1815:
2122:
3328:
3210:
2296:
accepted and most top institutions actively recruit minority students. Well qualified minority students are often the target of frenzied competition (Cross, 2007). This competition is reflected in the inducements offered by PWIs to qualified black applicants, most notably monetary incentives, which many students and their parents find too attractive to pass up. For this reason and others, fewer black undergraduates are choosing to attend HBCUs, this figure has gradually declined to 22% as of 2002 (U.S. Department of
Education, 2004). This dwindling percentage, coupled with opportunities at PWIs, have led some to speculate whether the HBCU has outlived its purpose and lost its relevance for black youth (Lemelle, 2002; Sowell 1993; Suggs, 1997b).
3309:
3469:
3347:
3099:
3427:
3229:
3366:
2217:
3385:
2701:
3267:
3492:
3168:
3408:
3248:
3450:
3141:
3118:
9161:
3559:
1648:
3191:
3290:
1897:â was founded on September 19, 1865, as the first HBCU in the Southern United States. Atlanta University was the first graduate institution to award degrees to African Americans in the nation and the first to award bachelor's degrees to African Americans in the South; Clark College (1869) was the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve African-American students. The two consolidated in 1988 to form Clark Atlanta University.
3573:
3547:
helps make HBCU homecomings more distinctive. Due to higher campus traffic and activity, classes at HBCUs are usually cancelled on Friday and
Saturday of homecoming. Millions of alumni, students, celebrity guests, and visitors attend HBCU homecomings every year. In addition to being a highly cherished tradition and festive week, homecomings generate strong revenue for HBCUs and many black owned businesses.
4847:
2593:. Additionally, more historically black colleges and universities are offering online education programs. As of November 23, 2010, nineteen historically black colleges and universities offer online degree programs. The growth in these programs is driven by partnerships with online educational entrepreneurs like
1949:, requiring states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded by states to satisfy the Second Morrill Act. These land grant schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research,
3546:
is a tradition at almost every
American college and university, however homecoming has a more unique meaning at HBCUs. Homecoming plays a significant role in the culture and identity of HBCUs. The level of pageantry and local black community involvement (parade participation, business vendors, etc.)
2018:
As a result of these phenomena, more than two-thirds of the faculty hired at many HBCUs from 1933 to 1945 had come to the United States to escape from Nazi
Germany. HBCUs believed the Jewish professors were valuable faculty that would help strengthen their institutions' credibility. HBCUs had a firm
1940:
were open to blacks. But 17 states, almost all in the South, required their post-Civil war systems to be segregated and excluded black students from their land grant colleges. In the 1870s, Mississippi, Virginia, and South
Carolina each assigned one African American college land-grant status: Alcorn
2272:
The percentages of bachelor's and master's degrees awarded to black students by HBCUs has decreased over time. HBCUs awarded 35% of the bachelor's degrees and 21% of the master's degrees earned by blacks in 1976â77, compared with the 14% and 6% respectively of bachelor's and master's degrees earned
2268:
In 2015, the share of black students attending HBCUs had dropped to 9% of the total number of black students enrolled in degree-granting institutions nationwide. This figure is a decline from the 13% of black students who enrolled in an HBCU in 2000 and 17% who enrolled in 1980. This is a result of
2140:
established a program for direct federal grants to HBCUs, to support their academic, financial, and administrative capabilities. Part B specifically provides for formula-based grants, calculated based on each institution's Pell grant eligible enrollment, graduation rate, and percentage of graduates
2166:
signed an executive order to distribute adequate resources and funds to strengthen the nation's public and private HBCUs. His executive order created the White House
Initiative on historically black colleges and universities (WHIHBCU), which is a federally funded program that operates within the
1789:
in the United States (of 121 institutions that existed during the 1930s), representing three percent of the nation's colleges, including public and private institutions. Twenty-seven offer doctoral programs, 52 offer master's programs, 83 offer bachelor's degree programs, and 38 offer associate
2295:
There are also developments in how
African Americans may choose or not choose an HBCU. HBCUs are at risk of losing ground in terms of quality of their applicants as well. The current admission policies of predominately White institutions (PWIs) ensure that qualified applicants of any color are
2002:
following Hitler's elevation to power emigrated to the United States and found work teaching in historically black colleges. In particular, 1933 was a challenging year for many Jewish academics who tried to escape increasingly oppressive Nazi policies, particularly after legislation was passed
4648:
The Act, as amended, defines a "part B institution" as: "...any historically black college or university that was established before 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black
Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association
1985:
In the 1920s and 1930s, historically black colleges developed a strong interest in athletics. Sports were expanding rapidly at state universities, but very few black stars were recruited there. Race newspapers hailed athletic success as a demonstration of racial progress. Black schools hired
5744:
2141:
who continue post-baccalaureate education in fields where
African Americans are underrepresented. Some colleges with a predominantly black student body are not classified as HBCUs because they were founded (or opened their doors to African Americans) after the implementation of the
1870:
debated the need for such institutions, with
Crummell arguing that HBCUs were necessary to provide freedom from discrimination, and Douglas and Garnet arguing that self-segregation would harm the black community. A majority of the convention voted that HBCUs should be supported.
2280:
Although HBCUs were originally founded to educate black students, their diversity has increased over time. In 2015, students who were either white, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, or Native American made up 22% of total enrollment at HBCUs, compared with 15% in 1976.
1777:
in the South, while institutions in other parts of the country regularly employed quotas to limit admissions of black people. HBCUs were established to provide more opportunities to African Americans and are largely responsible for establishing and expanding the
2323:
As many HBCUs have made a concerted effort to maintain enrollment levels and often offer relatively affordable tuition, the percentage of nonâAfrican-American enrollment has risen. The following table highlights HBCUs with high nonâAfrican American enrollments:
2019:
belief in diversity and giving opportunity no matter the race, religion, or country of origin. HBCUs were open to Jews because of their ideas of equal learning spaces. They sought to create an environment where all people felt welcome to study, including women.
4979:
William Casey Boland, Marybeth Gasman, Andrés Castro Samayoa, and DeShaun Bennett, "The Effect of Enrolling in Minority Serving Institutions on Earnings Compared to Non-Minority Serving Institutions: A College Scorecard Analysis", Research in Higher Education
5766:
5736:
2112:
mandated an end to school segregation, the colleges were all abruptly closed. Only a fraction of the students and faculty were able to transfer to the previously all-white junior colleges, where they found, at best, an indifferent reception.
2276:
The number of total students enrolled at an HBCU rose by 32% between 1976 and 2015, from 223,000 to 293,000. Total enrollment in degree-granting institutions nationwide increased by 81%, from 11 million to 20 million, in the same period.
1583:
1470:
1746:, the majority of American institutions of higher education served predominantly white students, and disqualified or limited black American enrollment. Later on some universities, either after expanding their inclusion of
2175:
continued Carter's pioneering spirit by signing Executive Order 12677, which created the presidential advisory board on HBCUs, to counsel the government and the secretary on the future development of these organizations.
1850:
was also established prior to the American Civil War. The university was founded in 1856 via a collaboration between the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Ohio and the predominantly white Methodist Episcopal Church.
2183:, "a consortium that supports the collaboration of information professionals dedicated to providing an array of resources designed to strengthen historically black colleges and Universities and their constituents."
2572:
s statistical profiles indicate that several other HBCUs have relatively significant percentages of nonâAfrican American student populations consisting of Asian, Hispanic, white American, and foreign students.
1739:(all in the South) to provide African American, public higher-education schools (i.e. state funded schools) in order to receive the Act's benefits (19, generally larger institutions, fall under this Act).
8533:
8528:
2108:
The new junior colleges began as extensions of black high schools. They used the same facilities and often the same faculty. Some built their own buildings after a few years. After the passage of the
9186:
4905:
4602:
Philo Hutcheson, Marybeth Gasman, and Kijua Sanders-McMurtry, "Race and Equality in the Academy: Rethinking Higher Education Actors and the Struggle for Equality in the Post-World War II Period",
4649:
determined by the Secretary to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation."
8540:
2666:
and its technically separate football league of CAA Football; Hampton joined both sides of the CAA in 2022, while A&T joined the all-sports CAA in 2022 before joining CAA Football in 2023.
1455:
8281:
3468:
1387:
3535:'s first year in office, he invested a historic $ 5.8 billion to support HBCUs. In 2022, Biden's administration announced an additional $ 2.7 billion through his American Rescue Plan.
2179:
Starting in 2001, directors of libraries of several HBCUs began discussions about ways to pool their resources and work collaboratively. In 2003, this partnership was formalized as the
1465:
9196:
8545:
1450:
4891:
5609:
3384:
103:
5932:
8216:
5399:
3870:
3209:
2273:
by blacks in 2014â15. Additionally, the percentage of black doctoral degree recipients who received their degrees from HBCUs was lower in 2014â15 (12%) than in 1976â77 (14%).
749:
2662:
made the same conference move that Hampton made three years earlier (MEAC to Big South). Both Hampton and North Carolina A&T later moved their athletic programs to the
5697:
1855:
162:
114:
4281:
Miller, Patrick B. (1995). "To "Bring the Race along Rapidly": Sport, Student Culture, and Educational Mission at Historically Black Colleges during the Interwar Years".
3308:
2789:
1961:
Predominantly black institutions (PBI) are institutions that do not meet the legal definition of HBCUs, but primarily serve African Americans. Some examples of PBIs are
1460:
1412:
3514:
Federal funding for HBCUs has notably increased in recent years. Proper federal support of HBCUs has become more of a key issue in modern U.S. presidential elections.
