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region's characteristic rainless summer weather. As it shrinks in fall, the West Coast is subject to cold fronts from the
Pacific which bring rain during the cool months. On the East Coast, it brings warm, humid air in late spring and throughout summer. In fall, as the subtropical ridge retreats, cold air from Canada takes over. In Europe, the effect is similar as the subtropical ridge brings the Mediterranean hot, dry summer weather and cool, wet winters. Europe north of the Pyrenees is at a higher latitude so the effect of the ridge is somewhat less significant and this region is mainly characterized by a cooler maritime climate. However, a particularly hot summer such as 2003 or 2019 which sees the subtropical ridge expand more than usual can bring heat waves as far north as Scandinavia—conversely, while Europe had record-breaking summer heat in 2003 due to a particularly strong subtropical ridge, its counterpart in North America was unusually weak and temperatures across the continent that spring and summer were wet and well below normal.
356:, or torrid zone, is roughly at the 30th parallel and is the source of warm high pressure systems. As the hot air closer to the equator rises, it cools, losing moisture; it is then transported poleward where it descends, creating the high-pressure area. This is part of the Hadley cell circulation and is known as the subtropical ridge or subtropical high. It follows the track of the sun over the year, expanding north (south in the Southern Hemisphere) in spring and retreating south (north in the Southern Hemisphere) in fall. The subtropical ridge is a warm core high-pressure system, meaning it strengthens with height. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure systems.
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429:'s rotation is what gives winds within high-pressure systems their clockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and counterclockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure). Friction with land slows down the wind flowing out of high-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more outward than would be the case in the absence of friction. This results in the 'actual wind' or 'true wind', including ageostrophic corrections, which add to the
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often remains quasi-stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year, making it unique in that regard. It is also a bit larger and more persistent than its counterpart in North
America. Surface winds accelerating down valleys down the western Pacific Ocean coastline, causing
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Strong, vertically shallow high-pressure systems moving from higher latitudes to lower latitudes in the northern hemisphere are associated with continental arctic air masses. Once arctic air moves over an unfrozen ocean, the air mass modifies greatly over the warmer water and takes on the character
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The latitudes of 30N and 30S, the so-called "horse latitudes", have semi-permanent high pressure around them known as the subtropical ridge, although their size and exact location varies with the seasons. On the West Coast of the United States, the subtropical ridge expands in spring and brings the
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given by the earth's rotation to the air circulation is in the opposite direction of earth's apparent rotation if viewed from above the hemisphere's pole. So, both the earth and winds around a low-pressure area rotate counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern. The
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Winter sees the dominance of cold highs from the sub-Arctic. In
Western Europe and the West Coast of North America, these originate in the Gulf of Alaska or the Greenland/Iceland area and move south to southeast. Since they are principally masses of ocean air, they will bring cool, damp conditions
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High pressure systems in the temperate latitudes generally bring warm weather in spring and summer, when the amount of heat received from the Sun during daytime exceeds what is lost at night, and cold weather in fall and winter when the amount of heat lost at night exceeds what is gained during
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Within high-pressure areas, winds flow from where the pressure is highest, at the center of the area, toward the periphery where the pressure is lower. However, if the planet is rotating, the straight direction of the air flow from the center to the periphery is bent by the
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The scientific terms in
English used to describe the weather systems generated by highs and lows were introduced in the mid-19th century, mostly by the British. The scientific theories which explain the general phenomena originated about two centuries earlier.
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In the
Southern Hemisphere the result is similar. Australia and the southern cone of South America get hot, dry summer weather from the subtropical ridge and cooler wetter winter weather as cold fronts from the southern oceans take over.
