589:
547:. The arms reduction mission ended in failure, however, and the 1912 law was announced shortly thereafter. The Germans were aware at as early as 1911, the Royal Navy had abandoned the idea of a decisive battle with the German fleet, in favor of a distant blockade at the entrances to the North Sea, which the British could easily control due to their geographical position. There emerged the distinct possibility that the German fleet would be unable to force a battle on its own terms, which would render it militarily useless. When the war came in 1914, the British did in fact adopt this strategy. Coupled with the restrictive orders of the Kaiser, who preferred to keep the fleet intact to be used as a bargaining chip in the peace settlements, the ability of the High Seas Fleet to affect the military situation was markedly reduced.
703:
389:
289:
928:
76:
571:
Grand Fleet with submarines and torpedo boats. Once a rough equality of forces could be achieved, the High Seas Fleet would be able to attack and destroy the
British fleet. Implicit in Tirpitz's strategy was the assumption that German vessels were better-designed, had better-trained crews, and would be employed with superior tactics. In addition, Tirpitz assumed that Britain would not be able to concentrate its fleet in the North Sea, owing to the demands of its global empire. At the start of a conflict between the two powers, the Germans would therefore be able to attack the Royal Navy with local superiority.
58:
325:, required a larger fleet than those of the next two largest naval powers combined. The crux of Tirpitz's "risk theory" was that by building a fleet to the 2:3 ratio, Germany would be strong enough that even in the event of a British naval victory, the Royal Navy would incur damage so serious as to allow the third-ranked naval power to rise to preeminence. Implicit in Tirpitz's theory was the assumption that the British would adopt an offensive strategy that would allow the Germans to use mines and submarines to even the numerical odds before fighting a decisive battle between
1278:
1070:. Scheer turned north after receiving a false report from a zeppelin about a British unit in the area. As a result, the bombardment was not carried out, and by 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and so turned his forces around and retreated to German ports. Another fleet sortie took place on 18–19 October 1916 to attack enemy shipping east of Dogger Bank. Despite being forewarned by signal intelligence, the Grand Fleet did not attempt to intercept. The operation was however cancelled due to poor weather after the cruiser
318:, as the primary threat to Germany. In a discussion with the Kaiser during his first month in his post as State Secretary, he stated that "for Germany the most dangerous naval enemy at present is England." Tirpitz theorized that an attacking fleet would require a 33 percent advantage in strength to achieve victory, and so decided that a 2:3 ratio would be required for the German navy. For a final total of 60 German battleships, Britain would be required to build 90 to meet the 2:3 ratio envisioned by Tirpitz.
463:, which increased their cost and necessitated expensive dredging of canals and harbors to accommodate them. The German naval budget was already stretched thin; without new funding, Tirpitz would have to abandon his challenge to Britain. As a result, Tirpitz went before the Reichstag in May 1906 with a request for additional funding. The First Amendment to the Second Naval Law was passed on 19 May and appropriated funding for the new battleships, as well as for the dredging required by their increased size.
467:
804:
1006:
1147:
1264:) of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, despite the expected casualties. However, many of the war-weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on
31:
982:
formation, which was completed by 23:40. A series of ferocious engagements between Scheer's battleships and
Jellicoe's destroyer screen ensued, though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef. The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade
556:
1222:, Scotland, on the 24th, a Thursday. As a result, there was no convoy for Hipper to attack. Beatty sortied with a force of 31 battleships and four battlecruisers, but was too late to intercept the retreating Germans. The Germans reached their defensive minefields early on 25 April, though approximately 40 nmi (74 km; 46 mi) off Heligoland
657:
In 1897, the year
Tirpitz came to his position as State Secretary of the Navy Office, the Imperial Navy consisted of a total of around 26,000 officers, petty officers, and enlisted men of various ranks, branches, and positions. By the outbreak of war in 1914, this had increased significantly to about
440:
in 1905 further strengthened
Britain's position, as it removed the second of her two traditional naval rivals. These developments allowed Britain to discard the "two power standard" and focus solely on out-building Germany. In October 1906, Admiral Fisher stated "our only probable enemy is Germany.
1213:
outside
Wilhelmshaven and departed the following morning. Despite the success in reaching the convoy route undetected, the operation failed due to faulty intelligence. Reports from U-boats indicated to Scheer that the convoys sailed at the start and middle of each week, but a west-bound convoy had
829:
on 15–16 December 1914 was the first such operation. On the evening of 15 December, the German battle fleet of some twelve dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six
British battleships. However, skirmishes between the
579:
revolution, and introduced rigorous training for the fleet personnel. In 1912, the
British concluded a joint defense agreement with France that allowed the British to concentrate in the North Sea while the French defended the Mediterranean. Worse still, the British began developing the strategy of
427:
Fisher's reforms caused serious problems for
Tirpitz's plans; he counted on a dispersal of British naval forces early in a conflict that would allow Germany's smaller but more concentrated fleet to achieve a local superiority. Tirpitz could also no longer depend on the higher level of training in
419:
in 1904, introduced sweeping reforms in large part to counter the growing threat posed by the expanding German fleet. Training programs were modernized, old and obsolete vessels were discarded, and the scattered squadrons of battleships were consolidated into four main fleets, three of which were
228:
in the fleet were rendered obsolete and required replacement. Enough dreadnoughts for two full squadrons were completed by the outbreak of war in mid-1914; the eight most modern pre-dreadnoughts were used to constitute a third squadron. Two additional squadrons of older vessels were mobilized but
570:
The German Navy's pre-war planning held that the
British would be compelled to mount either a direct attack on the German coast to defeat the High Seas Fleet, or to put in place a close blockade. Either course of action would permit the Germans to whittle away at the numerical superiority of the
406:
felt the implications of the Second Naval Law were not a significantly more dangerous threat than the fleet set by the First Naval Law; they believed it was more important to focus on the practical situation rather than speculation on future programs that might easily be reduced or cut entirely.