2007:
and general antisemitism in Europe. In the US, they hoped to continue their academic careers, but barring a scant few, found little acceptance in elite institutions in
5698:"Fact Sheet: Obama Administration Investments in Historically Black Colleges and Universities | National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE)"
1422:
1417:
5584:
3098:
1688:
1432:
3426:
6561:
5794:
2003:
stripping them of their positions at universities. Jews looking outside of Germany could not find work in other European countries because of calamities like the
3621:
1402:
9066:
9061:
8610:
7342:
7199:
3925:
3449:
3266:
1766:
305:
6284:
4458:
Marybeth Gasman, "Scylla and Charybdis: Navigating the Waters of Academic Freedom at Fisk University during Charles S. Johnson's Administration (1946â1956)",
3167:
8873:
8745:
7330:
2712:
HBCUs have a rich legacy of matriculating many leaders in the fields of business, law, science, education, military service, entertainment, art, and sports.
1337:
1327:
146:
6335:
3491:
3327:
2304:
Following the enactment of Civil Rights laws in the 1960s, many educational institutions in the United States that receive federal funding have undertaken
2211:
1786:
1407:
84:
2121:
1397:
1392:
5631:
3228:
7440:
3596:
4768:
3407:
3140:
1814:
8029:
7164:
3346:
2686:
2539:
1427:
1307:
8523:
9071:
8311:
7074:
623:
5128:
9140:
9115:
6799:
2785:
1999:
1662:
1563:
310:
182:
36:
4833:
9125:
9120:
8052:
7500:
7007:
5767:"FACT SHEET: State-by-State Analysis of Record $ 2.7 Billion American Rescue Plan Investment in Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
4144:
2594:
1681:
8841:
8677:
8386:
8376:
8034:
7126:
7121:
6754:
4081:
Originally proposed as Ohio African University, the founders changed the name to Wilberforce University, to honor the English abolitionist
2674:
2670:
2610:
1773:
in 1865, almost all colleges and universities in the Southern United States prohibited all African Americans from attending as required by
1617:
1597:
1357:
849:
834:
3247:
8883:
8655:
7106:
4652:
4158:
4028:
Initially chartered as the Ashmun Institute, it changed its name in 1866. It was the first degree-granting HBCU. See Lincoln University,
1362:
1342:
3117:
9103:
8047:
8042:
6932:
6041:
America's historically Black colleges & universities: a narrative history from the nineteenth century into the twenty-first century
4059:
628:
89:
5859:"Massified Illusions of Difference: Photography and the Mystique of the American Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)"
4550:
Jewell, Joseph O. (January 1, 2002). "To Set an Example: The Tradition of Diversity at Historically Black Colleges and Universities".
3365:
3190:
8762:
8266:
7375:
5145:
1292:
1169:
203:
5489:
9191:
9110:
8740:
8261:
7483:
7315:
7064:
5948:
3289:
2855:
2285:
1674:
1612:
1377:
1332:
5737:"FACT SHEET: The Biden-â Harris Administration's Historic Investments and Support for Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
9076:
9036:
8878:
8782:
8711:
8316:
6274:
3998:
2606:
1743:
1733:
1578:
1322:
1317:
1302:
2269:
desegregation, rising incomes and increased access to financial aid, which has created more college options for black students.
9135:
9130:
9098:
8868:
8772:
8735:
8682:
8516:
6674:
6557:
6502:
3219:
2933:
2851:
2647:
2500:
2404:
2308:
to increase their racial diversity. Some historically black colleges and universities now have non-black majorities, including
2220:
1910:
1839:
1297:
1282:
1189:
4794:
2057:
education was working in Florida. Prior to this, there had been only one junior college in Florida serving African Americans,
9093:
9051:
8863:
7411:
7277:
7272:
7157:
6201:
6174:
6142:
6048:
6021:
6000:
5973:
5942:
5921:
5891:
5193:
5114:
5094:
5071:
4927:
4726:
4485:
4341:
4168:
4115:
3844:
3824:
3739:
2168:
2008:
1709:
1249:
326:
315:
177:
131:
126:
99:
9041:
9026:
8890:
8799:
8794:
8728:
7189:
6482:
6372:
3478:
2558:
1352:
1312:
1254:
1209:
69:
5715:
3670:
For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, & De'Sha S. Wolf,
2288:
released a study showing that HBCUs had a $ 10.2 billion positive impact on the nation's economy with 35% coming from the
9016:
8853:
8823:
8605:
8184:
7396:
6872:
6487:
2983:
2614:
2058:
1901:, founded December 1, 1865, was the second HBCU to be established in the South. The year 1865 also saw the foundation of
1239:
1219:
1064:
633:
479:
6211:
Wright, Stephanie R. (2008). "Self-Determination, Politics, and Gender on Georgia's Black College Campuses, 1875â1900".
4943:"The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)"
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8441:
8241:
7392:
7370:
7002:
6537:
6397:
5343:
4248:
4011:
For detail of the university's early history from its origins as the Institute for Colored Youth, see Milton M. James,
2741:
2152:
1835:
1818:
1367:
1347:
901:
766:
198:
17:
3988:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Penn Center for Minority Serving Institutions, University of Pennsylvania, Spring 2014.
9153:
7543:
7194:
6542:
6507:
6477:
6447:
6125:
4625:
3898:
3875:
3785:
3154:
2969:
2776:
2562:
2516:
2012:
1974:
1843:
1782:. In the 1950s and 1960s, enforced racial segregation in education was generally outlawed across the United States.
247:
79:
9081:
9046:
9031:
8789:
8391:
7635:
7605:
7421:
7150:
7116:
6829:
6566:
4033:
2643:
2627:
1946:
1906:
1657:
1593:
1204:
854:
267:
167:
1790:
degrees. HBCUs currently produce nearly 20% of all African American college graduates and 25% of African American
9088:
9011:
8806:
8650:
8381:
8246:
7951:
7590:
7111:
7084:
7069:
6967:
6669:
6527:
6522:
6437:
6417:
6095:
Minor, James T. (2008). "A Contemporary Perspective on the Role of Public HBCUs: Perspicacity from Mississippi".
4398:
Hoch, Paul K. (May 11, 1983). "The reception of central European refugee physicists of the 1930s: USSR, UK, US".
3611:
3158:
2797:
2623:
2468:
1883:
1159:
1026:
844:
771:
7032:
6297:(NAFEO)ânational membership association of all of the nation's HBCUs and Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs)
6263:. Bulletin, 1916, No. 39. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior. 1917.
5260:"West Virginia State University: Office of Institutional Research and Assessment: 2015â2016 University Factbook"
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6887:
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6581:
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6322:
6253:. Bulletin, 1916, No. 38. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior. 1917.
4185:
3871:"Despite Obstacles, Black Colleges Are Pipelines to the Middle Class, Study Finds. Here's Its List of the Best"
3626:
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2819:
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2484:
2452:
2372:
2309:
2125:
2090:
1568:
1244:
1194:
5259:
4585:
8895:
8828:
8811:
8757:
8706:
8645:
8550:
8511:
8451:
8251:
7640:
7620:
7427:
7406:
7058:
7037:
7022:
6472:
6422:
6289:
4990:
4808:
3591:
2663:
2436:
2082:
2070:
1970:
1779:
1259:
1229:
1214:
1199:
1174:
1154:
776:
410:
277:
5679:
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8672:
8640:
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7645:
7478:
6982:
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6724:
6432:
3672:
Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Honoring the Past, Engaging the Present, Touching the Future,
3616:
2793:
2659:
2253:
In 2023, the average HBCU 6-year undergraduate graduation rate was 35% while the national average was 64%.
2228:
2137:
1942:
1770:
1751:
1287:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1116:
415:
94:
6248:
6135:
Black graduate education at historically Black colleges and universities trends, experiences, and outcomes
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8321:
8226:
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7966:
7625:
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7240:
7219:
7042:
6882:
6779:
6684:
6679:
6654:
5232:"Bluefield State University : Student Profile Analysis: College Wide Summary: Fall Term 2017 Census"
5231:
5150:
5087:
Exploring Diversity at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Implications for Policy and Practice
4264:
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3081:
2898:
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2045:
1822:
1510:
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1495:
1490:
1234:
706:
497:
467:
405:
354:
282:
172:
5820:
4873:
2257:
had the highest graduation rate among HBCUs at 74%. Also in 2023, 73% of students attending HBCUs were
9001:
8938:
8928:
8478:
8236:
8196:
7553:
7247:
6962:
6759:
6547:
6442:
6382:
3663:
3653:
3482:
3417:
3299:
2554:
2356:
2313:
1525:
1505:
1008:
943:
716:
618:
585:
372:
257:
6300:
1941:
University, Hampton Institute, and Claflin University, respectively. In response, Congress passed the
1916:
Some of these universities eventually became public universities with assistance from the government.
8910:
8723:
8555:
8116:
7615:
7453:
7260:
7101:
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3005:
3001:
2885:
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2420:
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2128:
George H. W. Bush signs a new Executive Order on historically black colleges and universities in the
1882:, often with the assistance of religious missionary organizations based in the North, especially the
1480:
1224:
1184:
473:
4809:"2015 HBCU Week Conference â White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
4435:"After fleeing the Nazis, many Jewish refugee professors found homes at historically black colleges"
8600:
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7325:
7265:
7255:
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6902:
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6604:
6497:
6457:
6392:
6357:
5206:
3440:
3068:
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2724:
2720:
2630:. The top football teams from the conferences have played each other in postseason bowl games: the
2216:
2109:
2078:
2066:
1966:
1962:
1894:
1713:
1059:
839:
686:
570:
344:
225:
53:
6260:
Negro Education: A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States
6250:
Negro Education: A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States
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6907:
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6367:
6362:
6013:
The State Must Provide: Why America's Colleges Have Always Been Unequalâand How to Set Them Right
5287:
3972:. Philadelphia: Penn Center for Minority Serving Institutions, University of Pennsylvania, 2013.
