1203:
1336:
1396:, testicular pain/swelling, mesh infection/wound infection, and recurrence. A seroma is often seen after an indirect hernia repair and resolves spontaneously over 4–6 weeks. To prevent a seroma it's important to reduce the amount of cutting around the hernia sac where it's connected to the cord structures. Additionally, securely attaching the hernia sac to the pubic bone and creating small openings in the tissue around a direct hernia can help. In cases of heavy bleeding or extensive cutting, certain surgeons may opt to insert a drain. Urinary retention is often seen in elderly patients, these patients can be catheterized prior to surgery if there is a risk. Other complications may arise
357:
reflect a 36.00% increase in prevalent cases and a 63.67% increase in incident cases compared to the numbers reported in 1990. About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some point in their lives. Inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias were present in 18.5 million people and resulted in 59,800 deaths in 2015. Groin hernias occur most often before the age of 1 and after the age of 50. It is not known how commonly hiatus hernias occur, with estimates in North
America varying from 10% to 80%. The first known description of a hernia dates back to at least 1550 BC, in the
502:
1069:
680:
664:
1238:
583:
396:
672:
1266:
additional health issues, leads to fewer complications and reduced costs. Studies show that compared to regional or general anesthesia, local anesthesia results in less postoperative pain, shorter recovery times, and decreased unplanned overnight stays. However, it might not be enough for repairing large hernias or in patients with abdominal domain loss, where general anesthesia is preferred.
388:
748:. They can be hard to distinguish from the inguinal type (especially when ascending cephalad): however, they generally appear more rounded, and, in contrast to inguinal hernias, there is a strong female preponderance in femoral hernias. The incidence of strangulation in femoral hernias is high. Repair techniques are similar for femoral and
1246:
470:
Irreducible abdominal hernias or incarcerated hernias may be painful, but their most relevant symptom is that they cannot return to the abdominal cavity when pushed in. They may be chronic, although painless, and can lead to strangulation (loss of blood supply), obstruction (kinking of intestine), or
378:
About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some time in their lives. In 2013 about 25 million people had a hernia. Inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias resulted in 32,500 deaths globally in 2013 and 50,500 in 1990. Healthcare costs associated with abdominal wall hernias account
1373:
The frequency of surgical correction ranges from 10 per 100,000 (U.K.) to 28 per 100,000 (U.S.). After elective surgery, the 30-day mortality rate for inguinal or femoral hernia repair stands at 0.1 percent, but it increases to 2.8 to 3.1 percent after urgent surgery. When a bowel resection is part
1253:
Surgery is recommended for some types of hernias to prevent complications such as obstruction of the bowel or strangulation of the tissue, although umbilical hernias and hiatus hernias may be watched, or are treated with medication. Most abdominal hernias can be surgically repaired, but surgery has
1404:
that is used to repair the hernia. In the event of a mesh rejection, the mesh will very likely need to be removed. Mesh rejection can be detected by obvious, sometimes localized swelling and pain around the mesh area. Continuous discharge from the scar is likely for a while after the mesh has been
1324:
hernia surgery has also recently gained popularity as safe alternatives to open surgery. Robotic surgery for inguinal hernia repair shows outcomes comparable to laparoscopic surgery. The rates of overall complications, long-lasting postoperative pain, urinary retention, and 30-day re-admission are
442:
Hernias might manifest with pain in the area, a noticeable lump, or less specific symptoms caused by pressure on an organ stuck within the hernia, potentially leading to organ dysfunction. Typically, fatty tissue is the initial entrant into a hernia, but it might also involve an organ. Hernias are
369:
Most hernias happen when the muscles and tendons in the belly weaken or get damaged, which makes it hard for them to keep the insides in place and support the body properly. The belly and pelvis act like a container made of muscles, tendons and bones. When pressure builds up inside this container,
356:
Globally in 2019, there were 32.53 million prevalent cases of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias, with a 95% uncertainty interval ranging from 27.71 to 37.79 million. Additionally, there were 13.02 million incident cases, with an uncertainty interval of 10.68 to 15.49 million. These figures
703:
can be distinguished by their positioning in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels. An indirect hernia is situated laterally to these vessels, whereas a direct hernia is positioned medially to them. Inguinal hernias are the most common type of hernia in both men and women. In some selected
1421:
centers and are able to return to work within a week or two, though intense activities are prohibited for a longer period. People who have their hernias repaired with mesh often recover within a month, but pain can last longer. Surgical complications may include pain that lasts more than three
1265:
causes less pain, speeds up recovery, and shows similar low rates of the hernia coming back compared to the traditional open repair method. However, open surgery can be done sometimes without general anesthesia. Using local anesthesia for open groin hernia repair, particularly in patients with
32:
458:
or in another abdominal area can often be seen and felt. When standing, such a bulge becomes more obvious. Besides the bulge, other symptoms include pain in the groin that may also include a heavy or dragging sensation, and in men, there is sometimes pain and swelling in the
888:), in which case the junction remains fixed while another portion of the stomach moves up through the defect. Non-sliding or para-esophageal hernias can be dangerous as they may allow the stomach to rotate and obstruct. Repair is usually advised.
1254:
complications. Prior to surgery patients should be medically optimized receive guidance about changing factors that can be controlled, such as quitting smoking, managing medical conditions like diabetes effectively, and working on losing weight.
370:
the muscles push back to keep everything in place. If the pressure gets too high, it may cause the belly's wall to break, leading to a hernia. Once a hernia starts, it keeps enlarging, because the tension on the wall there increases.
2093:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1325:
very similar between these two methods. Just like in other areas of general surgery, it has been noted that robotic surgery for inguinal hernia repair takes more time in the operating room compared to the laparoscopic approach.
1097:: a perineal hernia protrudes through the muscles and fascia of the perineal floor. It may be primary but usually is acquired following perineal prostatectomy, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum, or pelvic exenteration.
590:
Furthermore, conditions that increase the pressure of the abdominal cavity may also cause hernias or worsen the existing ones. Some examples would be: obesity, straining during a bowel movement or urination (constipation,
931:. The above article deals mostly with "visceral hernias", where the herniating tissue arises within the abdominal cavity. Other hernia types and unusual types of visceral hernias are listed below, in alphabetical order:
498:(MDCT) can show with precision the anatomic site of the hernia sac, the contents of the sac, and any complications. MDCT also offers clear detail of the abdominal wall allowing wall hernias to be identified accurately.
561:
or incarceration, in which it cannot be reduced, or pushed back into place, at least not without very much external effort. In intestinal hernias, this also substantially increases the risk of bowel obstruction and
2620:
Ozben V, Aliyeva Z, Barbur E, Guler I, Karahasanoglu T, Baca B (September 2020). "Laparoscopic management of incarcerated broad ligament hernia in a patient with bilateral parametrium defects - a video vignette".
3472:
3453:
1202:
1422:
months, surgical site infections, nerve and blood vessel injuries, injury to nearby organs, and hernia recurrence. Pain that lasts more than three months occurs in about 10% of people following hernia repair.
1690:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1055:: two adjacent loops of small intestine are within a hernial sac with a tight neck. The intervening portion of bowel within the abdomen is deprived of its blood supply and eventually becomes necrotic.