379:
in China, allowed
Tirpitz to push through an expanded fleet plan in 1900. The Second Naval Law was passed on 14 June 1900; it doubled the size of the fleet to 38 battleships and 20 large and 38 small cruisers. Tirpitz planned an even larger fleet. As early as September 1899, he had informed the
1128:
in January 1917, began to appear. In June and July, the crews began to conduct more active forms of resistance. These activities included work refusals, hunger strikes, and taking unauthorized leave from their ships. The disruptions came to a head in August, when a series of protests, anti-war
484:
to cope with the growing cost of the latest battleships. The law also reduced the service life of all battleships from 25 to 20 years, which allowed Tirpitz to push for the replacement of older vessels earlier. A third and final amendment was passed in May 1912 represented a compromise between
1208:
Admiral Scheer had used light surface forces to attack British convoys to Norway beginning in late 1917. As a result, the Royal Navy attached a squadron of battleships to protect the convoys, which presented Scheer with the possibility of destroying a detached squadron of the Grand Fleet. The
648:
Steam ships of the period, which burned coal to fire their boilers, were naturally tied to coaling stations in friendly ports. The German Navy lacked sufficient overseas bases for sustained operations, even for single ships operating as commerce raiders. The Navy experimented with a device to
981:
This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheer's "T". A third 16-point turn followed; Hipper's mauled battlecruisers charged the British line to cover the retreat. Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising
942:
Admiral Scheer's fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts, six light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's
694:). Each of these ships typically had a total crew in excess of 1,000 officers and men; the light cruisers that screened for the fleet had crew sizes between 300 and 550. The fleet torpedo boats had crews of about 80 to 100 officers and men, though some later classes approached 200.
636:
connected the Baltic and North Seas and allowed the German Navy to quickly shift naval forces between the two seas. In peacetime, all ships on active duty in the High Seas Fleet were stationed in Wilhelmshaven, Kiel, or Danzig. Germany possessed only one major overseas base, at
816:
The High Seas Fleet conducted a number of sweeps and advances into the North Sea. The first occurred on 2–3 November 1914, though no British forces were encountered. Ingenohl, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, adopted a strategy in which the battlecruisers of Rear Admiral
209:, Tirpitz believed Germany could achieve a balance of force that could seriously damage British naval hegemony. This was the heart of Tirpitz's "Risk Theory", which held that Britain would not challenge Germany if the latter's fleet posed such a significant threat to its own.
1323:, three light cruisers, and eighteen destroyers were saved from sinking by the British harbor personnel. The Royal Navy, initially opposed to salvage operations, decided to allow private firms to attempt to raise the vessels for scrapping. Cox and Danks, a company founded by
990:-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven. The High Seas Fleet had sunk more British vessels than the Grand Fleet had sunk German, though Scheer's leading battleships had taken a terrible hammering. Several capital ships, including
205:, the German Emperor, championed the fleet as the instrument by which he would seize overseas possessions and make Germany a global power. By concentrating a powerful battle fleet in the North Sea while the Royal Navy was required to disperse its forces around the
902:
in coordinated attacks on the Grand Fleet; Scheer received approval from the Kaiser in February 1916 to carry out his intentions. Scheer ordered the fleet on sweeps of the North Sea on 26 March, 2–3 April, and 21–22 April. The battlecruisers conducted another
947:
had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. The Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.
744:. While on a peacetime footing, the Fleet conducted a routine pattern of training exercises, with individual ships, with squadrons, and with the combined fleet, throughout the year. The entire fleet conducted several cruises into the Atlantic Ocean and the
997:, which had been the first vessel in the line, and most of the battlecruisers, were in drydock for extensive repairs for at least two months. On 1 June, the British had twenty-four capital ships in fighting condition, compared to only ten German warships.
1303:, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships. Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their
653:
to warships while underway in 1907, though the practice was not put into general use. Nevertheless, German capital ships had a cruising range of at least 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi), more than enough to operate in the Atlantic Ocean.
574:
The British, however, did not accommodate Tirpitz's projections; from his appointment as the First Sea Lord in 1904, Fisher began a major reorganization of the Royal Navy. He concentrated British battleship strength in home waters, launched the
794:
before returning to port, where the ships remained at a heightened state of readiness. War between Austria-Hungary and Serbia broke out the following day, and in the span of a week all of the major European powers had joined the conflict.
485:
Tirpitz and moderates in parliament. The amendment authorized three new battleships and two light cruisers. The amendment called for the High Seas Fleet to be equipped with three squadrons of eight battleships each, one squadron of eight
407:
Segments of the British public, however, quickly seized on the perceived threat posed by the German construction programs. Despite their dismissive reaction, the Admiralty resolved to surpass German battleship construction. Admiral
333:. Tirpitz believed Germany would emerge victorious from a naval struggle with Britain, as he believed Germany to possess superior ships operated by better-trained crews, more effective tactics, and led by more capable officers.
893:
became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post. Scheer favored a much more aggressive policy than that of his predecessor, and advocated greater usage of
580:
the distant blockade of Germany starting in 1904; this removed the ability of German light craft to reduce Britain's superiority in numbers and essentially invalidated German naval planning before the start of World War I.
