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from older brothers and sisters, cousins or other older children. Because cultural dance happens in everyday spaces, children often dance with older members of the community around their homes and neighborhoods, at parties and dances, on special occasions, or whenever groups of people gather to "have a good time". Cultural dance traditions are therefore often cross-generational traditions, with younger dancers often "reviving" dances from previous generations, albeit with new "cool" variations and "styling". This is not to suggest that there are no social limitations on who may dance with whom and when. Dance partners (or people to dance with) are chosen by a range of social factors, including age, sex, kinship, interest and so on. The most common dance groups are often comprised by people of a similar age, background and often sex (though this is a varying factor).
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song would then have a dance performed during it, and the term “Breakdance” was coined. Improvisation plays a key role in
Breakdancing, as it lets people express themselves and their gut impulses, similar to the moves found in Spiritual African dance, as well as compete with others and show off their skills in the spur of the moment. Being able to think on one's feet is crucial for Hip-Hop and Breakdancing, and impulsivity is part of the art style. Part of the crowd aspect of Breakdancing is the concept of cypher. Cypher refers to the group of onlookers that gather around the breakdancing performers to cheer, diss, and just generally react to the competition.
1908:, they most likely learned to dance together by creating brand-new dances to draw on their traditions without replicating them precisely. Throughout the America, slaves blended tribal rhythms from their roots in Africa with ballroom rhythms of the US to create a distinctive African-American form of dance. The tribal rhythms frequently originated from East and West Africa. The call and response dance forms that are popular among modern African-American dancers can trace their roots back to these locations. Elements of European dances were also absorbed into these creolized dances, and by the late 18th century, the area had developed a recognizable dance style.
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2280:. It incorporates dance moves that stem from Africa itself, as well as other diaspora populations like those found in Haiti and the Caribbean. This fusion style of dance, a combination of the flexibility and flow of European style dances with the African style of isolated and vivid movement, can be used to create modern techniques that better represent their history. As we see in classical ballets, where a story is being told through dance, this fusion style of dance also serves to tell the stories of African-American dancers and their ancestors.
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Francisco that was very popular throughout the different neighborhoods in the Bay Area, and they played music that was not super mainstream. The station was one of the first to play Hip-Hop music, and helped it get the outreach it needed to become popular throughout the large city. Hip-Hop dance became such an integral part of these communities, that different neighborhoods in the area would each have signature styles or techniques, and one could tell where someone was from just based on their moves.
2337:& The NAACP Sanctioned Grand March – National Black Wedding & Reunion Dance. Popular black dance organizations are perfectly paired Gentlemen of Ballroom of Cleveland Master Dancers of Akron, OH. Dance Fusion, World Class-Detroit, Majestic Gents – Chicago Smooth & Easy D.C. Tri – State – Love to dance – Sugarfoot of Baltimore, MD. The new American dance art form of African-American cultural dance and music was accepted into the New York City Schools dance education curriculum.
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Lee Ellen
Friedland and other authors argue that to talk about cultural dancing without talking about music or art or drama is like talking about fish without talking about water. Music and dance are intimately related in African-American cultural dance, not only as accompaniments, but as intertwined
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Breakdancing was created in the South Bronx, New York, in the 1970s, beginning as an underground dance movement. It started as a result of Hip-Hop music, as a physical performance during the interlude of a DJ’s set. The vocals would die out and it would be just instrumental music. This “break” in the
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Dance can also be used to bring
African-American populations together. In urban settings that face a lot of gang violence, Breakdancing could be found as an alternative form of settling disputes. It utilized the mind and body to compete against each other, and a clear winner could be found based on
1915:
The limited pictorial record indicates that the original
African movements, which emphasized bending at the waist and hips, eventually faded away in favor of a more upright style, similar to European dances. However, it has been argued that this change was not an adoption of the European style, but
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tradition. African Dance is supposed to be about a person getting connected to the ground and telling their story and struggles using dance. It also allows people to feel the vibrations of their dance beneath their feet, allowing them to dance how they please, utilizing the space that they have so
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of dance which are particular to their community. Learning to dance – learning about rhythmic movement – happens in much the same way as developing a local language 'accent" or a particular set of social values. Children learn specific dance steps or "how to dance' from their families – most often
1911:
Dance and music were a big part of
African society, and that tradition carried on in the diaspora. African American slaves also used dance and music as part of their religious ceremonies and other social events in their community. Other times, dance was forced on slaves as a way to entertain slave
2066:
in 1925, African
American dance terms began to enter mainstream American slang. Terms like "jazzin' it", "goose bumps", "in the groove", and "swing" began to be used not just by the African American performance community, but average Whites too. With the move of these terms to the mainstream, the
1940:
for their own amusement. A 1981 article by Brooke
Baldwin concludes that the cakewalk was meant "to satirize the competing culture of supposedly 'superior' whites. Slaveholders were able to dismiss its threat in their own minds by considering it as a simple performance which existed for their own
2140:
San
Francisco's Bay Area was also a big contributor to the art of Hip-Hop, both in the music and the dance aesthetics. As Hip-Hop grew in popularity in New York, the West Coast funk movement was also thriving, and the two had influences on the style of the other. KMEL was a radio station in San
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created Ballet Negre, later renamed
Chicago Dance Group. Dunham also choreographed a show entitled Rites de Passage in 1943, which detailed the story of her life in Haiti. This performance was one of the first of its kind that told a specifically Black story that detailed an experience White
1927:
Katrina
Thompson found that the evolution of black music and dance emphasizes dance as a form of release. In some instances, slaveholders forced slaves to sing and dance to entertain them while they worked. The act of singing and dancing for themselves thus became an act of reclamation. The
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that portrayed Breakdancing dance moves to the world. Since then, it has become an international art form and phenomenon, stretching to other countries like Germany, South Korea, Japan, and France. It has also found its way into many more professional dance areas, like the competition show
2103:. They were the first dance studio that was catered towards black dancers with the goal to give these dancers the change to learn all kinds of dance. Their efforts made great strides in erasing the color barrier in the field of dance, and especially in classical ballet.
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African American dance has been an important part of competition, tradition, and cultural expression, and plays an integral role in African American culture. Many of these dance moves have also been co-opted by White dancers and entered mainstream media.
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area encompassing Virginia, Maryland, and much of North Carolina was the earliest and perhaps most influential location of the black-white cultural interchange that produced "African-American" dance. Given their cultural differences, particularly with
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to local "shows" written and choreographed by African-American artists; theaters as public forums for popularizing African-American cultural dances. The Harlem Renaissance was the first time that an all-black production found itself on Broadway, with
2568:, Gus Solomon and Pearl Reynolds, he co-founded the Association of Black Choreographers, which was the predecessor to the Modern Organization for Dance Evolvement, or MODE. His work had a profound impact on many dancers and choreographers, including
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2239:, described as a dance which derived from slaves before the civil war; originally called "the prize walk". Accompanied the "ragtime" style of music in the late 19th century, which as well as the dance itself came to form from African Americans.
3891:"'Dancing the Night Away : Alvin Ailey: A Life in Dance'. By Jennifer Dunning (Addison-Wesley) : 'The Joffrey Ballet: Robert Joffrey and the Making of an American Dance Company'. By Sasha Anawalt (Scribner's) [book reviews]"
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author and researcher Frank R. Ross, who correctly replaced the old stereotyped "vernacular" (native or natural) definition of African-American dance with its correct definition as "cultural" (sanctioned by the National Dance Association and
2022:, Pigeon Wing, and Possum Walk to more audiences. This era also included a large migration of Black performers from the US to Europe to escape the intense racism that was prevalent, not just in the performance scene, but everywhere.