417:. Since stronger high-pressure systems contain cooler or drier air, the air mass is more dense and flows towards areas that are warm or moist, which are in the vicinity of low pressure areas in advance of their associated
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low temperatures in all seasons. When surface winds become light, the subsidence produced directly under a high-pressure system can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the
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127:, as seen from above, depends on the hemisphere. High-pressure systems rotate clockwise in the northern Hemisphere; low-pressure systems rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
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278:, or compressional, heating. Thus, high pressure typically brings clear skies. During the day, since no clouds are present to reflect sunlight, there is more incoming shortwave
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High pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones. On
English-language weather maps, high-pressure centers are identified by the letter H in English, within the
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can develop. However, warm and moist (or maritime tropical) air masses that move poleward from tropical sources are slower to modify than arctic air masses.
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with widespread fog. In East Asia and interior North
America, these air masses come from Siberia or Canada and bring very cold, dry air in their wake.
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the winter monsoon. Arctic high-pressure systems such as the
Siberian High are cold core, meaning that they weaken with height. The influence of the
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421:. The stronger the pressure difference, or pressure gradient, between a high-pressure system and a low-pressure system, the stronger the wind. The
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of the
British East India Company to describe the devastating storm of December 1789 in Coringa, India. A cyclone forms around a low-pressure area.
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Rasmussen, E.A. and Turner, J. (2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale
Weather Systems in the Polar Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 612.
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daytime (with low pressure systems it is the reverse--lows in fall and winter bring warmer weather and cooler weather in spring and summer).
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of a maritime air mass, which reduces the strength of the high-pressure system. When extremely cold air moves over relatively warm oceans,
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with the highest pressure value. On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour.
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The subtropical ridge shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from September 2000
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pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere, and about half the atmospheric pressure at the surface.
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International Commission on History of Meteorology: History of Meteorology 3. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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The Hadley cell carries heat and moisture from the tropics towards the northern and southern mid-latitudes.
186:; that article explains in detail the physics, and provides an animation of a model to aid understanding.
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Satellite image showing a high-pressure area south of Australia, evidenced by the clearing in the clouds
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A simple rule is that for high-pressure areas, where generally air flows from the center outward, the
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into cool neighboring regions. These highs weaken once they extend out over warmer bodies of water.
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in western Europe. Along its southerly periphery, the clockwise circulation often impels
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flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.
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opposite to these two cases occurs in the case of a high. These results derive from the
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North Atlantic International General Aviation Operations Manual Chapter 2. Environment.
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Some climatological high-pressure areas acquire regionally based names. The land-based
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The strongest high-pressure areas result from masses of cold air which spread out from
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990:"Frequently Asked Questions: What determines the movement of tropical cyclones?"
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meteorological features that result from interplays between the relatively
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The direction of wind flow around an atmospheric high-pressure area and a
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to indicate an area whose winds revolved in the opposite direction of a
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Hadley's Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds.
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Weaker—but more frequently occurring—are high-pressure areas caused by
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Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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Highs are frequently associated with light winds at the surface and
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is greater than the pressure in the surrounding regions. Highs are
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and temperatures rise. At night, the absence of clouds means that
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British Wind Energy Association. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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Canadian Broadcasting Centre. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
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National Research Laboratory. Retrieved on 11 February 2007.
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High-pressure areas form due to downward motion through the
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CHAPTER 11: Air Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, and Anticyclones.
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STEC 521: Lesson 4 SURFACE PRESSURE SYSTEMS AND AIRMASSES.
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Blame Yukon: Arctic air mass chills rest of North America.
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Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2006).
552:. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. July 2017.
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491: – Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas
303:
119:
Wind circulation in the northern and southern hemispheres
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that is characterized by flow parallel to the isobars.
274:. In general, subsidence will dry out an air mass by
473: – Elongated region of high atmospheric pressure
314:
111:, high-pressure centers are identified by the letter
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Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
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On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (
59:, is an area near the surface of a planet where the
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651:The Weather Doctor. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
2737:
479: – Equatorial east-to-west prevailing winds
847:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
2149:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
405:flows from areas of high pressure to areas of
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101:otherwise known as hurricanes and typhoons.
1601:
1587:
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649:Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 1 The High.
