578:
I. Krypiakevych
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine began to collect accounts. Tetiana Kostenko has been focusing on the region of Dubno, Ivan Pusko on the regions of Volyn, and Volodymyr Sobchuk, the area around Kremenets. Yaroslav Tsaruk began collecting accounts from the area around Volodymyr-Volyns'k in 1985 and became more active in the 1990s, stimulated by the writings of Yu. Turovsky and V. Siemaszko, when he noticed that the accounts in their writings did not correspond with his own findings. Travelling by bicycle throughout the area, he collected accounts from those who remembered the events, and made lists of those who died or were wounded during the war, including accounts about Poles, Ukrainians and others. He counterchecked the accounts against information that was collected immediately after the war and again in 1976. The post war account paralleled his findings, whereas the 1976 account was specially written to show all anti-soviet actions in a negative light.
624:, a prominent Ukrainian historian tasked with investigating the events in Volhynia. Ilyushn questions whether the Polish approach typified by Siemaszko can be scholarly, objective, or impartial, and considered an approach to be flawed when it is based primarily on the testimony of one, Polish, side. He also questions Siemaszko's credibility because Siemaszko was a participant at the height of the conflict himself. Ilyushin notes that Siemaszko's large tome used only three OUN-UPA documents and fails to make use of any Soviet or German materials. As an example of inaccuracy that Siemaszko' approach leads to, Ilyushin described a case discussed in Siemaszko's work in which, based on AK testimony, Siemaszko claimed that 9 Poles were killed by Ukrainian nationalists in September 1939. The same event was described in the NKVD archives in Ukraine and according to those records the perpetrators were western Ukrainian communists.
557:(Klym Savur) initiated a wave of UPA attacks against the Polish civilian population. Kliachkivsky gave the liquidation order on July 11. By Autumn 1944 most of the anti-Polish actions stopped and terror was used only against those who co-operated with the NKVD, and the Ukrainians leaders had understood that it was time to unite with the Poles against the USSR. Polish actions against the Ukrainian civilian population were restricted and punitive in their nature according to Motyka. They were done by the Polish auxiliary police, the self-defense leagues, the AK, and by Red partisan units formed from ethnic Poles. In his latest studies, Motyka attempts to synthesize the main concepts of both current directions in Polish historiography, analyzing and understanding the problem of anti-Polish terror in Volyn, the reasons and the results, in order to induce the Ukrainians to officially condemn the activities of the OUN and UPA.
489:
point of view the author examines anti-Polish actions, the spontaneous actions of the peasants, and the influence of OUN propaganda on their fight for social justice. Describing concrete incidence of terror in Volyn, he states that the pivotal moment for the development of bloodshed came with the transfer of armed
Ukrainian police into the forests. This act raised the number of OUN-B dependent groups with people who had experience in the ethnic cleansing of Jews. Secondly it initiated a mass movement of Poles into the ranks of the auxiliary police, which further escalated the situation. The author postulates that anti-Polish terror may have been planned, it had as its main purpose to chase out the Poles. Torzecki states that the raid by
561:
demanding that the
Ukrainians condemn these actions. The treatment of the anti-Ukrainian actions of the Polish underground is relegated to a secondary position, and the moral and emotional style of exposition of materials, the inclusion of materials whose authenticity is questionable (memoirs, eye witness accounts, works of literature etc.). At the same time, it is in Poland that the professional study of Ukrainian–Polish conflict was started. Polish historians were the first to thoroughly study and analyse the facts of this conflict, developed a periodization, collected a significant number of Polish historic sources and developed a number of alternative methods of studying the problem.
574:. Despite publishing a number of works devoted to the history of UPA, the Ukrainian emigration researchers (with only few exceptions) remained completely mute about the Volyn events for many years. Until very recently much of the remaining documentation was closed in Ukrainian state archives, unavailable to researchers. As a result, Ukrainian historiography lacks broader reliable research of the events and the presence of the issue in Ukrainian publications is still very limited. The young generation of Ukrainian historians is often infected with Ukrainocentrism, and often borrows the stereotypes and myths about Poland and Poles from the biased publications of the Ukrainian diaspora.
1195:
1260:
1226:
1206:
175:, which were used by the Nazis in their interests. Similar concepts were formulated by A. Szczesiak and W. Szota in a publication that was soon removed from sale and libraries. Officially the book was dedicated to the activities of the Ukrainian nationalists in the interbellum but it also explained that the conflict had its origins in the late 19th century, and that the Volyn tragedy was a continuation of the terror campaigns of 1918-1939. This work investigated in detail the Ukrainian-Polish negotiations from 1942-45 to stop the conflict and to unite to fight a common foe – the USSR. This study brought about a re-evaluation of the UPA within the USSR itself.
1198:
1263:
1229:
1209:
216:. He ascribes the reason for the Volyn tragedy to the inadequate policies of the Polish government in the interbellum and the destruction of moral society during the Soviet and German occupations. Olszański notes that in pre-war Poland, a Ukrainian nationalist movement could develop relatively freely even in the most radical forms, including the use of terror, and that the Polish state wasn't able to solve the problems concerning coexistence of Poles and Ukrainians, which resulted in popularization of nationalist and communist movements among the Ukrainians.