1318:
at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. Out of the interned fleet, only one battleship,
252:, the German fleet commander, that even a highly favorable outcome to a fleet action would not secure German victory in the war. Scheer and other leading admirals therefore advised the Kaiser to order a resumption of the
1314:. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter
860:
and returned without incident. Another followed on 17–18 April, where the fleet covered a mining operation by the II Scouting Group. Three days later, on 21–22 April, the High Seas Fleet advanced towards the
1209:
operation called for Hipper's battlecruisers to attack the convoy and its escorts on 23 April while the battleships of the High Seas Fleet stood by in support. On 22 April, the German fleet assembled in the
1380:. Raeder advocated long-range commerce raiding by surface ships, rather than constructing a large surface fleet to challenge the Royal Navy, which he viewed to be a futile endeavor. His initial version of
1114:
The war, now in its fourth year, was by 1917 taking its toll on the crews of the ships of the High Seas Fleet. Acts of passive resistance, such as the posting of anti-war slogans in the battleships
428:
both the German officer corps and the enlisted ranks, nor the superiority of the more modern and homogenized German squadrons over the heterogeneous British fleet. In 1904, Britain signed the
1135:, the center of the anti-war activities. A series of courts-martial followed, which resulted in 77 guilty verdicts; nine men were sentenced to death for their roles, though only two men,
951:
At 16:00 UTC, the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south, back towards Scheer's battle fleet. Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet, Vice Admiral
455:
in February 1906. The new battleship, armed with a main battery of ten 12-inch (30 cm) guns, was considerably more powerful than any battleship afloat. Ships capable of battle with
2973:
248:, on 31 May–1 June 1916, where the High Seas Fleet confronted the whole of the Grand Fleet. The battle was inconclusive, but the British won strategically, as it convinced Admiral
2963:
2978:
778:
on 28 June, the High Seas Fleet began its summer cruise to Norway on 13 July. During the last peacetime cruise of the Imperial Navy, the fleet conducted drills off
733:—had been constructed to allow for the creation of a second full squadron. On 16 February 1907, Kaiser Wilhelm renamed the Home Fleet the High Seas Fleet. Admiral
856:
replaced him as commander of the fleet. Pohl conducted a series of fleet advances in 1915; in the first one on 29–30 March, the fleet steamed out to the north of
371:
on 28 March 1898. Construction of the fleet was to be complete by 1 April 1904. Rising international tensions, particularly as a result of the outbreak of the
1307:, and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and enlisted men on each of the capital ships. On 10 January 1919, the High Seas Fleet was formally disbanded.
1254:
was to take effect. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet; Scheer—by now the
2903:
1327:
handled most of the salvage operations, including those of the heaviest vessels raised. After Cox's withdrawal due to financial losses in the early 1930s,
2929:
2908:
1297:
made clear to Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser
445:
Fleet always concentrated within a few hours of England. We must therefore keep a Fleet twice as powerful concentrated within a few hours of Germany."
838:. Under orders from the Kaiser to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the fleet back toward Germany.
358:
879:
869:
before being forced to turn back by inclement weather. On 10 August, the fleet steamed to the north of Heligoland to cover the return of the
1274:. The unrest forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. When informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated "I no longer have a navy".
1201:
on Ösel. By 20 October, the fighting on the islands was winding down; Moon, Ösel, and Dagö were in German possession. The previous day, the
588:
220:. At its creation in 1907, the High Seas Fleet consisted of two squadrons of battleships, and by 1914, a third squadron had been added. The
314:
on 6 December 1897, Tirpitz stated that the navy was "a question of survival" for Germany. He also viewed Great Britain, with its powerful
2944:
1315:
1241:
273:
1129:
speeches, and demonstrations resulted in the arrest of dozens of sailors. Scheer ordered the arrest of over 200 men from the battleship
826:
256:
campaign. The primary responsibility of the High Seas Fleet in 1917 and 1918 was to secure the German naval bases in the North Sea for
1413:
955:
battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet, under the command of Admiral
2940:
2865:
866:
771:
260:
operations. Nevertheless, the fleet continued to conduct sorties into the North Sea and detached units for special operations in the
380:
Kaiser that he sought at least 45 battleships, and potentially might secure a third double-squadron, for a total of 48 battleships.
913:
had struck a mine during the previous raid and the repair work forced the operation to be pushed back until the end of the month.
865:, though again failed to meet any British forces. Another sortie followed on 29–30 May, during which the fleet advanced as far as
756:, who would command the High Seas Fleet in the first months of World War I, took command following the departure of Holtzendorff.
782:
before proceeding to the Norwegian fjords on 25 July. The following day the fleet began to steam back to Germany, as a result of
734:
126:
907:
on 24–25 April, during which the fleet provided distant support. Scheer planned another raid for mid-May, but the battlecruiser
825:
raided British coastal towns to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet where they could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet. The
336:
In his first program, Tirpitz envisioned a fleet of nineteen battleships, divided into two eight-ship squadrons, one ship as a
2732:
2713:
2694:
2656:
2637:
2602:
2578:
2559:
2513:
904:
544:
1407:
1354:
The High Seas Fleet, particularly its wartime impotence and ultimate fate, strongly influenced the later German navies, the
978:
turn to the south-west. At 18:55, Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet.
967:
403:
341:
1205:
had ordered the cessation of naval actions and the return of the dreadnoughts to the High Seas Fleet as soon as possible.
