Historical figure - Knowledge

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perception evolves and subsequent generations read the biography of a given historical figure in their own way through their own knowledge and experience. In order to determine the popularity of the commercialisation of historical figures, a study was conducted at the beginning of 2014 on the number of trademark protection applications filed with the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland as a measure of entrepreneurs’ interest in this activity. The names of 300 most prominent Polish historical figures were considered. The study showed that over 21% of the names analysed were recorded in the trademark register. 1,033 trademark protection applications were filed for 64 names out of the 300 historical figures investigated . The greatest number of trademark protection applications were recorded for

692: 135: 198: 521: 306:, who was highly influential in the latter half of the nineteenth century, felt that historical figures were relatively unimportant. He wrote to a friend, "I ignore utterly the personal element in history, and, indeed, show little respect for history altogether as it is ordinarily conceived." He wrote, "The births, deaths, and marriages of kings, and other like historic trivialities, are committed to memory, not because of any direct benefits that can possibly result from knowing them: but because society considers them parts of a good education." In his essay 1012:, "The 'world-historical individual' can only figure as a minor character in the novel because of the complexity and intricacy of the whole social-historical process." As Jacobs observes, the "realist aesthetic" of the historical novel "assumes that a recognizable historical figure in fiction must not 'do things' its model did not do in real life; it follows that historical figures can be used only in very limited ways." The author of a traditional historical novel should therefore focus more on the people who have been lost to history. A novelist such as Sir 99: 512:), mainly consist of verbal expositions or discussions that must be considered the work of the author, rather than the character supposedly speaking. It may still be possible to identify a figure in such texts with a historical figure known from some other context, and the text may be taken as informative about this figure, even if not verified by an independent source. On the other hand, a text may include realistic settings and references to historical people, while the central character may or may not be a historical figure. 123: 49: 73: 459: 683:(The so-called historical Jesus, and the historic, biblical Christ). He clearly distinguished between "the Jesus of history" and "the Christ of faith". Some historians openly admit bias, which may anyway be unavoidable. Paul Hollenback says he writes about the historical Jesus, "...in order to overthrow, not simply correct, the mistake called Christianity." Another historian who has written about Jesus, Frederick Gaiser, says, "historical investigation is part and parcel of biblical faith." 380: 603: 937: 85: 153:

being legendary. However, the legends that can grow up around historical figures may be hard to distinguish from fact. Sources are often incomplete and may be inaccurate, particularly those from early periods of history. Without a body of personal documents, the more subtle aspects of personality of a historical figure can only be deduced. With historical figures who were also religious figures attempts to separate fact from belief may be controversial.

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fiction, where fact and fancy are combined. In earlier traditions, before the rise of a critical historical tradition, authors took less care to be as accurate when describing what they knew of historical figures and their actions, interpolating imaginary elements intended to serve a moral purpose to events. More recently there has been a tendency once again for authors to freely depart from the "facts" when they conflict with their creative goals.

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histories, the doings of the king fill the entire picture, to which the national life forms but an obscure background. While only now, when the welfare of nations rather than of rulers is becoming the dominant idea, are historians beginning to occupy themselves with the phenomena of social progress. The thing it really concerns us to know is the natural history of society.

292: 413:", saying, "Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in the world ... at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here." An extreme believer in individuality, he also believed that the masses of people should let themselves be guided by the great leaders of men. Talking of poets he said, 821:, it is only to add dramatic effect to the presentation of his own thought. For this reason, Plato's writings on Socrates tell us little, at least directly, about Socrates. The historical figure is used only as a device for communicating Plato's ideas. In classical Rome, students of rhetoric had to master the 869:. By treating these figures as models, the student is tempted to consider that there can be nobody of such stature today. The antiquarian view examines the past in minute and reverent detail, turning its back on the present. The critical approach challenges traditional views, even though they may be valid. 1170:

William Shakespeare was a historical figure, but as a biographer said, "Such materials as there are for Shakespeare's personal history, or for the history of anyone connected with him, have been gathered with the most loving and persevering industry. Unhappily, they amount to very little. Entries in

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Historical figure is a person who lived in the past and whose deeds exerted a significant impact on other people’s lives and consciousness. These figures are attributed with certain features that are a compilation of the actual values they proclaimed and the manner they were perceived by others. This

