224:
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33:
331:. Braunsteiner was known to prisoners of Majdanek concentration camp as the "Stomping Mare" and was said to have beaten prisoners to death, thrown children by their hair onto trucks that took them to be murdered in gas chambers, hanged young prisoners and stomped an old prisoner to death with her jackboots.
678:
A prosecutor in Düsseldorf began investigating
Braunsteiner's wartime behavior, and in 1973 the West German government requested her extradition, accusing her of joint responsibility in the death of 200,000 people. On March 22, 1973, Braunsteiner was taken into custody as she awaited deportation. She
1882:
She ran as far as the United States, to a marriage with an
American and a home in Maspeth, Queens. But Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan couldn't hide indefinitely and, finally found out, she was stripped of American citizenship in 1971 and deported in 1973. And last week, after a five-year trial, she was
741:
on August 7, 1973, until her husband posted bail on April 7, 1976. However, she returned to custody on
December 8, 1977, after attempting to intimidate witnesses, and remained there until January 9, 1978. The West German court rejected Ryan's arguments that it lacked jurisdiction, because she was
661:
Braunsteiner stated that she had been at
Majdanek only a year, eight months of that time in the camp infirmary. "My wife, sir, wouldn't hurt a fly" said Ryan. "There's no more decent person on this earth. She told me this was a duty she had to perform. It was a conscriptive service." On August 22,
627:
announced the "phone call for Mr. Wiesenthal" and this led to his recognition by the other patrons, who stood up to applaud him. When he returned to his table, there were several
Majdanek survivors waiting who told him about Braunsteiner and what she had done. Based on this information he followed
576:
for non-fatal abuse in
Ravensbrück, but acquitted of her crimes in Majdanek, including murder, due to a lack of witnesses. Braunsteiner was sentenced to three years in prison and had her property confiscated. With credit for time served, she was released from prison in April 1950. Braunsteiner was
504:
and
Elisabeth Knoblich, Braunsteiner became known for her wild rages and tantrums. According to one witness at her later trial in Düsseldorf, she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers". Other survivors testified how she killed women by stomping on them
1679:
In the winter of 1973 in New York City, deportation hearings were held for
Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan, wife of an American citizen, a resident of Queens, New York. Former SS guard at Ravensbrueck and Majdanek, Mrs. Ryan stood accused of beating inmates to death during the years 1939–1944 while
525:
subcamp of
Ravensbrück, located outside Berlin. Witnesses say that she abused many of the prisoners with a horsewhip she carried, killing at least two women with it. A French physician, who was interned at Genthin recalled the sadism of Braunsteiner while she ruled the camp: "I watched her
658:, to find "Mrs. Ryan." They first lived at 54–44 82nd Street in western Elmhurst and moved to 52–11 72nd Street in Maspeth. He found her at the second doorbell he rang and later wrote that she greeted him at her front doorstep and said: "My God, I knew this would happen. You've come."
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with 15 other former SS men and women from
Majdanek. One of the witnesses against Hermine testified that she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers." Others spoke of vicious beatings. One witness told of Hermine and the steel-studded
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The prosecutor's office began an investigation into the case of the former concentration camp supervisor Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan who had been extradited by the United States to Germany where she was wanted for participating in the murder of 2,000
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not a German national but Austrian, and that the alleged offences had occurred outside Germany. It ruled she had been a German citizen at the time and more importantly had been a German government official acting in the name of the German Reich.
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421:. She remained there after the start of World War II, and the influx of new prisoners from occupied countries. After three years, a disagreement with Mandel led Braunsteiner to request a transfer in October 1942.
712:(SS) guard. They described whippings and fatal beatings. Rachel Berger, alone among the witnesses, testified she would celebrate retribution against the former vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majdanek.
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At the urging of her landlord, a German policeman, Braunsteiner applied for a better paying job supervising prisoners, quadrupling her income in time. She began her training on August 15, 1939, as an
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administer twenty-five lashes with a riding crop to a young Russian girl suspected of having tried sabotage. Her back was full of lashes, but I was not allowed to treat her immediately."<ref
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Staatsanwaltschaft Köln, Anklageschrift, 130 (24) Js 200/62 (Z), pp. 163, 281; Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil gg. Hermann Hackmarm u.A., 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981, pp. 688–89.