644:
Abdominal wall hernia may occur due to trauma. If this type of hernia is due to blunt trauma it is an emergency condition and could be associated with various solid organs and hollow viscus injuries.
4908:
1638:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2142:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
759:
is a femoral hernia with two sacs, the first being in the femoral canal, and the second passing through a defect in the superficial fascia and appearing almost immediately beneath the skin.
1374:
of the hernia repair, the mortality rate is even higher. Older age, femoral hernias, female sex, and urgent repair are identified as other factors linked to a higher risk of mortality.
3560:
838:
313:". However most men tend to eventually undergo groin hernia surgery due to the development of pain. For women, however, repair is generally recommended due to the higher rate of
1177:: can present as a bulge in the shins. Pain on rest, walking, or during exercise may occur. The bulge can typically not be present unless pressure or flexing of the leg occurs.
294:
inheritance (especially for men). It is unclear if groin hernias are associated with heavy lifting. Hernias can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. Occasionally,
4901:
571:
Causes of hiatus hernia vary depending on each individual. Among the multiple causes, however, are the mechanical causes which include: improper heavy weight lifting, hard
4430:
1328:
Uncomplicated hernias are principally repaired by pushing back, or "reducing", the herniated tissue, and then mending the weakness in muscle tissue (an operation called
1872:
Sezer S, ĹžimĹźek N, Celik HT, Erden G, Ozturk G, DĂĽzgĂĽn AP, et al. (August 2014). "Association of collagen type I alpha 1 gene polymorphism with inguinal hernia".
447:, or fibrous tissue, which forms the abdominal wall. It is possible for the bulge associated with a hernia to come and go, but the defect in the tissue will persist.
4894:
333:. Laparoscopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure. A hiatus hernia may be treated with lifestyle changes such as raising the head of the bed,
232:. Symptoms are present in about 66% of people with groin hernias. This may include pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen, especially with coughing, exercise, or
247:, where the blood supply to part of the bowel is blocked. This usually produces severe pain and tenderness in the area. Hiatus, or hiatal hernias often result in
5005:
633:
cause. They contend that the risk of hernia is due to a physiological difference between patients who have hernia and those who do not, namely the presence of
2883:
Balentine, Courtney J.; Meier, Jennie; Berger, Miles; Reisch, Joan; Cullum, Munro; Lee, Simon C.; Skinner, Celette Sugg; Brown, Cynthia J. (February 2021).
927:
Since many organs or parts of organs can herniate through many orifices, it is very difficult to give an exhaustive list of hernias, with all synonyms and
2206:
1366:
Evidence suggests that tension-free methods (with or without mesh) often have lower percentage of recurrences and the fastest recovery period compared to
240:. Often, it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down. A bulge may appear at the site of hernia, that becomes larger when bending down.
3608:
1636:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1124:: a hernia involving only one sidewall of the bowel, which can result in bowel strangulation leading to perforation through ischaemia without causing
4112:
2091:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
1157:
most commonly presents as an uncomfortable mass in the gluteal area. Bowel obstruction may also occur. This type of hernia is only a rare cause of
2252:
1816:
1688:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
1359:
methods (e.g., Shouldice), muscle is not pulled together under tension. However, this widely used terminology is misleading, as there are many
691:(2/3, depicted here), in which the inguinal canal is entered via a congenital weakness at its entrance (the internal inguinal ring), and the
2188:
Park AE, Roth JS, Kavic SM. Abdominal wall hernia. Curr Probl Surg. 2006 May;43(5):326-75. doi: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2006.02.004. PMID 16679124.
3707:
2140:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (January 2015).
1225:
The benefits of the use of an external device to maintain reduction of the hernia without repairing the underlying defect (such as hernia
2862:
1561:
687:
By far the most common hernias (up to 75% of all abdominal hernias) are inguinal hernias, which are further divided into the more common
641:
aponeurotic arch. There isn't any proof that being physically active will cause a hernia to get stuck or make an existing hernia worse.
3746:
2310:
2030:
1370:. However, the use of prosthetic mesh appears to have a higher likelihood of causing long-term pain and can also lead to infections.
2940:
van Veen, Ruben N.; Mahabier, Chander; Dawson, Imro; Hop, Wim C.; Kok, Niels F. M.; Lange, Johan F.; Jeekel, Johannus (March 2008).
2333:
1047:: a hernia through Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle (superior lumbar triangle). It is named after physician Joseph Grynfeltt (1840–1913).
508:. By pushing on the hernia, it can be (reduced) pushed into the abdomen. When the pressure is removed, the hernia quickly reappears.
3565:
1332:). If complications have occurred, the surgeon will check the viability of the herniated organ and remove part of it if necessary.
1001:: an indirect inguinal hernia with two hernia sacs, without a concomitant direct hernia component (as seen in a pantaloon hernia).
3601:
2367:
811:
An incisional hernia occurs when the defect is the result of an incompletely healed surgical wound. When these occur in median
3974:
3009:
2590:
2294:
853:
Higher in the abdomen, an (internal) "diaphragmatic hernia" results when part of the stomach or intestine protrudes into the
596:
259:
96:
3886:
3626:
1750:
4886:
2532:"Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Factors Affecting Midline Incisional Hernia Rates: Analysis of 14,618 Patients"
1502:
187:
2807:"Tibialis Anterior Muscle Hernia: A Case of Chronic, Dull Pain and Swelling in Leg Diagnosed by Dynamic Ultrasonography"
1865:
1138:: occurs when an organ drags along part of the peritoneum, or, in other words, the organ is part of the hernia sac. The
4187:
3594:
3375:
Chowbey, Pradeep K; Pithawala, Murtaza; Khullar, Rajesh; Sharma, Anil; Soni, Vandana; Baijal, Manish (September 2006).
350:
4859:
4706:
2024:
1555:
1360:
864:
is a particular variant of this type, in which the normal passageway through which the esophagus meets the stomach (
715:(or saddlebag hernia) is a combined direct and indirect hernia when the hernial sac protrudes on either side of the
309:
Groin hernias that do not cause symptoms in males do not need immediate surgical repair, a practice referred to as "
4604:
4942:
4745:
4357:
4340:
3845:
3840:
3717:
1335:
892:
1347:). The mesh is placed either over the defect (anterior repair) or under the defect (posterior repair). At times
4599:
4555:
4449:
4271:
3870:
1367:
1147:
558:
4810:
4656:
2198:
1352:
5000:
4565:
4084:
3692:
2499:"An unexpected finding during an inguinal herniorrhaphy: report of an indirect hernia with two hernia sacs"
1550:(22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 562.
695:
type (1/3), where the hernia contents push through a weak spot in the back wall of the inguinal canal. An
3779:
716:
494:
is the principal means of detecting internal diaphragmatic and other nonpalpable or unsuspected hernias.
403:
Symptoms and signs vary depending on the type of hernia. By far the most common hernias develop in the
4145:
4074:
3675:
1825:"Whole-exome sequencing identifies a potential TTN mutation in a multiplex family with inguinal hernia"
2045:
1344:
4418:
4374:
4327:
4133:
3751:
3056:
Solaini, Leonardo; Cavaliere, Davide; Avanzolini, Andrea; Rocco, Giuseppe; Ercolani, Giorgio (2022).