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pointed out that even to the person living it, every life "remains in so many points unintelligible". The historian must struggle when writing biographies, "the very facts of which, to say nothing of the purport of them, we know not, and cannot know!" Some psychologists have sought to understand the

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That ideal outline of himself, which a man unconsciously shadows forth in his writings, and which, if rightly deciphered, will be truer than any other representation of him, it is the task of the Biographer to fill-up into an actual coherent figure, and to bring him to our experience, or at least our

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It was theirs to know this nascent principle; the necessary, directly sequent step in progress, which their world was to take; to make this their aim, and to expend their energy in promoting it ... They die early like Alexander; they are murdered, like Caesar; transported to St. Helena, like Napoleon

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as a world-historical figure who acted as a destructive force on Greek received views of morality. In Hegel's view, Socrates broke down social harmony by questioning the meaning of concepts like "justice" and "virtue". Eventually, the Athenians condemned Socrates to death. But they could not stop the

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as a world historical figure, who appeared at a stage when Rome had grown to the point it could no longer continue as a republican city state but had to become an empire. Caesar failed in his bid to make himself an emperor, and was assassinated, but the empire came into existence soon afterward, and

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The significance of such figures in human progress has been debated. Some think they play a crucial role, while others say they have little impact on the broad currents of thought and social change. The concept is generally used in the sense that the person really existed in the past, as opposed to

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wrote an influential essay "On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life". He said "the unhistorical and historical are necessary in equal measure for the health of an individual, of a people and of a culture." Nietzsche identifies three approaches to history, each with dangers. The monumental

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The compiler of a survey of historical novels in the 1920s claimed that the "appearance of reality ... is the great charm of the historical novel." He went on to assert, regarding novels about periods of which little is known, that "the danger is that the very elements which add to our interest in

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That which constitutes History, properly so called, is in great part omitted from works on the subject. Only of late years have historians commenced giving us, in any considerable quantity, the truly valuable information. As in past ages the king was everything and the people nothing; So, in past

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It is sometimes hard to discern whether apparently historical figures from the earliest periods did in fact exist, due to the lack of records. Even with more recent personages, stories or anecdotes about the person often accumulate that have no basis in fact. Although the external aspects of a

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That history is made by men and women is no longer denied except by some theologians and mystical metaphysicians. And even they are compelled indirectly to acknowledge this commonplace truth, for they speak of historical personages as 'instruments' of Providence, Justice, Reason, Dialectic, the

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In education, presenting information as if it were being told by a historical figure may give it greater impact. Since classical times, students have been asked to put themselves in the place of a historical figure as a way of bringing history to life. Historical figures are often represented in

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clear undoubted admiration, thereby to instruct and edify us in many ways. Conducted on such principles, the Biography of great men, especially of great Poets, that is, of men in the highest degree noble-minded and wise, might become one of the most dignified and valuable species of composition.

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the tale as such will go far to mislead us in our conception of the period dealt with". Traditionally the treatment of historical figures in fiction was realistic in style and respectful of fact. A historical novel would be true to the facts known about the period in which the novel is set, a

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Many films have depicted historical figures. Often the way in which the films interpret these figures and their times reflects the social and cultural values of the period in which the film was made. Historical figures are familiar to the general reader and so may be used in

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A writer may be handicapped by his readers' preconceptions about a historical person, which may or may not be accurate, and the facts about the historical person may also conflict with the novelist's plot requirements. According to the Marxist philosopher

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calls "those vast impersonal forces" hold us in their grip. What happens is predetermined. Both Hegel and Marx advocated historical inevitability in contrast to the doctrine of contingency, allowing for alternative outcomes, that was advocated by

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believed in the ideas of history that Marx had developed, including the historical inevitability of capitalism followed by a transition to socialism. Despite this, Lenin also believed the transition could be effected faster by voluntary action.

445:, or Spirit of the Times. Men agree more readily about the consequences of the use of 'instruments' in history than they do about the ultimate ends 'instruments' allegedly serve, or the first causes by which they are allegedly determined. 888:

in the perception of historical figures. When modern US schoolchildren were asked to roleplay or illustrate historical stereotypes, boys tended to focus upon male figures exclusively while girls showed more varied family groupings.