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and convicted her on three counts: the murder of 80 people, abetting the murder of 102 children, and collaborating in the murder of 1,000 people. On June 30, 1981, the court imposed a
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In January 1944, Braunsteiner was ordered back to Ravensbrück as Majdanek began evacuations due to the approaching front line. She was promoted to supervising wardress at the
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Ryan v. United States, 360 F. Supp. 264 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 73-C-439, April 24, 1973; United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 68-C- 848, April 24, 1973.
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authorities sought to revoke Braunsteiner's citizenship, since she had failed to disclose her convictions for war crimes; she was denaturalized in 1971 after entering into a
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told that she would not face further prosecution, and was later granted partial amnesty in 1957. She worked at low-level jobs in hotels and restaurants until emigrating.
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338:. She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the District Court of Düsseldorf on April 30, 1981. She was released on health grounds in 1996, and died three years later.
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James W. Moeller (1985). "United States Treatment of Alleged Nazi War Criminals: International Law, Immigration Law, and the Need for International Cooperation".
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767:. Beginning on November 26, 1975, and lasting 474 sessions, it was the longest and most expensive trial in West Germany. The defendants included Ryan, former
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on May 1, 1973, and on August 7, 1973, Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan became the first Nazi war criminal extradited from the United States to West Germany.
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performing her duties as vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majadanek; of being responsible, also, for the death selection of hundreds of others.
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authorities. She was held in various internment camps until April 18, 1947. Braunsteiner was re-arrested by Austrian officials on April 7, 1948.
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Russell Ryan, an American, met her whilst working as a US Air Force mechanic stationed in Germany. They married in October 1958, after they had
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along with five other camp guards. By then most of the Aufseherinnen had been moved into Majdanek from the Alter Flughafen labor camp.
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561:. She then returned to Vienna, but soon left. On May 6, 1946, Austrian police arrested Braunsteiner and turned her over to the British
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Staatsanwaltschaft Köln, Anklageschrift gg. Hermann Hackmarm u.A., 130 (24) Js 200/62 (Z), November 15, 1974, pp. 157–63.
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808:, led to her release from Mülheimer women's prison in 1996. Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan died on April 19, 1999, aged 79, in
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605:, New York City, where she was known as a fastidious housewife with a friendly manner, married to a construction worker.
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623:. He was at a restaurant there when he received a call from his friend that he could not make it to their luncheon. The
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to avoid deportation. In 1972, vigilantes firebombed a home where they mistakenly thought Braunsteiner was living.
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Hermine Ryan nannte man "Kobyla, die Stute": weil sie mit ihren eisenbeschlagenen Stiefeln die Menschen trat.
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convicted of murder as a guard in the Maidanek concentration camp near Lublin, Poland, during World War II.
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1792:. American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 85. New York; Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
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The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1131:...Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan's pay at... Majdanek ... four times what she earned in a munitions factory.
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had been invalid (U.S. citizens could not be extradited to West Germany), and that the charges alleged
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Braunsteiner was convicted for her complicity and collaborating in murders of over 1,000 people during
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Bloch, Anne L.; Patricia Lowe Fox; Frances McClernan; Gitel Poznanski; Max Radin; Ursula Wasserman.
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On October 16, 1942, Braunsteiner assumed her duties in the forced-labor apparel factory near the
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390:. She returned to Vienna from England and the same year relocated to Germany for a job at the
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1968:
1955:
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In re the Extradition of Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 270 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 73-C-391 (May 1, 1973).
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1996:
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513:"Stute von Majdanek"). For her work, she received the War Merit Cross, 2nd class, in 1943.
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Milton, Sybil (1984). "Women and the Holocaust". In Renate Bridenthal; Atina Grossmann;
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committed by a non-German outside West Germany. Later, it rejected claims of lack of
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with her steel-studded jackboots, earning her the nickname "The Stomping Mare" (In
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and whipped several women to death. Working alongside other female guards such as
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Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World
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2178:. translated from the German by Ewald Osers. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1837:
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Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek (The listing of defendants)
466:
and crematoria. She was promoted to assistant wardress in January 1943, under
308:
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The Mare of Majdanek: Female Concentration Camp Guards in History and Fiction
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that Braunsteiner might have married a man named Ryan and might live in the
433:
Aerial photo of the Majdanek concentration camp from the collections of the
242:
5074:
Loss of United States citizenship and deportation by prior Nazi affiliation
4993:
List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
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Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil, 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981, pp. 683–86.
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1964:
613:
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Braunsteiner had a number of roles in the camp. She involved herself in "
470:
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414:
1200:
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1656:. Elie Wiesel, Elliot Lefkovitz, Robert McAfee Brown, Lucy Dawidowicz.