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1932:, for example, developed on plantations as a subtle mockery of the formal, mannered dancing practiced by slaveholding whites. The slaves would dress in handed-down finery and comically exaggerate the poised movements of
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In most African-American dance cultures, learning to dance does not happen in formal classrooms or dance studios. Children often learn to dance as they grow up, developing not only a body awareness but also
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2269:. These performances can be seen as a commentary on society at present, or in the past. Oftentimes, dance is used in a way to combat stereotypes, empower the dancers by breaking free of western and
2204:. Performances have also been integrated into everyday dance life, from the relationship between performance and socializing in tap dancing to the "shows" held at Harlem ballrooms in the 1930s.
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1920:, which requires a straight, upright spine. Black dancing continued to reflect other African characteristics such as angularity and asymmetry of body positions, multiple body rhythms or
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communal religious expression. This tradition, to the extent permitted by slave holders, continued in the antebellum worship of slaves and other African Americans. One example was the
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audiences would not be able to relate to. This was very new for its time, as the majority of the shows at that time were performances filled with White dancers, telling White stories.
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2169:. Hollywood's depictions on Breakdance have been slightly harmful though, because it has reduced the Hip-Hop dance movement to just Breakdance, and ignored many other types of dance.
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Breakdancing is a central part of African-American modern dance, as it is the base for many more specific types of dance to stem from. It is also considered one of the pillars of
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people that originated them soon followed suite. The first professional African American dance company, Hampton Creative Dance Group, was created in 1928. Soon after in 1931,
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was the first Black woman to headline a Broadway venue, and her work helped to eradicate racial stereotypes of black people, both in the performance industry and in society.
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saw the development of art, poetry, literature and theater in Harlem during the early 20th century, it also saw the development of a rich musical and dance life: clubs (
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masters, but this was reclaimed as a way for slaves to entertain themselves and pass the time while working, or at night when spending time with each other.
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Welsh-Asante Kariamu. "African-American dance in curricula: modes of inclusion" (Pathways to Aesthetic Literacy: Revealing Culture in the Dance Curriculum)
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audience reactions, but it did not require any violence. Gangs could settle arguments with solo or crew performances, without any weapons or bloodshed.
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After the start of the slave trade in the 1500s, Africans brought their dances to North, Central, and South America, along with the Caribbean islands.
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2578:(born 1940) danced with Pomare's company, contributed to the definition of "Black Dance", and leaves a huge legacy in Australia in the form of the
2530:. He spent several years working in both concert and theater dance. In 1958, Ailey and a group of young African-American dancers performed as the
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in the early church. Dancing, especially as a group, became less frequent when African Americans joined more liturgical denominations such as
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was a way for black people, mostly LGBTQ+ performers and women, to come together and compete, to show off, and have a chance to be seen.
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movement of the 1960s and 1970s as well as efforts by groups such as The Sacred Dance Guild fostered this dance form, which draws on
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movement (flexible torso and spine, articulated pelvis, isolation of the limbs, and polyrhythmic movement). Notable people included:
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Early performances of African American dances in mainstream spaces were not done by Black performers, but rather White dancers in
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and composition on the spot, in a social context – rather than a strict division between "creation" and "performance", as in the
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1963:. These dance performances were interpreted more as a satirical comedy or "slapstick burlesque" as opposed to genuine artistry.
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4160:"Where They At: New Orleans Hip-Hop and Bounce in Words and Pictures. Aubrey Edwards and Alison Fensterstock. New Orleans 2010"
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2560:(1937–2008) was born in Colombia, but moved to New York as a child, and later founded the Eleo Pomare Dance Company. With
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who traveled with bands in the early 20th century, describing the way tap dancers worked with the musicians to create new
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Competition has long played an important role in social dance in African-American social dance, from the "battles"' of
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have also provided opportunities for African-American artists to share their work and for the public to support them.
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2398:, and John F. Szwed and Morton Marks have discussed the development of jazz and jazz dance in America from European
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developed Vaudeville touring companies and theater circuits to showcase African-American talent, paving the way for
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mothers (leaders of the drag houses). It discusses how they started, how they came to be, and the culture of them.
1991:
1836:, these dances are characterized by ongoing change and development. There are a number of notable African-American
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communities in the United States, rather than studios, schools, or companies. These dances are usually centered on
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Szwed, John F., and Morton Marks. "The Afro-American Transformation of European Set Dances and Dance Suites."
2006:, a fusion of Irish and African American movements, was made popular at this time by Black dancers, including
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Friedland, LeeEllen. "Social Commentary in African-American Movement Performance", in Brenda Farnell (ed.),
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has become more accepted as and element of worship even among Methodist and other liturgical churches. The
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4245:"Is Fortnite stealing black dance culture? The creator of the ‘Milly Rock’ argues yes in a new lawsuit"
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The African Aesthetic: Keeper of the Traditions (Contributions in Afro-American & African Studies)
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3730:, Masculine Identity and Performance in the Circuit, University Press of Colorado, pp. 163–183,
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3427:|journal=Encyclopedia of Race and Racism |publisher=Gale |volume=P. Mason Ed. |via=CREDO Reference}}
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Hazzard-Gordon, Katrina. "African-American Vernacular Dance: Core Culture and Meaning Operatives."
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Dance is used in this case to tell stories that are personal to those of African descent and the
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3939:"For Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, the themes that inspired its founder are as relevant as ever"
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2002:, who ran a touring company considered 'an incubator for Black Talent,' especially dancers.
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Human Action Signs in Cultural Context: The Visible and the Invisible in Movement and Dance
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Ring Shout, Wheel About: The Racial Politics of Music and Dance in North American Slavery
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African American dance has had many waves of ingenuity, especially in the 20th century.
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was an especially important time for this artform and greatly influenced modern dance.
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companies using African-American cultural dance as an inspiration, among these are the
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and other black spaces as the birthplaces of new dances, theaters and the shift from
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is a documentary about ball culture and its evolution shown through the eyes of the
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https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDIzMzI5MQ==?aid=129805
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Milwaukee United Steppers giving a glimpse of Milwaukee Style stepping and bopping
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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Jackson, Jonathan David. "Improvisation in African-American Vernacular Dancing."
4140:"Tennessee Voices, Episode 208: Eddie Bailey, Memphis-born documentary filmmaker"
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churches. Individuals often rose to dance when moved to do so. Since the 1970s,
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Breakdancing became mainstream in the 1980s, following the release of the movie
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6550:
6311:
5716:
5679:
5669:
5429:
5424:
5366:
5201:
5131:
5061:
5056:
4560:
4484:
4144:
3827:
3601:"Paris Is Burning, Jennie Livingston (dir.) (1990), USA: Off White Productions"
2987:
2951:
2854:
2849:
2711:
2523:
2056:
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1662:
1087:
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815:
805:
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1883:
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7396:
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5096:
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5031:
5016:
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4656:
4479:
4379:
African Culture the Rhythms of Unity: The Rhythms of Unity Africa World Press
4076:
3624:
3534:
3229:
3219:
3010:
3005:
2972:
2941:
2903:
2823:
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2535:
2527:
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2504:
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2100:
2052:
2007:
1983:
1917:
1905:
1833:
1813:
1731:
1726:
4392:
Discussion of the roots of African-American social dance with demonstrations
3476:
The Handy Answer Book Series: The Handy African American History Answer Book
1966:
But at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, all-Black
7764:
7747:
7726:
7644:
7573:
7503:
7446:
7291:
7231:
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6993:
6935:
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6708:
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6513:
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5216:
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5126:
5036:
5006:
5001:
4971:
4921:
4773:
4459:
4053:"Shared Possessions: Black Pentecostals, Afro-Caribbeans, and Sacred Music"
3735:
3600:
3526:
3507:
Baldwin, Brooke (1981). "The Cakewalk: A Study in Stereotype and Reality".