279:, auxiliary police and other independent groups. Kowalewski introduces the thesis that the reason why OUN changed its strategy regarding the Poles in 1944–45 was in order to form a unified Polish-Ukrainian front against the USSR. This would explain the waves of OUN propaganda that were spread in the Polish population regarding the formation of a unified front and the cessation of retributive actions. The Ukrainian and some sections of the Polish population understood that without an independent Poland there could not be an independent Ukraine.
585:, who studied the materials collected by Siemaszko from Polish villagers, the number of ethnic Poles given by them in some of the villages he is familiar with, does not correspond to recorded Ukrainian statistical data. According to Tsaruk, Siemaszko included in the number of Polish casualties those who emigrated before the commencement of these hostilities, and that Siemaszko included colonies, subdivisions of villages and population points which were never separate administrative units, enlarging the number of Polish population points.
1617:
2330:
955:, 2006. The list of gminas and counties where the murders took place include: Bóbrka, Brzozów, Dobromil, Drohobycz, Gródek Jagielloński, Jarosław, Jaworów, Lesko, Lubaczów, Lwów, Mościska, Nisko, Przemyśl, Rawa Ruska, Rudki, Sambor, Sanok, Sokal, Turka, and Żółkiew; op. cit., pp. 31, 94, 148, 187, 221, 288, 357, 425, 509, 636, 734, 778, 835, 915, 1030, 1113, 1144.
255:. This was the first step to an understanding with the Poles, which in 1945 was affirmed by the tactical understanding between the UIA and AK. In the words of Olszawski, this was the end of conflict between these national movements, who would now wage a joint battle against the communist regime in Poland.
608:
Władysław
Siemaszko stated that Tsaruk isn't a historian or a reliable source, and that his research is based on reports from the locals long after war, while Siemaszko's sources were published and are widely available. He further stated that "almost every Ukrainian family in Volhynia was involved in
569:
The issue of the Volyn massacres was largely non-existent in
Ukrainian scholarly literature for many years, and Ukrainian historiography did not undertake any objective research of the events in Volyn. Until 1991, any independent Ukrainian historic research was only possible abroad, mainly in the USA
270:
Olszański expressed view that the goal of the action was to expel Poles and not to exterminate them. Ten years later, in the post script to his previous article, he admitted that he was wrong: "More and more documents prove not only that the de-polonization action was a planned military operation and
577:
The active collection and publication of information regarding the Volyn
Tragedy began in the summer of 2002 after it became known that Kresy organizations (made up of AK veterans and various Associations) were planning to hold commemorations in memory of only the Polish victims of the conflict. The
488:
The liberal-democratic movement is represented by the works of
Ryszard Torzecki which reviewed the thesis put forward during the communist administration and developed a framework for further scholarship. Torzecki argues that the territorial integrity of Volyn lay in the Polish population. From this
271:
that the order from OUN-UPA leadership existed (though still not found), but also that the purpose of this operation was physical extermination (murder) of at least most of the Polish population of these lands, and not only – as I erroneously believed – expulsion. Thus it was the crime of genocide."
162:
New studies were initiated in the early 1970s based on factual information. Under the influence of the Soviet historiography, Polish historians continued to expound the mistaken Soviet concept of
Ukrainian bourgeoise nationalists, viewed in their own specific manner. This category includes the works
592:
region only 80 Ukrainians were murdered. According to materials collected by Ya. Tsaruk 1454 Ukrainians died from the hands of Polish paramilitary groups (the names of 1244 victims have been collected). Tsaruk stated that in the
Volodymyr region initially there were attacks on Ukrainian villages by
541:
Using a solid documentary base, the authors attempt to convince the reader of the genocidal character of the anti-Polish actions of the UPA. The first volume gives a chronological and geographical listing of 1686 witnesses, archival information, and other facts. The second volume gives the authors'
461:
The fall of the
Communist system in Poland gave fuel to two directions in Polish historiography regarding the Ukrainian–Polish conflicts: liberal-democrаtic and nationalistic. The first group has focused on the reasons for the inter-ethnic conflict in Western Ukraine. This group is subscribed to by
219:
Olszański introduces the term "de-polonisation". Olszański suggests that the OUN expected a return to the situation as it was from 1918, when Poles and Ukrainians fought over disputed territories, and that the Ukrainian leadership wanted an absence of Polish population and Polish military activity.