2264:
1168:
1007:: a hernia due to "short oesophagus" — insufficient elongation — stomach is displaced into the thorax
773:
They involve protrusion of intra-abdominal contents through a weakness at the site of passage of the
275:
112:
3058:"Robotic versus laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
186:, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides. The term is also used for the normal
4764:
4444:
4079:
4037:
3850:
3725:
3712:
3682:
3653:
3491:
3309:
Nilsson, Hanna; Stylianidis, Georgios; Haapamäki, Markku; Nilsson, Erik; Nordin, Pär (April 2007).
2766:"Tibialis anterior herniation - a rare clinical entity: a case report and review of the literature"
1174:
1014:
696:
688:
40:
1037:: a hernia through Petit's triangle (inferior lumbar triangle). It is named after French surgeon
4689:
4466:
4207:
3999:
3658:
1197:
1154:
1129:
904:
705:
70:
407:
when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which
4769:
4493:
4476:
3860:
3736:
3687:
3648:
3618:
1321:
1028:
998:
723:
700:
692:
416:
346:
283:
3520:
2854:
1823:
Mihailov E, Nikopensius T, Reigo A, Nikkolo C, Kals M, Aruaas K, et al. (February 2017).
1545:
722:
Additionally, though very rare, two or more indirect hernias may appear together such as in a
4961:
4921:
4701:
4620:
4609:
4570:
4498:
3801:
3119:
Wideochirurgia I Inne
Techniki Maloinwazyjne = Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques
2530:
Bosanquet DC, Ansell J, Abdelrahman T, Cornish J, Harries R, Stimpson A, et al. (2015).
1307:
Needs a surgeon who is highly experienced in inguinal hernia repair (>200 operations/year)
1044:
992:
978:
638:
536:
244:
75:
2666:"Strangulated hernia through a defect of the broad ligament and mobile cecum: a case report"
2318:
2014:
4979:
4740:
4684:
4505:
4401:
3984:
3979:
3813:
3731:
3697:
2885:"Using Local Anesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair Reduces Complications in Older Patients"
2543:
1088:
950:
916:
912:
832:
816:
794:
322:
291:
287:
4916:
977:, sometimes referred to as brain hernia, is a potentially deadly side effect of very high
487:
obstruction. Also, the hernia bulge, in this case, may turn red, purple or dark and pink.
8:
5015:
4917:
4834:
4644:
4537:
4520:
4481:
4454:
4406:
4249:
4226:
4219:
4168:
4140:
4062:
4057:
4052:
3969:
3586:
3476:
2942:"Spinal or local anesthesia in lichtenstein hernia repair: a randomized controlled trial"
1121:
900:
865:
846:
271:
108:
2547:
1990:
1965:
1500:
Fitzgibbons RJ, Forse RA (February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults".
4929:
4846:
4711:
4694:
4679:
4666:
4649:
4515:
4150:
4042:
4014:
3948:
3774:
3670:
3635:
3411:
3376:
3343:
3326:
3310:
3141:
3114:
3090:
3057:
2977:
2917:
2884:
2831:
2806:
2782:
2765:
2741:
2716:
2692:
2665:
2646:
2566:
2531:
2476:
2166:
2141:
2117:
2092:
1941:
1916:
1897:
1849:
1824:
1800:
1773:
1714:
1689:
1662:
1637:
1615:
1210:
1105:
968:
436:
330:
318:
60:
3279:
3190:
3165:
2416:
2389:
2157:
2108:
1765:
1705:
1653:
1590:
Roman S, Kahrilas PJ (October 2014). "The diagnosis and management of hiatus hernia".
4824:
4805:
4178:
3416:
3398:
3348:
3330:
3291:
3283:
3244:
3236:
3195:
3146:
3095:
3077:
3005:
2969:
2961:
2922:
2904:
2836:
2787:
2746:
2717:"Muscle hernias of the leg: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature"
2697:
2650:
2638:
2602:
2571:
2480:
2468:
2460:
2421:
2359:
2337:
2290:
2171:
2122:
2073:
2065:
2020:
1995:
1946:
1908:
1889:
1854:
1805:
1719:
1667:
1607:
1551:
1519:
1125:
1111:
1052:
1034:
946:
896:
806:
741:
592:
530:
526:
501:
298:
is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes. The diagnosis of
225:
120:
48:
3531:
3485:
3481:
3213:
Arenal, Juan J.; RodrĂguez-Vielba, Paloma; Gallo, Emiliano; Tinoco, Claudia (2002).
3181:
2981:
1901:
1397:
5010:
4947:
4871:
4791:
4786:
4776:
4638:
4510:
4438:
4256:
4163:
4158:
4088:
4047:
3855:
3820:
3406:
3388:
3338:
3322:
3275:
3226:
3185:
3177:
3136:
3126:
3113:
Kamtoh G, Pach R, Kibil W, Matyja A, Solecki R, Banas B, Kulig J (September 2014).
3085:
3069:
2953:
2912:
2896:
2826:
2818:
2777:
2736:
2728:
2687:
2677:
2630:
2561:
2551:
2510:
2452:
2411:
2401:
2161:
2153:
2112:
2104:
2057:
1985:
1977:
1936:
1928:
1881:
1844:
1836:
1795:
1785:
1709:
1701:
1657:
1649:
1619:
1599:
1511:
1226:
1082:
1058:
1038:
974:
960:
941:
908:
768:
712:
338:
326:
310:
229:
2664:
Hiraiwa K, Morozumi K, Miyazaki H, Sotome K, Furukawa A, Nakamaru M (March 2006).
1742:
1068:
1018:
471:
both. Strangulated hernias are always painful and pain is followed by tenderness.
4829:
4759:
4625:
4560:
4525:
4396:
4261:
4197:
4099:
4018:
4009:
3959:
3899:
3784:
3761:
3555:
3496:
2957:
2556:
2061:
1981:
1356:
1348:
1143:
1139:
1094:
1062:
854:
749:
658:
622:
505:
491:
451:
295:
255:
213:
179:
126:
53:
243:
Groin hernias occur more often on the right than left side. The main concern is
4866:
4781:
4335:
4308:
4173:
4108:
4104:
3994:
3964:
3534:
3231:
3214:
3073:
2732:
2515:
2498:
1180:
1135:
935:
820:
778:
774:
744:, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the
735:
607:
576:
408:
314:
217:
3029:"Overview | Laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia repair | Guidance | NICE"
2900:
2227:
1885:
1840:
1313:
Increased recurrence of primary hernias if a surgeon is not experienced enough
781:. Umbilical hernias in adults are largely acquired, and are more frequent in
711:
There are special cases where a direct and indirect hernia appear together. A
349:
may help. If the symptoms do not improve with medications, a surgery known as
4994:
4974:
4799:
4752:
4545:
4488:
4471:
4383:
4128:
3955:
3830:
3796:
3741:
3550:
3402:
3334:
3287:
3240:
3131:
3081:
2965:
2908:
2464:
2069:
1790:
1401:
1329:
1206:
1193:
1164:
1010:
1004:
861:
842:
745:
630:
426:
358:
299:
221:
3466:
3462:
3393:
3263:
2941:
2682:
2456:
2440:
4674:
4586:
4459:
4362:
4313:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4202:
4027:
3943:
3835:
3825:
3791:
3420:
3352:
3295:
3248:
3199:
3150:
3099:
2973:
2926:
2840:
2791:
2750:
2701:
2642:
2606:
2575:
2472:
2425:
2175:
2126:
2077:
1999:
1893:
1858:
1809:
1723:
1671:
1611:
1523:
1406:
872:
to (periodically) "herniate" into the chest. Hiatus hernias may be either "
679:
615:
521:
279:
3262:
Abi-Haidar, Youmna; Sanchez, Vivian; Itani, Kamal M. F. (September 2011).