2806:
2700:
2129:
1573:
1515:
978:
938:
661:
560:
438:
252:
6279:
5610:"CAA Welcomes Hampton University, Monmouth University and Stony Brook University as New Members"
2049:
decision of 1954, the legislature of Florida, with support from various counties, opened eleven
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7348:
7287:
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2750:
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2098:
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1933:
1875:
1847:
1795:
1725:
272:
262:
242:
6058:
Mays, Benjamin E. (1960). "The Significance of the Negro Private and Church-Related College".
5966:
Shelter in a Time of Storm: How Black Colleges Fostered Generations of Leadership and Activism
5834:
5424:
4660:
3837:
Shelter in a time of storm: How Black colleges fostered generations of leadership and activism
8923:
8436:
8301:
8256:
8072:
7791:
7756:
7575:
7558:
7365:
7282:
6877:
3601:
3177:
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2180:
2086:
1937:
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886:
818:
781:
565:
555:
455:
136:
4968:
Moving Upward & Onward: Income Mobility and Historically Black Colleges and Universities
4710:
3767:
3528:
signed a bipartisan bill that permanently invested more than $ 250 million a year to HBCUs.
2239:
to discuss and celebrate HBCUs, as well as recognize some notable HBCU scholars and alumni.
9165:
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8336:
8147:
8099:
7971:
7861:
7766:
7533:
7523:
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7360:
7214:
6912:
6897:
6729:
4126:
Robert C. Lieberman, "The Freedmen's Bureau and the politics of institutional structure."
3564:
3104:
2759:
2655:
2062:
1950:
1887:
1652:
1104:
349:
141:
74:
6153:
3037:
2186:
In 2015, the Bipartisan Congressional Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU)
8:
8948:
8306:
8221:
7701:
7490:
7380:
7310:
7017:
6834:
6819:
6704:
6532:
6467:
5184:
Marybeth Gasman, Andrés Castro Samayoa, William Casey Boland, & Paola Esmieu (Eds.),
4711:
4082:
3532:
3459:
2997:
2921:
2902:
2889:
2880:
2829:
2546:
2028:
1520:
998:
960:
377:
208:
8953:
4334:
Sport and the color line: black athletes and race relations in twentieth-century America
2202:. As of May 2022, there are over 100 elected politicians who are members of the caucus.
1909:, West Virginia. Storer's former campus and buildings have since been incorporated into
1003:
9021:
8958:
8701:
8159:
7926:
7906:
7811:
7736:
7563:
7468:
7458:
7446:
7337:
7234:
7209:
7027:
6977:
6749:
6739:
6659:
6639:
6629:
6315:
6228:
6112:
6083:
5910:
4567:
4529:
4474:
4368:
4314:
4306:
3947:
3280:
3108:
3032:
2802:
2586:
2305:
2156:
2054:
1929:
1879:
1867:
1859:
1721:
891:
676:
443:
420:
109:
6194:
Historically black colleges and universities: their place in American higher education
8468:
8189:
7851:
7821:
7416:
7173:
6917:
6804:
6719:
6689:
6664:
6220:
6197:
6180:
6170:
6138:
6104:
6075:
6044:
6027:
6017:
5996:
5979:
5969:
5938:
5917:
5900:
Boonshoft, Mark. "Histories of Nineteenth-Century Education and the Civil War Era."
5887:
5780:
5558:
5529:
5189:
5110:
5090:
5067:
4970:, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers Center for Minority Serving Institutions, 2019.
4923:
4722:
4621:
4571:
4533:
4521:
4481:
4415:
4347:
4337:
4318:
4298:
4164:
4111:
4053:
3840:
3820:
3745:
3735:
3356:
3337:
3318:
3257:
3253:
3238:
3200:
3181:
3146:
2863:
2815:
2772:
2767:
2289:
2262:
2172:
2143:
2004:
1799:
1717:
696:
537:
44:
3856:
3768:"Predominantly Black Institutions: Pathways to Black Student Educational Attainment"
1076:
8624:
8595:
8590:
8488:
8456:
8429:
8154:
7771:
7741:
7731:
7726:
7293:
6947:
6927:
6844:
6814:
6794:
6769:
6614:
6599:
6280:
National Center for Education Statistics' College Navigator information about HBCUs
6067:
5854:
5720:
5530:"HBCU Library Alliance â Cornell University Library Digitization Initiative Update"
5059:
4942:
4685:"About Us â White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
4559:
4513:
4407:
4290:
4252:
3586:
3578:
3352:
3333:
3123:
3042:
3010:
2988:
2678:
2639:
2236:
1071:
928:
756:
691:
671:
580:
5315:
2589:, have a joint program to digitize HBCU collections. The project is funded by the
8619:
8446:
8356:
8351:
8282:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
8132:
8087:
7941:
7931:
7911:
7896:
7796:
7671:
7661:
7300:
6789:
6774:
6649:
6619:
6011:
5132:
3667:
3657:
3501:
3474:
3390:
3371:
3131:
3089:
3063:
3053:
2961:
2859:
2842:
2716:
2619:
2550:
2317:
2254:
2032:
1932:
in each state. Educational institutions established under the Morrill Act in the
1898:
1099:
906:
656:
575:
5063:
1986:
coaches, recruited and featured stellar athletes, and set up their own leagues.
9056:
8461:
8424:
8414:
8174:
8169:
8111:
7946:
7876:
7806:
7801:
7305:
7229:
7012:
6867:
6734:
5680:"101 HBCUs get nearly 7 times less money than 1 other school. That must change"
3432:
3047:
2911:
2907:
2847:
2838:
2247:
2050:
1902:
1728:. They were primarily founded by Protestant religious groups, until the Second
1558:
983:
953:
711:
701:
532:
6184:
6031:
5983:
5016:"Economic Impact of the Nation's Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
4411:
2642:(2015âpresent). These conferences are home to all Division I HBCUs except for
2235:
as "National HBCU Week". During this week, conferences and events are held in
9180:
8014:
7996:
7986:
7956:
7901:
7856:
7841:
7786:
7776:
7761:
7711:
7706:
7676:
7473:
7401:
7224:
6809:
6744:
6714:
6308:
6224:
6108:
6079:
4563:
4525:
4517:
4419:
4302:
3749:
3497:
3455:
3314:
3295:
3215:
3196:
2952:
2948:
2929:
2876:
2872:
2825:
2781:
2755:
2705:
2635:
2195:
2191:
1803:
1774:
1627:
1622:
6258:
5993:
Historically Black colleges and universities: triumphs, troubles, and taboos
5107:
Opportunities and Challenges at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
4713:
Historically Black Colleges and Universities: triumphs, troubles, and taboos
4351:
3926:"A look at historically black colleges and universities as Howard turns 150"
3817:
Opportunities and Challenges at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
2265:
had the highest percent of Pell Grant eligible students among HBCUs at 95%.
8326:
8094:
8019:
7991:
7976:
7961:
7916:
7891:
7871:
7781:
7751:
7746:
7716:
7666:
7518:
7204:
6764:
6694:
3272:
3072:
3059:
3018:
2917:
2746:
2631:
2163:
1747:
1111:
923:
651:
514:
6133:
Palmer, Robert T.; Hilton, Adriel A.; Fountaine, Tiffany P., eds. (2012).
5015:
2027:
HBCUs made substantial contributions to the US war effort. One example is
8346:
8331:
8179:
8142:
7981:
7936:
7921:
7686:
7681:
7528:
5653:
5186:
Educational Challenges and Opportunities at Minority Serving Institutions
4085:, before its corporate charter was granted. Frederick Alphonso McGinnis,
3413:
3024:
2733:
2534:
Other HBCUs with relatively high nonâAfrican American student populations
1994:
In the 1930s, many Jewish intellectuals fleeing Europe after the rise of
1925:
1736:
1277:
933:
786:
666:
450:
6232:
6116:
5632:"CAA Welcomes North Carolina A&T as Newest Member of the Conference"
5585:"N.C. A&T Announces New Athletics Affiliation: Big South Conference"
5464:
4037:
3705:"White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
2053:
serving the African-American population. Their purpose was to show that
7881:
7866:
7836:
7831:
7580:
7548:
7387:
7355:
6330:
6087:
5058:, Princeton University Press, December 31, 2012, pp. XXVIIâXXXVI,
4834:"Gov. Kay Ivey signs proclamation declaring October Alabama HBCU Month"
4795:"Bipartisan Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Caucus"
4684:
4504:
Foster, Lenoar (November 11, 2001). "The Not-So-Invisible Professors".
3948:"Historically Black Colleges and Universities â American School Search"
3839:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
3543:
3276:
3085:
2975:
2894:
2729:
2258:
1750:
and African Americans into their institutions or gaining the status of
1729:
382:
121:
8217:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
5171:
Marybeth Gasman, Andrés Castro Samayoa, & Michael Nettles (Eds.).
4657:
White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
4310:
4108:
Envisioning Black Colleges: A History of the United Negro College Fund
3804:
Envisioning Black Colleges: A History of the United Negro College Fund
3521:'s eight years in office, he invested more than $ 4 billion to HBCUs.