560:
According to Roman Hrytskiv a characteristic of Polish historiography is the national component in its understanding of the problem. This is evident by the treatment of the Ukrainian–Polish conflict as an episode of purely Polish history; focusing attention to the anti-Polish terror of the UPA and
596:
In the village of Biskupychy Verkhni (Nekhvoroshchi) Ya. Tsaruk notes 11 murdered Ukrainians (including a 3-year-old girl and a 95-year-old grandmother) which happened May 20, 1943. Siemaszko's book mentions the murder of 90 Poles on July 11, but doesn't mention the murder of the Ukrainians that,
250:
in the occupied zones in directing conflict against the UPA. Retaliatory actions by Polish forces and the negative view of the Polish underground to Ukrainian independence were also factors. In the second period Olszański states that the Polish underground and the communists initiated a number of
263:
agitators and by communist agents from the north of Volhynia. Olszański sees the role of Soviets in the events as insufficiently explained. He points that field organizations of the OUN were penetrated by communist agents and in some instances Soviet units disguised as UPA murdered Poles to gain
1369:Грицьків Р. (2008), Діяльність Української повстанської армії у висвітленні польської історіографії (період Польської народної республіки) / Р. Грицьків // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність / , Львів. Вип. 16: Ювілейний збірник на пошану Івана Патера. – С. 517–527.
616:
Tsaruk's research didn't change his point of view on Volhynia events: that the Ukrainian nationalists were responsible for beginning and escalating the massacres of Poles. Motyka points out that Tsaruk mistakenly blames Poles for crimes perpetrated by Germans. Another Polish historian Grzegorz
529:
In a further study in 1999 Motyka states that the conflict between the Ukrainian and Polish peoples ended in 1945. After that UPA fought against the Communist government in Poland and not against the Polish population, as opposed to the Poles, who continued their terror against the Ukrainian
211:
1989 marked the end of the Polish totalitarian state and a new era in Polish historiography. In the light of Polish independence the subject of Ukrainian–Polish relations became a growing concern. The first study to be published was Tadeusz Olszański's 1989 article which shattered previous
158:
as the only effective way of liquidating the UPA network. The theme of UPA "terrorism" was occasionally brought up in order to affirm the actions of the "people's government". According to Hrytskiv, Polish studies branded all Ukrainian nationalist organizations as anti-Polish, criminal and
604:
Ya. Tsaruk gives hundreds of examples of Siemaszko's selective use of information where previously Ukrainian civilians were murdered by Polish military units such as Radekhiv, Mokrets, Zashkovychi, Volytsia, Koluna, Oryshchi, Zavydiv, and Rykovychi, which Siemaszko did not mention at all.
548:
In 2002 Grzegorz Motyka, finding all the previous concepts regarding the anti-Polish actions of the UPA inadequate, suggested viewing the Ukrainian–Polish relations from the point of view of the question of Ukrainian insurrection during the war. Encouraged by the mass desertion of the
517:
to liquidate all Polish elements in the region. Filar comes to the conclusion that UPA consciously aimed their actions against the civilian Polish population. He also concludes that the UPA made its priority the extermination of Polish elements rather than fighting the occupiers.
477:. Attempts were made to document the Polish victims of Ukrainian nationalists, with the inclusion of unverified or even falsified information. Numerous memoirs were published, dominated by the works of E. Prus. Many of these publications were printed by the newly established
224:
action started in March 1943. Contrary to what Ukrainian emigré authors claim, the fact of Ukrainian initiative and the unprovoked character of the action is confirmed by the German documents. In the article from 1991, he divides "Volhynian terror" into the following stages:
521:
Grzegorz Motyka and Rafal Wnuk point out that at the end of World War II there was a real potential for Polish–Ukrainian dialogue and understanding. As a result, the two anti-communist forces UPA and WiN signed tactical agreements regarding further cooperation. A new era in
258:
The UPA was unable to conduct the action alone. It mobilized Ukrainian peasants on a large scale, who were later given Polish properties. Vast numbers of peasants participating in anti-Polish attacks, together with UPA units or individually, were also motivated by numerous
609:
the murder of Poles", and that "there is a desperate attempt to paint a completely false picture of the number of the alleged Ukrainian victims at the hands of Poles, explained by psychological defence mechanisms, which in some appear as the denial of crimes".
500:
Although Torzecki states that in 1943–44 the attempts to curtail the conflict between Ukrainian and Polish nationalism were doomed to failure, in his opinion it was OUN-UPA that could have stopped the conflict and did not. He lays blame personally on
274:
Zbigniew Kowalewski's study (1993) stated that the role of the auxiliary police and its collaboration with Soviet Polish diversionist-partisan groups provoked the Ukrainians to use force. These actions were not just those of the OUN and UPA, but also
1821:
512:
regarding the liquidation of the urban Polish population. Information about this command was obtained from a criminal deposition of Yuri Stelmashchuk which existed in the archive of the SBU in Volyn. The command was a secret one given orally by
128:, the question of the Polish–Ukrainian conflict was never a subject of independent studies. Ukrainian historian Roman Hrytskiv believes that Polish Communists avoided this subject as it could raise questions regarding the Polish population in
1357:Грицьків, Роман (2003), "Польська Історіографія Українсько-Польського збройного конфлікту часів Другої Світової війни" by Roman Hrytskiv, published in the collection "Українсько-Польський конфлікт під час другої світової війни"; Book 2, Lviv.
282:
The destruction of the totalitarian system in Poland allowed another direction in Polish historical studies fuelled by the previous studies published under the Communist regime. One of the first such studies was undertaken by J. Turowski and
989:, 2004; number of victims in the following gminas and counties: Borszczów, Brody, Brzeżany, Czortków, Kamionka Strumiłowa, Kopyczyńce, Radziechów, and Złoczów; pp. 58, 99, 137, 200, 225, 251, 329, 517. The remaining gminas not included.