2406:
2334:"Hiatal Hernia Symptoms, Causes And Relation To Acid Reflux And Heartburn"
1950:
1515:
1245:
895:
is a distinct problem, occurring in up to 1 in 2000 births, and requiring
4969:
4854:
4616:
4594:
4425:
4345:
3989:
3890:
3643:
3515:
3264:"Risk factors and outcomes of acute versus elective groin hernia surgery"
2289:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1932:
1915:
Gong Y, Shao C, Sun Q, Chen B, Jiang Y, Guo C, et al. (March 1994).
1418:
1262:
1258:
1167:: a hernia characterized by chronic groin pain in athletes and a dilated
986:
982:
790:
663:
634:
547:
431:
342:
334:
90:
16:
Abnormal exit of tissues or organs from the cavity they usually reside in
3028:
2822:
1237:
190:, referring to the retraction of the intestine from the extra-embryonal
4630:
4303:
4281:
3926:
3865:
2634:
2588:
1964:
Ma, Q.; Jing, W.; Liu, X.; Liu, J.; Liu, M.; Chen, J. (24 March 2023).
1405:
removed. A surgically treated hernia can lead to complications such as
1101:
812:
626:
552:
464:
412:
237:
3575:
3445:
1603:
1363:
that do not use mesh (e.g., Desarda, Guarnieri, Lipton-Estrin, etc.).
582:
4580:
4550:
4413:
4391:
4244:
4095:
4069:
3931:
3921:
3808:
3769:
3702:
3526:
3115:"Effectiveness of mesh hernioplasty in incarcerated inguinal hernias"
2390:"Surgical physiology of inguinal hernia repair--a study of 200 cases"
1966:"Trends of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia from 1990 to 2019"
1393:
1343:
Muscle reinforcement techniques often involve synthetic materials (a
1115:
1073:
877:
541:
379:
for an annual expenditure of approximately 2.5 to 3 billion dollars.
303:
267:
248:
233:
104:
3215:"Hernias of the abdominal wall in patients over the age of 70 years"
4214:
4192:
3904:
1389:
1294:
Fewer postoperative complications such as infections, bleeding and
823:. These occur in about 13% of people at 2 years following surgery.
786:
572:
476:
421:
3308:
2439:
Montgomery, John; Dimick, Justin B.; Telem, Dana A. (2018-09-11).
395:
4266:
4032:
3936:
3908:
3212:
2589:
Arráez-Aybar LA, González-GĂłmez CC, Torres-GarcĂa AJ (May 2009).
2529:
2044:
Park, Adrian E.; Roth, J. Scott; Kavic, Stephen M. (2006-05-01).
1384:
Some complications from surgery in order of prevalence include a
1158:
1081:
Parastomal hernias, which is when tissue protrudes adjacent to a
1027:
hernia: a hernia in the lumbar region (not to be confused with a
928:
869:
671:
621:
The physiological school of thought contends that in the case of
611:
600:
495:
460:
404:
263:
205:
198:
100:
31:
204:
Various types of hernias can occur, most commonly involving the
4350:
4236:
3569:
3457:
3055:
2591:"Morgagni-Larrey parasternal diaphragmatic hernia in the adult"
2253:"Multidetector CT reveals diverse variety of abdominal hernias"
1822:
1385:
1295:
1024:
837:
472:
444:
194:
3166:"Hernia repair mesh-associated Mycobacterium goodii infection"
1128:
or any of its warning signs. It is named after German surgeon
1104:, for example, when part of inguinal hernia projects from the
899:. Intestinal organs may herniate through several parts of the
4182:
3912:
3374:
2663:
1355:
are often called "tension free" repairs because, unlike some
1183:: a hernia in the groin in front of the femoral blood vessels
1100:
Properitoneal hernia: rare hernia located directly above the
954:
881:
782:
484:
480:
455:
209:
191:
183:
175:
2284:
325:. Open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under
2090:
1291:
Less pain during the first few days following the procedure
1114:: entrapment of portions of the small intestine behind the
971:: containing the appendix vermiformis within the hernia sac
399:
Incarcerated umbilical hernia with surrounding inflammation
3616:
2882:
2714:
317:, which have more complications. If strangulation occurs,
178:, meaning 'rupture') is the abnormal exit of tissue or an
2939:
1261:, or robotic techniques. Fixing an inguinal hernia using
387:
868:) serves as a functional "defect", allowing part of the
3377:"Complications in groin hernia surgery and the way out"
2619:
2285:
Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008).
1146:
are often involved. The term also frequently refers to
3261:
2804:
2139:
1774:"Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review"
1771:
1687:
3112:
2715:
Nguyen JT, Nguyen JL, Wheatley MJ, Nguyen TA (2013).
2438:
2278:
1871:
1257:
Three primary methods can be utilized: open surgery,
254:
Risk factors for the development of a hernia include
3435:
2770:
The
Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
1749:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 9 August 2014.
251:
but may also cause chest pain or pain while eating.
3004:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2805:Sharma N, Kumar N, Verma R, Jhobta A (2017-05-31).
1635:
1209:being performed aboard the amphibious assault ship
454:. In the case of reducible hernias, a bulge in the
415:, may protrude. Another common hernia involves the
1970:International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
963:, also known as spontaneous lateral ventral hernia
3219:The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica
911:), or anteromedial-retrosternal (in the cleft of
575:bouts, sharp blows to the abdomen, and incorrect
323:laparoscopic surgery, or robotic-assisted surgery
321:is required. Repair may be done by open surgery,
85:< 1 year and > 50 years old (groin hernias)
4992:
1499:
1091:: a type of umbilical hernia occurring in adults
2763:
2228:"What is Hernia? - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis"
1914:
290:causing predisposition to hernias seem to have
5006:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
4902:
3602:
3163:
2595:Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas /
2043:
1589:
675:An incarcerated inguinal hernia as seen on CT
282:, among others. Predisposition to hernias is
3708:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2999:
2582:
2441:"Management of Groin Hernias in Adults-2018"
1963:
1631:
1629:
3268:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
1917:"Genetic study of indirect inguinal hernia"
1683:
1681:
599:, and also, fluid in the abdominal cavity (
450:Symptoms may or may not be present in some
429:occurs when the stomach protrudes into the
391:Frontal view of an inguinal hernia (right).