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has calculated the memorability of historical figures using data such as the number of language editions for which there are articles for each person, the pageviews received, and other factors. These lists are available at MIT's

1060:: "Certain details were so delicious that I was scrupulous about getting them right. Others ... demanded to be mythologized." This reflects a changing attitude about the distinction between "fact" and "truth", expressed by 216:

was such a figure. Hegel proposed that a world-historical figure essentially posed a challenge, or thesis, and this would generate an antithesis, or opposing force. Eventually a synthesis would resolve the conflict. Hegel viewed

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Hook recognizes the relevance of the environment within which the "great man" or "hero" acted, but asserts that this can provide the backdrop but never the plot of the "dramas of human history". and distinguish life and species

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and others noted that the great historical figures were just representative men, expressions of the material forces of history. Essentially they have little choice about what they do. This is in conflict with the views of

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A historical figure may be used to validate a politician's claim to authority, where the modern leader shapes and exploits the ideas associated with the historical figure, which they are presumed to have inherited. Thus,

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such as William Runyan, is to explain the personality of the historical figure in terms of their life history. This approach has the advantage of recognizing that personality may evolve over time in response to events.

1026:) would describe historical events accurately. They would give rein to their imagination only in scenes that were not significant historically, when interactions with fictional characters could safely be introduced. 1000:" would try to give an accurate interpretation of what is known about a public figure's private life. In each genre, the novelist would avoid introducing any elements that were clearly in conflict with the facts. 1093:

in his adventures. They appeared most frequently when the television series first started, as it was directed at children and the use of historical figures in historical settings was intended to be educational.

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personalities of historical figures through clues about the way in which they were raised. However, this theoretical psychoanalytic approach is not supported empirically. An alternative approach, favored by

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Lipka Aldona, Ograniczona racjonalność i heurystyki w zachowaniach nabywców G. Wolska (red.), Współczesne problemy ekonomiczne, Zeszyty Naukowe nr 858, Wyd. Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin 2015. p. 265.(

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Using historical figures in marketing communications and in branding is a new area of marketing research but historical figures’ names were used to promote products as early as in the Middle Ages.

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explicitly articulated their thoughts and intentions. With religious figures, often the subjects of voluminous literature, separating "fact" from "belief" can be difficult if not impossible.

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With historical religious figures, fact and belief may be difficult to disentangle. There are cultural differences in the treatment of historical figures. Thus the Chinese can recognise that

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historical figure may be well documented, their inner nature can only be a subject of speculation. It can also not be only a subject of speculation as many historical figures such as

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and others. However, Marx argued against the use of the "historical inevitability" argument when used to explain the destruction of early communes in Russia. As an orthodox Marxist,

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With older texts it can be difficult to be sure whether a person in the text is, in fact, a historical figure. "Wisdom literature" from early middle-eastern cultures (such as the

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Use of the Authorizing Figure, Authoritarian Charisma, and National Myth in the Discourse of Hugo Chávez: Toward a Critical Model of Rhetorical Analysis for Political Discourse

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for psychology students. When a variety of simulated character types were tried as educational agents, students rated historical figures as the most engaging. There are

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A historical figure may be interpreted to support political aims. In France in the first half of the seventeenth century, there was an outpouring of writing about

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men, because they willed and accomplished something great; not a mere fancy, a mere intention, but that which met the case and fell in with the needs of the age.

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municipal records, names in a will, a lease, or an inventory, tell hardly anything of the life or character of the man. That orange has now been squeezed dry."

169:(1770–1831) considered that "world-historical figures" played a pivotal role in human progress, but felt that they were bound to emerge when change was needed. 969: 711:. The reality of the historical Joan was subordinated to the need for a symbol of feminine strength, Christian virtue and resistance to the English. 409:

limit enough! But if we have no great men, or do not admire at all,— that were a still worse case." Carlyle's historical philosophy was based on the "

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that "No great man lives in vain. The History of the world is but the Biography of great men ... We do not now call our great men Gods, nor admire

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evolution of thought that Socrates had begun, which would lead to the concept of individual conscience. Hegel said of world-historical figures,

189:(1820–1903), an early believer in evolution and in the universality of natural law, felt that historical individuals were of little importance. 2627: 1068:

say, "I've come as close to the truth as facts would let me ... facts oppress the truth, which can breathe freely only in poetry & art."