3224:
3159:
3138:
2795:
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755:
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3616:
7809:
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6431:
5601:
5586:
5434:
5397:
5236:
5191:
5176:
4941:
4936:
4783:
3148:
3134:
2982:
2859:
2701:
2620:
2557:
2515:
2459:, African and Caribbean movement integrated with ballet and modern dance.
2273:
beauty standards, and help them work through generational racial trauma.
2262:
2096:
2088:
2035:
1971:
1381:
1037:
890:
770:
554:
125:
4328:
Jookin': The Rise of Social Dance Formations in African-American Culture
7030:
7020:
7008:
6920:
6853:
6815:
6798:
6793:
6713:
6698:
6673:
6540:
6483:
5136:
5121:
5091:
5086:
4835:
4803:
4642:
4610:
3542:
3445:
Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader
3365:"9 Internationally Acclaimed Black Dance Companies Besides Alvin Ailey"
3334:
3310:
3214:
3104:
2976:
2872:
2800:
2778:
2657:
2636:
2600:
2543:
2357:
2294:
2245:
2217:
2213:
2161:
2121:
2047:
2043:
2019:
1967:
1921:
1821:
486:
225:
129:
5472:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
4365:
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
6955:
6835:
6783:
6575:
6545:
5750:
5596:
5101:
4885:
4823:
4718:
3685:. St. James Press (Ed.). St. James Press – via CREDO Reference.
3657:. St. James Press (Ed.). St. James Press – via CREDO Reference.
3115:
3030:
3020:
2740:
2723:
2604:
2425:
2399:
2341:
2250:
2197:
2003:
1960:
1832:
often supplies complementary aspects to this. Placing great value on
1711:
1052:
785:
564:
391:
4397:
4344:
Steppin' on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance
4217:
3963:. Includes link to extensive notes summarising the videoed interview
3285:
Steppin' on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance
121:
24:
6905:
6808:
6503:
6488:
6223:
6218:
5728:
4107:"Sacred Dance Guild | Celebrating Dance as a Sacred Art since 1958"
3973:
Eleo Pomare was interviewed by The HistoryMakers on April 18, 2007.
3209:
3130:
3094:
2706:
2612:
2608:
2485:
2391:
2236:
2223:
2201:
1929:
1097:
1022:
1015:
5487:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3826:. Katherine Dunham Centers for Arts and Humanities. Archived from
2550:
as inspiration. His most popular and critically acclaimed work is
2424:
African America modern dance blends modern dance with African and
6533:
4840:
3099:
3025:
2992:
2931:
2833:
2616:
2448:
2407:
2345:
1185:
491:
4106:
3811:
Soul Dancing! The Essential African American Cultural Dance Book
3698:"The Extraordinary Story Of Why A 'Cakewalk' Wasn't Always Easy"
7624:
7472:
6858:
5674:
3120:
2828:
2590:
2471:
2386:
It is equally important to talk about the relationship between
2375:
2369:
1933:
1092:
4166:. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019
2305:"African American Cultural Dance" was a description coined by
1944:
Black slaves would often dance after a day of picking cotton.
6940:
6873:
6631:
5486:
4007:
3407:. Johns Hopkins University Press – via CREDO Reference.
3076:
2898:
2893:
2539:
2447:
in 1936 and then the Katherine Dunham Dance Company based in
2379:
2317:
Some of the popular African-American dances of today are the
2079:
Ballet rehearsal at the Dance Theater of Harlem, 24 July 1971
1970:
shows with chorus line dancers started popping up, including
1937:
865:
3549:
3250:"Dancin' on the Shoulders of Our Ancestors: An Introduction"
2172:
2136:
Hip hop street dancing, aka break dancing, in San Francisco.
2132:
2110:
was a popular type of performance at events known as Balls.
2018:. Shows from this era introduced dances like the Cakewalk,
5531:
3447:, University of Illinois Press, 2009. Illustrated edition.
2818:
2640:
2353:
2025:
895:
2153:, and is essential to that music community and aesthetic.
4346:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
4285:
Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African-American Dance
4266:
3288:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 79–82, 112–115.
6600:
2261:
African-American dance is often used as a way to combat
4314:
Digging the Africanist Presence in American Performance
3311:"African-American Dance: Researching a Complex History"
2437:
Katherine Dunham in "Tropical Revue". October 16, 1943
2387:
2348:. Much has been written about the relationship between
1808:
is a form of dance that was created by Africans in the
1994:. Notable entertainers included dancer/choreographer
4201:"Dirty Decade: Rap Music and the US South, 1997–2007"
4262:"Hip Hop Dances and the Songs That Popularized Them"
2287:
1916:
actually reflected the African practice of carrying
1816:. It has developed within various spaces throughout
1688:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4351:Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance
4292:Black Dance in the United States from 1619 to 1970
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
2413:
2340:Jacqui Malone describes the relationships between
4287:. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.
7985:
5522:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4316:. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1996.
3783:. P. Mason Ed. Gale – via CREDO Reference.
3478:. Visible Ink Press – via CREDO Reference.
2144:
5567:Black players in professional American football
5517:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3805:
3803:
3430:
4330:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
3398:
3133:, part of a larger set of moves unique to the
415:Education of freed people during the Civil War
7488:
6616:
6447:
4413:
4125:
4123:
3949:
3920:"Alvin Ailey: Believer in the Power of Dance"
3419:"Black History and Dance in America, a story"
2508:(1945). Her dance company developed into the
1894:
1786:
5280:Historically black colleges and universities
3848:
3800:
3605:Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture
2591:African-American sacred and liturgical dance
426:Historically black colleges and universities
3813:. Reston: National Dance Association, 2010.
410:Education during the slave period in the US
7495:
7481:
6623:
6609:
6461:
6454:
6440:
4420:
4406:
4120:
2406:in relation to the development of musical
1793:
1779:
733:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
5497:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4353:. 3rd edn. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.
4294:. California: National Press Books, 1972.
4216:
3683:St. James Encyclopedia of Hip Hop Culture
3655:St. James Encyclopedia of Hip Hop Culture
2173:Performance, competition and social dance
189:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3863:
3797:. London: Scarecrow Press, 1995. 136–57.
3488:
3367:. Atlanta Black Star. Atlanta Black Star
2462:
2432:
2176:
2131:
2074:
2026:New York City and the Harlem Renaissance
1882:
120:
4129:Approved by National Dance Association.
3917:
3774:
3506:
3308:
2538:. He drew upon his "blood memories" of
2443:(1909–2006) trained in ballet, founded
2256:
7986:
6396:Topics related to the African diaspora
5502:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4020:
4018:
3918:Dunning, Jennifer (10 December 1989).
3695:
3648:
3281:
3247:
2717:
2207:
7476:
6604:
6435:
6376:Landmark African-American legislation
4427:
4401:
4349:Stearns, Marshall, and Jean Stearns.
3995:
3936:
3770:
3768:
3721:
3696:Gahndi, Lakshmi (December 23, 2013).
3676:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3644:
3642:
3598:
3579:
3502:
3500:
3469:
2595:Dance was and is an integral part of
2510:Pearl Primus Dance Language Institute
2220:and the importance of the front porch
931:Athletic associations and conferences
420:History of African-American education
5507:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4198:
4050:
4030:www.theafricanamericanlectionary.org
3465:
3463:
3461:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
2383:they can express themselves freely.