65:Pain especially with coughing, bulging area
4909:
4895:
3747:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3609:
3595:
2492:
2490:
2019:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 6.
1351:are used to keep the mesh in place. These
880:itself slides through the defect into the
286:and occur more often in certain families.
201:in the healthy embryo at about 7½ weeks.
30:
3410:
3392:
3342:
3230:
3189:
3140:
3130:
3089:
2916:
2830:
2781:
2740:
2691:
2681:
2565:
2555:
2514:
2503:Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports
2415:
2405:
2250:
2165:
2116:
1989:
1940:
1848:
1799:
1789:
1772:Ă–berg S, Andresen K, Rosenberg J (2017).
1713:
1661:
1626:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1076:complicated by a large parastomal hernia.
1017:. It is named after the French anatomist
985:is squeezed across structures within the
443:caused by a disruption or opening in the
3559:) is being considered for deletion. See
1737:
1735:
1733:
1678:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1334:
1244:
1241:Inguinal hernia repair with mesh diagram
1236:
1201:
1067:
915:(sternocostal triangle), resulting in a
836:
678:
670:
662:
581:
517:Untreated hernia may be complicated by:
500:
394:
386:
2721:The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery
2487:
2387:
2133:
907:(lumbocostal triangle), resulting in a
490:In the diagnosis of abdominal hernias,
4993:
4920:diaphragm and abdominal wall defects,
3311:"Mortality after groin hernia surgery"
1568:
1543:
1530:
435:through the esophageal opening in the
4890:
4731:
3975:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3590:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3051:
3049:
3023:
3021:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2496:
2357:
2012:
1730:
1432:
740:Femoral hernias occur just below the
667:Ultrasound showing an inguinal hernia
606:Also, if muscles are weakened due to
382:
260:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
97:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3582:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2764:Masoumi A, Ramogida G (April 2020).
2016:Essentials of Abdominal Wall Hernias
1249:Laparoscopic hernia repair with mesh
1229:, trunks, belts, etc.) are unclear.
1031:), contains the following entities:
618:, hernias are more likely to occur.
3164:Sohail MR, Smilack JD (June 2004).
1503:The New England Journal of Medicine
1273:, as compared to open mesh surgery
1153:Sciatic hernia: this hernia in the
857:through a defect in the diaphragm.
411:, or abdominal organs covered with
188:development of the intestinal tract
163:
13:
3359:
3327:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b
3046:
3018:
2988:
1753:from the original on 16 March 2015
1547:The 5-minute clinical consult 2014
1417:Many patients are managed through
625:, the above-mentioned are only an
351:laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication
212:. Groin hernias are most commonly
14:
5027:
4860:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4707:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3563:to help reach a consensus. ›
3431:
3381:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery
3280:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.05.008
2670:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2358:Balentine JR. Stöppler MC (ed.).
220:. Other types of hernias include
4605:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3170:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3002:The Washington Manual of Surgery
2889:The Journal of Surgical Research
2315:onlinedictionary.datasegment.com
2287:The Washington manual of surgery
2033:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1564:from the original on 2017-08-22.
922:
884:, or non-sliding (also known as
826:
512:
483:may occur in these cases due to
4943:Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
3846:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3841:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3718:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3302:
3255:
3206:
3182:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2858-2860.2004
3157:
3106:
2933:
2876:
2865:from the original on 2017-07-14
2847:
2798:
2757:
2708:
2657:
2613:
2523:
2432:
2381:
2370:from the original on 2010-05-31
2351:
2326:
2303:
2251:Lee HK, Park SJ, Yi BH (2010).
2244:
2220:
2209:from the original on 2010-02-13
2191:
2182:
2084:
2037:
2006:
1957:
981:that occurs when a part of the
893:congenital diaphragmatic hernia
373:
364:
4600:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4450:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4272:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
3000:Klingensmith, Mary E. (2008).
1392:formation, urinary retention,
1148:sliding hernias of the stomach
797:may be a contributing factor.
1:
4657:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3548:
2158:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2109:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1706:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1654:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1425:
1400:, including rejection of the
800:
4566:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4085:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3693:Esophageal motility disorder
2958:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318165b0ff
2859:U.K. National Health Service
2557:10.1371/journal.pone.0138745
2062:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2006.02.004
1982:10.1097/JS9.0000000000000217
1379:Post-Operative Complications
1187:
762:
647:
7:
2811:Polish Journal of Radiology
2050:Current Problems in Surgery
1921:Journal of Medical Genetics
1412:
1361:tension-free suture methods
1108:to the preperitoneal space.
717:inferior epigastric vessels
683:X-ray of colonic herniation
652:
115:, connective tissue disease
10:
5032:
4551:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4075:Functional colonic disease
3871:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3232:10.1080/110241502321116451
3074:10.1007/s11701-021-01312-6
3062:Journal of Robotic Surgery
2733:10.1177/229255031302100408
2516:10.1016/j.epsc.2013.09.002
2263:(5): 27–31. Archived from
1300:Lower risk of chronic pain
1232:
1191:
830:
804:
766:
733:
729:
656:
629:symptom of the underlying
4960:
4928:
4845:
4724:
4665:
4579:
4536:
4382:
4373:
4326:
4280:
4235:
4121:
4008:
3898:
3885:
3760:
3752:Acute esophageal necrosis
3634:
3625:
3506:
3439:
2901:10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.054
2388:Desarda MP (April 2003).
1886:10.1007/s10029-013-1147-y
1841:10.1007/s10029-016-1491-9
1271:Laparoscopic mesh surgery
1169:superficial inguinal ring
878:gastroesophageal junction
849:, viewed from the front).
566:
276:collagen vascular disease
148:
140:
132:
119:
113:collagen vascular disease
89:
81:
69:
59:
47:
38:
29:
24:
3851:Gastric dumping syndrome
3726:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3713:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3561:templates for discussion
3132:10.5114/wiitm.2014.43080
1791:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00052
1339:da Vinci Surgical System
1220:
1175:Tibialis anterior hernia
704:cases, they may require
697:indirect inguinal hernia
689:indirect inguinal hernia
586:Common sites for hernias
216:hernias but may also be
41:indirect inguinal hernia
4467:Alcoholic liver disease
4000:Bile acid malabsorption
3944:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3394:10.4103/0972-9941.27734
2683:10.3748/wjg.v12.i9.1479
2457:10.1001/jama.2018.10680
2046:"Abdominal Wall Hernia"
1198:Inguinal hernia surgery
1155:greater sciatic foramen
1130:August Gottlieb Richter
1013:: a hernia involving a
949:: a hernia through the
208:, and specifically the
4477:Hepatic encephalopathy
3861:Buried bumper syndrome
3792:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3676:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3619:human digestive system
1368:tension suture methods
1340:
1250:
1242:
1217:
1077:
999:Double indirect hernia
850:
724:double indirect hernia
701:direct inguinal hernia
693:direct inguinal hernia
684:
676:
668:
587:
529:of any lumen, such as
509:
400:
392:
347:proton pump inhibitors
4922:abdominopelvic cavity
4702:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4571:Porcelain gallbladder
3683:Zenker's diverticulum
2407:10.1186/1471-2482-3-2
1516:10.1056/NEJMcp1404068
1338:
1310:Longer operation time
1248:
1240:
1205:
1071:
1015:Meckel's diverticulum
993:Broad ligament hernia
979:intracranial pressure
903:, posterolateral (in
840:
682:
674:
666:
639:transversus abdominis
585:
533:in intestinal hernias
504:
398:
390:
288:Deleterious mutations
4980:Prune belly syndrome
4506:Hepatorenal syndrome
4445:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4402:Autoimmune hepatitis
4227:Intestinal adhesions
3985:Short bowel syndrome
3814:Functional dyspepsia
3732:Esophageal stricture
3698:Nutcracker esophagus
2323:Citing: Webster 1913
1933:10.1136/jmg.31.3.187
1778:Frontiers in Surgery
1700:(10053): 1459–1544.