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which may dominate or displace the more prosaic historical facts about them. For example, some ancient chroniclers said that the Emperor

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There is a huge body of historical fiction, where the text includes both imaginary and factual elements. In early English literature,

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Madow M., Private Ownership of Public Image: Popular Culture and Publicity Rights, vol. 81, California Law Review 125, 1993, p. 152.

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Thomas Carlyle Resartus: Reappraising Carlyle's Contribution to the Philosophy of History, Political Theory, and Cultural Criticism

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Fournier, Janice E.; Wineburg, Samuel S. (1997), "Picturing the Past: Gender Differences in the Depiction of Historical Figures",

668:, as opposed to views distorted by belief. When writing about this subject, a historian who relies only on sources other than the 831:

in which they wrote the soliloquy of a historical figure who was debating a critical course of action. For example, the poet

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believed in the role of the state in guaranteeing individual liberties, and his views were therefore rejected by the German

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so that readers marvel at their appearance in novel settings or with a fresh perspective. For example, the time traveler

618:. They are all of such antiquity that the historical facts about them are now overlaid with centuries of myth and legend. 1050:, the novelist has felt more free to introduce much larger amounts of purely imaginary detail about historical people. 17: 208:

The German philosopher Hegel defined the concept of the world-historical figure, who embodied the ruthless advance of

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wrote a number of plays that dramatized the lives of historical figures, but introduced fictional characters such as

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was a historical figure, but there is no evidence that the legend of her riding naked through the streets is true (

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Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship

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Variation and Change in the Lexicon: A Corpus-based Analysis of Adjectives in English Ending in -ic and -ical

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On heroes, hero-worship, & the heroic in history: six lectures; reported, with emendations and additions

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disputed this by saying the stories were just malicious rumours. Similarly, there is no good evidence that

134: 2391: 2282: 1130: 1042: 873: 364: 351: 737: 355:, published as a book in 1957, that attacked the doctrine of historical inevitability. The historian 672:

may be criticized for implying that it is not a sufficient source of information about the subject.

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identified himself as a Hegelian world historical figure, and justified his actions on this basis.

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was constrained from making her a "beautiful and romantic figure" by political considerations.

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The significance of historical figures has long been the subject of debate by philosophers.

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The Joy of Reading: A Passionate Guide to 189 of the World's Best Authors and Their Works

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has espoused the "heroic view" of history, famously saying in his essay on the Norse god

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There have been rankings of the significance of major historical figures. For example,

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Napoleon in conversation with Emmanuel Auguste-Dieudonné, comte de Las Cases (1823),

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Temptations of Faust: The Logic of Fascism and Postmodern Archaeologies of Modernity

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Historical figure brand is using famous historical person in branding, for instance

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is thus treated almost exclusively as a lesser god rather than a historical figure.

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Taken to an extreme, one may consider that what Hegel calls the "world spirit" and

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approach describes the glories of the past, often focusing on heroic figures like

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Speculative Fictions: Contemporary Canadian Novelists and the Writing of History

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Jesus As a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee

1022: 881: 866: 756: 669: 653: 643: 479: 356: 218: 209: 212:'s World Spirit, often overthrowing outdated structures and ideas. To him, 1748:

Grygiel A.(ed.), Encyklopedia sławnych Polaków, Publicat S.A., Poznań 2007.

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would follow the facts that are known about the protagonist's life, and a "

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used historical figures in his writing, but only to illustrate his points.

