actions by Polish forces and the negative view of the Polish underground to Ukrainian independence were also factors. In the second period Olszański states that the Polish underground and the communists initiated a number of
252:
agitators and by communist agents from the north of Volhynia. Olszański sees the role of Soviets in the events as insufficiently explained. He points that field organizations of the OUN were penetrated by communist agents and in some instances Soviet units disguised as UPA murdered Poles to gain
1358:Грицьків Р. (2008), Діяльність Української повстанської армії у висвітленні польської історіографії (період Польської народної республіки) / Р. Грицьків // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність / , Львів. Вип. 16: Ювілейний збірник на пошану Івана Патера. – С. 517–527.
605:
Tsaruk's research didn't change his point of view on Volhynia events: that the Ukrainian nationalists were responsible for beginning and escalating the massacres of Poles. Motyka points out that Tsaruk mistakenly blames Poles for crimes perpetrated by Germans. Another Polish historian Grzegorz
518:
In a further study in 1999 Motyka states that the conflict between the Ukrainian and Polish peoples ended in 1945. After that UPA fought against the Communist government in Poland and not against the Polish population, as opposed to the Poles, who continued their terror against the Ukrainian
200:
1989 marked the end of the Polish totalitarian state and a new era in Polish historiography. In the light of Polish independence the subject of Ukrainian–Polish relations became a growing concern. The first study to be published was Tadeusz Olszański's 1989 article which shattered previous
147:
as the only effective way of liquidating the UPA network. The theme of UPA "terrorism" was occasionally brought up in order to affirm the actions of the "people's government". According to Hrytskiv, Polish studies branded all Ukrainian nationalist organizations as anti-Polish, criminal and
593:
Ya. Tsaruk gives hundreds of examples of Siemaszko's selective use of information where previously Ukrainian civilians were murdered by Polish military units such as Radekhiv, Mokrets, Zashkovychi, Volytsia, Koluna, Oryshchi, Zavydiv, and Rykovychi, which Siemaszko did not mention at all.
537:
In 2002 Grzegorz Motyka, finding all the previous concepts regarding the anti-Polish actions of the UPA inadequate, suggested viewing the Ukrainian–Polish relations from the point of view of the question of Ukrainian insurrection during the war. Encouraged by the mass desertion of the
506:
to liquidate all Polish elements in the region. Filar comes to the conclusion that UPA consciously aimed their actions against the civilian Polish population. He also concludes that the UPA made its priority the extermination of Polish elements rather than fighting the occupiers.
466:. Attempts were made to document the Polish victims of Ukrainian nationalists, with the inclusion of unverified or even falsified information. Numerous memoirs were published, dominated by the works of E. Prus. Many of these publications were printed by the newly established
213:
action started in March 1943. Contrary to what Ukrainian emigré authors claim, the fact of Ukrainian initiative and the unprovoked character of the action is confirmed by the German documents. In the article from 1991, he divides "Volhynian terror" into the following stages:
510:
Grzegorz Motyka and Rafal Wnuk point out that at the end of World War II there was a real potential for Polish–Ukrainian dialogue and understanding. As a result, the two anti-communist forces UPA and WiN signed tactical agreements regarding further cooperation. A new era in
247:
The UPA was unable to conduct the action alone. It mobilized Ukrainian peasants on a large scale, who were later given Polish properties. Vast numbers of peasants participating in anti-Polish attacks, together with UPA units or individually, were also motivated by numerous
598:
the murder of Poles", and that "there is a desperate attempt to paint a completely false picture of the number of the alleged Ukrainian victims at the hands of Poles, explained by psychological defence mechanisms, which in some appear as the denial of crimes".
489:
Although Torzecki states that in 1943–44 the attempts to curtail the conflict between Ukrainian and Polish nationalism were doomed to failure, in his opinion it was OUN-UPA that could have stopped the conflict and did not. He lays blame personally on
263:
Zbigniew Kowalewski's study (1993) stated that the role of the auxiliary police and its collaboration with Soviet Polish diversionist-partisan groups provoked the Ukrainians to use force. These actions were not just those of the OUN and UPA, but also
1810:
501:
regarding the liquidation of the urban Polish population. Information about this command was obtained from a criminal deposition of Yuri Stelmashchuk which existed in the archive of the SBU in Volyn. The command was a secret one given orally by
117:, the question of the Polish–Ukrainian conflict was never a subject of independent studies. Ukrainian historian Roman Hrytskiv believes that Polish Communists avoided this subject as it could raise questions regarding the Polish population in
1346:Грицьків, Роман (2003), "Польська Історіографія Українсько-Польського збройного конфлікту часів Другої Світової війни" by Roman Hrytskiv, published in the collection "Українсько-Польський конфлікт під час другої світової війни"; Book 2, Lviv.