1151:. Axis History ‹ Women in the Reich. April 3, 2005. Archived from
805:
794:
786:
410:
320:
141:
2062:
Hell Hath No Fury: True Stories of Women at War from Antiquity to Iraq
3761:
3198:
2771:
2144:
1401:
The Nazis Next Door: How America Became a Safe Haven for Hitler's Men
751:
586:
386:
358:
3786:
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1565:. New York: AJC Information Center and Digital Archives. p. 479
939:(Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center). Archived from
4201:
2225:
Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil, 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981 (2 vols.).
1134:
Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized March 18, 2008.
1118:
Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der Deutschen Literatur
929:"The Extradition of Nazi Criminals: Ryan, Artukovic, and Demjanjuk"
801:
655:
620:
558:
394:
111:
2083:
1987:
1430:"Simon Wiesenthal, 1908–2005: Victim Became Nazis' Prime Pursuer"
633:
522:
391:
381:
370:
362:
86:
2204:. University of Wisconsin. B.A., Senior thesis with honors 2001.
2193:
2114:
1945:
1807:
1654:
Dimensions of the Holocaust: Lectures at Northwestern University
365:. Hermine lacked the means to fulfil her aspiration to become a
5104:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
4971:
4273:
2389:
637:
398:
347:
296:
159:
133:
78:
56:
650:
area of the Borough of Queens in New York City. They assigned
2207:
United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265, 266 (E.D.N.Y. 1973).
2097:
When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany
1940:: Duell Sloan & Pearce/Jewish Black Book Committee 1946.
1086:"Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of the war criminals) 1946–1948"
366:
2830:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
516:
923:
706:
in Queens, hearing survivors' testimony against the former
569:
2140:
Quiet Neighbors: Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals in America
686:
The United States court denied procedural claims that her
1723:
Stoltzfus, Nathan; Friedlander, Henry (October 6, 2008).
1324:"United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1973)"
369:, and worked as a maid. From 1937 to 1938, she worked in
5134:
World War II prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
4387:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1934:
The Black Book: the Nazi Crime Against the Jewish People
815:
After the publicity surrounding Ryan's extradition, the
554:
On May 7, 1945, Braunsteiner fled the camp ahead of the
4248:
2258:
1260:
New Lives: Survivors of the Holocaust Living in America
831:
or deport. It took jurisdiction previously held by the
210:
1906:
1023:"A Nazi Past, a Queens Home Life, an Overlooked Death"
534:. Lancaster: Constable and Company. pp. 331–332.
4469:
1553:
568:
On November 22, 1949, the Austrian People's Court in
5034:
Austrian people convicted of crimes against humanity
1722:
702:. During the next year, she sat with her husband in
5109:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Germany
2099:. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 308–10.
1233:"Ravensbrück: training center for SS female guards"
18:
20th-century Austrian Nazi concentration camp guard
1696:Our Nazi: An American Suburb’s Encounter with Evil
1301:"Former Nazi camp guard now a housewife in Queens"
877:"Biographie: Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, 1919–1999"
357:family. Her father, Friedrich Braunsteiner, was a
5049:Austrian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1660:: Northwestern University Press. pp. 34–45.
1589:"Judge Denies Bail to Ex-nazi Facing Extradition"
5005:
3749:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2121:
2056:
1783:Himmelfarb, Milton; Singer, David, eds. (1985).
1782:
1699:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–61.
1186:, Psychology Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780415260381.
1137:
919:
917:
619:picked up on her trail by chance on a visit to
424:
1957:Wanted! : The search for Nazis in America
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
4455:
4234:
3734:
2815:
2375:
2244:
1907:Ashman, Charles R.; Robert J. Wagman (1988).
1556:"Central Europe - West Germany - Nazi Trials"
1168:See: index or articles ("Personenregister").
448:, a year earlier. It was both a labour camp (
350:, the youngest child in a strictly observant
4420:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1488:
1049:
1047:
1045:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
404:
2390:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
894:
797:than those meted out to her co-defendants.
715:The judge certified her extradition to the
601:citizen on January 19, 1963. They lived in
4462:
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4241:
4227:
3741:
3727:
2822:
2808:
2382:
2368:
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2237:
2170:
1760:. Simon Wiesenthal Archive. Archived from
1729:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
1647:
1641:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1256:
1250:
1170:Oldenburger OnlineZeitschriftenBibliothek.