2159:
of public education facilities) and the Higher Education Act of 1965.
8495:
8341:
7846:
7630:
7568:
7463:
5795:"Post-Shutdown HBCU Homecomings Bring Much-Needed Boosts to Revenues"
3234:
3127:
3014:
2939:
2926:
2697:
See also the "Notable alumni" sections of each institution's article.
1607:
948:
681:
460:
287:
7142:
6071:
5858:
3708:
2749:, Grammy-winning R&B artist with over 70 million records sold -
8968:
8963:
8473:
5968:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
4294:
2737:
993:
918:
911:
8232:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
4139:
Ronald E. Butchart, "Freedmen's education during reconstruction."
9187:
Historically black universities and colleges in the United States
7585:
5634:(Press release). Colonial Athletic Association. February 22, 2022
4892:"Pell Grant Statistics [2023]: How Many Receive per Year"
4769:"Members of Congress Launch Bipartisan Congressional HBCU Caucus"
4472:
Willie, Charles Vert; Reddick, Richard J.; Brown, Ronald (2006).
4160:
African American History Day By Day â A Reference Guide To Events
3970:
The Changing Face of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
3436:
2243:
1794:
graduates. Among the graduates of HBCUs are civil rights leader
1081:
387:
5612:(Press release). Colonial Athletic Association. January 25, 2022
4966:
Robert Nathenson, Andrés Castro Samayoa, & Marybeth Gasman,
4742:
2942:, first African-American to serve as the U.S. education chief -
8419:
6294:
6169:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
3572:
3150:
2965:
2232:
2187:
1995:
988:
6295:
National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education
4922:. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2019).
3707:. U.S. Department of Education. April 11, 2008. Archived from
8231:
5912:
Historically Black colleges and universities: an encyclopedia
2991:, well-known sports journalist and television personality -
761:
6154:"Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 1976 to 2001"
5085:
Robert Palmer, Robert Shorette, and Marybeth Gasman (Eds.),
4650:
4363:
4361:
4091:
Wilberforce University: The Reality of Bishop Payne's Dream,
1856:
1847 National Convention of Colored People and Their Friends
1842:(then known as Miner School for Colored Girls) in 1851, and
8276:
4906:"Analyzing Admissions and Financial Aid Practices at HBCUs"
3786:"The Long, Ugly History of Racism at American Universities"
3660:
3651:
3458:, singer, songwriter, record producer, and TV personality (
3028:
2811:
2545:
2011 edition, the proportion of white American students at
1791:
791:
5173:
The Return on Investment for Minority Serving Institutions
3509:
1834:
HBCUs established prior to the American Civil War include
9197:
Universities and colleges in the United States by subject
6151:
4358:
3999:"The Tide That Binds: Learning from Experience at HBCU's"
3394:
2979:
6167:
HBCU Made: A Celebration of the Black College Experience
4332:
Miller, Patrick B; Wiggins, David Kenneth, eds. (2004).
3899:"African Americans and College Education by the Numbers"
3397:
Hall of Famer, entrepreneur, TV personality, and actor (
2654:
since 1986, while Hampton left the MEAC in 2018 for the
6192:
Roebuck, Julian B.; Murty, Komanduri Srinivasa (1993).
5991:
Gasman, Marybeth; Tudico, Christopher L., eds. (2008).
5821:"Homecoming: A Celebration of HBCUs and Their Legacies"
5716:"Trump signs bill restoring funding for black colleges"
4717:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
4618:
The Magnificent Twelve: Florida's Black Junior Colleges
3622:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
5934:
The Black Colleges of Atlanta (College History Series)
4369:"Jewish Prof's and HBCU's â African American Registry"
4087:
A History and Interpretation of Wilberforce University
1854:
HBCUs were controversial in their early years. At the
1720:. Most of these institutions were founded during the
6275:"Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (2023)
6132:
5835:"3 HBCU Alums on What Makes Homecoming So Meaningful"
5372:"Fayetteville State University: Fact Book: 2016â2017"
4848:"Historically Black Colleges and Universities in N.C"
6126:"Reflections of an HBCU Alumnus (Howard University)"
6123:
5852:
5207:"Apart No More? HBCUs Heading Into an Era of Change"
5135:. Newsone.com (2010-10-07). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
3857:"The story of historically black colleges in the US"
3554:
2758:, first African-American elected by popular vote to
2212:
List of historically black colleges and universities
3031:-winning comedian, novelist, writer, and actress â
3013:, developer of the Sullivan Principles used to end
2964:, the original voice of the first African American
2061:, in Pensacola, founded in 1949. The new ones were
1956:
1584:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
5909:
5316:"University of the District of Columbia: Factbook"
5175:. (San Francisco, California: Wiley Press, 2017).
4473:
4471:
4110:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).
3986:Contemporary Public HBCUs: A Four State Comparison
3920:
3918:
3916:
3806:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).
3597:History of education in the Southern United States
2038:
1890:played a major role in financing the new schools.
5781:"For the Culture: It's Time for HBCU Homecomings"
4709:Gasman, Marybeth; Tudico, Christopher L. (2008).
4651:U.S. Department of Education (January 15, 2008).
2687:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
2622:has two historically black athletic conferences:
2328:Racial diversity at HBCUs, 2016â2017 school year
2246:has the most active HBCUs of any state, with 14.
9178:
8267:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1724:after the Civil War and are concentrated in the
8312:Black players in professional American football
8262:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
7075:North Carolina Central University School of Law
5146:"Why Black Colleges Might Be the Best Bargains"
4586:"How HBCUs Contributed to the 1940s War Effort"
4393:
4391:
4389:
3913:
3692:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860â1935
5105:Marybeth Gasman and Felecia Commodore (Eds.),
3815:Marybeth Gasman and Felecia Commodore (eds.),
2000:anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
311:Education of freed people during the Civil War
7158:
6316:
6152:Provasnik, Stephen; Shafer, Linda L. (2004).
4331:
4265:"List of Minority Serving Institutions: 2022"
2299:
2261:eligible while the national average was 34%.
1682:
8025:Historically black colleges and universities
7127:Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
7122:Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association
6332:Historically black colleges and universities
6191:
5990:
5907:
5884:Historically black colleges and universities
4708:
4426:
4386:
3500:, voting rights leader, lawyer, and author (
3040:, first African-American editor-at-large of
2910:, first African-American to build and own a
2675:Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
2671:Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association
2611:Black college football national championship
2576:
1702:Historically black colleges and universities
322:Historically black colleges and universities
6043:(First ed.). Mercer University Press.
5734:
5425:"Elizabeth City State University: Factbook"
4620:, Winter Park, Florida: FOUR-G Publishers,
4492:jewish refugees teaching in black colleges.
4270:. Center for Minority Serving Institutions.
4257:
3773:. Center for Minority Serving Institutions.
3021:, attended West Virginia State University.
2897:, first African-American inducted into the
2786:South Carolina's 6th congressional district
2650:. Tennessee State has been a member of the
2223:is the nation's largest HBCU by enrollment.
2011:, which also had their own undercurrent of
306:Education during the slave period in the US
7165:
7151:
6323:
6309:
5908:Brooks, F. Erik; Starks, Glenn L. (2011).
4850:. Spectrumlocalnews.com. February 23, 2022
3275:, first African American president in the
1689:
1675:
629:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
8242:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
7065:Florida A&M University College of Law
5126:"More Non-Black Students Attending HBCUs"
4937:
4935:
4920:Making Black Scientists: A Call to Action
3199:, acclaimed novelist and Nobel laureate (
2832:title had a full athletic scholarship to
2600:
1825:, making it the oldest HBCU in the nation
85:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
6158:National Center for Education Statistics
5853:Arnold, Bruce Makoto; Mitchell, Roland;
5559:"Modest Gains for Black Colleges Online"
5519:Best Colleges, 2011 ed. Directory p. 129
5454:Best Colleges, 2011 ed. Directory p. 182
4867:
4865:
4432:
4156:
4089:p. 33 (1941). See also Charles Killian,
3980:
3978:
2699:
2286:National Center for Education Statistics
2215:
2190:was established by U.S. Representatives
2120:
1813:
1716:with the intention of primarily serving
27:Schools once meant for African Americans
6124:One among the others (March 29, 2018).
5677:
5288:"Kentucky State University: Statistics"
4918:Marybeth Gasman & Thai-Huy Nguyen,
4545:
4543:
4433:Gilligan, Heather (February 10, 2017).
3761:
3759:
3686:
3684:
3510:Modern presidential and federal support
3317:, Vice President of the United States (
3084:, first black NFL quarterback to win a
3075:and NBA Defensive Player of the Year -
2934:North Carolina A&T State University
2660:North Carolina A&T State University
2607:List of black college football classics
2501:North Carolina A&T State University
2221:North Carolina A&T State University
1829:
1744:racial segregation in the United States
14:
9179:
9141:Topics related to the African diaspora
8247:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
6675:Interdenominational Theological Center
6210:
6164:
6038:
6009:
5963:
5881:
4991:"Digest of Education Statistics, 2016"
4932:
4871:
4549:
4503:
4280:
4058:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3984:Casey Boland, Marybeth Gasman et al.,
3783:
3729:
2828:, the first African American to win a
2692:
2405:University of the District of Columbia
2316:, whose student bodies have had large
1919:
1911:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
1840:University of the District of Columbia
1798:, United States Supreme Court Justice
9121:Landmark African-American legislation
7172:
7146:
6304:
6094:
5930:
5863:Journal of American Studies of Turkey
5747:from the original on October 25, 2022
5344:"Delaware State University: Factbook"
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
4862:
4615:
4590:Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
4460:American Educational Research Journal
3975:
3694:. University of North Carolina Press.