2230:
854:Association for the Study of African
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7591:CBX: Canadian Ballroom Extravaganza
5861:African-American Vernacular English
4015:
2651:
2646:
1998:, "The Queen of Cakewalk", and The
1947:
1668:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1169:African-American Vernacular English
738:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
6474:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
5779:U.S. cities with large populations
5482:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4277:
4243:Flynn, Meagan (December 6, 2018),
3937:Crabb, Michael (30 January 2019).
3765:
3661:
3639:
3497:
3362:
3064:
2960:
2611:but was more likely maintained in
2532:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
2451:. In 1945, she opened a school in
1846:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
871:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
8015:
7767:(founder & inventor of vogue)
4652:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4648:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4455:African American founding fathers
4385:
4301:. McFarland & Company, 2007.
4225:from the original on July 5, 2017
4032:. The African American Lectionary
4026:"The African American Lectionary"
3489:Thompson, Katrina Dyonne (2014).
3458:
3379:
3203:Modern dance in the United States
2420:Modern dance in the United States
2288:Tradition and Cultural Expression
1575:Places by plurality of population
241:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
231:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
184:Abolitionism in the United States
7502:
6589:
6414:
5532:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4677:Nadir of American race relations
3851:Katherine Dunham: Dancing a Life
3599:Allen, Patrick S. (2022-09-01).
3561:, February 1953. Vol. 8, p. 100.
3405:Encyclopedia of American Studies
2226:, cabaret clubs and church halls
1992:African-American Musical Theater
1750:
272:Black Belt in the American South
23:
7973:African-American LGBT community
7847:Robbie St. Laurent (co-founder)
7417:Dance in mythology and religion
4538:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4528:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
4254:
4237:
4192:
4152:
4132:
4099:
4085:10.5406/blacmusiresej.32.1.0005
4069:10.5406/blacmusiresej.32.1.0005
4044:
3930:
3911:
3883:
3857:
3853:. University of Illinois Press.
3842:
3816:
3787:
3781:Encyclopedia of Race and Racism
3715:
3689:
3592:
3573:
3564:
3493:. University of Illinois Press.
2689:
2127:
1924:, and a low center of gravity.
876:National Council of Negro Women
34:needs additional citations for
7850:Terry St. Laurent (co-founder)
7844:Chris St. Laurent (co-founder)
5527:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4533:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3482:
3411:
3356:
3302:
3275:
3257:Journal of Pan African Studies
3241:
2668:Stick dance (African-American)
2639:. Since the late 1980s gospel
1673:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6479:American Negro Ballet Company
5707:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4683:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3235:
2414:African-American modern dance
2145:African-American Modern Dance
881:National Pan-Hellenic Council
4057:Black Music Research Journal
3849:Aschenbenner, Joyce (2002).
2838:Adult African American Dance
2390:MCs, b-boys and b-girls and
2364:while they are in process –
1683:School segregation in the US
1221:Black American Sign Language
1195:Languages and other dialects
7:
7806:Lottie LaBeija (co-founder)
5577:Black players in ice hockey
5512:National Urban League (NUL)
5338:American Society of Muslims
4576:Selma to Montgomery marches
4496:Brown v. Board of Education
3399:LaPointe-Crump, J. (2021).
3176:
3137:style of hip hop known as "
2312:International Dance Council
1978:. Black entrepreneurs like
510:African-American businesses
10:
8020:
7999:Dance in the United States
7781:Richard Ebony (co-founder)
5734:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5492:Nashville Student Movement
4503:Children of the plantation
4312:Gottschild, Brenda Dixon.
3866:"Pearl Primus (1919–1994)"
3864:Mennenga, Lacinda (2008).
3198:Dance in the United States
3112:(popularized in the 2000s)
2721:
2518:(1931–1989) studied under
2495:The Negro Speaks of Rivers
2476:National Library of Israel
2457:Katherine Dunham Technique
2417:
2307:National Dance Association
2167:So You Think You Can Dance
1895:Development during slavery
1878:
1048:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
723:Congressional Black Caucus
690:African Diaspora Religions
477:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
7966:Blond Ambition World Tour
7917:
7890:Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza
7862:
7837:
7823:
7791:
7774:
7757:
7740:
7685:
7668:
7657:
7617:
7601:
7517:
7510:
7372:
7059:
6969:
6844:
6734:
6666:
6638:
6630:
6587:
6469:
6404:
6371:Index of related articles
6249:
6164:
5888:
5821:
5759:
5659:
5620:
5552:
5545:
5460:
5380:
5372:Doctrine of Father Divine
5318:
5260:
4909:
4764:
4756:Women's suffrage movement
4709:Reconstruction Amendments
4516:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4435:
4367:(AAHPERD) (July 28, 2005)
4326:Hazzard-Gordon, Katrina.
4184:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4003:"Johnson, Carole (1940–)"
3510:Journal of Social History
3327:10.1017/S0149767700004472
2062:Following the release of
1555:US states and territories
856:American Life and History
578:Lift Every Voice and Sing
287:Treatment of the enslaved
8004:African-American culture
7937:African-American culture
7864:The House of Xtravaganza
7838:The House of St. Laurent
7784:Larry Ebony (co-founder)
6421:United States portal
5856:African-American English
5285:Inventors and scientists
4977:George Washington Carver
4581:Chicago Freedom Movement
4374:, Greenwood Press, 1993.
4339:33.2 (2001/2002): 40–53.
4321:Journal of Black Studies
4051:Reed, Teresa L. (2012).
3957:"Eleo Pomare: Biography"
3401:"African American Dance"
3188:African-American history
3183:African-American culture
3141:", especially post-[
2881:
2806:
2784:
1854:Katherine Dunham Company
1757:United States portal
1164:African-American English
675:African-American Muslims
236:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
58:"African-American dance"
6344:African-American firsts
5393:Back-to-Africa movement
5362:Black Hebrew Israelites
5142:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4690:Partus sequitur ventrem
3519:Oxford University Press
3309:Jackson, Naomi (1996).
2327:Walking, D.C. Baltimore
2093:Dance Theater of Harlem
2008:Bill Bojangles Robinson
1918:heavy loads on the head
1850:Dance Theatre of Harlem
1678:Reparations for slavery
766:Back-to-Africa movement
665:Black Hebrew Israelites
543:African-American beauty
7994:African-American dance
7942:African-American dance
7871:Hector Valle (founder)
6463:African-American dance
6312:Spingarn Medal winners
5801:States and territories
5572:Black NFL quarterbacks
5072:Martin Luther King Jr.
4604:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4543:Montgomery bus boycott
4377:Welsh-Asante Kariamu.
4370:Welsh-Asante Kariamu.
4358:Dance Research Journal
4336:Dance Research Journal
4299:African American Dance
3984:: CS1 maint: others (
3775:Bambara, C.W. (2013).
3736:10.2307/j.ctt4cgq6k.17
3722:Weems, Mickey (2008),
3315:Dance Research Journal
3193:African-American music
3088:Dance genres and moves
2999:Dance genres and moves
2920:Dance genres and moves
2729:Dance genres and moves
2584:Bangarra Dance Theatre
2570:Indigenous Australians
2479:
2438:
2189:
2137:
2080:
1888:
1869:The Harlem Renaissance
1842:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers
1806:African-American dance
1148:Dialects and languages
308:Second Great Migration
133:
7954:Imperial Court System
7830:Kevin Milan (founder)
7712:Jean-Philippe Aviance
5622:Athletic associations
5557:Negro league baseball
5328:African-American Jews
5047:Ketanji Brown Jackson
5012:Henry Highland Garnet
4871:Negro National Anthem
4621:George Floyd protests
4586:Post–civil rights era
4290:Emery, Lynne Fauley.