271:
The destruction of the totalitarian system in Poland allowed another direction in Polish historical studies fuelled by the previous studies published under the Communist regime. One of the first such studies was undertaken by J. Turowski and
978:, 2004; number of victims in the following gminas and counties: Borszczów, Brody, Brzeżany, Czortków, Kamionka Strumiłowa, Kopyczyńce, Radziechów, and Złoczów; pp. 58, 99, 137, 200, 225, 251, 329, 517. The remaining gminas not included.
522:
After the marking of the "Wisla" action the thesis of a planned "Volyn terror" became mainstream in Polish historiography. More eyewitness accounts were collected and published in 2000 (edited by W. and E. Siemaszkos) in the collection
127:
from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance suggests two reasons why, up until the collapse of communism, censorship blocked the subject of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrated by the OUN-UPA:
642:
66:, research into this event was quite partisan until 2009 (with some exceptions), and dominated by Polish researchers, some of whom lived there at the time or are descended from those who did. The most thorough is the work of
1805:
590:; among the victims were an 18-month-old child. Siemaszko states that 11 Poles were murdered there at the beginning of August, again neglecting, according to Tsaruk, to mention the previous Ukrainian victims.
78:. Nonetheless, the 45 years of state censorship resulted in an excessive supply of works described as "heavy in narrative", "light in analysis" and "inherently – though perhaps unconsciously – biased against
187:
without the use of academic citations. According to Hryckiw, Prus's work has no scientific merit. In his opinion, the use of a journalistic style, falsification, and manipulation reflect the state of Polish
1352:
451:
most professional historians. The second group focuses on the problems of anti-Polish terror by the UPA. This movement is supported by former inhabitants of Volyn and Galicia and members of the various
284:. Their books were based on witness accounts, court documents including transcripts from trials of Ukrainian war criminals, as well as the Polish national archives and statistical censuses. In 2010 the
659:Роман Грицьків, Польська Історіографія Українсько-Польського збройного конфлікту часів Другої Світової війни Українсько-Польський конфлікт під час другої світової війни, Book 2, Lviv, 2003, pp. 148
1355:Вип. 22: Українська повстанська армія в контексті національно-визвольної боротьби народів Центрально-Східної Європи / . НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича, Львів. С. 514-522.
1601:
135:
The previously Polish territories of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were incorporated into the Soviet Union; therefore any reference to those lost lands would be treated as anti-Soviet revisionism.
2001:
486:– the group which first initiated the anti-Polish actions. The discussions between the Polish and Ukrainian sides were doomed to failure because they were based on tactical considerations.
280:– in their own ten-year-long research project – went on to document murders committed on Polish citizens by Ukrainian Insurgents in some 1,865 villages and towns of Volhynia during the
582:
Polish–German police units which were retaliated in self-defence. According to Siemaszko 1915 Poles died at the hands of Ukrainian Nationalists. According to Tsaruk there were 430.
2119:
1140:Ісаєвич Ярослав З хроніки трагічного протистояння в Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-44 рр. Націоналяна Академія НАук України, Інститут Українознавства ім І. Крипякевича. Львів, 2003
497:
In his 1997 study, Filar came to the conclusion that the sole result of the actions of OUN and UPA were to destroy the Polish population. This he bases on a command given by
483:
1920:
2064:
240:
anti-Ukrainian terrorist actions. Ukrainian responses were restrained as at this time negotiations were being undertaken for a united Ukrainian–Polish front against
1584:
276:
in 1990, based on 350 eyewitness accounts from veterans of the Polish Home army regarding the anti-Polish terror in Volyn. Subsequently, Władysław with daughter
221:
From the beginning of 1943 – growth in attacks against Poles, which reached critical point in March 1943, the first point at which one can speak of mass terror
1719:
1183:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003. p. 20 (
543:
1946:
1214:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p. 20 (
256:
According to Olszański, the responsibility for the terror lies mostly on the OUN-B leadership, which decided to perform the large-scale anti-Polish action.