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Der sogenannte historische Jesus und der geschichtliche, biblische Christus

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https://scholar.google.pl/citations?user=8g7DDDkAAAAJ&hl=pl&oi=ao

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were historical individuals, while also endowing them with sanctity. In

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Sartor Resartus and On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History

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of Venezuela frequently identified himself with the historical figure

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states: "Do not rely on the man but on the Dharma." A teacher such as

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List of historical films set in Near Eastern and Western civilization

1119: 1065: 751:"is not about Joan at all, and can hardly be said to pretend to be." 627: 607: 441: 272: 222:

Caesar's name has become synonymous with "emperor" in forms such as "

298:, who considered events in the lives of kings "historic trivalities" 271:, who praised self-reliance and individualism, and in conflict with 60: 2303: 1721: 944: 823: 812: 804: 732: 721:, discussed representations of Joan by other authors. He felt that 631: 574: 241: 213: 174: 2497:

The Character of Truth: Historical Figures in Contemporary Fiction

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The Thirty Years' War and German Memory in the Nineteenth Century

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enjoyed this exercise more than the other final challenge — the

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Veletsianos, George (2010), "Historical Figure Applications",

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The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy

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The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ

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The Prospects for Liberal Nationalism in Post-Leninist States

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illustrates this different attitude when discussing his book

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An Obsession with History: Russian Writers Confront the Past

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A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography

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plays about people who were historical figures in his day

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often presented himself as following the path defined by

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Hidalgo, Cesar (1 November 2012), "Knowledge's top 20",

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German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation

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7 Historical Figures Famous for Something They Never Did

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introduced the concept of the "world-historical figure".

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The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's History Plays

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Rethinking Dislocation and Resettlement in Development

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are seen by the followers as embodiments of gods. The

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A Philosopher's Apprentice: In Karl Popper's Workshop

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From a Philosophical Point of View: Selected Studies

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has encountered numerous historical figures such as

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More recently, however, starting with works such as

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to teach history and foreign culture. An example is

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On heroes, hero-worship, & the heroic in history