1189:, and the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet. The operation began on the morning of 12 October, when
775:
702:
340:, and two in reserve. The squadrons were further divided into four-ship divisions. This would be supported by the eight
2815:
1285:
Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral
1331:, Inc. took over the salvage operation for the remaining ships. Five more capital ships were raised, though three—SMS
2789:
2770:
2751:
2675:
2536:
2494:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2380:
388:
244:
of the I Scouting Group to raid the British coast as the bait for the Royal Navy. These operations culminated in the
960:
956:
497:
and twelve light cruisers. By the outbreak of war in August 1914, only one eight-ship squadron of dreadnoughts—the
807:
757:
347:
1467:, Chile. In addition, the High Seas Fleet conducted several training cruises into the mid-Atlantic in 1908–1911.
1394:, long-range light cruisers, and reconnaissance forces for attacking enemy shipping, though he was overruled by
882:. The last operation of the year, conducted on 23–24 October, was an advance without result in the direction of
612:, was also a major base in the North Sea. The island of Heligoland provided a fortified forward position in the
216:, typically organized in eight-ship squadrons, though it also contained various other formations, including the
1247:
1057:
2858:
1251:
952:
721:
638:
560:
408:
253:
1346:—were too deep to permit raising. They remain on the bottom of Scapa Flow, along with four light cruisers.
849:
727:
397:
301:
480:
The Reichstag passed a second amendment to the Naval Law in March 1908 to provide an additional billion
2808:
Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914
508:
402:
During the initial period of German naval expansion, Britain did not feel particularly threatened. The
268:. Following the German defeat in November 1918, the Allies interned the bulk of the High Seas Fleet in
2548:
Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart
1370:. Former Imperial Navy officers continued to serve in the subsequent institutions, including Admiral
368:
927:
526:
2851:
1130:
1103:, built to serve as fleet flagship, entered service; on the 17th, Scheer hauled down his flag from
1014:
749:
539:
Before the 1912 naval law was passed, Britain and Germany attempted to reach a compromise with the
310:—RMA); Tirpitz was an ardent supporter of naval expansion. During a speech in support of the First
130:
970:. By 18:30, the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene, and was deployed into a position that would
288:
519:
502:
421:
1181:. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and
1328:
753:
738:
706:
470:
449:
322:
134:
2968:
975:
878:. A month later, on 11–12 September, the fleet covered another mine-laying operation off the
436:
with France, Britain's primary naval rival. The destruction of two Russian fleets during the
236:
during the war, designed to lure out an isolated portion of the numerically superior British
737:, Wilhelm II's brother, became the first commander of the High Seas Fleet; his flagship was
1311:
1271:
974:
from the northeast. To extricate his fleet from this precarious position, Scheer ordered a
629:
354:
277:
177:
81:
8:
2898:
2552:
The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present
515:
1449:
679:
2893:
642:
633:
533:
437:
297:
197:
was the architect of the fleet; he envisioned a force powerful enough to challenge the
194:
1178:
661:
658:
80,000 officers, petty officers, and men. Capital ships were typically commanded by a
2888:
2832:
2811:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2690:
2671:
2652:
2633:
2598:
2574:
2555:
2532:
2509:
2490:
2471:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
1443:
1310:
The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the
1298:
1286:
922:
873:
870:
498:
416:
311:
245:
202:
150:
109:
1442:
visited the United States in mid 1912, and a flotilla consisting of the battleships
1161:, the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the
2924:
2593:
2588:
1294:
1198:
1170:
1151:
1140:
1097:-class ships were transferred to the IV Squadron. In March 1917 the new battleship
1087:-class battleships remained in the III Squadron, along with the newly commissioned
1036:
822:
818:
481:
431:
217:
146:
1265:
1013:
By August, enough warships had been repaired to allow Scheer to undertake another
852:
in January 1915, the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February. Admiral
420:
based in Europe. Britain also made a series of diplomatic arrangements, including
224:
revolution in 1906 greatly affected the composition of the fleet; the twenty-four
1391:
1022:
890:
783:
540:
494:
460:
249:
225:
166:
142:
620:
was the most important base in the Baltic, which supported the forward bases at
2625:
1458:
1210:
971:
787:
650:
412:
376:
206:
2525:
1157:
In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of
1136:
1071:
1005:
842:
466:
424:
that allowed a greater concentration of British battleships in the North Sea.
2957:
1455:
1434:
1336:
1255:
1115:
853:
834:
screens in the darkness convinced Ingenohl that he was faced with the entire
597:
490:
486:
241:
174:
138:
63:
1029:
803:
2836:
2594:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
2313:
1395:
1374:, Hipper's former chief of staff, who became the commander in chief of the
1371:
1365:
1357:
1304:
1277:
1162:
1050:
936:
908:
857:
613:
265:
991:
862:
835:
237:
221:
181:
91:
35:
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1146:
1088:
1064:
1043:
883:
745:
601:
326:
315:
269:
261:
213:
198:
367:). This fleet was secured by the First Naval Law, which passed in the
2546:
Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993).
1194:
1122:
1098:
1035:
at Jutland, the only battlecruisers available for the operation were
983:
831:
233:
2826:
1185:
Islands; the primary naval component was to comprise its flagship,
1174:
899:
791:
713:
605:
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entered service by early 1915. As a result, the third squadron—the
372:
337:
184:. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet (
2843:
959:. During the run to the north, Scheer's leading ships engaged the
555:
493:. Two 8-ship squadrons would be placed in reserve, along with two
30:
1227:
1077:
944:
448:
The most damaging blow to Tirpitz's plan came with the launch of
357:, six large and eighteen small cruisers, and twelve divisions of
191:
1197:
while the IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the
1381:
1219:
1215:
895:
779:
625:
621:
330:
321:
The Royal Navy's "two-power standard", first formulated in the
257:
596:
The primary base for the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea was
2810:. Studies in Central European Histories. Brill Academic Pub.