1248:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p/21 (
2158:
1769:
1645:
1268:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p.24
1239:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p.21
175:(1985), which employed a journalistic and propagandistic style. Prus was the first to introduce the terms and concepts such as the Ukrainian "slaughter"
132:
Ukrainians were considered a friendly Soviet nation (a member of the USSR) and any mention of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict would be seen as anti-Soviet.
63:
19:
519:
population and the Polish communists who under the guise of fighting the Ukrainian nationalist underground deported the Ukrainian population in 1947.
1435:
571:
503:
2293:
881:
841:Ковалевсяький З. Поляське питання у повоєнній стратегії УПА - Україна. Наука і Кулятура - 1993. - Вип. 26-27 - с. 200-235 (First published in 1990)
288:(Bulletin No. 7–8, 116–117) published an overview by Ewa Siemaszko of their joint research with the following up-to-date table of collected data.
2207:
1392:
684:
610:
2364:
2270:
2182:
458:
The Polish emigre centre in London at this time began to actively support a nationalist view on the Volyn tragedy. In 1992, a magazine called
1925:
742:
Szczesniak A. B., Szota. W. Z. "Droga do nikąd. Działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i jej likwidacja w Polsce" - Warszawa, 1973
1846:
498:
2043:
1745:
224:
July – August 1943 – apogee of terror; Ukrainians also assault Polish self-defence forces; spread of terror to Eastern Galician districts
2214:
1511:
1083:
Siemaszko W., iemaszko E. Ludobyjstwo dokonane przed nacionalistyw ukrainskich na ludnosci polskiej Wolynia 1939-1945 - Warszawa, 2000.
2260:
587:
494:, who was accustomed to dealing with problems from a position of force, and would consider using terror on the civilian population.
139:
As the subject matter of the anti-Polish action in Volhynia and Eastern Galica was prohibited, in Polish popular remembrance of the
1870:
1569:
2124:
143:, the site of the mass killings was transferred to Bieszczady and Eastern Lubelszczyzna; and thus communists were able to portray
2359:
2344:
2006:
1841:
1655:
1579:
2021:
1295:
Grzegorz Hryciuk, Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931-1948, Toruń 2005, p.270
2100:
2082:
2033:
1687:
341:
202:
1277:
Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945
1017:
Torzecki R. "Polacy i Ukraińcy. Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej" - Warszawa, 1993.
1428:
1404:
892:
679:
The Institute of National Remembrance and Coming to Terms with a Difficult Past: World War II and the Communist Dictatorship
2255:
2224:
1694:
1625:
2234:
2012:
1890:
1880:
1670:
1516:
2349:
2189:
1951:
586:
according to Tsaruk, took place on May 20. Tsaruk gives the names of 9 Ukrainians murdered on May 20 in the village of
534:
With the 60th anniversary of the Volyn tragedy in 2003, a third era in the study of Ukrainian–Polish conflict started.
1589:
1372:"Antypolska akcja OUN-UPA w ukraińskiej historiografii" in "Antypolska akcja OUN-UPA 1943-1944. Fakty i interpretacje"
296:
Polish people murdered by OUN-UPA and other Ukrainian nationalists in 1939–1948: documented numbers and approximations
2354:
1699:
1665:
1650:
1379:
1334:
285:
1753:
2322:
2038:
1714:
1677:
1550:
1421:
227:
From September 1943 – attacks decline and Polish–Ukrainian confrontations gradually become more military in nature.
1875:
1821:
1682:
955:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie stanisławowskim w latach 1939–1946
531:
interpretation of these events, a summation of Polish casualties, names of the perpetrators, and other documents.