533:
After the marking of the "Wisla" action the thesis of a planned "Volyn terror" became mainstream in Polish historiography. More eyewitness accounts were collected and published in 2000 (edited by W. and E. Siemaszkos) in the collection
138:
from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance suggests two reasons why, up until the collapse of communism, censorship blocked the subject of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrated by the OUN-UPA:
653:
77:, research into this event was quite partisan until 2009 (with some exceptions), and dominated by Polish researchers, some of whom lived there at the time or are descended from those who did. The most thorough is the work of
1816:
601:; among the victims were an 18-month-old child. Siemaszko states that 11 Poles were murdered there at the beginning of August, again neglecting, according to Tsaruk, to mention the previous Ukrainian victims.
89:. Nonetheless, the 45 years of state censorship resulted in an excessive supply of works described as "heavy in narrative", "light in analysis" and "inherently – though perhaps unconsciously – biased against
198:
without the use of academic citations. According to Hryckiw, Prus's work has no scientific merit. In his opinion, the use of a journalistic style, falsification, and manipulation reflect the state of Polish
1363:
462:
most professional historians. The second group focuses on the problems of anti-Polish terror by the UPA. This movement is supported by former inhabitants of Volyn and Galicia and members of the various
295:. Their books were based on witness accounts, court documents including transcripts from trials of Ukrainian war criminals, as well as the Polish national archives and statistical censuses. In 2010 the
670:Роман Грицьків, Польська Історіографія Українсько-Польського збройного конфлікту часів Другої Світової війни Українсько-Польський конфлікт під час другої світової війни, Book 2, Lviv, 2003, pp. 148
1366:Вип. 22: Українська повстанська армія в контексті національно-визвольної боротьби народів Центрально-Східної Європи / . НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича, Львів. С. 514-522.
1612:
146:
The previously Polish territories of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were incorporated into the Soviet Union; therefore any reference to those lost lands would be treated as anti-Soviet revisionism.
2012:
497:– the group which first initiated the anti-Polish actions. The discussions between the Polish and Ukrainian sides were doomed to failure because they were based on tactical considerations.
291:– in their own ten-year-long research project – went on to document murders committed on Polish citizens by Ukrainian Insurgents in some 1,865 villages and towns of Volhynia during the
593:
Polish–German police units which were retaliated in self-defence. According to Siemaszko 1915 Poles died at the hands of Ukrainian Nationalists. According to Tsaruk there were 430.
2130:
1151:Ісаєвич Ярослав З хроніки трагічного протистояння в Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-44 рр. Націоналяна Академія НАук України, Інститут Українознавства ім І. Крипякевича. Львів, 2003
508:
In his 1997 study, Filar came to the conclusion that the sole result of the actions of OUN and UPA were to destroy the Polish population. This he bases on a command given by
494:
1931:
2075:
251:
anti-Ukrainian terrorist actions. Ukrainian responses were restrained as at this time negotiations were being undertaken for a united Ukrainian–Polish front against
1595:
287:
in 1990, based on 350 eyewitness accounts from veterans of the Polish Home army regarding the anti-Polish terror in Volyn. Subsequently, Władysław with daughter
232:
From the beginning of 1943 – growth in attacks against Poles, which reached critical point in March 1943, the first point at which one can speak of mass terror
1730:
1194:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003. p. 20 (
554:
1957:
1225:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p. 20 (
267:
According to Olszański, the responsibility for the terror lies mostly on the OUN-B leadership, which decided to perform the large-scale anti-Polish action.
1259:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p/21 (
2169:
1780:
1656:
1279:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p.24
1250:Царук Ярослав - Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944 рр. - Національна Академія Нaук України, Інститут Українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича, Львів, 2003.p.21
186:(1985), which employed a journalistic and propagandistic style. Prus was the first to introduce the terms and concepts such as the Ukrainian "slaughter"
143:
Ukrainians were considered a friendly Soviet nation (a member of the USSR) and any mention of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict would be seen as anti-Soviet.
17:
74:
30:
530:
population and the Polish communists who under the guise of fighting the Ukrainian nationalist underground deported the Ukrainian population in 1947.
1446:
582:
514:
2304:
892:
852:Ковалевсяький З. Поляське питання у повоєнній стратегії УПА - Україна. Наука і Кулятура - 1993. - Вип. 26-27 - с. 200-235 (First published in 1990)
299:(Bulletin No. 7–8, 116–117) published an overview by Ewa Siemaszko of their joint research with the following up-to-date table of collected data.