1863: 1622: 1610: 1598: 1562: 1535: 1523: 1475: 1304: 1232: 1184: 960:was a fictional character, but the historical King 2823: 2754: 2626:Lawrence, Ben; Gee, Catherine (7 September 2012). 2383: 1911: 1776: 1697: 1685: 1415: 1343: 1268: 192: 2641:Longman, Tremper III; Enns, Peter (6 June 2008). 1256: 839:, in which he was counselled to retire. The poet 3166: 2601:The Historical Film: History and Memory in Media 2289: 1727: 1126:Historical figures sometimes considered autistic 2797:A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales 2570:Kerry, Paul E.; Hill, Marylu (31 August 2010). 319: 2469:The Cambridge Companion to George Bernard Shaw 811:in the same way. When Plato apparently quotes 2915:Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered 2757:Creative Conflict in African American Thought 951: 872:Historical figures may today be simulated as 173:(1795–1881) saw the study of figures such as 3120:The Body: Toward an Eastern Mind-Body Theory 3116: 3020:. Ardent Media. p. 7. GGKEY:YLJPC0Q8L47 2604:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2382:Hattaway, Michael (2002), "Historiography", 1517: 547:la fable convenue qu'on appellera l'histoire 2942:Emerging Technologies in Distance Education 2939: 2640: 2625: 2472:. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. 2145:Chakrabarti, Anjan Kumar (11 August 2009). 2144: 2036: 1941: 1715: 1457: 1445: 1337: 1325: 2992:. Princeton University Press. p. 52. 2855: 2009:Anton, John Peter; Preus, Anthony (1971). 2008: 1806: 1667: 1580: 686: 302:The Scottish philosopher and evolutionist 3117:Yuasa, Yasuo; Kasulis, Thomas P. (1987). 3032: 2569: 1493: 1409: 1202: 1151:Persons of National Historic Significance 741:was also flawed by Voltaire's biases and 462:The crucifixion of Jesus, the founder of 2541: 2513: 2466:Innes, Christopher (24 September 1998). 2381: 2325: 2116: 1794: 1556: 1298: 1286: 1214: 935: 931: 690: 601: 519: 457: 378: 290: 196: 3060: 2911: 2883: 2859:Historical Figures in French Literature 2856:Powers, Ann Bleigh; Gale, John (1981). 2830:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 2407: 2172: 2088: 2066: 1997: 1953: 1893: 1505: 1481: 1397: 1385: 1226: 569:ever said "let them eat cake", or that 14: 3167: 2961:Narrating the Italian Historical Novel 2957: 2821: 2753:Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (10 May 2004). 2668: 2628:"Doctor Who's best historical figures" 2493: 2354:Hagen, William W. (13 February 2012). 2246: 2218: 2119:"Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist" 2039:"Historical Necessity and Contingency" 1969: 1929: 1905: 1881: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1652: 1568: 1544: 1529: 1373: 1361: 1250: 3088: 3013: 2985: 2793: 2752: 2724: 2696: 2597: 2465: 2353: 2045:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 84. 1917: 1869: 1818: 1782: 1770: 1703: 1691: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1470:Napoleon & Auguste-Dieudonné 1823 1313: 1274: 1262: 1238: 1190: 634:, on the other hand, figures such as 541:Napoleon spoke of history as being a 2437: 2278:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 2190: 2037:Ben-Menahem, Yemima (28 June 2011). 1680:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 1433: 1421: 1349: 759:has frequently evoked the spirit of 597: 3033:Van Doren, Charles (1 April 2008). 2887:The Logic of Historical Explanation 2647:. InterVarsity Press. p. 335. 2514:Karatani, Kōjin (21 October 2011). 2117:Carneiro, Robert L. (Spring 1981). 1141:List of historical opera characters 490: 24: 3061:Wachtel, Andrew (1 January 1995). 2576:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 2126:The Journal of Libertarian Studies 2012:Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy 573:rode naked through the streets of 503: 349:published an influential paper on 286: 146:Various notable historical figures 25: 3186: 3146: 3039:. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 277. 2986:White, Morton (6 December 2004). 2326:Habermas, Gary R. (1 June 1996). 2089:Carlyle, Thomas (1 August 2007). 1029: 606:Three great historical figures — 185:as key to understanding history. 3152: 3089:Wyile, Herb (18 February 2002). 2697:Magee, Bryan (18 January 2001). 1998:Andrews, Evan (2 October 2012), 1104: 988:. There are many more examples. 835:wrote a speech for the dictator 422:More recently, in his 1943 book 386:, champion of study of great men 308:What Knowledge Is of Most Worth? 133: 121: 109: 97: 83: 71: 59: 47: 2912:Stewart, Jon (16 August 2007). 2890:. Penn State University Press. 2225:. University of Toronto Press. 2191:Chen, Cheng (1 December 2007). 1751: 1742: 1733: 1164: 795: 561:fiddled while Rome burned, but 193:Hegel's world-historical figure 160: 2944:, Athabasca University Press, 2918:. Cambridge University Press. 2761:. Cambridge University Press. 2360:. Cambridge University Press. 1071: 892: 658:The Historical Figure of Jesus 580: 545:which had been agreed upon:– " 374: 13: 1: 3067:. Stanford University Press. 