2545:
2319:
1193:
and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in
1408:
Organization of the High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland
1182:
1158:
617:
609:
2630:
The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914
536: remained composed of pre-dreadnoughts through 1916.
2974:
Military units and formations of the Imperial German Navy
2554:] (in German). Vol. 2. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag.
1250:
was planned for the end of October 1918, days before the
748:. Prince Henry was replaced in late 1909 by Vice Admiral
1414:
Organization of the High Seas Fleet in late October 1918
770:
Despite the rising international tensions following the
1293:. Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral
935:-class battleship firing her main guns at Jutland, by
276:
in June 1919, days before the belligerents signed the
592:
The I and II Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet in Kiel
2964:
Naval units and formations of Germany in World War I
2782:
The Collapse of Power: Mutiny in the High Seas Fleet
1177:, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the
1083:. The fleet was reorganized on 1 December; the four
559:
Prewar photo of the High Seas Fleet—a member of the
459:would need to be significantly larger than the old
2620:(1). Collingwood: The Browning Press: 65–66. 1907.
2524:
2506:"Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918
2979:Military units and formations established in 1907
2449:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2430:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
1218:on Tuesday the 22nd and an east-bound group left
232:The fleet conducted a series of sorties into the
2955:
2428:Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980).
2427:
1760:"New Apparatus for Coaling Warships", pp. 65–66
2373:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918
1398:, who preferred a large fleet of battleships.
1390:in the late 1930s, called for large number of
790:. On the 27th, the entire fleet assembled off
2859:
2725:The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945
2447:Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985).
1289:, were interned in the British naval base of
2446:
1385:
1375:
1363:
1355:
1259:
812:, the second flagship of the High Seas Fleet
752:, who served until April 1913. Vice Admiral
677:
659:
429:
362:
305:
240:. These operations frequently used the fast
185:
2945:Imperial German Navy order of battle (1914)
2760:
2394:. London: Pen and Sword Military Classics.
1242:Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow
1235:
212:The primary component of the Fleet was its
2866:
2852:
2828:Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War
827:raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
583:
514:. The second squadron of dreadnoughts—the
2941:List of ships of the Imperial German Navy
720:In early 1907, enough battleships—of the
2779:
2722:
2706:German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2)
2687:German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 1)
2646:
2624:
2531:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
2408:
1768:
1766:
1276:
1145:
1017:. Due to the serious damage incurred by
1004:
1000:
926:
802:
701:
587:
554:
465:
387:
287:
2746:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
2741:
2573:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2568:
2484:
2389:
2288:
2286:
2267:
2265:
1720:
1718:
1076:was torpedoed by the British submarine
767:as the fleet flagship on 2 March 1913.
2956:
2824:
2805:
2612:"New Apparatus for Coaling Warships".
2587:
2522:
2503:
2465:
2370:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1877:
1875:
1838:
1836:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1463:sailed around South America as far as
1270:and then on several other battleships
190:) was renamed as the High Seas Fleet.
2847:
2765:. Worcester: Billing & Sons Ltd.
2703:
2684:
2665:
1763:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1232:; she successfully returned to port.
1150:Movements of the German fleet during
2727:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2489:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2470:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2451:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2432:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2411:Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting
2358:Gardiner & Chesneau, pp. 218–220
2283:
2262:
2037:
1863:
1715:
1598:
916:
2873:
2597:. New York City: Ballantine Books.
2375:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2100:
1974:
1965:
1929:
1872:
1833:
1688:
1580:
1530:
1384:, the construction program for the
525:, was only completed when the four
300:became the State Secretary for the
13:
2799:
1498:
1169:) planned an operation, codenamed
543:, led by the British War Minister
383:
361:, all assigned to the Home Fleet (
47:16 February 1907 – 10 January 1919
14:
2990:
2413:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2320:Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz
2668:German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918
1830:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 164–172
1631:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 135–136
1613:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 145–147
1173:, to seize the Baltic island of
74:
56:
29:
2744:Jutland: The German Perspective
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2304:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1956:
1947:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1854:
1845:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1775:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1706:
1697:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1589:
1571:
1427:
1281:Locations of the scuttled ships
1226:was torpedoed by the submarine
1015:fleet operation on 18–19 August
1009:The High Seas Fleet in Kiel bay
2487:A Naval History of World War I
1562:
1553:
1544:
1521:
1512:
1489:
1480:
798:
608:, located on the mouth of the
254:unrestricted submarine warfare
173:) was the battle fleet of the
1:
2784:. London: Arthur Barker Ltd.
2364:
750:Henning von Holtzendorff
501:—had been assembled with the
2831:. Cassell and Company, ltd.
1474:
1420:
1316:ordered the ships to be sunk
518:—which included four of the
398:Anglo-German naval arms race
7:
2647:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
2508:. Amherst: Humanity Books.
1622:Gardiner & Gray, p. 141
1604:Gardiner & Gray, p. 135
1541:Gardiner & Gray, p. 134
1401:
754:Friedrich von Ingenohl
600:on the western side of the
550:
283:
10:
2995:
2569:Lambert, Nicholas (2012).
2468:German Warships: 1815–1945
2390:Bennett, Geoffrey (2006).
1239:
920:
735:Prince Heinrich of Prussia
697:
395:
272:, where it was ultimately
180:and saw action during the
16:Imperial German Navy fleet
2938:
2917:
2881:
2825:Scheer, Reinhard (1920).
2761:van der Vat, Dan (1986).
2485:Halpern, Paul G. (1995).