2218:
1403:
695:
621:
2375:
2281:
2193:
469:
The Polish emigre centre in London at this time began to actively support a nationalist view on the Volyn tragedy. In 1992, a magazine called
1936:
753:
Szczesniak A. B., Szota. W. Z. "Droga do nikąd. Działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i jej likwidacja w Polsce" - Warszawa, 1973
1857:
509:
2054:
1756:
235:
July – August 1943 – apogee of terror; Ukrainians also assault Polish self-defence forces; spread of terror to Eastern Galician districts
2225:
1522:
1094:
Siemaszko W., iemaszko E. Ludobyjstwo dokonane przed nacionalistyw ukrainskich na ludnosci polskiej Wolynia 1939-1945 - Warszawa, 2000.
2271:
598:
505:, who was accustomed to dealing with problems from a position of force, and would consider using terror on the civilian population.
150:
As the subject matter of the anti-Polish action in Volhynia and Eastern Galica was prohibited, in Polish popular remembrance of the
1881:
1580:
2135:
154:, the site of the mass killings was transferred to Bieszczady and Eastern Lubelszczyzna; and thus communists were able to portray
2370:
2355:
2017:
1852:
1666:
1590:
2032:
1306:
Grzegorz Hryciuk, Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931-1948, Toruń 2005, p.270
2111:
2093:
2044:
1698:
352:
213:
1288:
Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945
1028:
Torzecki R. "Polacy i Ukraińcy. Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej" - Warszawa, 1993.
1439:
1415:
903:
690:
The Institute of National Remembrance and Coming to Terms with a Difficult Past: World War II and the Communist Dictatorship
2266:
2235:
1705:
1636:
2245:
2023:
1901:
1891:
1681:
1527:
2360:
2200:
1962:
597:
according to Tsaruk, took place on May 20. Tsaruk gives the names of 9 Ukrainians murdered on May 20 in the village of
545:
With the 60th anniversary of the Volyn tragedy in 2003, a third era in the study of Ukrainian–Polish conflict started.
1600:
1383:"Antypolska akcja OUN-UPA w ukraińskiej historiografii" in "Antypolska akcja OUN-UPA 1943-1944. Fakty i interpretacje"
307:
Polish people murdered by OUN-UPA and other Ukrainian nationalists in 1939–1948: documented numbers and approximations
2365:
1710:
1676:
1661:
1390:
1345:
296:
1764:
2333:
2049:
1725:
1688:
1561:
1432:
238:
From September 1943 – attacks decline and Polish–Ukrainian confrontations gradually become more military in nature.
1886:
1832:
1693:
966:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie stanisławowskim w latach 1939–1946
542:
interpretation of these events, a summation of Polish casualties, names of the perpetrators, and other documents.
1792:
1774:
1607:
2230:
2178:
2151:
1913:
1510:
983:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946
306:
125:
107:
1160:
797:Łukaszów Jan (Olszański T. A.) Walki polsko-ukraińskie 1943-1947 //Zeszyty Historyczne 1989 - 90 - pp. 159-199
655:
Public opinion and the making of foreign policy in the 'New Europe': a comparative study of Poland and Ukraine
1749:
1641:
1515:
1171:
1085:; "Tak bylo w Bieszczadach: Walki polsko - ukraińskie w latach 1943-1946", Warszawa, 1999. pp. 146-7, 442-443
2085:
1982:
949:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie lwowskim w latach 1939–1947
523:
396:
1842:
693:
85:, the result of years of research conducted with the goal of demonstrating that the Poles were victims of
2059:
2027:
1977:
1785:
1735:
1626:
1378:
1335:
1082:
1503:
889:
2208:
1941:
1715:
2164:
1051:
Filar W. "Burza" na Wołyniu. Z dziejów 27 Wołyńskiej dywizji Piechoty Armii Krajowej - Warszawa, 1997
1019:
Prus E. Bluff XX wieku. Londyn, 1992, Idem. UPA armia powstańcza czy kurenie rizunów? - Wrocław, 1994
2007:
1987:
1544:
1478:
617:
Hryciuk writes that Tsaruk's work has marks of "literary talent of the author which went too far".
284:
195:
151:
82:
58:
2159:
712:
Recent Polish historiography on Polish-Ukrainian relations during World War II and its aftermaths
1534:
1498:
1337:
Recent Polish Historiography on Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II and its Aftermath
1967:
1921:
1770:
633:
318:
2309:
1926:
2080:
1797:
926:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945
493:
introduced a significant destabilizing factor to the region and initiated the formation of
418:
292:
8:
1802:
877:
536:
Genocide, done by Ukrainian nationalists against the Polish population of Volyn 1939-1945
2124:
1539:
874:
374:
167:, who explained the reason for the conflict as Hitlerite politics based on the tenet of
135:
1847:
1631:
661:, pp88-89 Copsey writes that "it is very hard to find a neutral account of this period"
658:
526:
for the struggle for freedom meant that former conflicts lost their principal meaning.
110:
during the dictatorship of the communist party can be broken down into three periods:
1182:
762:
Prus E. "Herosi spod znaku tryzuba: Konowalec - Bandera - Szuchewicz" - Warszawa, 1985
171:, the chauvinism of Ukrainian nationalists, and Ukrainian-Polish disagreements in the
1999:
1411:
1386:
589:
474:
155:
818:
2314:
1471:
550:
502:
164:
50:
900:
2299:
1873:
1549:
1267:
1233:
1213:
1202:
907:
896:
699:
613:
276:
247:
187:
168:
70:
62:
744:
Torzecki R. "Kwestia ukraińska w polityce III Rzeszy 1933-1945" - Warszawa, 1972
2183:
1811:
1807:
1458:
972:, 2007, op. cit., s. 36, 118, 169, 258, 292, 354, 419, 508, 591, 650, 716, 769.