3416:, singer, entrepreneur, and actress (
3056:were educated at Tuskegee University.
2856:Florida's 20th congressional district
1710:higher education in the United States
827:Athletic associations and conferences
316:History of African-American education
8252:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
6057:
5995:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
4578:
4540:
4397:
3928:. Pewresearch.org. February 28, 2017
3784:Harris, Leslie M. (March 26, 2015).
3756:
3681:
2719:, civil rights activist, minister â
2559:University of Maryland Eastern Shore
2198:. The caucus advocates for HBCUs on
2155:(the court decisions which outlawed
750:Association for the Study of African
8606:African-American Vernacular English
5089:(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014).
4874:"HBCU and MSI Facts and Statistics"
4872:Rivera, Heidi (November 15, 2023).
4183:
4066:The Founding of Lincoln University,
3538:
2615:Black College Football Hall of Fame
2059:Booker T. Washington Junior College
1874:Most HBCUs were established in the
1802:, and United States Vice President
1564:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1065:African-American Vernacular English
634:National Conference of Black Mayors
24:
8524:U.S. cities with large populations
8227:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
6241:
5845:
5188:(New York: Routledge Press, 2018)
5109:(New York: Palgrave Press, 2014).
5036:
3819:(New York: Palgrave Press, 2014).
3298:, talk show host and media mogul (
2742:Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
1989:
1924:In 1862, the federal government's
1836:Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
1819:Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
767:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
9208:
7397:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
7393:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
7200:African American founding fathers
6268:
5465:"NCAT IR â University Fast Facts"
3876:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3765:
3107:, educator, orator, and advisor (
2951:, considered one of the greatest
2563:North Carolina Central University
2517:Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)
2205:
1975:Community College of Philadelphia
1712:that were established before the
1471:Places by plurality of population
137:Civil rights movement (1954â1968)
127:Civil rights movement (1865â1896)
80:Abolitionism in the United States
9159:
8277:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
7422:Nadir of American race relations
7117:Southwestern Athletic Conference
6213:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
5882:Betsey, Charles L., ed. (2011).
4157:Carrillo, Karen Juanita (2012).
4013:The Institute for Colored Youth,
3734:. State Univ of New York Press.
3571:
3557:
3490:
3467:
3448:
3425:
3406:
3383:
3364:
3345:
3326:
3307:
3288:
3265:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3166:
3139:
3116:
3097:
2775:, prolific actor and director -
2628:Southwestern Athletic Conference
2320:majorities since the mid-1960s.
1957:Predominantly black institutions
1947:Agricultural College Act of 1890
1756:predominantly black institutions
1646:
168:Black Belt in the American South
9192:African Americans and education
7283:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
7273:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
7112:Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
7107:Florida's Black Junior Colleges
7085:Thurgood Marshall School of Law
7070:Howard University School of Law
5827:
5813:
5787:
5773:
5759:
5728:
5708:
5690:
5671:
5646:
5624:
5602:
5577:
5551:
5522:
5510:
5482:
5457:
5445:
5417:
5392:
5364:
5336:
5308:
5280:
5252:
5224:
5199:
5178:
5165:
5138:
5119:
5099:
5079:
5008:
4983:
4973:
4960:
4912:
4898:
4884:
4840:
4826:
4801:
4787:
4761:
4735:
4702:
4677:
4642:
4633:
4609:
4596:
4497:
4465:
4452:
4325:
4274:
4242:
4225:
4208:
4199:
4184:Roy, Lisa (December 18, 2013).
4177:
4150:
4133:
4120:
4100:
4075:
4070:Journal of Presbyterian History
4022:
4005:
3991:
3962:
3940:
3891:
3863:
3849:
3612:Honda Campus All-Star Challenge
2798:South Carolina State University
2704:Vice President and HBCU alumna
2624:Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
2585:. That alliance, together with
2581:HBCU libraries have formed the
2469:Elizabeth City State University
2039:Florida's Black junior colleges
2022:
1884:American Missionary Association
772:National Council of Negro Women
8272:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
7278:Civil right movement 1896â1954
7080:Southern University Law Center
6973:Mississippi Industrial College
6097:The Journal of Negro Education
6060:The Journal of Negro Education
5490:"Lincoln University: Factbook"
4283:History of Education Quarterly
4231:See generally, John W. Davis,
3859:. BBC News. February 15, 2019.
3829:
3809:
3796:
3777:
3723:
3697:
3644:
3627:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
3237:, film director and producer (
2993:Winston-Salem State University
2972:) - Florida A&M University
2820:West Virginia State University
2764:Massachusetts Attorney General
2683:Gulf Coast Athletic Conference
2485:Xavier University of Louisiana
2453:Winston-Salem State University
2373:West Virginia State University
2310:West Virginia State University
2091:Collier-Blocker Junior College
2035:trained and attended classes.
1569:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
8452:Cherokee freedmen controversy
7428:The Negro Motorist Green Book
7059:David A. Clarke School of Law
5702:safesupportivelearning.ed.gov
5678:Allen, Tony; Glover, Gelnda.
4233:The Negro Land-Grant College,
4216:The Negro Land-Grant College,
4064:. See also Andrew E. Murray,
3637:
3592:Colleges in the United States
2708:with students attending HBCUs
2664:Colonial Athletic Association
2437:Fayetteville State University
2116:
2083:Suwannee River Junior College
2071:Volusia County Junior College
1971:Trinity Washington University
1780:African-American middle class
777:National Pan-Hellenic Council
6983:Mount Hermon Female Seminary
6725:Morehouse School of Medicine
6165:Rascoe, Ayesha, ed. (2024).
5902:Journal of the Civil War Era
5517:U.S. News & World Report
5452:U.S. News & World Report
5151:U.S. News & World Report
4653:"HBCUs: A National Resource"
4480:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4186:"Storer College (1867â1956)"
3950:. American-school-search.com
3617:Minority-serving institution
3435:, internationally acclaimed
2982:wide receiver of all-time -
2888:, inventor, NASA engineer â
2794:116th United States Congress
2567:U.S. News & World Report
2541:U.S. News & World Report
2229:U.S. Department of Education
2169:U.S. Department of Education
2138:Higher Education Act of 1965
1752:minority-serving institution
1579:School segregation in the US
1117:Black American Sign Language
1091:Languages and other dialects
7:
8322:Black players in ice hockey
8257:National Urban League (NUL)
8083:American Society of Muslims
7321:Selma to Montgomery marches
7241:Brown v. Board of Education
6883:Central Mississippi College
6655:Florida Memorial University
5064:10.1515/9781400843114.xxvii
4604:Journal of Higher Education
3730:Wooten, Melissa E. (2016).
3550:
3479:Surgeon General of the U.S.
3256:, actor and film producer (
3218:, minister and politician (
3130:, historian, and activist (
2899:National Radio Hall of Fame
2591:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
2231:designates one week in the
2149:Brown v. Board of Education
2046:Brown v. Board of Education
1953:, and outreach activities.
1823:Institute for Colored Youth
1821:was founded in 1837 as the
406:African-American businesses
10:
9213:
8479:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
8237:Nashville Student Movement
7248:Children of the plantation
5964:Favors, Jelani M. (2019).
5886:. Transaction Publishers.
5799:US News & World Report
4476:The Black College Mystique
4237:Journal of Negro Education
4220:Journal of Negro Education
3676:Journal of Negro Education
3666:December 20, 2022, at the
3656:December 20, 2022, at the
2978:, considered the greatest
2868:Florida A&M University
2834:Florida A&M University
2696:
2648:Tennessee State University
2604:
2555:Tennessee State University
2357:Bluefield State University
2314:Bluefield State University
2300:Racial diversity post-2000
2209:
1943:second Morrill Act of 1890
1858:, the famed black orators
1809:
944:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
619:Congressional Black Caucus
586:African Diaspora Religions
373:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
9149:
9116:Index of related articles
8994:
8909:
8633:
8566:
8504:
8404:
8365:
8297:
8290:
8205:
8125:
8117:Doctrine of Father Divine
8063:
8005:
7654:
7509:
7501:Women's suffrage movement
7454:Reconstruction Amendments
7261:Voting Rights Act of 1965
7180:
7102:Atlanta University Center
7094:
7051:
6858:
6590:
6343:
6039:Lovett, Bobby L. (2015).
5931:Cohen, Rodney T. (2000).
4616:Smith, Walter L. (1994),
4462:36, no. 4 (1999): 739â58.
4412:10.1080/00033798300200211
4373:African American Registry
3901:. UNCF. November 29, 2018
3732:In the face of inequality
3632:United Negro College Fund
3607:Honda Battle of the Bands
3477:, first African American
3077:Virginia Union University
2577:Special academic programs
2421:Delaware State University
2389:Kentucky State University
2338:
2335:
2332:
2136:A reauthorization of the
1980:
1893:Atlanta University â now
1451:US states and territories
752:American Life and History
474:Lift Every Voice and Sing
183:Treatment of the enslaved
9166:United States portal
8601:African-American English
8030:Inventors and scientists
7722:George Washington Carver
7326:Chicago Freedom Movement
7132:HBCU Athletic Conference
6488:Mississippi Valley State
4606:82, no. 2 (2011): 121â53
4564:10.1177/0042085902371002
4518:10.1177/0042085901365006
4205:(7 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.)