1781:
1763:
1596:
2219:
2167:
2140:
1902:
1499:
972:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946
295:
114:
96:
1149:
786:Łukaszów Jan (Olszański T. A.) Walki polsko-ukraińskie 1943-1947 //Zeszyty Historyczne 1989 - 90 - pp. 159-199
644:
Public opinion and the making of foreign policy in the 'New Europe': a comparative study of Poland and Ukraine
1738:
1630:
1504:
1160:
1074:; "Tak bylo w Bieszczadach: Walki polsko - ukraińskie w latach 1943-1946", Warszawa, 1999. pp. 146-7, 442-443
2074:
1971:
938:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie lwowskim w latach 1939–1947
512:
385:
1831:
682:
74:, the result of years of research conducted with the goal of demonstrating that the Poles were victims of
2048:
2016:
1966:
1774:
1724:
1615:
1367:
1324:
1071:
1492:
878:
2197:
1930:
1704:
2153:
1040:
Filar W. "Burza" na Wołyniu. Z dziejów 27 Wołyńskiej dywizji Piechoty Armii Krajowej - Warszawa, 1997
1008:
Prus E. Bluff XX wieku. Londyn, 1992, Idem. UPA armia powstańcza czy kurenie rizunów? - Wrocław, 1994
1996:
1976:
1533:
1467:
606:
Hryciuk writes that Tsaruk's work has marks of "literary talent of the author which went too far".
273:
184:
140:
71:
47:
2148:
701:
Recent Polish historiography on Polish-Ukrainian relations during World War II and its aftermaths
1523:
1487:
1326:
Recent Polish Historiography on Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II and its Aftermath
1956:
1910:
1759:
622:
307:
2298:
1915:
2069:
1786:
915:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945
482:
introduced a significant destabilizing factor to the region and initiated the formation of
407:
281:
8:
1791:
866:
525:
Genocide, done by Ukrainian nationalists against the Polish population of Volyn 1939-1945
2113:
1528:
863:
363:
156:, who explained the reason for the conflict as Hitlerite politics based on the tenet of
124:
1836:
1620:
650:, pp88-89 Copsey writes that "it is very hard to find a neutral account of this period"
647:
515:
for the struggle for freedom meant that former conflicts lost their principal meaning.
99:
during the dictatorship of the communist party can be broken down into three periods:
1171:
751:
Prus E. "Herosi spod znaku tryzuba: Konowalec - Bandera - Szuchewicz" - Warszawa, 1985
160:, the chauvinism of Ukrainian nationalists, and Ukrainian-Polish disagreements in the
1988:
1400:
1375:
578:
463:
144:
807:
2303:
1460:
539:
491:
153:
39:
889:
2288:
1862:
1538:
1256:
1222:
1202:
1191:
896:
885:
688:
602:
265:
236:
176:
157:
59:
51:
733:
Torzecki R. "Kwestia ukraińska w polityce III Rzeszy 1933-1945" - Warszawa, 1972
2172:
1800:
1796:
1447:
961:, 2007, op. cit., s. 36, 118, 169, 258, 292, 354, 419, 508, 591, 650, 716, 769.
189:
2338:
2162:
277:
67:
43:
1330:
1150:
http://www.voladm.gov.ua/news.php?id=4395&today=2009.02.16&lang=ukr
479:
333:
320:
32:
1413:
1543:
168:
161:
2106:
1749:
1306:
Heroes and villains: creating national history in contemporary Ukraine
249:
79:
975:
958:
941:
471:
2026:
527:
which documented OUN and UPA crimes against the civilian population.
218:
Up to December 1942 – murders of individual Poles and Polish families
1444:
560:
231:
Olszański underlines the influence of numerous provocations by the
75:
55:
1353:Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність.
118:
38:
Beginning on March 1943, and lasting until early 1945, a violent
28:
577:
According to the information collected by the Siemaszkos in the
1338:
918:
467:
241:
24:
452:
167:
The next significant study was published in the mid-1980s by
316:
Recorded number of settlements where the murders took place
888:, July–August 2010; KOMENTARZE HISTORYCZNE: Ewa Siemaszko,
232:
183:
of Poles. He compares the anti-Polish actions in Volyn and
879:
Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 7-8/2010 (116–117)
609:
Tsaruk's criticism of Polish historiography was echoed by
1568:
806:, Niezależne czasopismo kulturoznawcze "JI", No.20/2001
1286:
Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska Partyzantka 1942-1960, p.359
1185:
Introduction with Table of Contents by Google translate
909:
907:
905:
462:
began publishing studies by W. Siemaszko, E. Prus and
2002:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1397:
UPA i AK. Konflikt w Zachodniej Ukrainie (1939-1945)
1027:
1025:
1023:
995:
993:
828:
826:
816:
814:
773:
771:
769:
759:
757:
329:
Estimated victims above numbers already established
1399:(in Polish). Warszawa: Związek Ukraińców w Polsce.