2520:. Columbia University Press. 2292:American Journal of Education 2247:Cramer, Kevin (1 July 2007). 1178: 1037:The Confessions of Nat Turner 202:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1728:Fournier & Wineburg 1997 715:, introducing his 1923 play 320:Inevitability or determinism 7: 2822:Powell, Mark Allan (1998). 2703:. Oxford University Press. 2015:. SUNY Press. p. 162. 1122:(the modern-day equivalent) 1097: 874:animated pedagogical agents 666:"historical" views of Jesus 283:and idealistic absolutism. 36:is a significant person in 10: 3191: 2958:Waters, Sandra A. (2009). 2392:Cambridge University Press 1962: 1131:List of biographical films 952:Realist historical fiction 880:, which acted the part of 453: 365:London School of Economics 352:The Poverty of Historicism 2884:Roberts, Clayton (1996). 2789:, vol. 7, H. Colburn 2786:Mémorial de Sainte Hélène 695:An 1843 view of a heroic 515: 2794:Nield, Jonathan (1929). 2151:. Taylor & Francis. 2073:. James Fraser. p. 2067:Carlyle, Thomas (1841). 1518:Yuasa & Kasulis 1987 1157: 1146:List of oldest documents 748:Die Jungfrau von Orleans 361:Historical Inevitability 27:Famous person in history 3014:Smith, Goldwin (1899). 2675:. U of Nebraska Press. 2548:. Rodopi. p. 205. 2542:Kaunisto, Mark (2007). 2283:Charles Scribner's Sons 2253:. U of Nebraska Press. 2219:Cobley, Evelyn (2002). 2173:Chapman, James (2006), 1976:. Rodopi. p. 152. 1970:Agassi, Joseph (2008). 1942:Lawrence & Gee 2012 1458:Longman & Enns 2008 1446:Longman & Enns 2008 852:The German philosopher 735:'s version in his poem 687:Political appropriation 2669:Lukacs, Georg (1937). 2598:Landy, Marcia (2001). 2517:History and Repetition 2494:Jacobs, Naomi (1990), 1807:Powers & Gale 1981 1668:Anton & Preus 1971 1581:Powers & Gale 1981 948: 859:Elizabeth I of England 761:Martin Luther King Jr. 700: 679:is known for his work 619: 538: 478:and colleagues at the 471: 447: 420: 387: 317: 299: 281:dialectical relativism 256: 205: 2725:Mixon, Laura (2009). 2438:Hook, Sidney (1943). 2275:"Education (Roman)". 1494:Kerry & Hill 2010 1410:Kerry & Hill 2010 939: 932:In art and literature 863:King Robert the Bruce 694: 605: 523: 461: 436: 415: 382: 312: 294: 247: 236:, in his early essay 200: 3161:at Wikimedia Commons 3017:Shakespeare: The Man 2672:The Historical Novel 2197:. Penn State Press. 1328:, p. chapter 9. 1010:The Historical Novel 1008:in his 1937 book on 962:Richard I of England 738:La Pucelle d'Orléans 470:in the 17th century. 238:The Concept of Irony 2800:. Ayer Publishing. 2633:The Daily Telegraph 2441:The Hero in History 1079:speculative fiction 966:William Shakespeare 941:William Shakespeare 918:Nicolaus Copernicus 916:(295), followed by 854:Friedrich Nietzsche 723:William Shakespeare 713:George Bernard Shaw 424:The Hero in History 369:Ludwig Wittgenstein 331:Friedrich Nietzsche 269:Ralph Waldo Emerson 179:William Shakespeare 116:William Shakespeare 3159:Historical persons 2420:Historical Figures 1730:, p. 160-185. 1496:, p. 133-134. 1301:, p. 188-189. 1064:when he makes his 994:biographical novel 949: 908:or Café Einstein. 886:gender differences 743:Friedrich Schiller 701: 620: 539: 533:painting, 1897 by 472: 388: 300: 206: 18:Historical figures 3157:Media related to 3130:978-0-88706-469-2 3102:978-0-7735-2315-9 3095:. McGill-Queens. 3074:978-0-8047-2594-1 3046:978-1-4022-1160-7 2999:978-0-691-11959-5 2971:978-1-109-07291-4 2925:978-0-521-03951-2 2897:978-0-271-01443-2 2869:978-90-5183-471-0 2841:978-0-664-25703-3 2807:978-0-8337-2509-7 2768:978-0-521-53537-3 2738:978-1-109-12733-1 2710:978-0-19-289322-2 2682:978-0-8032-7910-0 2654:978-0-8308-1783-2 2611:978-0-485-30096-3 2583:978-0-8386-4223-8 2555:978-90-420-2233-1 2527:978-0-231-15729-2 2479:978-0-521-56633-9 2451:978-1-60520-374-4 2367:978-0-521-19190-6 2339:978-0-89900-732-8 2332:. College Press. 2260:978-0-8032-1562-7 2232:978-0-8020-3657-5 2204:978-0-271-03259-7 2175:Inside the Tardis 2158:978-0-415-49453-3 2102:978-1-4068-4388-0 2052:978-1-4443-5152-1 2022:978-0-87395-623-9 2004:, History Channel 1983:978-90-420-2434-2 1091:Queen Elizabeth I 945:Sir John Falstaff 922:John III Sobieski 662:Jesus of Nazareth 598:Religious figures 591:psychobiographers 234:Søren Kierkegaard 140:Leonardo Da Vinci 34:historical figure 16:(Redirected from 3182: 3156: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2954: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2829: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2790: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2637: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2510: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2414: 2404: 2389: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2322: 2286: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2187: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2095:. Echo Library. 2085: 2083: 2081: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2005: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1932:, p. 111ff. 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1773:, p. xviii. 