4141:New Georgia Encyclopedia
3661:https://USCode.house.gov
3355:, actor and playwright (
2984:Mississippi Valley State
2957:Jackson State University
2944:Jackson State University
2805:, civil rights leader -
2725:Alabama State University
2721:Clark Atlanta University
2110:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2079:Rosenwald Junior College
2067:Roosevelt Junior College
1967:Chicago State University
1963:Georgia State University
1895:Clark Atlanta University
1734:educationally segregated
1714:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1653:United States portal
1060:African-American English
571:African-American Muslims
132:Jim Crow era (1896â1954)
9089:African-American firsts
8138:Back-to-Africa movement
8107:Black Hebrew Israelites
7887:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
7435:Partus sequitur ventrem
6483:Maryland, Eastern Shore
6137:. Information Age Pub.
4743:"HBCU Library Alliance"
3690:Anderson, J.D. (1988).
3650:20 U.S. Code sec.1061,
2807:Alcorn State University
2130:White House Rose Garden
1574:Reparations for slavery
662:Back-to-Africa movement
561:Black Hebrew Israelites
439:African-American beauty
9057:Spingarn Medal winners
8546:States and territories
8317:Black NFL quarterbacks
7817:Martin Luther King Jr.
7349:Dred Scott v. Sandford
7288:Montgomery bus boycott
6988:New Orleans University
6968:Miner Teachers College
6953:Lincoln Junior College
6785:Southwestern Christian
6508:North Carolina Central
6503:North Carolina A&T
5131:July 13, 2016, at the
4128:Social Science History
4095:Negro History Bulletin
4017:Negro History Bulletin
3526:President Donald Trump
3519:President Barack Obama
3220:North Carolina A&T
3174:Martin Luther King Jr.
3062:, novelist and poet â
2912:billion dollar company
2784:, US Congressman from
2709:
2652:Ohio Valley Conference
2601:Intercollegiate sports
2224:
2151:(1954) rulings by the
2133:
2103:Johnson Junior College
2099:Jackson Junior College
2095:Lincoln Junior College
2075:Hampton Junior College
2031:in Alabama, where the
2009:Depression-era America
1848:Wilberforce University
1826:
1796:Martin Luther King Jr.
1726:Southern United States
1708:) are institutions of
1044:Dialects and languages
204:Second Great Migration
8367:Athletic associations
8302:Negro league baseball
8073:African-American Jews
7792:Ketanji Brown Jackson
7757:Henry Highland Garnet
7616:Negro National Anthem
7366:George Floyd protests
7331:Postâcivil rights era
6780:Simmons College (Ky.)
6478:Lincoln, Pennsylvania
6010:Harris, Adam (2021).
5904:12.2 (2022): 234â261.
5054:"A JSTOR Time Line",
4130:18.3 (1994): 405-437.
3678:, pp. 263â280 (2007).
3602:HBCU Library Alliance
3178:civil rights movement
3004:rapper and actress -
2703:
2583:HBCU Library Alliance
2219:
2210:Further information:
2181:HBCU Library Alliance
2124:
2087:Carver Junior College
1864:Henry Highland Garnet
1817:
1742:During the period of
1456:US metropolitan areas
1283:List of neighborhoods
897:Alabama Creole people
887:African-American Jews
819:Negro league baseball
782:National Urban League
734:Civic/economic groups
566:African-American Jews
456:African-American hair
318:, after the Civil War
147:Postâcivil rights era
8574:Afro-Seminole Creole
8100:Azusa Street Revival
7972:Booker T. Washington
7496:Underground Railroad
7361:Free people of color
7215:Atlantic slave trade
6958:Louisville Municipal
6873:Booker T. Washington
6538:SouthernâNew Orleans
6528:South Carolina State
6513:Prairie View A&M
6418:Elizabeth City State
6128:. Anuntoldstoryblog.
3879:. September 30, 2019
3565:United States portal
3374:, rapper and actor (
3105:Booker T. Washington
2875:, original judge on
2760:United States Senate
2656:Big South Conference
2409:District of Columbia
2063:Gibbs Junior College
1945:, also known as the
1830:Private institutions
1765:For a century after
1613:Criminal stereotypes
1388:District of Columbia
1105:Afro-Seminole Creole
547:Non-Christian groups
142:Black power movement
106:during the Civil War
75:Atlantic slave trade
8969:Trinidad and Tobago
8584:Black American Sign
8411:By African descent
8405:Ethnic subdivisions
8392:Southwestern (SWAC)
8307:Baseball color line
8222:Black Panther Party
8126:Political movements
8043:in computer science
7702:Carol Moseley Braun
7491:Tulsa race massacre
7484:Treatment of slaves
7316:March on Washington
7311:Birmingham movement
6830:Virginia University
6582:Winston-Salem State
6577:West Virginia State
6543:SouthernâShreveport
6373:ArkansasâPine Bluff
6290:HBCU Sports history
5684:The Washington Post
4836:. October 13, 2022.
4797:. October 11, 2016.
4083:William Wilberforce
4001:. November 8, 2022.
3835:Favors, J. (2020).
3533:President Joe Biden
2998:Megan Thee Stallion
2922:Tuskegee University
2903:Tuskegee University
2890:Tuskegee University
2881:Southern University
2693:Notable HBCU alumni
2681:, whereas the HBCU
2547:Langston University
2329:
2250:is second with 11.
2043:After the landmark
2029:Tuskegee University
1930:land grant colleges
1920:Public institutions
1009:Sierra Leone Creole
970:Specific ancestries
855:Southwestern (SWAC)
378:Black History Month
209:New Great Migration
163:Agriculture history
9067:US representatives
9062:US cabinet members
8954:Dominican Republic
8541:Metropolitan areas
8382:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
8207:Civic and economic
8185:Self-determination
8006:Education, science
7927:Fred Shuttlesworth
7907:A. Philip Randolph
7812:Coretta Scott King
7737:Frederick Douglass
7564:Harlem Renaissance
7469:Separate but equal
7459:Reconstruction era
7447:Plessy v. Ferguson
7338:Cornerstone Speech
7252:Civil Rights Acts
7235:Black Lives Matter
7210:American Civil War
7028:Terrell Law School
6850:Xavier (Louisiana)
6423:Fayetteville State
6016:. New York: Ecco.
5801:. November 1, 2022
5783:. October 6, 2019.
5654:"NAIA Conferences"
5563:Insidehighered.com
5404:Public.tableau.com
5239:Bluefieldstate.edu
3711:on October 5, 2015
3033:Hampton University
2803:Medgar Wiley Evers
2777:Lincoln University
2736:correspondent for
2710:
2644:Hampton University
2587:Cornell University
2327:
2306:affirmative action
2225:
2157:racial segregation
2153:U.S. Supreme Court
2134:
2055:separate but equal
1880:American Civil War
1868:Alexander Crummell
1860:Frederick Douglass
1844:Lincoln University
1827:
1722:Reconstruction era
1018:Sexual orientation
892:Afro-Puerto Ricans
845:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
480:Self-determination
444:Black is beautiful
110:Reconstruction era
18:Historically black
9174:
9173:
9002:African Americans
8874:DallasâFort Worth
8469:Black Southerners
8400:
8399:
7852:Thurgood Marshall
7822:Bernard Lafayette
7417:Million Man March
7174:African Americans
7140:
7139:
6933:Immanuel Lutheran
6893:Concordia Alabama
6473:Lincoln, Missouri
6433:Fort Valley State
6203:978-0-275-94267-0
6176:978-1-64375-386-7
6144:978-1-61735-852-4
6050:978-0-88146-534-1
6023:978-0-06-297648-2
6002:978-0-230-60273-1
5975:978-1-4696-4833-0
5944:978-0-7385-0554-1
5923:978-0-313-39416-4
5893:978-1-4128-1219-1
5855:Arnold, Noelle W.
5735:The White House.
5724:. April 20, 2021.
5537:Hbculigraries.org
5194:978-1-138-57261-4
5115:978-1-349-50267-7
5095:978-1-119-10843-6
5073:978-1-4008-4311-4
4928:978-0-674-91658-6
4908:. August 9, 2023.
4747:Hbuclibraries.org
4728:978-0-230-61726-1
4674:20 U.S.C. § 1061.
4639:20 U.S.C. § 1062.
4487:978-0-7425-4617-2
4400:Annals of Science
4343:978-0-415-94610-0
4170:978-1-59884-361-3
4116:978-0-8018-8604-1
4106:Marybeth Gasman,
3968:Marybeth Gasman,
3845:978-1-4696-4833-0
3825:978-1-349-50267-7
3802:Marybeth Gasman,
3741:978-1-4384-5690-4
3254:Samuel L. Jackson
3147:Thurgood Marshall
3038:André Leon Talley
2955:in NFL history â
2864:Howard University
2816:Katherine Johnson
2773:Roscoe Lee Browne
2768:Howard University
2638:(1990s), and the
2538:According to the
2531:
2530:
2290:multiplier effect
2263:Talladega College
2173:George H. W. Bush
2144:Sweatt v. Painter
2005:Spanish Civil War
1888:Freedmen's Bureau
1800:Thurgood Marshall
1732:of 1890 required
1718:African Americans
1699:
1698:
1636:
1635:
1534:
1533:
1308:Dallas-Fort Worth
1125:
1124:
1035:
1034:
979:Americo-Liberians
862:
861:
800:
799:
725:
724:
594:
593:
538:Womanist theology
488:
487:
430:Symbols and ideas
216:
215:
95:Antebellum period
90:Revolutionary War
45:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
9204:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9126:Lynching victims
8625:Louisiana Creole
8596:American English
8484:Louisiana Creole
8457:Choctaw freedmen
8295:
8294:
7832:Huddie Ledbetter
7772:Fannie Lou Hamer
7742:W. E. B. Du Bois
7732:Claudette Colvin
7727:Shirley Chisholm
7544:Family structure
7412:Military history
7294:Browder v. Gayle
7167:
7160:
7153:
7144:
7143:
7087:(Texas Southern)
6928:Haygood Seminary
6685:Johnson C. Smith
6680:Jarvis Christian
6670:HustonâTillotson
6605:Arkansas Baptist
6523:Shelton State CC
6438:Gadsden State CC
6325:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6264:
6254:
6236:
6207:
6188:
6161:
6160:. NCES 2004â062.