580:
480:" of women and children to be sent to the
31:
5059:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
1547:
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1418:
1397:
1078:
1042:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
955:
821:U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations
517:Ravensbrück again and the Genthin Subcamp
5114:Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel
5084:People extradited from the United States
2024:
1748:
1746:
1683:(Conflates extradition and deportation.)
1616:"Mrs. Ryan Is Flown To Europe for Trial"
1494:
1374:. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
1295:
1257:Rabinowitz, Dorothy (December 1, 2000).
1114:
1053:
972:
754:with which she dealt blows to inmates.
722:
428:
5129:People convicted in the Majdanek trials
5124:Austrian emigrants to the United States
4345:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1950:May identify her as Hermine Braunstein.
1856:
1853:(Also cited in Jewish Virtual Library.)
1776:
1461:Kolbert, Elizabeth (February 9, 2015).
1460:
1367:
1284:
1195:
1189:
1108:
295:(July 16, 1919 – April 19, 1999) was a
5039:Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes
5006:
4328:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
3688:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2090:
1965:Quadrangle/New York Times Book Company
1692:
1613:
1522:"FIRE BOMBERS SAID TO PICK WRONG HOME"
1237:Alliance for Human Research Protection
1020:
1003:
871:
869:
867:
833:Immigration and Naturalization Service
37:Braunsteiner during her time in the SS
5079:People convicted of murder by Germany
4443:
4222:
3722:
2803:
2363:
2232:
2125:Virginia Journal of International Law
1985:
1743:
1718:
1716:
1442:from the original on November 8, 2012
1393:
1391:
1346:
1344:
1227:
1225:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
2136:
1993:(Library of Congress Catalog Record)
1961:(Library of Congress Catalog Record)
1953:
1398:Lichtblau, Eric (October 28, 2014).
1021:Martin, Douglas (December 2, 2005).
527:
272:Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse, 1943
5029:Austrian people convicted of murder
4249:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
2260:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1913:. New York: Pharos Books. pp.
1693:Soffer, Michael (October 2, 2024).
549:
13:
5099:Prisoners and detainees of Austria
4410:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1900:
1835:
1713:
1563:American Jewish Year Book, 1974–75
1495:Lelyveld, Joseph (March 6, 2005).
1388:
1341:
1222:
844:
683:, then at the Nassau County Jail.
14:
5145:
5064:German people of Austrian descent
4470:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
4092:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1614:Kaplan, Morris (August 8, 1973).
1180:Wistrich, Robert Solomon. (2002)
5069:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
4269:Population transfers (1944–1946)
3318:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1650:"The Holocaust as Living Memory"
241:
222:
4372:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4284:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2060:; Robin Cross (February 2008).
1888:
1829:
1686:
1607:
1581:
1514:
1454:
1361:
1316:
380:In 1938, Braunsteiner became a
5089:Military personnel from Vienna
3700:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
3676:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1986:Brown, Daniel Patrick (2002).
1174:
673:
640:. In 1964, Wiesenthal alerted
498:Charlotte Karla Mayer-Woellert
419:Ravensbrück concentration camp
1:
4367:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4197:Human medical experimentation
881:Deutsches Historisches Museum
838:
5094:People extradited to Germany
4854:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
1652:. In Eliot Lefkowitz (ed.).
1648:Rabinowicz, Dorothy (1990).
1368:Bazyler, Michael J. (2017).
704:United States district court
608:
574:crimes against human dignity
425:Majdanek and Alter Flughafen
313:Majdanek concentration camps
7:
5119:People from Maspeth, Queens
4402:Righteous Among the Nations
4289:Ministry of Public Security
3668:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
2278:Related articles by country
2137:Ryan, Allan A. Jr. (1984).
1554:American Jewish Committee.
1352:"Hermine Ryan-Braunsteiner"
1205:Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin
1115:Frühwald, Wolfgang (2004).
1092:. KL Lublin. Archived from
442:Majdanek concentration camp
280:Hotel and restaurant worker
10:
5150:
4314:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3696:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2031:Omaha Blues: A Memory Loop
982:. Routledge. p. 215.