200:
2349:
2173:
288:
78:
54:
1341:
1161:
http://www.voladm.gov.ua/news.php?id=4395&today=2009.02.16&lang=ukr
490:
344:
331:
43:
1424:
1554:
179:
172:
2117:
1760:
1317:
Heroes and villains: creating national history in contemporary Ukraine
260:
90:
986:
969:
952:
482:
2037:
538:
which documented OUN and UPA crimes against the civilian population.
229:
Up to December 1942 – murders of individual Poles and Polish families
1455:
571:
242:
Olszański underlines the influence of numerous provocations by the
86:
66:
1364:Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність.
129:
49:
Beginning on March 1943, and lasting until early 1945, a violent
39:
588:
According to the information collected by the Siemaszkos in the
1349:
929:
478:
252:
35:
463:
178:
The next significant study was published in the mid-1980s by
327:
Recorded number of settlements where the murders took place
899:, July–August 2010; KOMENTARZE HISTORYCZNE: Ewa Siemaszko,
243:
194:
of Poles. He compares the anti-Polish actions in Volyn and
890:
Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 7-8/2010 (116–117)
620:
Tsaruk's criticism of Polish historiography was echoed by
1579:
817:, Niezależne czasopismo kulturoznawcze "JI", No.20/2001
1297:
Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska Partyzantka 1942-1960, p.359
1196:
Introduction with Table of Contents by Google translate
920:
918:
916:
473:
began publishing studies by W. Siemaszko, E. Prus and
2013:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
1408:
UPA i AK. Konflikt w Zachodniej Ukrainie (1939-1945)
1038:
1036:
1034:
1006:
1004:
839:
837:
827:
825:
784:
782:
780:
770:
768:
340:
Estimated victims above numbers already established
1410:(in Polish). Warszawa: Związek Ukraińców w Polsce.
913:
731:
729:
1973:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
1831:
964:See also: S. Siekierka, H. Komański, E. Różański,
947:See also: S. Siekierka, H. Komański, K. Bulzacki,
31:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
1097:
1031:
1001:
834:
822:
777:
765:
2347:
726:
1385:(in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 141–146.
343:Approximated number of murdered Poles (a
337:Number of Polish victims known by their names
1440:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1129:
1127:
1073:Motyka G, Wnuk R. "Pany i rezuny", pp. 86-130
330:Documented number of Poles massacred (a
1454:
1172:Google Books preview of Tsaruk publication.
564:
203:in the last years of the communist Poland.
1447:
1433:
1239:
1136:
1124:
883:
2076:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1402:
1261:"Instead of preface" by Google translate
1207:"Instead of preface" by Google translate
943:
941:
939:
809:
807:
805:
803:
96:
1319:Central European University Press, p213
1165:
14:
2348:
1377:
2376:Massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia
1428:
981:See also: H. Komański, S. Siekierka,
958:
936:
864:
800:
646:
581:According to the Ukrainian historian
206:
924:Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko,
264:support of local Polish population.
184:Heroes under the sign of the Trident
73:). According to political scientist
2018:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
975:
815:Konflikt polsko-ukrainski 1943-1947
101:
61:(UPA) – occurred in the regions of
24:
18:Historiography of the Volyn tragedy
612:According to the Polish historian
25:
2387:
1346:Institute of National Remembrance
1179:Трагедія Волинських Сіл 1943-1944
692:, Collegium Civitas, Warsaw, p.6
297:Institute of National Remembrance
106:The Polish historiography of the
2329:
2328:
2170:Palestinian expulsion and flight
34:, as presented by historians in
2033:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
1968:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
1775:Causes of the Armenian genocide
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1253:
1219:
1188:
1154:
1145:
1115:
1106:
1088:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1022:
1013:
992:
855:
846:
791:
756:
2371:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
2356:Historiography of World War II
2305:Gunpowder and gun transmission
2179:Zionism as settler colonialism
747:
738:
717:
704:
682:
673:
664:
152:Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
13:
1:
1326:
873:Tomasz Potkaj, Jan Strzałka,
57:– conducted primarily by the
7:
1937:German resistance to Nazism
1793:Persian famine of 1917–1919
627:
293:Nazi and Soviet occupations
126:People's Republic of Poland
10:
2392:
1942:Nazi foreign policy debate
652:Nathaniel Copsey. (2009).