6148:
6129:
6120:
6091:
6054:
6035:
6006:
5987:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5947:. Archived from
5927:
5915:
5897:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5769:. March 7, 2022.
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5721:Associated Press
5712:
5706:
5705:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5429:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5400:"Tableau Public"
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5376:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5320:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5182:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5142:
5136:
5123:
5117:
5103:
5097:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5051:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5020:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4939:
4930:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4775:. April 28, 2015
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4749:. April 23, 2010
4739:
4733:
4732:
4716:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4659:. Archived from
4646:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4613:
4607:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4592:. July 12, 2012.
4582:
4576:
4575:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4479:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4154:
4148:
4143:13 (2016): 4-13
4137:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4104:
4098:
4079:
4073:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:. Archived from
4026:
4020:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3833:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3790:The New Republic
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3648:
3587:Black Ivy League
3581:
3579:Education portal
3576:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3539:HBCU homecomings
3494:
3471:
3452:
3429:
3410:
3387:
3368:
3353:Chadwick Boseman
3349:
3334:Taraji P. Henson
3330:
3311:
3292:
3269:
3250:
3231:
3212:
3193:
3176:, leader of the
3170:
3143:
3124:W. E. B. Du Bois
3120:
3101:
3071:, former 4-time
3011:Leon H. Sullivan
2989:Stephen A. Smith
2914:- Virginia State
2762:and to serve as
2679:NCAA Division II
2677:are part of the
2669:The mostly HBCU
2640:Celebration Bowl
2571:
2330:
2326:
2237:Washington, D.C.
1771:American slavery
1691:
1684:
1677:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1598:media depictions
1547:
1546:
1442:Population count
1138:
1137:
1072:Liberian English
1051:English dialects
1048:
1047:
1004:SamanĂĄ Americans
929:Creoles of color
875:
874:
813:
812:
757:Black conductors
738:
737:
607:
606:
581:Louisiana Voodoo
503:
502:
248:Family structure
231:
230:
178:Military history
173:Business history
104:military history
59:
58:
32:
31:
21:
9212:
9211:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9177:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9145:
9111:Historic places
9104:US state firsts
8990:
8905:
8629:
8562:
8534:2010 majorities
8529:2000 majorities
8500:
8447:Black Seminoles
8396:
8387:Southern (SIAC)
8370:
8369:and conferences
8368:
8361:
8357:Serena Williams
8352:Jackie Robinson
8286:
8210:
8208:
8201:
8121:
8088:Nation of Islam
8059:
8007:
8001:
7942:Sojourner Truth
7932:Clarence Thomas
7897:Gabriel Prosser
7797:Michael Jackson
7672:Crispus Attucks
7662:Ralph Abernathy
7650:
7606:Musical theater
7505:
7371:Great Migration
7343:COVID-19 impact
7301:Sit-in movement
7176:
7171:
7141:
7136:
7090:
7047:
7008:SCSU Law School
6908:Georgia Baptist
6888:Collier-Blocker
6860:
6854:
6800:St. Augustine's
6760:Philander Smith
6625:BethuneâCookman
6592:
6586:
6548:Tennessee State
6443:Grambling State
6428:Florida A&M
6383:Bluefield State
6378:Bishop State CC
6353:Alabama A&M
6345:
6339:
6329:
6271:
6257:
6247:
6244:
6242:Primary sources
6239:
6204:
6177:
6145:
6072:10.2307/2293639
6051:
6024:
6003:
5976:
5954:
5952:
5951:on May 22, 2009
5945:
5937:. Arcadia Pub.
5924:
5894:
5872:
5870:
5848:
5846:Further reading
5843:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5741:The White House
5733:
5729:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5211:hbcuconnect.com
5205:
5204:
5200:
5183:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5133:Wayback Machine
5124:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5053:
5052:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4870:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4773:Byrne.house.gov
4767:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4663:on May 13, 2008
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4614:
4610:
4601:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4552:Urban Education
4548:
4541:
4506:Urban Education
4502:
4498:
4488:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4431:
4427:
4396:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4344:
4330:
4326:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4243:
4230:
4226:
4214:John W. Davis,
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4155:
4151:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4080:
4076:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4040:on May 31, 2019
4034:"Archived copy"
4032:
4027:
4023:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:Jones, Brandy.
3764:
3757:
3742:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3668:Wayback Machine
3658:Wayback Machine
3649:
3645:
3640:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3541:
3512:
3505:
3495:
3486:
3483:Philander Smith
3475:Joycelyn Elders
3472:
3463:
3453:
3444:
3430:
3421:
3418:Grambling State
3411:
3402:
3391:Michael Strahan
3388:
3379:
3376:Florida A&M
3369:
3360:
3350:
3341:
3331:
3322:
3312:
3303:
3293:
3284:
3270:
3261:
3251:
3242:
3232:
3223:
3213:
3204:
3194:
3185:
3171:
3162:
3144:
3135:
3121:
3112:
3102:
3090:Grambling State
3064:Spelman College
3054:Tuskegee Airmen
2962:Anika Noni Rose
2932:graduated from
2860:Fisk University
2843:Fisk University
2717:Ralph Abernathy
2698:
2695:
2685:is part of the
2620:NCAA Division I
2617:
2603:
2579:
2569:
2551:Shaw University
2350:
2345:
2302:
2255:Spelman College
2214:
2208:
2119:
2051:junior colleges
2041:
2033:Tuskegee Airmen
2025:
1992:
1990:Jewish refugees
1983:
1959:
1922:
1905:(1865â1955) in
1899:Shaw University
1832:
1812:
1695:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1588:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1475:
1437:
1413:Omaha, Nebraska
1378:Historic places
1372:
1264:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1086:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1013:
965:
907:Black Seminoles
872:
871:Sub-communities
864:
863:
850:Southern (SIAC)
810:
802:
801:
796:
751:
735:
727:
726:
721:
638:
604:
596:
595:
590:
576:Nation of Islam
542:
519:
500:
490:
489:
484:
425:
392:
359:
331:
292:
268:Musical theater
228:
218:
217:
199:Great Migration
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9210:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9156:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9077:Visual artists
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9037:Mathematicians
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8915:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8861:
8856:
8854:South Carolina
8851:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8824:North Carolina
8821:
8820:
8819:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8792:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8769:Massachusetts
8767:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8750:
8749:
8748:
8738:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8670:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8611:social context
8608:
8598:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8543:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8462:Creek Freedmen
8459:
8454:
8449:
8439:
8437:Alabama Creole
8434:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8377:Central (CIAA)
8373:
8371:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8170:Pan-Africanism
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8112:Black theology
8109:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8053:in STEM fields
8050:
8045:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8009:
8008:and technology
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7947:Harriet Tubman
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7877:Michelle Obama
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7807:Barbara Jordan
7804:
7802:Harriet Jacobs
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7692:Amelia Boynton
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7655:Notable people
7652:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7591:LGBT community
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7515:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7443:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7390:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Freedom Riders
7303:
7298:
7290:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7250:
7245:
7237:
7232:
7230:Black genocide
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7170:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7147:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7038:Volusia County
7035:
7030:
7025:
7023:Suwannee River
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6864:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6825:Virginia Union
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6572:Virginia State
6569:
6564:
6555:
6553:Texas Southern
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6518:Savannah State
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6463:Kentucky State
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6413:Delaware State
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6270:
6269:External links
6267:
6266:
6265:
6255:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6208:
6202:
6189:
6175:
6162:
6149:
6143:
6130:
6121:
6092:
6055:
6049:
6036:
6022:
6007:
6001:
5988:
5974:
5961:
5943:
5928:
5922:
5905:
5898:
5892:
5879:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5826:
5812:
5786:
5772:
5758:
5727:
5707:
5689:
5670:
5645:
5623:
5601:
5576:
5550:
5521:
5509:
5481:
5456:
5444:
5416:
5391:
5363:
5335:
5307:
5279:
5251:
5223:
5198:
5177:
5164:
5137:
5118:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5035:
5007:
4982:
4972:
4959:
4931:
4911:
4897:
4883:
4861:
4839:
4825:
4800:
4786:
4760:
4734:
4727:
4701:
4676:
4641:
4632:
4626:
4608:
4595:
4577:
4539:
4496:
4486:
4464:
4451:
4425:
4385:
4357:
4342:
4324:
4295:10.2307/369629
4273:
4256:
4249:20 U.S.C.
4241:
4224:
4222:p. 312 (1933).
4207:
4198:
4176:
4169:
4149:
4132:
4119:
4099:
4074:
4072:p. 392 (1973).