902:
720:
718:
1962:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
1820:
953:See also: S. Siekierka, H. Komański, E. Różański,
936:See also: S. Siekierka, H. Komański, K. Bulzacki,
20:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
1086:
1020:
990:
823:
811:
766:
754:
2336:
715:
1374:(in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 141–146.
332:Approximated number of murdered Poles (a
326:Number of Polish victims known by their names
1429:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1118:
1116:
1062:Motyka G, Wnuk R. "Pany i rezuny", pp. 86-130
319:Documented number of Poles massacred (a
1443:
1161:Google Books preview of Tsaruk publication.
553:
192:in the last years of the communist Poland.
1436:
1422:
1228:
1125:
1113:
872:
2065:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1391:
1250:"Instead of preface" by Google translate
1196:"Instead of preface" by Google translate
932:
930:
928:
798:
796:
794:
792:
85:
1308:Central European University Press, p213
1154:
2337:
1366:
2365:Massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia
1417:
970:See also: H. Komański, S. Siekierka,
947:
925:
853:
789:
635:
570:According to the Ukrainian historian
195:
913:Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko,
253:support of local Polish population.
173:Heroes under the sign of the Trident
62:). According to political scientist
2007:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
964:
804:Konflikt polsko-ukrainski 1943-1947
90:
50:(UPA) – occurred in the regions of
13:
601:According to the Polish historian
14:
2376:
1335:Institute of National Remembrance
1168:Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944
681:, Collegium Civitas, Warsaw, p.6
286:Institute of National Remembrance
95:The Polish historiography of the
2318:
2317:
2159:Palestinian expulsion and flight
23:, as presented by historians in
2022:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
1957:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
1764:Causes of the Armenian genocide
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1242:
1208:
1177:
1143:
1134:
1104:
1095:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1043:
1034:
1011:
1002:
981:
844:
835:
780:
745:
2360:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
2345:Historiography of World War II
2294:Gunpowder and gun transmission
2168:Zionism as settler colonialism
736:
727:
706:
693:
671:
662:
653:
141:Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
1:
1315:
862:Tomasz Potkaj, Jan Strzałka,
46:– conducted primarily by the
7:
1926:German resistance to Nazism
1782:Persian famine of 1917–1919
616:
282:Nazi and Soviet occupations
115:People's Republic of Poland
10:
2381:
1931:Nazi foreign policy debate
641:Nathaniel Copsey. (2009).
513:Polish–Ukrainian relations
484:Ukrainian National Defence
293:
16:This article presents the
2350:Historiography of Ukraine
2312:
2281:
2245:
2139:
2093:
2079:Second Sino-Japanese War
2057:
1987:
1939:
1901:
1861:
1737:
1559:
1478:
1454:
1304:David R. Marples. (2007)
2355:Historiography of Poland
1997:Auschwitz bombing debate
1683:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1534:Late Bronze Age collapse
1468:List of military museums
1351:Грицьків, Роман (2012),
628:
554:Ukrainian historiography
312:
304:
109:Second half of the 1980s
48:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1947:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1806:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
106:First half of the 1970s
2070:"Battle for Australia"
1952:Soviet offensive plans
1921:Broad vs. narrow front
1760:Late Ottoman genocides
921:, 2000; pp. 1056–1057.