317:is used to represent a high-pressure area.
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2433:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1007:
804:University of Maryland, Baltimore County
793:
774:Federal Aviation Administration (1999).
693:
343:
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199:
38:
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884:Climate Change Research Center (2002).
880:
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701:What's happening inside highs and lows.
27:Region with higher atmospheric pressure
14:
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302:rises towards 100 percent overnight,
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1182:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1046:Education and Careers: What is wind?
1038:
1020:(1 ed.). Twin Age Ltd. p.
901:
875:
709:
618:
556:from the original on 12 October 2022
2406:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2399:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2332:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2215:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
1058:
929:Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere.
752:
729:
590:
502:
204:A surface weather analysis for the
24:
2494:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
2440:Australian region tropical cyclone
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224:occurs. Preferred areas within a
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270:through the lower portion of the
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962:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
948:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
939:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
898:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
872:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
858:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
849:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
806:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
781:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
706:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
690:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
667:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
660:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
638:. Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
615:. Retrieved on 17 February 2009.
608:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
443:
2454:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
2413:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
971:Weather Online Limited (2009).
960:American Meteorological Society
870:American Meteorological Society
665:American Meteorological Society
613:American Meteorological Society
71:dynamics of an entire planet's
2447:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2210:Continental North Asian storms
975:Retrieved on 16 February 2009.
907:ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999).
726:Retrieved on 11 February 2007.
626:Middle-Latitude Cyclones – II.
596:| "Word Origin & History"
538:
524:
13:
1:
495:
30:For the opposite effect, see
2708:Tropical cyclones portal
1749:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1689:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1232:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
1014:Christopher C. Burt (2004).
510:"An Australian "Anti-storm""
413:differences between the two
189:
7:
2558:Mesoscale convective vortex
2540:Mesoscale convective system
2142:List of European windstorms
1559:Pacific Northwest windstorm
896:University of New Hampshire
715:Myanmar government (2007).
624:Konstantin Matchev (2009).
436:
284:outgoing longwave radiation
10:
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467: – Weather phenomenon
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909:The Formation of Deserts.
647:Keith C. Heidorn (2005).
599:|accessed 24 January 2013
2746:Meteorological phenomena
1833:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1826:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1162:Annular tropical cyclone
1069:National Weather Service
683:25 February 2009 at the
631:25 February 2009 at the
294:, leading to widespread
2622:Multiple-vortex tornado
2061:Friederike (David) 2018
2054:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1777:December 1981 windstorm
1735:North Sea flood of 1953
1648:Christmas Flood of 1717
914:17 October 2012 at the
891:7 November 2009 at the
835:Becca Hatheway (2008).
815:Anders Persson (2006).
722:27 January 2007 at the
610:Level of nondivergence.
546:"A dry start to winter"
73:atmospheric circulation
2563:Line echo wave pattern
2517:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2286:Southern Ocean cyclone
1374:Extratropical cyclones
1167:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1157:Central dense overcast
927:W. T. Sturges (1991).
799:Dr. Ali Tokay (2000).
735:Robert Tardif (2002).
699:Jack Williams (2007).
349:
318:
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209:
87:atmospheric subsidence
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1935:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1798:Burns' Day storm 1990
1682:Night of the Big Wind
1403:Post-tropical cyclone
1152:Rapid intensification
955:15 March 2012 at the
865:6 August 2007 at the
678:Appendix G: Glossary.
636:University of Florida
461: – Type of storm
388:on 19 December 2001.
382:Tosontsengel, Zavkhan
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174:a logical extension.
42:
2756:Atmospheric pressure
2722:Tornadoes portal
2632:Anticyclonic tornado
2600:Low-topped supercell
2378:Cape Verde hurricane
1770:Gale of January 1976
1051:4 March 2011 at the
822:25 June 2008 at the
737:Fog characteristics.