524:Polish–Ukrainian relations
495:Ukrainian National Defence
304:
27:This article presents the
2361:Historiography of Ukraine
2323:
2292:
2256:
2150:
2104:
2090:Second Sino-Japanese War
2068:
1998:
1950:
1912:
1872:
1748:
1570:
1489:
1465:
1315:David R. Marples. (2007)
2366:Historiography of Poland
2008:Auschwitz bombing debate
1694:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1545:Late Bronze Age collapse
1479:List of military museums
1362:Грицьків, Роман (2012),
639:
565:Ukrainian historiography
323:
315:
120:Second half of the 1980s
59:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1958:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1817:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
117:First half of the 1970s
2081:"Battle for Australia"
1963:Soviet offensive plans
1932:Broad vs. narrow front
1771:Late Ottoman genocides
932:, 2000; pp. 1056–1057.
813:Tadeusz A. Olszański,
634:Janowa Dolina massacre
212:understandings of the
191:
29:historiography of the
2310:Torsion mangonel myth
2242:Sri Lankan Civil War
1112:Грицьків, pp. 148-170
679:Грицьків, pp. 148-149
97:Polish historiography
1927:"Blitzkrieg" concept
1798:Powder keg of Europe
1673:Franco-Prussian War
1227:"Instead of preface"
875:"Krzyże z Przebraża"
481:publishing house in
2263:Russo-Georgian War
2236:Sovereignty dispute
2215:Iranian Revolution
2045:"Polish death camp"
2022:In relation to the
1731:Myth of English aid
1722:War of the Pacific
1499:Albigensian Crusade
878:Tygodnik Powszechny
555:Dmytro Kliachkivsky
285:Władysław Siemaszko
83:Władysław Siemaszko
2278:Syrian revolution
2190:Malayan Emergency
2165:1948 Palestine war
1898:Spanish Civil War
1848:War guilt question
1657:American Civil War
1637:Invasion of Russia
1613:New Russian School
1266:2012-03-07 at the
1232:2012-03-07 at the
1212:2012-03-07 at the
1201:2012-03-07 at the
1062:"Burza" na Wołyniu
906:2011-07-28 at the
895:2012-09-30 at the
698:2010-06-04 at the
688:Pawel Machcewicz,
659:Ashgate Publishing
207:Independent Poland
169:divide and conquer
159:collaborationist.
53:operation against
2343:
2342:
2146:
2145:
2024:Armenian genocide
1887:Polish–Soviet War
1882:Burning of Smyrna
1868:
1867:
1858:Reichstag inquiry
1781:Patriotic consent
1652:
1651:
1627:War in the Vendée
1591:French Revolution
1573:century conflicts
1562:Peloponnesian War
1523:Eighty Years' War
1417:978-83-928483-0-1
1121:Грицьків, pp. 169
1103:Грицьків, pp. 167
1042:Грицьків, pp. 160
1010:Грицьків, pp. 159
998:Грицьків, pp. 158
901:"Bilans zbrodni."
861:Грицьків, pp. 157
843:Грицьків, pp. 156
831:Грицьків, pp. 155
788:Грицьків, pp. 154
774:Грицьків, pp. 153
735:Грицьків, pp. 150
723:Грицьків, pp. 149
590:Volodymyr-Volynsk
570:and the Canadian
475:Wiktor Poliszczuk
459:
458:
345:round number
332:round number
309:
156:Operation Vistula
16:(Redirected from
2383:
2332:
2331:
2315:War and genocide
2139:
2125:Résistancialisme
2112:Battle of France
2094:Nanjing Massacre
1948:
1947:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1789:
1739:
1621:
1604:
1577:
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1504:Catharism debate
1490:pre-18th century
1472:Military history
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1379:Motyka, Grzegorz
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1177:Царук Ярослав -
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910:(PDF – 1,14 MB).
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551:Ukrainian police
503:Roman Shukhevych
324:
316:
305:
302:
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277:Soviet partisans
248:Soviet partisans
165:Ryszard Torzecki
136:Paweł Machcewicz
102:Communist Poland
75:Nathaniel Copsey
51:ethnic cleansing
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2319:
2300:Conflict thesis
2288:
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2100:
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1994:
1946:
1908:
1874:Interwar period
1864:
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1827:
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1803:Schlieffen Plan
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1550:Dorian invasion
1535:Fall of Babylon
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1203:Wayback Machine
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1142:Ilyushin, p. 16
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1137:
1133:Ilyushin, p. 15
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1111:
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1083:Grzegorz Motyka
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614:Grzegorz Motyka
583:Yaroslav Tsaruk
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515:D. Kliachkivsky
322:
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222:De-polonization
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130:Western Ukraine
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71:Western Ukraine
63:Eastern Galicia
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2184:New Historians
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1459:historiography
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2174:Ongoing Nakba
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2000:The Holocaust
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1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:Eastern Front
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
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1823:
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1700:
1697:
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1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:Paris Commune
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:Turning point
1665:
1663:
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1659:
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1635:
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1602:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:18th and 19th
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
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1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
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1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:Islamic views
1514:
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1512:
1509:
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1501:
1500:
1497:
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1398:
1394:
1392:83-89078-09-0
1388:
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1373:
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1368:
1365:
1361:
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1353:
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1243:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1005:
995:
988:
984:
978:
971:
967:
961:
954:
950:
944:
942:
940:
931:
927:
921:
919:
917:
909:
905:
902:
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891:
886:
879:
876:
867:
858:
849:
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838:
828:
826:
819:
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804:
794:
785:
783:
781:
771:
769:
759:
750:
741:
732:
730:
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713:
707:
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697:
694:
691:
685:
676:
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660:
657:
656:
649:
645:
635:
632:
631:
625:
623:
622:Ihor Ilyushin
618:
615:
610:
606:
602:
600:
594:
591:
586:
584:
579:
575:
573:
562:
558:
556:
552:
546:
543:
539:
537:
531:
527:
525:
519:
516:
511:
506:
504:
498:
496:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
342:
339:
336:
333:
329:
326:
321:
320:
313:
312:
308:
303:
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:Ewa Siemaszko
286:
280:
278:
272:
268:
265:
262:
256:
254:
249:
245:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
217:
215:
204:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
160:
157:
153:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
131:
127:
124:In the early
119:
116:
113:
112:
111:
109:
108:Volyn tragedy
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
19:
2205:Six-Day War
2201:Algerian War
2172: /
2131:Vichy France
2123:
2116:
2026: /
1972:
1914:World War II
1810: /
1477:
1470:
1407:
1382:
1336:
1333:(in English)
1316:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1255:
1221:
1190:
1178:
1167:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1024:
1015:
994:
982:
977:
965:
960:
948:
928:, vol. 1–2,
925:
885:
866:
857:
848:
814:
793:
758:
749:
740:
719:
711:
710:Rafał Wnuk,
706:
689:
684:
675:
666:
654:
648:
619:
611:
607:
603:
595:
587:
580:
576:
568:
559:
547:
544:
540:
535:
532:
528:
520:
507:
499:
491:Sydir Kovpak
487:
470:
468:
460:
319:Voivodeships
317:
281:
273:
269:
266:
257:
241:
221:
218:
210:
183:
177:
161:
149:
134:
123:
105:
48:
44:World War II
28:
26:
2134: [
2069:Pacific War
1853:Article 231
1843:Reparations
1820: [
1784: [
1761:Color books
1750:World War I
1734: [
1711:War of 1812
1616: [
1599: [
1584:(1792–1815)
1555:Sea Peoples
1540:Gallic Wars
1400:(in Polish)
1375:(in Polish)
1064:- pp. 46-77
871:(in Polish)
466:societies.
397:Stanisławów
180:Edward Prus
173:interbellum
2350:Categories
2267:Background
2118:Guilty Men
2060:Uniqueness
1983:Background
1978:Winter War
1902:Background
1835:Versailles
1689:Great Game
1342:Rafał Wnuk
1327:References
510:Klym Savur
471:Na rubieży
455:~ 130,800
91:Ukrainians
2038:Pius Wars
1833:Treaty of
1492:conflicts
1060:Filar W.
446:~ 88,700
435:~ 27,600
426:~ 23,000
413:~ 18,400
404:~ 11,700
391:~ 24,800
382:~ 15,400
369:~ 60,000
360:~ 38,600
261:Banderist
2334:Category
2152:Cold War
2055:Slovakia
1642:Waterloo
1511:Crusades
1456:Military
1406:(2009).
1381:(2003).
1264:Archived
1230:Archived
1210:Archived
1199:Archived
904:Archived
893:Archived
696:Archived
628:See also
572:diaspora
419:Tarnopol
87:genocide
69:(now in
67:Volhynia
2293:Related
2246:Origins
2209:Origins
2160:Origins
1716:Origins
1662:Origins
1528:Origins
987:Wrocław
970:Wrocław
953:Wrocław
599:Khmeliv
483:Wrocław
452:42,080
449:42,496
429:10,143
366:21,400
363:22,113
196:Galicia
40:Ukraine
2282:Causes
2219:Causes
2194:Causes
1988:Spirit
1922:Causes
1892:Causes
1757:Causes
1726:Causes
1699:Causes
1677:Causes
1608:Causes
1414:
1389:
1350:Lublin
1185:, 2003
930:Warsaw
479:Nortom
443:4,144
440:Total
432:4,585
410:6,700
407:3,843
388:9,395
385:6,397
379:1,007
357:1,865
253:Moscow
188:Polish
42:after
36:Poland
2138:]
2028:Nakba
1824:]
1788:]
1738:]
1620:]
1603:]
1183:Львів
880:2003.
714:, IPN
640:Notes
464:Kresy
353:Wołyń
55:Poles
1812:1917
1412:ISBN
1387:ISBN
423:850
401:422
375:Lwów
246:and
244:NKVD
192:rzeź
81:and
65:and
38:and
214:OUN
163:of
132:.
93:."
79:Ewa
2352::
2136:fr
1822:ru
1786:fr
1763:/
1736:es
1618:ru
1601:fr
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
1241:^
1205:,
1181:,
1126:^
1033:^
1003:^
985:,
968:,
951:,
938:^
915:^
836:^
824:^
802:^
779:^
767:^
728:^
553:,
485:.
347:)
334:)
190::
182:–
46:.
1777:)
1773:(
1767:)
1759:(
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
1420:.
1395:.
1270:)
1236:)
1216:)
20:)
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