802:Tadeusz A. Olszański,
623:Janowa Dolina massacre
201:understandings of the
180:
18:historiography of the
2299:Torsion mangonel myth
2231:Sri Lankan Civil War
1101:Грицьків, pp. 148-170
668:Грицьків, pp. 148-149
86:Polish historiography
1916:"Blitzkrieg" concept
1787:Powder keg of Europe
1662:Franco-Prussian War
1216:"Instead of preface"
864:"Krzyże z Przebraża"
470:publishing house in
2252:Russo-Georgian War
2225:Sovereignty dispute
2204:Iranian Revolution
2034:"Polish death camp"
2011:In relation to the
1720:Myth of English aid
1711:War of the Pacific
1488:Albigensian Crusade
867:Tygodnik Powszechny
544:Dmytro Kliachkivsky
274:Władysław Siemaszko
72:Władysław Siemaszko
2267:Syrian revolution
2179:Malayan Emergency
2154:1948 Palestine war
1887:Spanish Civil War
1837:War guilt question
1646:American Civil War
1626:Invasion of Russia
1602:New Russian School
1255:2012-03-07 at the
1221:2012-03-07 at the
1201:2012-03-07 at the
1190:2012-03-07 at the
1051:"Burza" na Wołyniu
895:2011-07-28 at the
884:2012-09-30 at the
687:2010-06-04 at the
677:Pawel Machcewicz,
648:Ashgate Publishing
196:Independent Poland
158:divide and conquer
148:collaborationist.
42:operation against
2332:
2331:
2135:
2134:
2013:Armenian genocide
1876:Polish–Soviet War
1871:Burning of Smyrna
1857:
1856:
1847:Reichstag inquiry
1770:Patriotic consent
1641:
1640:
1616:War in the Vendée
1580:French Revolution
1562:century conflicts
1551:Peloponnesian War
1512:Eighty Years' War
1406:978-83-928483-0-1
1110:Грицьків, pp. 169
1092:Грицьків, pp. 167
1031:Грицьків, pp. 160
999:Грицьків, pp. 159
987:Грицьків, pp. 158
890:"Bilans zbrodni."
850:Грицьків, pp. 157
832:Грицьків, pp. 156
820:Грицьків, pp. 155
777:Грицьків, pp. 154
763:Грицьків, pp. 153
724:Грицьків, pp. 150
712:Грицьків, pp. 149
579:Volodymyr-Volynsk
559:and the Canadian
464:Wiktor Poliszczuk
448:
447:
334:round number
321:round number
298:
145:Operation Vistula
2372:
2321:
2320:
2304:War and genocide
2128:
2114:Résistancialisme
2101:Battle of France
2083:Nanjing Massacre
1937:
1936:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1778:
1728:
1610:
1593:
1566:
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1493:Catharism debate
1479:pre-18th century
1461:Military history
1438:
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1368:Motyka, Grzegorz
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1166:Царук Ярослав -
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899:(PDF – 1,14 MB).
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540:Ukrainian police
492:Roman Shukhevych
313:
305:
294:
291:
290:
266:Soviet partisans
237:Soviet partisans
154:Ryszard Torzecki
125:Paweł Machcewicz
91:Communist Poland
64:Nathaniel Copsey
40:ethnic cleansing
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2289:Conflict thesis
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2131:
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2089:
2053:
1983:
1935:
1897:
1863:Interwar period
1853:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1792:Schlieffen Plan
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1524:Fall of Babylon
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1122:Ilyushin, p. 15
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1072:Grzegorz Motyka
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603:Grzegorz Motyka
572:Yaroslav Tsaruk
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504:D. Kliachkivsky
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211:De-polonization
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119:Western Ukraine
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60:Western Ukraine
52:Eastern Galicia
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2173:New Historians
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1989:The Holocaust
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1942:
1940:Eastern Front
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
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1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:Paris Commune
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:Turning point
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
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1614:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:18th and 19th