757:The third Majdanek trial (
726:
597:in April 1959, becoming a
593:, Canada. She entered the
572:convicted Braunsteiner of
61:Republic of German-Austria
5044:Austrian prisoners of war
5024:Austrian female criminals
4985:
4959:
4924:
4884:
4842:Operation Paperclip (USA)
4809:
4793:
4786:
4759:
4738:
4717:
4696:
4670:
4644:
4593:
4482:
4475:
4400:
4357:
4327:
4306:
4297:
4254:
4218:
4169:
4149:
4110:
4087:Sobibor perpetrator album
4044:
4035:
3970:
3939:
3932:
3846:
3805:
3754:
3718:
3672:Estonian Auxiliary Police
3654:
3598:
3573:
3437:
3430:
3331:
3275:
3217:
3159:
2988:
2842:
2835:
2799:
2782:Human medical experiments
2764:
2626:
2584:
2523:
2456:
2404:
2395:
2359:
2355:
2266:
2149:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
2040:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
1593:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1183:Who's who in Nazi Germany
1121:. M. Niemeyer. p. 92
979:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
933:Annual 4 Chapter 2 Part 1
628:her trail from Vienna to
405:Camp guard at Ravensbrück
346:Braunsteiner was born in
293:Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan
286:
276:
268:
260:
252:
235:
217:
209:
205:
201:
181:
171:
139:
129:
125:
117:
107:
93:
67:
42:
30:
23:
5054:Austrian Roman Catholics
4866:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
4817:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
4335:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
3680:Latvian Auxiliary Police
3413:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2915:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1786:American Jewish Yearbook
1263:. iUniverse. p. 6.
927:; Earlean M. McCarrick.
817:United States government
4425:Garden of the Righteous
4177:Identification in camps
4170:Technical and logistics
3616:Order Police battalions
1726:Nazi Crimes and the Law
1404:. HMH. pp. 86–89.
1064:New York Times Magazine
763:in German) was held in
581:Emigration and marriage
361:for a brewery and/or a
341:
152:Crimes against humanity
4495:Ludolf von Alvensleben
3838:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3303:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1864:"Behind Bars, Finally"
1838:"Third Majdanek Trial"
1758:Some Significant Cases
1754:"Hermine Braunsteiner"
1428:(September 21, 2005).
819:established in 1979 a
437:
377:engineer's household.
83:North Rhine-Westphalia
4876:Stroessner (Paraguay)
4377:Majdanek State Museum
3510:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
2414:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2176:Justice Not Vengeance
1954:Blum, Howard (1977).
1842:Axis History Factbook
1199:(December 13, 1996).
785:on six counts of the
783:insufficient evidence
727:Further information:
723:Trial in West Germany
432:
315:, and the first Nazi
253:Years of service
4967:Krunoslav Draganović
4505:Hermine Braunsteiner
3854:Mordechai Anielewicz
3565:Elisabeth Volkenrath
3450:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
3086:Arthur Liebehenschel
3011:Hermine Braunsteiner
2955:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1997:Atglen, Pennsylvania
1817:on February 21, 2023
630:Halifax, Nova Scotia
189:3 years imprisonment
25:Hermine Braunsteiner
4760:Other nationalities
4575:Josef Schwammberger
4392:March of the Living
4264:Holocaust survivors
4128:Vrba–Wetzler report
3904:Alexander Pechersky
3864:Mordechai Tenenbaum
3313:Alexander Palfinger
3136:Johann Schwarzhuber
2696:Międzyrzec Podlaski
2675:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2576:Sonderaktion Krakau
2001:Schiffer Publishing
1096:on October 14, 2013
974:Wistrich, Robert S.
943:on February 8, 2012
937:Museum of Tolerance
745:She stood trial in
563:military occupation
531:The Wiesenthal File
528:Levy, Alan (1994).
444:, established near
165:Accessory to murder
4960:Disputed / dubious
4859:list of scientists
4847:list of scientists
4837:Videla (Argentina)
4767:Tscherim Soobzokov
4307:West German trials
4102:Wannsee Conference
3889:Itzhak Katzenelson
3641:General Government
3126:Franz Reichleitner
3056:Fritz Hartjenstein
3046:Maximilian Grabner
2965:Bruno Streckenbach
2777:Grossaktion Warsaw
2430:Operation Reinhard
2066:Three Rivers Press
1658:Evanston, Illinois
1620:The New York Times
1528:. March 12, 1972.