1648:(10053): 1545–1602.
1089:Paraumbilical hernia
913:foramina of Morgagni
905:Bochdalek's triangle
833:Diaphragmatic hernia
637:extensions from the
597:chronic lung disease
136:Observation, surgery
43:(view from the side)
5001:Disorders of fascia
4645:Choledocholithiasis
4516:Metabolic disorders
4482:Acute liver failure
4455:Portal hypertension
4407:Alcoholic hepatitis
4250:Radiation proctitis
4169:Mesenteric ischemia
4141:Gastroenterocolitis
3970:Blind loop syndrome
3780:Ménétrier's disease
3688:Barrett's esophagus
2823:10.12659/PJR.900846
2548:2015PLoSO..1038745B
2364:eMedicineHealth.com
2340:on October 28, 2008
2232:www.pristyncare.com
1353:mesh repair methods
1274:
272:peritoneal dialysis
245:bowel strangulation
144:18.5 million (2015)
125:Based on symptoms,
109:peritoneal dialysis
76:Bowel strangulation
4930:Thoracic diaphragm
4820:Undefined location
4811:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4712:Pancreatic fistula
4695:Pancreatic abscess
4650:Biliary dyskinesia
4621:Mirizzi's syndrome
4122:Large and/or small
3802:Dieulafoy's lesion
3671:Boerhaave syndrome
3507:External resources
2635:10.1111/codi.15039
2623:Colorectal Disease
2257:Diagnostic Imaging
1544:Domino FJ (2014).
1341:
1269:
1251:
1243:
1218:
1106:deep inguinal ring
1078:
1045:Grynfeltt's hernia
1029:lumbar disc hernia
851:
819:, they are termed
685:
677:
669:
588:
544:of the hernial sac
510:
401:
393:
383:Signs and symptoms
353:may be an option.
341:. The medications
331:general anesthesia
278:and previous open
4988:
4987:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4720:
4719:
4322:
4321:
4179:Bowel obstruction
3881:
3880:
3544:
3543:
3315:Annals of Surgery
3011:978-0-7817-7447-5
2946:Annals of Surgery
2451:(10): 1029–1030.
2296:978-0-7817-7447-5
2199:"Inguinal hernia"
2103:(9995): 743–800.
2013:Nigam VK (2009).
1604:10.1136/bmj.g6154
1319:
1318:
1126:bowel obstruction
1112:Retrocolic hernia
1061:: hernia through
947:Epigastric hernia
917:Morgagni's hernia
897:pediatric surgery
866:esophageal hiatus
815:incisions in the
807:Incisional hernia
793:of fibers at the
742:inguinal ligament
593:enlarged prostate
531:bowel obstruction
319:immediate surgery
302:is often done by
230:umbilical hernias
156:
155:
121:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
5023:
4948:Bochdalek hernia
4911:
4904:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4872:Pneumoperitoneum
4729:
4728:
4639:Common bile duct
4521:Wilson's disease
4511:Peliosis hepatis
4380:
4379:
4257:Proctalgia fugax
4164:Abdominal angina
4089:Ogilvie syndrome
4038:Pseudomembranous
3896:
3895:
3856:Gastric volvulus
3821:Pyloric stenosis
3632:
3631:
3617:Diseases of the
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3396:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3225:(8–9): 460–463.
3210:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2629:(9): 1197–1198.
2617:
2611:
2610:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2497:Jones R (2013).
2494:
2485:
2484:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2336:. Archived from
2330:
2324:
2322:
2317:. Archived from
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2152:(9963): 117–71.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1587:
1566:
1565:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1497:
1398:post-operatively
1288:Quicker recovery
1275:
1268:
1122:Richter's hernia
1059:Obturator hernia
1039:Jean Louis Petit
995:, of the uterus.
975:Brain herniation
961:Spigelian hernia
942:Umbilical hernia
909:Bochdalek hernia
876:", in which the
789:women. Abnormal
769:Umbilical hernia
713:pantaloon hernia
496:Multidetector CT
452:inguinal hernias
327:local anesthesia
311:watchful waiting
165:
34:
22:
21:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4956:
4924:
4915:
4885:
4876:
4841:
4830:Internal hernia
4716:
4661:
4626:Biliary fistula
4584:
4575:
4561:Adenomyomatosis
4556:Cholesterolosis
4532:
4526:Hemochromatosis
4397:Viral hepatitis
4369:
4318:
4276:
4262:Rectal prolapse
4231:
4198:Fecal impaction
4188:Intussusception
4151:Crohn's disease
4117:
4100:Toxic megacolon
4012:
4010:Large intestine
4004:
3949:Curling's ulcer
3902:
3900:Small intestine
3889:
3877:
3785:Gastroenteritis
3756:
3621:
3615:
3574:
3564:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3502:
3501:
3448:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3373:
3360:
3307:
3303:
3260:
3256:
3211:
3207:
3162:
3158:
3111:
3107:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3033:www.nice.org.uk
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2998:
2989:
2938:
2934:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2803:
2799:
2762:
2758:
2713:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2618:
2614:
2587:
2583:
2542:(9): e0138745.
2528:
2524:
2509:(10): 331–332.
2495:
2488:
2437:
2433:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2360:"Hernia Causes"
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2203:The Mayo Clinic
2197:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2138:
2134:
2089:
2085:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1913:
1909:
1870:
1866:
1821:
1817:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1686:
1679:
1634:
1627:
1588:
1569:
1558:
1542:
1531:
1498:
1433:
1428:
1415:
1380:
1345:mesh prosthesis
1235:
1223:
1200:
1192:Main articles:
1190:
1144:urinary bladder
1095:Perineal hernia
1072:Patient with a
1063:obturator canal
1011:Littre's hernia
969:Amyand's hernia
925:
886:para-esophageal
847:coronal section
835:
829:
821:ventral hernias
809:
803:
771:
765:
757:Cooper's hernia
750:inguinal hernia
738:
732:
661:
659:Inguinal hernia
655:
650:
623:inguinal hernia
569:
515:
506:Inguinal hernia
385:
376:
367:
315:femoral hernias
296:medical imaging
218:femoral hernias
127:medical imaging
54:General surgery
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4962:Abdominal wall
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4867:Hemoperitoneum
4864:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4591:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4388:
4386:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4336:Blood in stool
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4309:Anal dysplasia
4306:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4176:
4174:Angiodysplasia
4171:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4109:Diverticulosis
4105:Diverticulitis
4102:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:Milroy disease
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Tropical sprue
3962:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3918:
3916:
3893:
3887:Lower GI tract
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3627:Upper GI tract
3623:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3523:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3469:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:Classification
3433:
3432:External links
3430:
3427:
3426:
3387:(3): 174–177.