532:"European Heat Wave"
61:atmospheric pressure
18:High-pressure system
2424:Southern Hemisphere
2362:Northern Hemisphere
2250:Southern Hemisphere
2205:Western Disturbance
2019:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1791:Great storm of 1987
1756:1968 Scotland storm
1696:Tay Bridge disaster
1675:Great Storm of 1824
1641:Great Storm of 1703
1611:European windstorms
1440:Northern Hemisphere
1258:South Atlantic High
1246:Southern Hemisphere
1222:North American High
1200:Northern Hemisphere
742:20 May 2011 at the
512:. NASA. 8 June 2012
298:. If the low level
208:on 21 October 2006.
2371:Atlantic hurricane
2327:Lake Huron cyclone
1388:Anticyclonic storm
1263:South Pacific High
1227:North Pacific High
1142:High-pressure area
1132:Anticyclonic storm
1064:JetStream (2008).
931:Springer, pp. 23.
459:Anticyclonic storm
409:. This is due to
392:Connection to wind
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254:Typical conditions
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49:high-pressure area
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1237:Subtropical ridge
1147:Low-pressure area
1117:Centers of action
937:978-1-85166-619-5
860:Subtropical High.
534:. 16 August 2003.
489:Low-pressure area
340:Subtropical ridge
300:relative humidity
235:), also known as
125:low-pressure area
99:tropical cyclones
32:Low-pressure area
16:(Redirected from
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471:Barometric ridge
453:
448:
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431:geostrophic wind
398:Geostrophic wind
378:hurricane season
196:Anticyclogenesis
156:Henry Piddington
106:English-language
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1627:Grote Mandrenke
1625:
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1486:Great basin low
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1472:Alberta clipper
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1334:South Polar low
1329:North Polar low
1311:
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1273:Australian High
1241:
1186:
1120:
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1066:Origin of Wind.
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1053:Wayback Machine
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1017:Extreme Weather
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842:26 May 2012 at
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354:horse latitudes
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280:solar radiation
256:
198:
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184:Coriolis effect
121:
95:Coriolis effect
35:
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1763:Quimburga 1972
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1511:Panhandle hook
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1302:Synoptic scale
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1115:of the world (
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1057:
1037:
1030:
1006:
977:
964:
950:Siberian High.
941:
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455:
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451:Weather portal
438:
435:
425:caused by the
423:coriolis force
396:Main article:
393:
390:
374:easterly waves
331:
330:In climatology
328:
255:
252:
194:Main article:
191:
188:
179:coriolis force
164:Francis Galton
154:was coined by
120:
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26:
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2525:Catalina eddy
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2479:Cold-core low
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2175:Icelandic Low
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1518:November gale
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1449:North America
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1312:Surface-based
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1306:
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1268:Kalahari High
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1212:Siberian High
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1044:BWEA (2007).
1041:
1033:
1031:0-393-32658-6
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986:Chris Landsea
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483:Weather front
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375:
371:
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361:Siberian High
357:
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346:
341:
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336:Siberian High
327:
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206:United States
202:
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107:
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100:
96:
90:
88:
83:
81:
80:polar regions
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2751:Anticyclones
2733:
2713:
2699:
2612:Funnel cloud
2530:Haida Eddies
2489:Polar vortex
2047:Herwart 2017
2040:Ophelia 2017
1963:St Jude 2013
1942:Joachim 2011
1921:Xynthia 2010
1879:Jeanett 2002
1864:21st century
1784:Charley 1986
1721:Ulysses 1903
1713:20th century
1667:19th century
1544:Hatteras low
1539:Aleutian Low
1479:Colorado low
1413:Weather bomb
1141:
1113:anticyclones
1060:
1040:
1016:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
980:
973:Azores High.
967:
944:
923:
903:
854:
837:Hadley Cell.