4199:Matt, Miller (2008).
3896:The Los Angeles Times
3809:Ross, Frank Russell.
3617:10.1386/qsmpc_00082_5
3171:Crank That Soulja Boy
2484:(1919–1994), born in
2466:
2436:
2356:and improvisation in
2242:The Harvest Moon Ball
2187:
2135:
2078:
1886:
1560:US metropolitan areas
1387:List of neighborhoods
1001:Alabama Creole people
991:African-American Jews
923:Negro league baseball
886:National Urban League
838:Civic/economic groups
670:African-American Jews
560:African-American hair
422:, after the Civil War
251:Post–civil rights era
132:, early 20th century.
124:
7793:The House of LaBeija
7732:Tamsier Joof Aviance
7687:The House of Aviance
7382:Dance and disability
5829:Afro-Seminole Creole
5355:Azusa Street Revival
5227:Booker T. Washington
4751:Underground Railroad
4616:Free people of color
4470:Atlantic slave trade
4323:15.4 (1985): 427–45.
3580:Allen, Zita (2001).
3527:10.1353/jsh/15.2.205
2580:NAISDA Dance College
2302:creative processes.
2257:Protest and Activism
2083:In the late 1960's,
1717:Criminal stereotypes
1492:District of Columbia
1209:Afro-Seminole Creole
651:Non-Christian groups
246:Black power movement
210:during the Civil War
179:Atlantic slave trade
43:improve this article
7949:Cross dressing ball
7854:Octavia St. Laurent
7758:The House of Dupree
7707:Erickatoure Aviance
7695:Mother Juan Aviance
7669:The House of Amazon
7518:Film and television
7427:Dance on television
6224:Trinidad and Tobago
5839:Black American Sign
5666:By African descent
5660:Ethnic subdivisions
5647:Southwestern (SWAC)
5562:Baseball color line
5477:Black Panther Party
5381:Political movements
5298:in computer science
4957:Carol Moseley Braun
4746:Tulsa race massacre
4739:Treatment of slaves
4571:March on Washington
4566:Birmingham movement
4360:20.1 (1988): 29–36.
4249:The Washington Post
4164:wheretheyatnola.com
3649:Conway, N. (2018).
2718:1920s through 1940s
2629:black consciousness
2208:Social dance spaces
1996:Aida Overton Walker
1812:, specifically the
1113:Sierra Leone Creole
1074:Specific ancestries
959:Southwestern (SWAC)
482:Black History Month
313:New Great Migration
267:Agriculture history
7895:Lorena Xtravaganza
7885:Hector Xtravaganza
7824:The House of Milan
7775:The House of Ebony
7741:The House of Corey
6322:US representatives
6317:US cabinet members
6209:Dominican Republic
5796:Metropolitan areas
5637:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5462:Civic and economic
5440:Self-determination
5261:Education, science
5182:Fred Shuttlesworth
5162:A. Philip Randolph
5067:Coretta Scott King
4992:Frederick Douglass
4819:Harlem Renaissance
4724:Separate but equal
4714:Reconstruction era
4702:Plessy v. Ferguson
4593:Cornerstone Speech
4507:Civil Rights Acts
4490:Black Lives Matter
4465:American Civil War
4394:. Duke University.
4297:Glass, Barbara S.
4283:deFrantz, Thomas.
3924:The New York Times
3899:. 17 November 1996
3824:"Katherine Dunham"
3470:Smith, J. (2014).
2480:
2439:
2216:, street parties,
2190:
2138:
2101:1984 Olympic Games
2081:
2055:debuting in 1921.
2032:Harlem Renaissance
1901:Greater Chesapeake
1889:
1122:Sexual orientation
996:Afro-Puerto Ricans
949:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
584:Self-determination
548:Black is beautiful
214:Reconstruction era
134:
7981:
7980:
7913:
7912:
7905:Venus Xtravaganza
7880:Danni Xtravaganza
7875:Angie Xtravaganza
7653:
7652:
7470:
7469:
7422:Dance occupations
7359:Wallis and Futuna
6598:
6597:
6429:
6428:
6257:African Americans
6129:Dallas–Fort Worth
5724:Black Southerners
5655:
5654:
5107:Thurgood Marshall
5077:Bernard Lafayette
4672:Million Man March
4429:African Americans
4307:978-0-7864-7157-7
3961:The HistoryMakers
3745:978-0-87421-691-2
3677:White, K (2018).
3555:"Cakewalk King",
3363:Kenney, Tanasia.
3295:978-0-252-06508-8
3164:The Shmoney Dance
3143:Hurricane Katrina
2914:Philadelphia soul
2909:Minneapolis sound
2231:Competitive dance
2185:
2016:Nicholas Brothers
1976:Isham's Octaroons
1830:performance dance
1828:practice, though
1803:
1802:
1740:
1739:
1638:
1637:
1412:Dallas-Fort Worth
1229:
1228:
1139:
1138:
1083:Americo-Liberians
966:
965:
904:
903:
829:
828:
698:
697:
642:Womanist theology
592:
591:
534:Symbols and ideas
320:
319:
199:Antebellum period
194:Revolutionary War
149:African Americans
119:
118:
111:
93:
8011:
7666:
7665:
7526:Paris Is Burning
7515:
7514:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7474:
7473:
7457:History of dance
7442:Dance technology
7387:Dance and health
7337:African-American
6625:
6618:
6611:
6602:
6601:
6593:
6499:Dancing for eels
6494:Chicago stepping
6456:
6449:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6381:Lynching victims
5880:Louisiana Creole
5851:American English
5739:Louisiana Creole
5712:Choctaw freedmen
5550:
5549:
5087:Huddie Ledbetter
5027:Fannie Lou Hamer
4997:W. E. B. Du Bois
4987:Claudette Colvin
4982:Shirley Chisholm
4799:Family structure
4667:Military history
4549:Browder v. Gayle
4422:
4415:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4342:Malone, Jacqui.
4272:
4271:
4258:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4220:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4022:
4013:
4012:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3728:The Fierce Tribe
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3571:
3570:Baldwin, p. 211.
3568:
3562:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3456:
3441:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3254:
3245:
3156:Whip and Nae Nae
3055:Detroit Ballroom
3051:Chicago stepping
2843:Dances and moves
2652:Pre-19th century
2647:Genres by period
2625:liturgical dance
2441:Katherine Dunham
2319:Detroit Ballroom
2278:African diaspora
2186:
2117:Paris Is Burning
2069:Katherine Dunham
2064:The Great Gatsby
1954:Black Vaudeville
1948:Black Vaudeville
1818:African-American
1795:
1788:
1781:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1702:media depictions
1651:
1650:
1546:Population count
1242:
1241:
1176:Liberian English
1155:English dialects
1152:
1151:
1108:Samaná Americans
1033:Creoles of color
979:
978:
917:
916:
861:Black conductors
842:
841:
711:
710:
685:Louisiana Voodoo
607:
606:
352:Family structure
335:
334:
282:Military history
277:Business history
208:military history
163:
162:
136:
135:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8008:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7925:African culture
7909:
7858:
7833:
7819:
7801:Crystal LaBeija
7787:
7770:
7753:
7736:
7701:Aviance Records
7681:
7661:
7659:
7649:
7613:
7597:
7506:
7501:
7471:
7466:
7402:Dance etiquette
7368:
7127:Burma (Myanmar)
7067:
7063:
7055:
7004:Lead and follow
6965:
6901:Country–western
6840:
6821:Novelty and fad
6779:Hoochie coochie
6730:
6689:closed position
6662:
6658:List of dancers
6634:
6629:
6599:
6594:
6585:
6465:
6460:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6400:
6366:Historic places
6359:US state firsts
6245:
6160:
5884:
5817:
5789:2010 majorities
5784:2000 majorities
5755:
5702:Black Seminoles
5651:
5642:Southern (SIAC)
5625:
5624:and conferences
5623:
5616:
5612:Serena Williams
5607:Jackie Robinson
5541:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5376:
5343:Nation of Islam
5314:
5262:
5256:
5197:Sojourner Truth
5187:Clarence Thomas
5152:Gabriel Prosser
5052:Michael Jackson
4927:Crispus Attucks
4917:Ralph Abernathy
4905:
4861:Musical theater
4760:
4626:Great Migration
4598:COVID-19 impact
4556:Sit-in movement
4431:
4426:
4388:
4280:
4278:Further reading
4275:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4218:10.18737/M78P5T
4205:Southern Spaces
4197:
4193:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3991:Interview notes
3977:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3935:
3931:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3862:
3858:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3724:"Popular Dance"
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3690:
3675:
3662:
3647:
3640:
3597:
3593:
3582:"Free to Dance"
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3505:
3498:
3487:
3483:
3468:
3459:
3442:
3431:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3397:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3282:Malone (1996).