1794:Staff (Vol. 2), pp. 10–11
1349:
1165:. The Navy High Command (
1063:, and the new battleship
905:raid on the English coast
476:underway, circa 1906–1907
323:Naval Defence Act of 1889
120:
115:
105:
97:
87:
69:
51:
43:
28:
23:
2780:Woodward, David (1973).
2708:. Oxford: Osprey Books.
2689:. Oxford: Osprey Books.
2670:. Oxford: Osprey Books.
2649:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
2523:Heyman, Neil M. (1997).
2371:Beesly, Patrick (1984).
2349:van der Vat, pp. 210–214
2340:van der Vat, pp. 200–210
1772:Gröner, pp. 23–28, 52–56
1236:Internment at Scapa Flow
776:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
375:in South Africa and the
131:Henning von Holtzendorff
2742:Tarrant, V. E. (1995).
2723:Sweetman, Jack (1997).
2504:Herwig, Holger (1980).
2409:Campbell, John (1998).
1860:Staff (Vol. 1), pp. 7–8
1049:, which were joined by
584:Logistics and personnel
2466:Gröner, Erich (1990).
1386:
1376:
1364:
1356:
1329:Metal Industries Group
1282:
1260:
1154:
1107:and transferred it to
1010:
939:
841:Following the loss of
813:
717:
716:of the High Seas Fleet
678:
660:
593:
567:
477:
430:
422:an alliance with Japan
404:Lords of the Admiralty
393:
363:
306:
293:
203:Kaiser Wilhelm II
186:
170:
135:Friedrich von Ingenohl
38:of the High Seas Fleet
2918:Reconnaissance forces
2806:Hobson, Rolf (2002).
2651:. London: Routledge.
2632:. Edinburg: Birlinn.
2392:The Battle of Jutland
2142:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 43
2106:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 35
1971:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 11
1944:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 15
1881:Staff (Vol. 2), p. 14
1783:German Battlecruisers
1518:Sondhaus, pp. 160–161
1280:
1149:
1008:
1001:Subsequent operations
930:
850:Battle of Dogger Bank
806:
705:
591:
558:
469:
391:
355:coastal defense ships
291:
274:scuttled by its crews
2704:Staff, Gary (2010).
2685:Staff, Gary (2010).
2666:Staff, Gary (2006).
2259:Tarrant, pp. 281–282
2250:Tarrant, pp. 280–281
2196:Halpern, pp. 214–215
2061:Tarrant, pp. 177–181
1851:Staff (Vol. 1), p. 7
1803:Staff (Vol. 1), p. 8
1312:Treaty of Versailles
1132:Prinzregent Luitpold
1105:Friedrich der Grosse
809:Friedrich der Grosse
760:Friedrich der Grosse
641:in China, where the
630:Kaiser Wilhelm Canal
302:Imperial Navy Office
278:Treaty of Versailles
264:against the Russian
82:Imperial German Navy
2899:III Battle Squadron
2614:Industrial Magazine
2571:Planning Armageddon
2331:van der Vat, p. 199
2301:Herwig, pp. 254–255
2169:Woodward, pp. 72–73
2160:Woodward, pp. 70–72
2151:Woodward, pp. 66–67
1899:Herwig, pp. 149–150
1821:Gröner, pp. 104–115
1733:Herwig, pp. 104–105
1685:Herwig, pp. 149–150
968:5th Battle Squadron
966:battleships of the
788:ultimatum to Serbia
649:transfer coal from
516:III Battle Squadron
392:Admiral John Fisher
2904:IV Battle Squadron
2894:II Battle Squadron
1998:Tarrant, pp. 63–64
1926:Tarrant, pp. 43–44
1917:Tarrant, pp. 31–33
1283:
1248:final fleet action
1155:
1011:
972:cross Scheer's "T"
940:
854:Hugo von Pohl
814:
718:
643:East Asia Squadron
634:Schleswig-Holstein
594:
568:
534:II Battle Squadron
530:-class battleships
523:-class battleships
512:-class battleships
478:
441:Germany keeps her
438:Russo-Japanese War
394:
298:Alfred von Tirpitz
294:
292:Alfred von Tirpitz
195:Alfred von Tirpitz
2951:
2950:
2930:II Scouting Group
2909:V Battle Squadron
2889:I Battle Squadron
2763:The Grand Scuttle
2734:978-0-87021-229-1
2715:978-1-84603-468-8
2696:978-1-84603-467-1
2658:978-0-415-21478-0
2639:978-1-84341-013-3
2604:978-0-345-40878-5
2589:Massie, Robert K.
2580:978-0-67406-149-1
2561:978-3-7822-0210-7
2515:978-1-57392-286-9
1649:Herwig, pp. 36–37
1595:Herwig, pp. 56–57
1568:Herwig, pp. 48–49
1433:For example, the
1287:Ludwig von Reuter
1143:, were executed.
1093:, while the five
923:Battle of Jutland
917:Battle of Jutland
871:auxiliary cruiser
499:I Battle Squadron
411:, who became the
296:In 1898, Admiral
246:Battle of Jutland
229:later disbanded.
201:'s predominance.