4021:
4004:
3990:
3974:
3961:
3939:
3912:
3890:
3862:
3848:
3828:
3808:
3795:
3776:
3755:
3740:
3722:
3696:
3680:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3568:
3552:
3549:
3540:
3537:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3433:Leontyne Price
3431:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3399:Texas Southern
3389:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3149:, first black
3145:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3057:
3050:
3048:Virginia State
3035:
3022:
3008:
3006:Texas Southern
3002:Grammy-winning
2995:
2986:
2973:
2959:
2946:
2937:
2924:
2915:
2908:Reginald Lewis
2905:
2892:
2886:Lonnie Johnson
2883:
2870:
2852:US Congressman
2848:Alcee Hastings
2845:
2839:Nikki Giovanni
2836:
2823:
2814:mathematician
2809:
2800:
2779:
2770:
2753:
2744:
2732:, first black
2727:
2694:
2691:
2602:
2599:
2578:
2575:
2561:, 12%; and at
2557:, 12%; at the
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:North Carolina
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:North Carolina
2471:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:North Carolina
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:North Carolina
2439:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2301:
2298:
2248:North Carolina
2227:Annually, the
2207:
2206:Current status
2204:
2118:
2115:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2021:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1958:
1955:
1921:
1918:
1907:Harper's Ferry
1903:Storer College
1831:
1828:
1811:
1808:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Black genocide
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:US communities
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:South Carolina
1420:
1418:North Carolina
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:South Carolina
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:North Carolina
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:SamanĂĄ English
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1027:LGBT community
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
984:Creek Freedmen
981:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
957:
956:
954:Carmel Indians
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
915:
914:
909:
899:
894:
889:
883:
880:
879:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
835:Central (CIAA)
829:
828:
824:
823:
822:
821:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
746:
743:
742:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
722:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
702:Pan-Africanism
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
612:
611:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
591:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
541:
540:
535:
533:Black theology
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
518:
517:
511:
508:
507:
501:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
477:
470:
465:
464:
463:
453:
448:
447:
446:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
399:
398:
397:Economic class
394:
393:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
341:
338:
337:
336:Academic study
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
313:
308:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
118:
117:
107:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9209:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9136:Neighborhoods
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9099:Sports firsts
9097:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8901:West Virginia
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8838:Pennsylvania
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8818:
8817:New York City
8815:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8661:San Francisco
8659:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:By state/city
8632:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8579:American Sign
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8565:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8512:Neighborhoods
8510:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8442:Black Indians
8440:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8364:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8020:Black schools
8018:
8016:
8015:Black studies
8013:
8012:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7997:Whitney Young
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:Oprah Winfrey
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:Denmark Vesey
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7902:Joseph Rainey
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Toni Morrison
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Joseph Lowery
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7787:Jesse Jackson
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7777:Kamala Harris
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7762:Marcus Garvey
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7712:Blanche Bruce
7710:
7708:
7707:Edward Brooke
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7697:James Bradley
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7677:James Baldwin
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7621:Neighborhoods
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7474:Silent Parade
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:Jim Crow laws
7400:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7225:Black cowboys
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7154:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6903:Frelinghuysen
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Texas College
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Pensole Lewis
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:Edward Waters
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Clark Atlanta
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:BarberâScotia
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Norfolk State
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:Jackson State
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6393:Central State
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Alabama State
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6219:(1): 93â119.
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6103:(4): 323â35.
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6066:(3): 245â51.
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:. Greenwood.
5914:
5913:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5633:
5627:
5611:
5605:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5433:
5426:
5420:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5352:
5345:
5339:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5268:
5261:
5255:
5240:
5233:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5024:
5017:
5011:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4976:
4969:
4963:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4866:
4849:
4843:
4835:
4829:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4629:
4627:1-885066-01-5
4623:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:(5): 611â29.
4511:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4468:
4461:
4455:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:(3): 217â46.
4405:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:. Routledge.
4335:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:(2): 111â33.
4288:
4284:
4277:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4202:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4097:p. 83 (1971).
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3943:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3498:Stacey Abrams
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:Lionel Richie
3451:
3446:
3442:
3441:Central State
3438:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:Kamala Harris
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:Oprah Winfrey
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:Jesse Jackson
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:Toni Morrison
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Supreme Court
3148:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:Doug Williams
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:running backs
2950:
2949:Walter Payton
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:Ronald McNair
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:American Idol
2874:
2873:Randy Jackson
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:Althea Gibson
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:Majority Whip
2787:
2783:
2782:James Clyburn
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Edward Brooke
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2706:Kamala Harris
2702:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:Heritage Bowl
2634:(1970s), the
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:Best Colleges
2542:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:West Virginia
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:West Virginia
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:College name
2331:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:In 2006, the
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:Bradley Byrne
2193:
2192:Alma S. Adams
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:provided for
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1804:Kamala Harris
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:Jim Crow laws
1772:
1768:
1767:the abolition
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1628:Minstrel show
1626:
1624:
1623:Magical Negro
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:West Virginia
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:San Francisco
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:New York City
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Nova Scotians
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
973:
969:
968:
962:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:Black Indians
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
881:
877:
876:
868:
867:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:HBCU (HBCUAC)
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:
826:
825:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
806:
805:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
748:
747:
745:
744:
741:Organizations
740:
739:
731:
730:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
646:
642:
641:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
614:
613:
610:Organizations
609:
608:
600:
599:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:
550:
546:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
527:
523:
522:
516:
513:
512:
510:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
493:
481:
478:
475:
471:
469:
466:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
429:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
400:
396:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
363:
362:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
340:
339:
335:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
301:
300:
296:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Neighborhoods
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
237:
233:
232:
227:
222:
221:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
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8678:Jacksonville
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8337:Jack Johnson
8327:Muhammad Ali
8160:Conservatism
8095:Black church
8024:
7992:Andrew Young
7977:Ida B. Wells
7967:David Walker
7962:C. T. Vivian
7917:Paul Robeson
7912:Hiram Revels
7892:Colin Powell
7872:Barack Obama
7827:James Lawson
7782:Jimi Hendrix
7752:James Farmer
7747:Medgar Evers
7717:Ralph Bunche
7667:Maya Angelou
7641:Middle class
7519:Afrofuturism
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7205:Afrocentrism
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6898:Daniel Payne
6861:institutions
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6593:institutions
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2013:antisemitism
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1328:Jacksonville
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677:Conservatism
652:Afrocentrism
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515:Black church
506:Institutions
421:Billionaires
411:Middle class
364:Celebrations
327:Fraternities
321:
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9072:US senators
9042:Republicans
9027:Journalists
8884:San Antonio
8849:Puerto Rico
8790:Mississippi
8683:Tallahassee
8656:Los Angeles
8347:Jesse Owens
8332:Arthur Ashe
8190:Nationalism
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8143:Black power
8048:in medicine
7982:Roy Wilkins
7937:Emmett Till
7922:Al Sharpton
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7646:Upper class
7636:Stereotypes
7529:Black mecca
7441:Plantations
7220:Black Codes
7052:Law Schools
6840:Wilberforce
6705:Livingstone
6388:Bowie State
6285:Divine Nine
6196:. Praeger.
5955:January 14,
5751:October 25,
5663:December 4,
5616:January 25,
5594:December 4,
5543:December 1,
5502:October 25,
5497:Lincoln.edu
5474:October 25,
5469:ir.ncat.edu
5437:October 25,
5409:October 25,
5384:October 25,
5356:October 25,
5328:October 25,
5300:October 25,
5272:October 25,
5244:October 25,
5028:January 21,
5023:Nces.ed.gov
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4952:October 25,
4947:Nces.ed.gov
4667:February 8,
4558:(1): 7â21.
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3025:Wanda Sykes
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1363:San Antonio
1343:Los Angeles
1278:Black mecca
1205:Mississippi
1112:Negro Dutch
934:Dominickers
878:Multiethnic
787:TransAfrica
697:Nationalism
667:Black power
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416:Upper class
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9181:Categories
9017:Astronauts
8807:New Jersey
8651:California
8155:Capitalism
7952:Nat Turner
7882:Rosa Parks
7867:Diane Nash
7837:John Lewis
7626:Newspapers
7596:Literature
7581:Juneteenth
7534:Businesses
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5379:Uncfsu.edu
5216:August 24,
5157:August 24,
4818:August 24,
4779:August 24,
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4044:August 11,
3638:References
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3300:Tenn State
3277:Ivy League
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8763:Baltimore
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8746:Lexington
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8668:Cleveland
8567:Languages
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8342:Joe Louis
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7767:Fred Gray
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1293:Baltimore
1269:US cities
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717:Socialism
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8795:Nebraska
8758:Maryland
8741:Kentucky
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8551:Illinois
8489:of color
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7190:Timeline
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5129:Archived
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4054:cite web
4030:History,
3905:July 17,
3664:Archived
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1333:Kentucky
1260:Virginia
1230:Oklahoma
1215:New York
1210:Nebraska
1200:Maryland
1175:Illinois
1155:Arkansas
994:Merikins
939:Freedmen
912:Mascogos
712:Populism
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468:Stepping
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9082:Writers
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9032:Jurists
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8934:Liberia
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8783:Detroit
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8712:Chicago
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8690:Georgia
8673:Florida
8641:Alabama
8591:English
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8035:Museums
7586:Kwanzaa
7511:Culture
7479:Slavery
7182:History
7043:Western
6943:Johnson
6938:Jackson
6923:Hampton
6859:Defunct
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1810:History
1516:Liberia
1398:Georgia
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8420:Gullah
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8209:groups
8039:Women
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809:Sports
556:Hoodoo
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