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:Islamic views
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1381:83-89078-09-0
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1005:
996:
994:
984:
977:
973:
967:
960:
956:
950:
943:
939:
933:
931:
929:
920:
916:
910:
908:
906:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
880:
875:
868:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
827:
817:
815:
808:
805:
799:
797:
795:
793:
783:
774:
772:
770:
760:
758:
748:
739:
730:
721:
719:
709:
702:
696:
690:
686:
683:
680:
674:
665:
656:
649:
646:
645:
638:
634:
624:
621:
620:
614:
612:
611:Ihor Ilyushin
607:
604:
599:
595:
591:
589:
583:
580:
575:
573:
568:
564:
562:
551:
547:
545:
541:
535:
532:
528:
526:
520:
516:
514:
508:
505:
500:
495:
493:
487:
485:
481:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
322:
318:
315:
310:
309:
302:
301:
297:
292:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:Ewa Siemaszko
275:
269:
267:
261:
257:
254:
251:
245:
243:
238:
234:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
206:
204:
193:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
149:
146:
142:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
122:
120:
116:
113:In the early
108:
105:
102:
101:
100:
98:
97:Volyn tragedy
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
2194:Six-Day War
2190:Algerian War
2161: /
2120:Vichy France
2112:
2105:
2015: /
1961:
1903:World War II
1799: /
1466:
1459:
1396:
1371:
1325:
1322:(in English)
1305:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1244:
1210:
1179:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1013:
1004:
983:
971:
966:
954:
949:
937:
917:, vol. 1–2,
914:
874:
855:
846:
837:
803:
782:
747:
738:
729:
708:
700:
699:Rafał Wnuk,
695:
678:
673:
664:
655:
643:
637:
608:
600:
596:
592:
584:
576:
569:
565:
557:
548:
536:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
509:
496:
488:
480:Sydir Kovpak
476:
459:
457:
449:
308:Voivodeships
306:
270:
262:
258:
255:
246:
230:
210:
207:
199:
172:
166:
150:
138:
123:
112:
94:
37:
33:World War II
17:
15:
2123: [
2058:Pacific War
1842:Article 231
1832:Reparations
1809: [
1773: [
1750:Color books
1739:World War I
1723: [
1700:War of 1812
1605: [
1588: [
1573:(1792–1815)
1544:Sea Peoples
1529:Gallic Wars
1389:(in Polish)
1364:(in Polish)
1053:- pp. 46-77
860:(in Polish)
455:societies.
386:Stanisławów
169:Edward Prus
162:interbellum
2339:Categories
2256:Background
2107:Guilty Men
2049:Uniqueness
1972:Background
1967:Winter War
1891:Background
1824:Versailles
1678:Great Game
1331:Rafał Wnuk
1316:References
499:Klym Savur
460:Na rubieży
444:~ 130,800
80:Ukrainians
2027:Pius Wars
1822:Treaty of
1481:conflicts
1049:Filar W.
435:~ 88,700
424:~ 27,600
415:~ 23,000
402:~ 18,400
393:~ 11,700
380:~ 24,800
371:~ 15,400
358:~ 60,000
349:~ 38,600
250:Banderist
2323:Category
2141:Cold War
2044:Slovakia
1631:Waterloo
1500:Crusades
1445:Military
1395:(2009).
1370:(2003).
1253:Archived
1219:Archived
1199:Archived
1188:Archived
893:Archived
882:Archived
685:Archived
617:See also
561:diaspora
408:Tarnopol
76:genocide
58:(now in
56:Volhynia
2282:Related
2235:Origins
2198:Origins
2149:Origins
1705:Origins
1651:Origins
1517:Origins
976:Wrocław
959:Wrocław
942:Wrocław
588:Khmeliv
472:Wrocław
441:42,080
438:42,496
418:10,143
355:21,400
352:22,113
185:Galicia
29:Ukraine
2271:Causes
2208:Causes
2183:Causes
1977:Spirit
1911:Causes
1881:Causes
1746:Causes
1715:Causes
1688:Causes
1666:Causes
1597:Causes
1403:
1378:
1339:Lublin
1174:, 2003
919:Warsaw
468:Nortom
432:4,144
429:Total
421:4,585
399:6,700
396:3,843
377:9,395
374:6,397
368:1,007
346:1,865
242:Moscow
177:Polish
31:after
25:Poland
2127:]
2017:Nakba
1813:]
1777:]
1727:]
1609:]
1592:]
1172:Львів
869:2003.
703:, IPN
629:Notes
453:Kresy
342:Wołyń
44:Poles
1801:1917
1401:ISBN
1376:ISBN
412:850
390:422
364:Lwów
235:and
233:NKVD
181:rzeź
70:and
54:and
27:and
203:OUN
152:of
121:.
82:."
68:Ewa
2341::
2125:fr
1811:ru
1775:fr
1752:/
1725:es
1607:ru
1590:fr
1337:,
1333:,
1329:,
1230:^
1194:,
1170:,
1115:^
1022:^
992:^
974:,
957:,
940:,
927:^
904:^
825:^
813:^
791:^
768:^
756:^
717:^
542:,
474:.
336:)
323:)
179::
171:–
35:.
1766:)
1762:(
1756:)
1748:(
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1409:.
1384:.
1259:)
1225:)
1205:)
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