831:
811:
795:
786:
770:
754:
731:
711:
695:
672:
656:
643:
620:
604:
592:
580:. Retrieved
570:
558:. Retrieved
549:
540:
526:
514:. Retrieved
504:
407:low pressure
401:
358:
351:
320:
265:
245:
230:
220:layer where
211:
176:
172:anticyclones
171:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
122:
112:
109:weather maps
103:
91:
84:
77:
69:larger-scale
65:middle-scale
56:
52:
48:
46:
36:
2670:Steam devil
2590:Mesocyclone
2484:Cut-off low
2472:Upper level
2309:Subtropical
2279:Other areas
2224:Other areas
2200:Asiatic Low
2124:Ciarán 2023
2110:Larisa 2023
2103:Eunice 2022
2089:Aurore 2021
2082:Dennis 2020
2068:Adrian 2018
2033:Xavier 2017
2005:Niklas 2015
1956:Andrea 2012
1949:Dagmar 2011
1900:Kyrill 2007
1886:Gudrun 2005
1872:Oratia 2000
1854:Martin 1999
1847:Lothar 1999
1840:Anatol 1999
1742:Debbie 1961
1728:Iberia 1941
1493:Bighorn Low
1464:Lee Cyclone
1457:Continental
1217:Azores High
1192:Anticyclone
550:boom.gov.au
516:12 February
477:Trade winds
419:cold fronts
366:Azores High
313:The letter
272:troposphere
237:convergence
218:atmospheric
214:troposphere
160:Anticyclone
57:anticyclone
2740:Categories
2675:Fire whirl
2665:Dust devil
2644:Waterspout
2605:Wall cloud
2317:Kona storm
2236:Kona storm
2117:Babet 2023
2096:Malik 2022
2075:Ciara 2020
1970:Xaver 2013
1928:Berit 2011
1914:Klaus 2009
1549:Nor'easter
1172:Superstorm
582:24 January
560:19 October
496:References
415:air masses
370:heat waves
334:See also:
324:polar lows
306:can form.
268:subsidence
2639:Landspout
2595:Supercell
2575:Whirlwind
2508:Mesoscale
2291:Sudestada
2258:Australia
2180:Genoa low
2026:Zeus 2017
2012:Egon 2017
1998:Tini 2014
1984:Anne 2014
1977:Dirk 2013
1907:Emma 2008
1819:Lili 1996
1418:Sting jet
1177:Hypercane
704:USA Today
576:"Cyclone"
465:Heat dome
276:adiabatic
190:Formation
150:The term
2660:Gustnado
2553:Mesohigh
2548:Wake Low
2347:Tropical
2134:See also
1893:Per 2007
1554:Gulf low
1430:Rainband
1381:Concepts
1125:Concepts
1109:Cyclones
1049:Archived
988:(2009).
953:Archived
912:Archived
889:Archived
863:Archived
840:Archived
820:Archived
761:(2009).
759:CBC News
740:Archived
720:Archived
681:Archived
629:Archived
554:Archived
437:See also
386:Mongolia
233:isotachs
226:synoptic
2617:Tornado
2393:Typhoon
2352:Outline
2337:Thermal
1532:Oceanic
1398:Cyclone
1292:Cyclone
999:25 July
411:density
288:diurnal
222:weather
168:cyclone
152:cyclone
2231:Arctic
1572:Europe
1028:
935:
248:isobar
216:, the
2653:Minor
2583:Major
2163:Other
1503:Other
1393:Storm
1321:Polar
1137:Storm
717:Haze.
662:High.
427:Earth
292:ridge
55:, or
2193:Asia
1423:List
1111:and
1026:ISBN
1001:2006
933:ISBN
747:NCAR
688:NOAA
584:2013
562:2022
518:2013
403:Wind
352:The
338:and
296:haze
53:high
1022:234
779:FAA
304:fog
241:hPa
104:On
2742::
1024:.
992:.
877:^
548:.
384:,
75:.
51:,
47:A
2354:)
2350:(
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1119:)
1101:e
1094:t
1087:v
1034:.
1003:.
586:.
564:.
520:.
315:H
113:H
34:.
20:)
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