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3252:
3248:Glocke (2011).
3246:
3242:
3238:
3179:
3145:after 2005]
3067:
3065:2000s and 2010s
3059:Gangsta Walking
2963:
2961:1980s and 1990s
2884:
2809:
2787:
2726:
2720:
2692:
2654:
2649:
2593:
2490:Langston Hughes
2422:
2416:
2396:hip hop culture
2323:Chicago Steppin
2290:
2267:white supremacy
2259:
2233:
2210:
2177:
2175:
2147:
2130:
2085:Arthur Mitchell
2028:
2000:Whitman Sisters
1988:Griffin Sisters
1972:The Creole Show
1952:(main article:
1950:
1906:music and dance
1897:
1881:
1799:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1692:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1579:
1541:
1517:Omaha, Nebraska
1482:Historic places
1476:
1368:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1190:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1117:
1069:
1011:Black Seminoles
976:
975:Sub-communities
968:
967:
954:Southern (SIAC)
914:
906:
905:
900:
855:
839:
831:
830:
825:
742:
708:
700:
699:
694:
680:Nation of Islam
646:
623:
604:
594:
593:
588:
529:
496:
463:
435:
396:
372:Musical theater
332:
322:
321:
303:Great Migration
160:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8017:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7921:
7919:
7918:Related topics
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7815:Pepper LaBeija
7812:
7807:
7804:
7797:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7672:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7521:
7519:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7462:Women in dance
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7432:Dance research
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7407:Dance notation
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7378:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6653:List of dances
6650:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6596:
6595:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6411:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6332:Visual artists
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Mathematicians
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6109:South Carolina
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6079:North Carolina
6076:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6024:Massachusetts
6022:
6021:
6020:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5866:social context
5863:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5717:Creek Freedmen
5714:
5709:
5704:
5694:
5692:Alabama Creole
5689:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5632:Central (CIAA)
5628:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5425:Pan-Africanism
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5367:Black theology
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5308:in STEM fields
5305:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5263:and technology
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Harriet Tubman
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Michelle Obama
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Barbara Jordan
5059:
5057:Harriet Jacobs
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4947:Amelia Boynton
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4910:Notable people
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:LGBT community
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
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4386:External links
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3830:on 29 May 2020
3815:
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3754:j.ctt4cgq6k.17
3744:
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3688:
3679:"Breakdancing"
3660:
3651:"The Bay Area"
3638:
3611:(3): 221–224.
3591:
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3443:Julie Malnig,
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3321:(2): 107–110.
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2576:Carole Johnson
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2562:Carole Johnson
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2524:Bella Lewitzky
2513:
2470:on a visit in
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2106:In the 1980s,
2057:Florence Mills
2040:Savoy Ballroom
2038:), ballrooms (
2027:
2024:
1980:Sherman Dudley
1949:
1946:
1896:
1893:
1887:Slaves dancing
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7534:How Do I Look
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7452:Dancing mania
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7172:Faroe Islands
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6789:Neo-Burlesque
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6695:
6694:open position
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:close embrace
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
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6667:Participation
6665:
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6509:Hip-hop dance
6507:
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6391:Neighborhoods
6389:
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6379:
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6354:Sports firsts
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6156:West Virginia
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6093:Pennsylvania
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6070:
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5889:By state/city
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5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5767:Neighborhoods
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:Black Indians
5695:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Black schools
5273:
5271:
5270:Black studies
5268:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5252:Whitney Young
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Oprah Winfrey
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Denmark Vesey
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Joseph Rainey
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Toni Morrison
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Joseph Lowery
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Jesse Jackson
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Kamala Harris
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Marcus Garvey
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Blanche Bruce
4965:
4963:
4962:Edward Brooke
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:James Bradley
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:James Baldwin
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Neighborhoods
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Silent Parade
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Jim Crow laws
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Black cowboys
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4108:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3472:"BLACK DANCE"
3466:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:9780252075650
3450:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3423:</ref|url=
3420:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3366:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3230:African dance
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Hip-hop dance
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Cabbage Patch
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Break-dancing
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Hip-hop music
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Northern Soul
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Buzzards Lope
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:, the blues,
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:Martha Graham
2525:
2521:
2520:Lester Horton
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:Strange Fruit
2501:
2500:Lewis Allan's
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:New York City
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:improvisation
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:and Social –
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:Shuffle Along
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:improvisation
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:United States
1811:
1807:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:Minstrel show
1730:
1728:
1727:Magical Negro
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:West Virginia
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:San Francisco
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:New York City
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Nova Scotians
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:Black Indians
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
985:
981:
980:
972:
971:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:HBCU (HBCUAC)
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
930:
929:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
910:
909:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
852:
851:
849:
848:
845:Organizations