156:
155:
151:Ludwig von Reuter
110:Battle of Jutland
2986:
2925:I Scouting Group
2882:Battle Squadrons
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2821:
2795:
2776:
2757:
2738:
2719:
2700:
2681:
2662:
2643:
2621:
2608:
2584:
2565:
2542:
2530:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2462:
2443:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:Campbell, p. 274
2077:
2071:
2070:Campbell, p. 275
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:Sweetman, p. 394
1951:
1945:
1942:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1468:
1431:
1392:P-class cruisers
1389:
1379:
1369:
1361:
1295:Adolf von Trotha
1263:
1199:Sworbe Peninsula
1179:Sworbe Peninsula
1171:Operation Albion
1152:Operation Albion
1141:Max Reichpietsch
1060:Grosser Kurfürst
1028:and the loss of
823:I Scouting Group
819:Franz von Hipper
693:
690:
689:corvette captain
687:
683:
680:Korvettenkapitän
675:
672:
669:
665:
461:pre-dreadnoughts
435:
432:Entente cordiale
415:and head of the
366:
309:
226:pre-dreadnoughts
218:I Scouting Group
189:
147:Franz von Hipper
80:
78:
77:
62:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2934:
2913:
2877:
2875:High Seas Fleet
2872:
2818:
2802:
2800:Further reading
2792:
2773:
2754:
2735:
2716:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2626:Padfield, Peter
2611:
2605:
2581:
2562:
2539:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:Tarrant, p. 282
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:Halpern, p. 420
2240:
2236:
2232:Halpern, p. 419
2231:
2227:
2223:Halpern, p. 418
2222:
2218:
2214:Halpern, p. 219
2213:
2209:
2205:Halpern, p. 215
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:Halpern, p. 213
2186:
2182:
2178:Woodward, p. 77
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:Halpern, p. 214
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:Halpern, p. 327
2096:
2092:
2088:Tarrant, p. 263
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:Bennett, p. 106
2051:
2047:
2043:Tarrant, p. 165
2042:
2038:
2034:Tarrant, p. 153
2033:
2029:
2025:Tarrant, p. 116
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:Campbell, p. 34
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1712:Halpern, p. 179
1711:
1707:
1703:Halpern, p. 182
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:Padfield, p. 94
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1527:Padfield, p. 45
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1404:
1352:
1244:
1238:
1003:
962:Queen Elizabeth
925:
919:
891:Reinhard Scheer
867:Schiermonnikoog
801:
784:Austria-Hungary
700:
691:
688:
685:
673:
670:
667:
662:Kapitän zur See
645:was stationed.
586:
553:
545:Richard Haldane
541:Haldane Mission
489:, and eighteen
400:
386:
384:Naval arms race
307:Reichsmarineamt
286:
250:Reinhard Scheer
182:First World War
163:High Seas Fleet
159:
149:
145:
143:Reinhard Scheer
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:Prince Heinrich
122:
75:
73:
57:
55:
39:
24:High Seas Fleet
17:
12:
11:
5:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2817:978-0391041059
2816:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2585:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2543:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2312:
2310:Herwig, p. 255
2303:
2294:
2292:Herwig, p. 256
2282:
2280:Herwig, p. 252
2273:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2124:Beesly, p. 167
2117:
2115:Massie, p. 683
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1989:Tarrant, p. 62
1982:
1980:Tarrant, p. 58
1973:
1964:
1962:Tarrant, p. 50
1955:
1946:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1908:Tarrant, p. 31
1901:
1892:
1890:Heyman, p. xix
1883:
1871:
1869:Herwig, p. 262
1862:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1812:Herwig, p. 111
1805:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1762:
1753:
1751:Halpern, p. 67
1744:
1742:Halpern, p. 66
1735:
1726:
1724:Herwig, p. 114
1714:
1705:
1696:
1694:Halpern, p. 10
1687:
1678:
1676:Lambert, p. 39
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1640:Tarrant, p. 21
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
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1425:
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1417:
1411:
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1351:
1348:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1211:Schillig Roads
1002:
999:
953:David Beatty's
921:Main article:
918:
915:
800:
797:
699:
696:
671:Captain at Sea
604:; the port of
585:
582:
566:leads the line
552:
549:
491:light cruisers
487:battlecruisers
413:First Sea Lord
396:Main article:
385:
382:
377:Boxer Uprising
285:
282:
242:battlecruisers
207:British Empire
157:
154:
153:
124:
118:
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107:
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2791:0-213-16431-0
2787:
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2774:
2772:0-86228-099-0
2768:
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2753:0-304-35848-7
2749:
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2538:0-313-29880-7
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2498:
2496:1-55750-352-4
2492:
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2477:0-87021-790-9
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:0-87021-907-3
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:0-87021-913-8
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:1-55821-759-2
2416:
2412:
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2403:
2401:1-84415-300-2
2397:
2393:
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2384:
2382:0-19-281468-0
2378:
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2355:
2346:
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2328:
2322:, p. 31.