3358:
3321:(4): 656–660.
3301:
3274:(3): 363–369.
3254:
3205:
3176:(6): 2858–60.
3156:
3105:
3068:(4): 775–781.
3045:
3017:
3010:
2987:
2952:(3): 428–433.
2932:
2875:
2846:
2797:
2756:
2707:
2676:(9): 1479–80.
2656:
2612:
2581:
2522:
2486:
2431:
2380:
2350:
2325:
2321:on 2008-11-20.
2311:"Incarcerated"
2302:
2295:
2277:
2243:
2219:
2190:
2181:
2132:
2083:
2056:(5): 326–375.
2036:
2025:
2005:
1976:(3): 333–342.
1956:
1907:
1864:
1815:
1764:
1729:
1677:
1625:
1567:
1556:
1529:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1378:
1322:Robot-assisted
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1281:Disadvantages
1279:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:Velpeau hernia
1178:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1136:Sliding hernia
1133:
1119:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1053:Maydl's hernia
1050:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1035:Petit's hernia
1022:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
972:
966:
965:
964:
958:
944:
936:Abdominal wall
924:
921:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
805:Main article:
802:
799:
779:abdominal wall
775:umbilical cord
767:Main article:
764:
761:
736:Femoral hernia
734:Main article:
731:
728:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
649:
646:
608:poor nutrition
568:
565:
564:
563:
562:strangulation.
559:Irreducibility
556:
550:
545:
539:
534:
524:
514:
511:
409:adipose tissue
384:
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
337:and adjusting
300:hiatus hernias
182:, such as the
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
123:
117:
116:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
39:Diagram of an
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5028:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Gastroschisis
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4741:Diaphragmatic
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Cholecystitis
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:Liver abscess
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:Liver failure
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:Enterocolitis
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:Malabsorption
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Gastroparesis
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Cushing ulcer
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Megaesophagus
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2601:(5): 357–66.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:on 2010-06-18
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2026:9788189866938
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:(3): 187–92.
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(4): 507–12.
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:(1): 95–100.
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1557:9781451188509
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:(8): 756–63.
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:herniorrhaphy
1326:
1323:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:Hernia repair
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:Hernia repair
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:Sports hernia
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:Alexis Littré
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:Hiatus hernia
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
930:
923:Other hernias
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:hiatus hernia
858:
856:
848:
844:
843:hiatus hernia
841:Diagram of a
839:
834:
827:Diaphragmatic
824:
822:
818:
814:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
770:
760:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:femoral canal
743:
737:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
681:
673:
665:
660:
645:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:physiological
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
584:
580:
578:
574:
560:
557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
543:
540:
538:
537:Strangulation
535:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:Complications
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
457:
453:
448:
446:
440:
438:
434:
433:
428:
427:hiatus hernia
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
389:
380:
371:
362:
360:
359:Ebers Papyrus
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:eating habits
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
152:59,800 (2015)
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
71:Complications
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4937:
4819:
4798:
4732:
4675:Pancreatitis
4637:
4587:biliary tree
4460:Nutmeg liver
4437:
4363:Hematochezia
4314:Pruritus ani
4299:Anal abscess
4294:Anal fistula
4290:Anal fissure
4203:Constipation
4157:
4028:Appendicitis
3836:Gastroptosis
3826:Achlorhydria
3665:
3654:Eosinophilic
3579:
3554:
3525:
3514:
3490:
3471:
3452:
3384:
3380:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3125:(3): 415–9.
3122:
3118:
3108:
3065:
3061:
3037:. Retrieved
3035:. 2004-09-22
3032:
3001:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2776:(1): 88–91.
2773:
2769:
2759:
2727:(4): 243–7.
2724:
2720:
2710:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2506:
2502:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2328:
2319:the original
2314:
2305:
2286:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2260:
2256:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2184:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2015:
2008:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1746:
1697:
1693:
1645:
1641:
1595:
1591:
1546:
1507:
1501:
1416:
1407:inguinodynia
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1342:
1327:
1320:
1270:
1256:
1252:
1224:
1212:
1132:(1742–1812).
1041:(1674–1750).
1021:(1658–1726).
926:
890:
885:
873:
859:
855:chest cavity
852:
810:
777:through the
772:
756:
754:
739:
721:
710:
686:
643:
620:
616:overexertion
605:
589:
570:
522:Inflammation
516:
489:
469:
449:
441:
430:
420:
417:spinal discs
402:
377:
374:Epidemiology
368:
365:Pathogenesis
361:from Egypt.
355:
329:rather than
308:
280:appendectomy
253:
242:
203:
171:
167:
159:
157:
91:Risk factors
4970:Omphalocele
4855:Peritonitis
4617:Cholestasis
4595:Cholangitis
4538:Gallbladder
4426:Fatty liver
4346:Hematemesis
4328:GI bleeding
4134:Necrotizing
4063:Lymphocytic
4058:Collagenous
4053:Microscopic
3990:Steatorrhea
3891:Enteropathy
3737:Inlet patch
3659:Herpetiform
3644:Esophagitis
3580:MedlinePlus
3549:‹ The
3516:MedlinePlus
2817:: 293–295.
2394:BMC Surgery
1747:MedlinePlus
1419:day surgery
1278:Advantages
1263:laparoscopy
1259:laparoscopy
791:decussation
635:aponeurotic
527:Obstruction
463:around the
432:mediastinum
419:and causes
343:H2 blockers
335:weight loss
82:Usual onset
5016:Acute pain
4995:Categories
4918:Congenital
4847:Peritoneal
4825:Incisional
4746:Congenital
4690:Hereditary
4667:Pancreatic
4631:Haemobilia
4304:Hemorrhoid
4282:Anal canal
4220:Infectious
4208:Functional
4043:Ulcerative
3927:Duodenitis
3866:Gastrinoma
3039:2023-11-09
2869:2017-07-23
2374:2010-05-24
2344:2010-05-24
2271:2010-06-25
2237:2023-12-16
2213:2010-05-24
1426:References
1394:neuralgias
1161:neuralgia.
1102:peritoneum
953:above the
951:linea alba
817:linea alba
813:laparotomy
801:Incisional
795:linea alba
627:anatomical
553:Autoimmune
548:Hemorrhage
465:testicular
413:peritoneum
238:defecating
226:incisional
4835:Richter's
4792:Spigelian
4787:Obturator
4777:Umbilical
4610:Ascending
4581:Bile duct
4414:Cirrhosis
4392:Hepatitis
4375:Accessory
4245:Proctitis
4096:Megacolon
4070:Dysentery
3980:Whipple's
3932:Jejunitis
3922:Enteritis
3809:Dyspepsia
3770:Gastritis
3703:Achalasia
3636:Esophagus
3532:emerg/251
3527:eMedicine
3403:0972-9941
3335:0003-4932
3288:1879-1190
3241:1102-4151
3082:1863-2483
2966:0003-4932
2909:1095-8673
2895:: 64–72.