844:
843:
835:
834:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
750:
746:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
717:
714:Organizations
713:
712:
704:
703:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
655:
654:
650:
649:
643:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
16:Type of dance
7941:
7900:Luis Camacho
7803:(co-founder)
7765:Paris Dupree
7748:Dorian Corey
7727:Nita Aviance
7589:
7581:
7569:(2018–2021)
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7504:Ball culture
7447:Dance troupe
7392:Dance awards
7336:
7287:Pontic Greek
6994:Dance theory
6984:Choreography
6896:Contemporary
6514:Breakdancing
6462:
6307:Sportspeople
6277:Billionaires
6194:Sierra Leone
6097:Philadelphia
5933:Jacksonville
5760:Demographics
5592:Jack Johnson
5582:Muhammad Ali
5415:Conservatism
5350:Black church
5247:Andrew Young
5232:Ida B. Wells
5222:David Walker
5217:C. T. Vivian
5172:Paul Robeson
5167:Hiram Revels
5147:Colin Powell
5127:Barack Obama
5082:James Lawson
5037:Jimi Hendrix
5007:James Farmer
5002:Medgar Evers
4972:Ralph Bunche
4922:Maya Angelou
4896:Middle class
4793:
4774:Afrofuturism
4700:
4688:
4681:
4602:
4547:
4494:
4460:Afrocentrism
4450:Abolitionism
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4265:
4256:
4248:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4208:
4204:
4194:
4168:. Retrieved
4163:
4154:
4143:
4134:
4110:. Retrieved
4101:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4029:
4006:
3997:
3972:
3965:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3943:Toronto Star
3942:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3894:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3869:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3828:the original
3818:
3810:
3794:
3789:
3780:
3757:, retrieved
3727:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3691:
3682:
3654:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3586:Thirteen PBS
3585:
3575:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3514:
3508:
3490:
3484:
3475:
3444:
3413:
3404:
3371:23 September
3369:. Retrieved
3358:
3348:23 September
3346:. Retrieved
3318:
3314:
3304:
3284:
3277:
3267:23 September
3265:. Retrieved
3260:
3256:
3243:
3225:Street dance
3160:Hit the Quan
3110:Harlem shake
3087:
3086:
3070:Music genres
3069:
3068:
2998:
2997:
2966:Music genres
2965:
2964:
2919:
2918:
2887:Music genres
2886:
2885:
2842:
2841:
2812:Music genres
2811:
2810:
2796:The Bus Stop
2728:
2727:
2695:Dance genres
2694:
2693:
2690:19th century
2681:Black Bottom
2663:Patting juba
2633:modern dance
2597:West African
2594:
2551:
2526:, and later
2509:
2503:
2493:
2482:Pearl Primus
2468:Pearl Primus
2456:
2445:Ballet Negre
2444:
2423:
2404:dance suites
2385:
2373:middle class
2366:choreography
2362:compositions
2339:
2316:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2260:
2191:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2128:The Bay Area
2115:
2112:Ball culture
2105:
2091:created the
2082:
2061:
2042:), the home
2030:Just as the
2029:
2012:John Bubbles
1984:Pat Chapelle
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1890:
1873:
1866:
1838:modern dance
1826:social dance
1805:
1804:
1630:Sierra Leone
1462:Philadelphia
1432:Jacksonville
1028:Brass Ankles
781:Conservatism
756:Afrocentrism
728:Joint Center
619:Black church
610:Institutions
525:Billionaires
515:Middle class
468:Celebrations
431:Fraternities
346:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
7810:Kia LaBeija
7722:Kim Aviance
7635:Throw shade
7586:(2020–2022)
7277:Philippines
7262:Netherlands
7252:Middle East
6804:Table dance
6769:Go go dance
6749:Competitive
6566:Stick dance
6551:Set de flo'
6327:US senators
6297:Republicans
6282:Journalists
6139:San Antonio
6104:Puerto Rico
6045:Mississippi
5938:Tallahassee
5911:Los Angeles
5602:Jesse Owens
5587:Arthur Ashe
5445:Nationalism
5435:Raised fist
5398:Black power
5303:in medicine
5237:Roy Wilkins
5192:Emmett Till
5177:Al Sharpton
4942:Julian Bond
4937:James Bevel
4901:Upper class
4891:Stereotypes
4784:Black mecca
4696:Plantations
4475:Black Codes
4170:14 November
4063:(1): 5–25.
3967:2 September
3135:New Orleans
3046:Running Man
2983:House music
2860:James Brown
2850:Set de flo'
2751:Texas Tommy
2712:Set de flo'
2702:Tap dancing
2677:Possum Walk
2673:Pigeon Wing
2621:Pentecostal
2566:Rod Rodgers
2558:Eleo Pomare
2552:Revelations
2516:Alvin Ailey
2455:, teaching
2408:artisanship
2394:artists in
2342:tap dancers
2271:Eurocentric
2263:colonialism
2097:White House
2089:Karel Shook
2036:Cotton Club
1941:pleasure".
1922:polyrhythms
1698:Stereotypes
1625:Nova Scotia
1507:Mississippi
1467:San Antonio
1447:Los Angeles
1382:Black mecca
1309:Mississippi
1216:Negro Dutch
1038:Dominickers
982:Multiethnic
891:TransAfrica
801:Nationalism
771:Black power
555:Black pride
520:Upper class
219:Politicians
126:Blues dance
7988:Categories
7344:Uzbekistan
7112:Azerbaijan
7021:Musicality
6989:Connection
6946:Postmodern
6916:Historical
6799:Striptease
6794:Pole dance
6744:Ceremonial
6699:slow dance
6541:Juba dance
6484:Buck dance
6272:Astronauts
6062:New Jersey
5906:California
5410:Capitalism
5207:Nat Turner
5137:Rosa Parks
5122:Diane Nash
5092:John Lewis
4881:Newspapers
4851:Literature
4836:Juneteenth
4789:Businesses
4643:Exodusters
4611:Free Negro
3759:2023-03-31
3236:References
3215:Jazz dance
3167:Stanky Leg
3153:Milly Rock
3082:Trap music
3021:Hammertime
2977:beatboxing
2873:Hand dance
2801:The Stroll
2779:Camel Walk
2746:Charleston
2658:Buck dance
2637:jazz dance
2601:ring shout
2544:spirituals
2418:See also:
2400:set dances
2358:jazz dance
2331:Hand Dance
2295:aesthetics
2246:Breakdance
2218:rent party
2214:Juke joint
2162:Flashdance
2048:vaudeville
2044:rent party
2014:, and the
1986:, and the
1968:Vaudeville
1961:black face
1264:California
1238:Population
811:Patriotism
796:Liberalism
776:Capitalism
747:Ideologies
628:Theologies
487:Juneteenth
459:Literature
387:Newspapers
295:Migrations
226:Juneteenth
130:juke joint
69:newspapers
7750:(founder)
7697:(founder)
7678:(founder)
7583:Legendary
7349:Venezuela
7312:Sri Lanka
7307:Singapore
7267:Nicaragua
7197:Indonesia
7102:Australia
6971:Technique
6869:formation
6784:Lap dance
6576:Tap dance
6556:Slow drag
6546:Lindy Hop
6529:Strutting
6386:Monuments
6262:Activists
6114:Tennessee
6034:Michigan
6018:Baltimore
6008:Louisiana
6001:Lexington
5984:Davenport
5923:Cleveland
5822:Languages
5751:Melungeon
5729:Blaxicans
5597:Joe Louis
5452:Socialism
5388:Anarchism
5117:Bob Moses
5102:Malcolm X
5022:Fred Gray
4886:Soul food
4824:New Negro
4809:Folktales
4719:Redlining
4112:April 14,
4093:191571413
4077:0276-3605
4036:April 14,
3903:3 January
3875:3 January
3870:BlackPast
3834:3 January
3707:March 22,
3633:253559695
3625:2055-5695
3535:0022-4529
3343:193791967
3116:Cat Daddy
3036:Primetime
3031:Crip Walk
2942:The Robot
2865:The Twist
2761:Big Apple
2756:Jitterbug
2741:Lindy hop
2724:Swing era
2605:Methodist
2474:from the
2426:Caribbean
2251:Lindy Hop
2237:Cakewalks
2224:Ballrooms
2198:lindy hop
2004:Tap dance
1858:Hollywood
1722:Hollywood
1712:Blackface
1647:Prejudice
1565:US cities
1442:Lexington
1417:Davenport
1397:Baltimore
1373:US cities
1349:Tennessee
1299:Louisiana
1245:US states
1053:Melungeon
1023:Blaxicans
821:Socialism
786:Garveyism
761:Anarchism
565:Good hair
392:Soul food
362:Folktales
7618:Language
7558:My House
7364:Zimbabwe
7317:Thailand
7242:Malaysia
7227:Kiribati
7137:Cameroon
7132:Cambodia
7122:Bulgaria
7097:Assyrian
7066:national
7061:Regional
7041:Spotting
7036:Sequence
7014:glossary
6961:Two-step
6906:Flamenco
6891:Breaking
6886:Boogaloo
6864:Ballroom
6809:Twerking
6774:Grinding
6759:Ecstatic
6561:Stepping
6524:Boogaloo
6504:Get down
6489:Cakewalk
6409:Category
6200:America
6166:Diaspora
6151:Virginia
6084:Oklahoma
6067:New York
6050:Nebraska
6013:Maryland
5996:Kentucky
5962:Illinois
5901:Arkansas
5806:Illinois
5744:of color
5430:Populism
5403:Movement
5320:Religion
4662:Lynching
4445:Timeline
4229:June 30,
4223:Archived
4180:cite web
3980:cite web
3210:Get down
3177:See also
3131:Twerking
3095:Krumping
3016:Moonwalk
2947:The Worm
2927:Boogaloo
2791:Stepping
2765:One Step
2707:Cakewalk
2613:Holiness
2609:Catholic
2536:New York
2492:'s 1944
2486:Trinidad
2392:graffiti
2380:operatic
2370:European
2202:cakewalk
2099:and the
1930:cakewalk
1862:Broadway
1810:Diaspora
1762:Category
1585:Diaspora
1512:Missouri
1437:Kentucky
1364:Virginia
1334:Oklahoma
1319:New York
1314:Nebraska
1304:Maryland
1279:Illinois
1259:Arkansas
1098:Merikins
1043:Freedmen
1016:Mascogos
816:Populism
707:Politics
602:Religion
572:Stepping
338:Lifeways
174:Timeline
141:a series
139:Part of
7703:(label)
7662:members
7511:Culture
7374:Related
7354:Vietnam
7327:Ukraine
7237:Kurdish
7207:Ireland
7187:Hungary
7177:Georgia
7162:Denmark
7152:Croatia
7117:Belarus
7107:Austria
7092:Armenia
7082:Albania
7046:Turnout
6931:Lyrical
6911:Hip-hop
6754:Concert
6679:Partner
6648:Outline
6534:Popping
6519:Locking
6337:Writers
6302:Singers
6287:Jurists
6235:Europe
6189:Liberia
6134:Houston
6038:Detroit
5974:Indiana
5967:Chicago
5950:Atlanta
5945:Georgia
5928:Florida
5896:Alabama
5846:English
5420:Leftism
5290:Museums
4841:Kwanzaa
4766:Culture
4734:Slavery
4437:History
4381:, 1989.