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2256:
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2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2016:Bennet, p. 73
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1842:Herwig, p. 45
1839:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1748:
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1721:
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1709:
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1691:
1682:
1673:
1667:Herwig, p. 79
1664:
1658:Herwig, p. 92
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1586:Herwig, p. 50
1583:
1577:Herwig, p. 49
1574:
1565:
1556:
1550:Herwig, p. 42
1547:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1509:Herwig, p. 36
1506:
1504:
1502:
1495:Herwig, p. 35
1492:
1486:Herwig, p. 33
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:light cruiser
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:battlecruiser
1430:
1426:
1415:
1412:
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1399:
1397:
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1305:breech blocks
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
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1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1256:Grand Admiral
1253:
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965:
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957:John Jellicoe
954:
949:
946:
938:
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929:
924:
914:
912:
911:
906:
901:
897:
892:
889:Vice Admiral
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
839:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
811:
810:
805:
796:
793:
792:Cape Skudenes
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:assassination
768:
766:
762:
761:
755:
751:
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623:
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359:torpedo boats
356:
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178:Imperial Navy
176:
172:
171:Hochseeflotte
168:
164:
158:Military unit
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Hugo von Pohl
136:
132:
128:
125:
119:
114:
111:
108:
104:
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83:
72:
68:
65:
64:German Empire
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2969:Naval fleets
2874:
2827:
2807:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2705:
2686:
2667:
2648:
2629:
2617:
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2592:
2570:
2551:
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2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1756:
1747:
1738:
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1708:
1699:
1690:
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1600:
1591:
1582:
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1523:
1514:
1491:
1482:
1459:
1451:König Albert
1450:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1396:Adolf Hitler
1387:Kriegsmarine
1377:Reichsmarine
1372:Erich Raeder
1366:Kriegsmarine
1358:Reichsmarine
1353:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1320:
1309:
1299:
1284:
1266:
1261:Grossadmiral
1245:
1228:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1166:
1163:Gulf of Riga
1156:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1039:Von der Tann
1038:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1012:
993:
987:
980:
961:
950:
941:
937:Claus Bergen
932:
909:
888:
874:
858:Terschelling
844:
840:
815:
808:
769:
764:
759:
740:
728:
723:Braunschweig
722:
719:
712:, the first
708:
656:
647:
614:German Bight
595:
576:
573:
569:
562:Braunschweig
561:
538:
527:
520:
509:
503:
479:
472:
456:
451:
447:
442:
426:
401:
364:Heimatflotte
348:
342:
335:
320:
295:
266:Baltic Fleet
231:
211:
187:Heimatflotte
162:
160:
36:Dreadnoughts
18:
2527:World War I
1203:Admiralstab
1167:Admiralstab
1137:Albin Köbis
1025:Derfflinger
880:Swarte Bank
863:Dogger Bank
836:Grand Fleet
799:World War I
765:Deutschland
741:Deutschland
729:Deutschland
709:Deutschland
577:Dreadnought
473:Dreadnought
457:Dreadnought
452:Dreadnought
409:John Fisher
238:Grand Fleet
222:dreadnought
214:battleships
106:Engagements
2958:Categories
2365:References
1465:Valparaiso
1460:Strassburg
1342:, and SMS
1325:Ernest Cox
1291:Scapa Flow
986:while the
884:Horns Reef
746:Baltic Sea
602:Jade Bight
327:Heligoland
316:Royal Navy
270:Scapa Flow
262:Baltic Sea
199:Royal Navy
123:commanders
116:Commanders
101:~100 ships
1475:Citations
1421:Footnotes
1339:Kronprinz
1337:SMS
1267:Thüringen
1252:Armistice
1195:Tagga Bay
1123:SMS
1118:Oldenburg
1116:SMS
1078:HMS
1065:SMS
1058:SMS
1051:SMS
1044:SMS
1037:SMS
1030:SMS
1023:SMS
992:SMS
984:roadstead
900:zeppelins
843:SMS
832:destroyer
763:replaced
758:SMS
739:SMS
707:SMS
510:Helgoland
471:HMS
450:HMS
417:Admiralty
369:Reichstag
343:Siegfried
312:Naval Law
234:North Sea
2628:(2005).
2591:(2003).
1454:and the
1402:See also
1344:Markgraf
1272:mutinied
1053:Markgraf
1019:Seydlitz
976:16-point
910:Seydlitz
714:flagship
651:colliers
639:Jiaozhou
632:through
606:Cuxhaven
551:Strategy
373:Boer War
338:flagship
329:and the
284:Creation
2837:2765294
1785:, p. 15
1300:Cardiff
1073:München
945:Room 40
896:U-boats
848:at the
845:Blücher
731:classes
698:History
495:armored
351:classes
192:Admiral
121:Notable
52:Country
2835:
2814:
2788:
2769:
2750:
2731:
2712:
2693:
2674:
2655:
2636:
2601:
2577:
2558:
2535:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2398:
2379:
1781:Staff
1445:Kaiser
1439:Moltke
1382:Plan Z
1350:Legacy
1224:Moltke
1220:Methil
1216:Bergen
1191:Moltke
1187:Moltke
1095:Kaiser
1090:Bayern
1067:Bayern
1046:Moltke
1032:Lützow
988:Kaiser
964:-class
875:Meteor
830:rival
780:Skagen
628:. The
626:Danzig
622:Pillau
521:Kaiser
504:Nassau
346:- and
331:Thames
258:U-boat
175:German
167:German
79:
70:Branch
61:
44:Active
2550:[
1333:König
1321:Baden
1214:left
1125:Posen
1109:Baden
1100:Baden
1085:König
994:König
933:König
676:) or
564:class
528:König
482:marks
443:whole
92:Fleet
2833:OCLC
2812:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2377:ISBN
1448:and
1362:and
1183:Moon
1175:Ösel
1159:Riga
1139:and
1121:and
1042:and
1021:and
898:and
726:and
624:and
618:Kiel
610:Elbe
507:and
349:Odin
161:The
98:Size
88:Type
1229:E42
1080:E38
821:'s
786:'s
774:of
353:of
2960::
2943:•
2616:.
2285:^
2264:^
1931:^
1874:^
1835:^
1765:^
1717:^
1532:^
1500:^
1335:,
1246:A
1111:.
1056:,
931:A
886:.
616:.
280:.
169::
2867:e
2860:t
2853:v
2839:.
2820:.
2794:.
2775:.
2756:.
2737:.
2718:.
2699:.
2680:.
2661:.
2642:.
2618:6
2607:.
2583:.
2564:.
2541:.
2518:.
2499:.
2480:.
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2442:.
2423:.
2404:.
2385:.
1416:.
1410:.
1258:(
692:'
686:'
684:(
674:'
668:'
666:(
304:(
165:(
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