1768: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1716:Veletsianos 2010 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1338:Chakrabarti 2009 1335: 1329: 1326:Ben-Menahem 2011 1323: 1317: 1311: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1172: 1168: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 982:'s 1862 classic 728:Henry VI, Part 1 725:'s depiction in 709:wars of religion 567:Marie Antoinette 491:Historical truth 476:Cesar A. Hidalgo 411:Great Man theory 277:Friedrich Engels 258:However, Hegel, 137: 125: 113: 101: 87: 75: 63: 51: 21: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3165: 3164: 3149: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3023: 3021: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2952: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2508: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2444:. Cosimo, Inc. 2429: 2427: 2402: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2281:. Vol. 9. 2265: 2263: 2261: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2185: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2135: 2133: 2121: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2079: 2077: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1965: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1908:, p. xvii. 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1436:, p. xiii. 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1074: 1062:Ursule Molinaro 1043:Sophie's Choice 1032: 954: 934: 895: 809:Cyrus the Great 798: 689: 675:The theologian 610:presenting the 600: 583: 518: 506: 504:Ancient figures 493: 456: 377: 335:Michel Foucault 322: 304:Herbert Spencer 296:Herbert Spencer 289: 287:Spencerian view 265:George Bancroft 195: 187:Herbert Spencer 183:Oliver Cromwell 163: 150: 149: 148: 147: 143: 142: 141: 138: 130: 129: 126: 118: 117: 114: 106: 105: 102: 93: 92: 91: 90:Albert Einstein 88: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3163: 3162: 3148: 3147:External links 3145: 3143: 3142: 3129: 3123:. 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Doctorow 1048:William Styron 1031: 1030:Modern fiction 1028: 985:Les Misérables 964:also appears. 953: 950: 933: 930: 906:Chopin (vodka) 894: 891: 797: 794: 688: 685: 648:Gautama Buddha 599: 596: 586:Thomas Carlyle 582: 579: 517: 514: 505: 502: 492: 489: 468:Jacob Jordaens 455: 452: 405:limit; ah no, 391:Thomas Carlyle 384:Thomas Carlyle 376: 373: 339:Vladimir Lenin 321: 318: 288: 285: 260:Thomas Carlyle 194: 191: 171:Thomas Carlyle 162: 159: 145: 144: 139: 132: 131: 127: 120: 119: 115: 108: 107: 103: 96: 95: 94: 89: 82: 81: 77: 70: 69: 65: 58: 57: 53: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2951:9781897425763 2947: 2943: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2507:9780809316076 2503: 2500:, SIU Press, 2499: 2498: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2401:9780521775397 2397: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2184:9781845111632 2180: 2176: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1956:, p. 19. 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1872:, p. 16. 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1836:, p. xv. 1835: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1809:, p. 65. 1808: 1803: 1797:, p. 16. 1796: 1795:Hattaway 2002 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1718:, p. 16. 1717: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1631:, p. 64. 1630: 1625: 1619:, p. 51. 1618: 1613: 1607:, p. 60. 1606: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1559:, p. 11. 1558: 1557:Habermas 1996 1553: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1424:, p. xi. 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1388:, p. 47. 1387: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1352:, p. 37. 1351: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1316:, p. 52. 1315: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1299:Carneiro 1981 1295: 1288: 1287:Carneiro 1981 1283: 1277:, p. xv. 1276: 1271: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1217:, p. 20. 1216: 1215:Karatani 2011 1211: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1167: 1163: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1023:War and Peace 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:György Lukács 1001: 999: 995: 989: 987: 986: 981: 977: 976: 975:Julius Caesar 971: 967: 963: 959: 946: 942: 938: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 907: 903: 898: 890: 887: 883: 882:Sigmund Freud 879: 875: 870: 868: 867:Louis Pasteur 864: 860: 855: 850: 848: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 777: 776:Simón Bolívar 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757:Jesse Jackson 752: 750: 749: 744: 740: 739: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 699:at the stake. 698: 693: 684: 682: 678: 677:Martin Kähler 673: 671: 670:New Testament 667: 663: 659: 655: 654:E. 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