3777:"Dance"
3543:3787107
3521:: 208.
3335:1478602
3105:Jerkin'
3100:Turfing
3026:Voguing
3011:Hip Hop
2993:Pop rap
2937:Locking
2932:Popping
2834:Rapping
2774:Suzie Q
2617:Baptist
2554:(1960).
2449:Chicago
2346:rhythms
2335:Calypso
2200:to the
2194:hip hop
2151:Hip-Hop
2108:Voguing
1938:waltzes
1934:minuets
1879:History
1620:Liberia
1502:Georgia
1497:Florida
1427:Houston
1422:Detroit
1407:Chicago
1392:Atlanta
1284:Indiana
1274:Georgia
1269:Florida
1254:Alabama
1186:Tutnese
1065:Redbone
791:Leftism
492:Kwanzaa
449:Studies
401:Schools
330:Culture
259:Aspects
204:Slavery
166:Periods
158:History
83:scholar
7658:Houses
7625:Banjee
7594:(2022)
7561:(2018)
7553:(2016)
7545:(2016)
7537:(2006)
7529:(1991)
7322:Turkey
7302:Serbia
7297:Russia
7292:Romani
7282:Poland
7247:Mexico
7212:Israel
7182:Greece
7167:Europe
7142:Canada
7077:Africa
7068:dances
7026:Pointe
6999:Graham
6979:Ballet
6936:Modern
6859:Ballet
6846:Styles
6831:Street
6826:Sacred
6764:Erotic
6736:Social
6724:square
6709:contra
6704:circle
6349:Mayors
6267:Actors
6239:France
6231:Israel
6219:Mexico
6204:Canada
6179:Gambia
6174:Africa
6124:Austin
6089:Oregon
6028:Boston
5991:Kansas
5957:Hawaii
5875:Gullah
5685:Yoruba
5675:Gullah
5546:Sports
5464:groups
5294:Women
4831:Hoodoo
4705:(1896)
4631:Second
4607:(1857)
4552:(1956)
4499:(1954)
4305:
4091:
4083:
4075:
3752:
3742:
3631:
3623:
3541:
3533:
3451:
3341:
3333:
3292:
3139:bounce
3126:Jookin
3121:Dougie
2869:Strand
2855:Monkey
2829:Motown
2548:gospel
2498:, and
2478:. 1952
2472:Israel
2376:ballet
2325:&
1852:, and
1654:Racism
1615:Israel
1605:France
1600:Canada
1595:Africa
1402:Boston
1339:Oregon
1294:Kansas
1204:Gullah
1093:Gullah
913:Sports
660:Hoodoo
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
7960:Vogue
7609:Vogue
7602:Dance
7574:Pilot
7257:Nepal
7232:Korea
7222:Japan
7217:Italy
7192:India
7147:China
7051:Turns
7009:Moves
6951:Swing
6941:Polka
6926:Latin
6881:Belly
6874:waltz
6719:round
6643:Index
6632:Dance
6581:Vogue
6571:Swing
6250:Lists
6214:Haiti
6184:Ghana
6119:Texas
6055:Omaha
5333:Islam
4866:Names
4856:Music
4794:Dance
4089:S2CID
4081:JSTOR
4008:Trove
3750:JSTOR
3629:S2CID
3558:Ebony
3539:JSTOR
3517:(2).
3339:S2CID
3331:JSTOR
3253:(PDF)
3077:Crunk
2956:Strut
2899:Go-go
2894:Disco
2882:1970s
2807:1960s
2785:1950s
2736:Swing
2540:Texas
2502:1945
1767:Index
1610:Ghana
1532:Texas
1457:Omaha
1354:Texas
866:NAACP
377:Names
367:Music
347:Dance
128:at a
90:JSTOR
76:books
7645:Slay
7630:Kiki
7566:Pose
7542:Kiki
7272:Peru
7202:Iran
7157:Cuba
7087:Arab
7031:Pole
6921:Jazz
6854:Acro
6816:Folk
6714:line
6674:Solo
6146:Utah
5979:Iowa
5811:Ohio
5772:list
5680:Igbo
5670:Fula
4814:Hair
4804:Film
4521:1968
4511:1964
4303:ISBN
4231:2017
4209:2008
4186:link
4172:2022
4114:2020
4073:ISSN
4038:2020
3986:link
3969:2022
3905:2012
3877:2020
3836:2021
3740:ISBN
3709:2023
3621:ISSN
3531:ISSN
3449:ISBN
3373:2023
3350:2023
3290:ISBN
3269:2023
2819:Funk
2685:Itch
2641:mime
2635:and
2619:and
2607:and
2582:and
2546:and
2402:and
2378:and
2354:jazz
2265:and
2196:and
2122:drag
2087:and
2020:Juba
1974:and
1936:and
1899:The
1860:and
1824:and
1822:folk
1700:and
1359:Utah
1329:Ohio
1289:Iowa
896:UNCF
357:Film
206:and
62:news
7660:and
7640:Yas
6956:Tap
6836:War
4779:Art
4636:New
4267:BET
4213:doi
4065:doi
3732:doi
3702:NPR
3613:doi
3523:doi
3323:doi
3263:(6)
3149:Dab
2975:(+
2973:Rap
2534:in
2388:DJs
2352:in
2314:).
454:Art
45:by
7990::
7962:"
4650:/
4264:.
4247:,
4221:.
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3271:.
3261:4
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2586:.
2572:.
2512:.
1794:e
1787:t
1780:v
580:"
576:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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