2651:212739555
2481:205095374
2465:1538-3598
2366:. WebMD.
2070:0011-3840
1598:: g6154.
1188:Treatment
1116:mesocolon
1074:colostomy
955:umbilicus
938:hernias:
901:diaphragm
763:Umbilical
648:Diagnosis
542:Hydrocele
437:diaphragm
304:endoscopy
268:pregnancy
249:heartburn
234:urinating
197:into the
141:Frequency
133:Treatment
105:pregnancy
95:Smoking,
49:Specialty
4765:Indirect
4760:Inguinal
4494:Pyogenic
4439:Vascular
4215:Diarrhea
4193:Volvulus
4159:Vascular
4098: /
4087: /
4048:Ischemic
4015:Appendix
3905:Duodenum
3775:Atrophic
3649:Candidal
3576:"hernia"
3551:template
3535:ped/2559
3421:21187992
3353:17414617
3296:21680204
3249:12549685
3200:15184492
3151:25337167
3100:34609697
2982:22487510
2974:18376185
2927:33002663
2863:Archived
2855:"Hernia"
2841:28638493
2792:32476672
2751:24497767
2702:16552826
2643:32180330
2607:19527083
2576:26389785
2536:PLOS ONE
2473:30128503
2426:12697071
2368:Archived
2207:Archived
2176:25530442
2127:26063472
2078:16679124
2031:Archived
2000:37093073
1991:10389329
1902:22999363
1894:23925543
1859:27115767
1810:29018803
1757:12 March
1751:Archived
1743:"Hernia"
1724:27733281
1672:27733282
1612:25341679
1562:Archived
1524:25693015
1413:Recovery
1390:hematoma
1142:and the
787:pregnant
653:Inguinal
573:coughing
555:problems
477:vomiting
422:sciatica
292:dominant
214:inguinal
61:Symptoms
5011:Hernias
4806:Petit's
4782:Femoral
4685:Chronic
4499:Amoebic
4267:Anismus
4033:Colitis
3960:Coeliac
3937:Ileitis
3909:Jejunum
3762:Stomach
3666:Rupture
3553:below (
3497:D006547
3412:2999781
3344:1877035
3142:4198637
3091:9314304
2918:7968932
2832:5462483
2783:7250514
2742:3910527
2693:4124335
2567:4577082
2544:Bibcode
2167:4340604
2118:4561509
1951:8014965
1942:1049739
1850:5281683
1801:5614933
1715:5388903
1663:5055577
1620:7141090
1349:staples
1296:seromas
1233:Surgery
1227:trusses
1159:sciatic
929:eponyms
874:sliding
870:stomach
730:Femoral
706:surgery
699:and a
612:smoking
601:ascites
577:posture
492:imaging
461:scrotum
405:abdomen
284:genetic
264:obesity
256:smoking
206:abdomen
199:abdomen
174:, from
172:herniae
168:hernias
101:obesity
4938:Hernia
4800:Lumbar
4770:Direct
4753:Hiatus
4733:Hernia
4585:Other
4351:Melena
4237:Rectum
3720:(GERD)
3570:Curlie
3566:Hernia
3556:Curlie
3521:000960
3419:
3409:
3401:
3351:
3341:
3333:
3294:
3286:
3247:
3239:
3198:
3191:427896
3188:
3149:
3139:
3098:
3088:
3080:
3008:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2925:
2915:
2907:
2839:
2829:
2790:
2780:
2749:
2739:
2700:
2690:
2649:
2641:
2605:
2574:
2564:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2424:
2417:155644
2414:
2293:
2174:
2164:
2146:Lancet
2125:
2115:
2097:Lancet
2076:
2068:
2023:
1998:
1988:
1949:
1939:
1900:
1892:
1874:Hernia
1857:
1847:
1829:Hernia
1808:
1798:
1784:: 52.
1722:
1712:
1694:Lancet
1670:
1660:
1642:Lancet
1618:
1610:
1554:
1522:
1386:seroma
1357:suture
1213:Bataan
1085:tract.
1025:Lumbar
614:, and
567:Causes
473:Nausea
467:area.
445:fascia
228:, and
222:hiatus
195:coelom
160:hernia
149:Deaths
25:Hernia
4725:Other
4680:Acute
4431:MASLD
4384:Liver
4358:Lower
4341:Upper
4183:Ileus
4019:Colon
3913:Ileum
3728:(LPR)
2978:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2477:S2CID
2400:: 2.
1898:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1221:Truss
1140:colon
1083:stoma
987:skull
983:brain
882:chest
783:obese
485:bowel
481:fever
479:, or
456:groin
210:groin
192:navel
184:bowel
180:organ
176:Latin
4113:SCAD
3492:MeSH
3477:9-CM
3417:PMID
3399:ISSN
3349:PMID
3331:ISSN
3292:PMID
3284:ISSN
3245:PMID
3237:ISSN
3196:PMID
3147:PMID
3096:PMID
3078:ISSN
3006:ISBN
2970:PMID
2962:ISSN
2923:PMID
2905:ISSN
2837:PMID
2788:PMID
2747:PMID
2698:PMID
2639:PMID
2603:PMID
2572:PMID
2469:PMID
2461:ISSN
2445:JAMA
2422:PMID
2291:ISBN
2172:PMID
2123:PMID
2074:PMID
2066:ISSN
2021:ISBN
1996:PMID
1947:PMID
1890:PMID
1855:PMID
1806:PMID
1759:2015
1720:PMID
1668:PMID
1608:PMID
1552:ISBN
1520:PMID
1402:mesh
1211:USS
1196:and
425:. A
4419:PBC
4146:IBD
4080:IBS
3568:at
3486:553
3482:550
3473:ICD
3467:K46
3463:K40
3454:ICD
3407:PMC
3389:doi
3339:PMC
3323:doi
3319:245
3276:doi
3272:213
3227:doi
3223:168
3186:PMC
3178:doi
3137:PMC
3127:doi
3086:PMC
3070:doi
2954:doi
2950:247
2913:PMC
2897:doi
2893:258
2827:PMC
2819:doi
2778:PMC
2737:PMC
2729:doi
2688:PMC
2678:doi
2631:doi
2599:101
2562:PMC
2552:doi
2511:doi
2453:doi
2449:320
2412:PMC
2402:doi
2162:PMC
2154:doi
2150:385
2113:PMC
2105:doi
2101:386
2058:doi
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1974:109
1937:PMC
1929:doi
1882:doi
1845:PMC
1837:doi
1796:PMC
1786:doi
1710:PMC
1702:doi
1698:388
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1646:388
1600:doi
1596:349
1592:BMJ
1512:doi
1508:372
919:).
785:or
603:).
595:),
579:.
345:or
236:or
170:or
164:pl.
4997::
4583:/
4181::
4162::
3958::
3578:.
3530::
3519::
3495::
3480::
3461::
3458:10
3415:.
3405:.
3397:.
3383:.
3379:.
3361:^
3347:.
3337:.
3329:.
3317:.
3313:.
3290:.
3282:.
3270:.
3266:.
3243:.
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