1526:The New York Times
1501:The New York Times
1145:"KZ Aufseherinnen"
925:Friedlander, Henry
804:, including a leg
781:. The court found
717:Secretary of State
692:political offenses
643:The New York Times
456:extermination camp
438:
384:citizen after the
101:Stute von Majdanek
5001:
5000:
4920:
4919:
4907:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
4832:Perón (Argentina)
4810:State involvement
4782:
4781:
4636:Vjekoslav Vrančić
4616:Vjekoslav Luburić
4606:Andrija Artuković
4530:Walter Kutschmann
4483:German / Austrian
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4353:
4352:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4165:
4164:
4157:Sonderaktion 1005
4031:
4030:
3714:
3713:
3692:Ypatingasis būrys
3594:
3593:
3535:Johanna Langefeld
3530:Hildegard Lächert
3426:
3425:
3262:Alfred Trzebinski
3227:Franz von Bodmann
3179:Lorenz Hackenholt
3021:Theodor van Eupen
2960:Jakob Sporrenberg
2795:
2794:
2519:
2518:
2172:Wiesenthal, Simon
2075:978-0-307-34637-7
2049:978-0-374-22590-2
1764:on April 28, 2019
1736:978-0-521-89974-1
1706:978-0-226-83555-6
1667:978-0-8101-0908-7
1411:978-0-547-66922-9
1381:978-0-19-066403-9
1299:(July 14, 1964).
1197:Schlink, Bernhard
1057:(March 6, 2005).
989:978-0-415-26038-1
800:Complications of
490:Hildegard Lächert
460:Vernichtungslager
327:to face trial in
305:female camp guard
290:
289:
196:Life imprisonment
5141:
4946:Simon Wiesenthal
4871:Banzer (Bolivia)
4791:
4790:
4683:Feodor Fedorenko
4565:Walter Schreiber
4560:Eduard Roschmann
4535:Johann von Leers
4480:
4479:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4319:Treblinka trials
4304:
4303:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4118:Graebe affidavit
4111:Witness accounts
4057:Frank memorandum
4042:
4041:
3937:
3936:
3924:Szmul Zygielbojm
3914:Frumka Płotnicka
3874:Leon Feldhendler
3859:Icchak Cukierman
3813:Ghetto uprisings
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3664:Schutzmannschaft
3485:Feodor Fedorenko
3435:
3434:
3343:Wolfgang Birkner
3131:Heinrich Schwarz
3121:Josef Oberhauser
3096:Heinrich Matthes
2980:Dieter Wisliceny
2970:Richard Thomalla
2945:Heinz Reinefarth
2895:Heinrich Himmler
2840:
2839:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2765:Other atrocities
2402:
2401:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2197:
2166:
2133:
2118:
2087:
2053:
2026:Lelyveld, Joseph
2021:
2019:
2017:
1994:
1982:
1962:
1949:
1928:
1910:The Nazi Hunters
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1836:Wendel, Marcus.
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1810:. Archived from
1791:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:. March 20, 2015
1585:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1463:"The Last Trial"
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1297:Lelyveld, Joseph
1293:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1055:Lelyveld, Joseph
1051:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1018:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
970:
953:
952:
950:
948:
921:
892:
891:
889:
887:
873:
793:, a more severe
779:Heinrich Schmidt
772:Hermann Hackmann
760:Majdanek-Prozess
737:into custody in
688:denaturalization
668:consent judgment
632:, and then, via
617:Simon Wiesenthal
550:Post-war Austria
545:
492:, Marta Ulrich,
245:
237:
228:
226:
225:
182:Criminal penalty
144:
97:Mare of Majdanek
94:Other names
74:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4981:
4955:
4936:Beate Klarsfeld
4932:Serge Klarsfeld
4916:
4880:
4805:
4778:
4755:
4751:Herberts Cukurs
4734:
4725:Aleksander Laak
4713:
4692:
4666:
4640:
4589:
4471:
4468:
4438:
4429:
4396:
4349:
4340:Stutthof trials
4323:
4293:
4250:
4247:
4206:
4192:Holocaust train
4161:
4145:
4133:Witold's Report
4123:Gerstein Report
4106:
4072:Katzmann Report
4052:Auschwitz Album
4027:
3966:
3928:
3894:Michał Klepfisz
3842:
3801:
3750:
3747:
3710:
3650:
3620:Ordnungspolizei
3590:
3569:
3550:Erich Muhsfeldt
3480:Margot Dreschel
3465:Alexander Bülow
3422:
3418:Udo von Woyrsch
3408:Hermann Schaper
3403:Emanuel Schäfer
3388:Josef Meisinger
3348:Helmut Bischoff
3327:
3283:Heinz Auerswald
3271:
3213:
3161:
3155:
3151:Christian Wirth
3061:Gottlieb Hering
2984:
2950:Julian Scherner
2935:Georg Michalsen
2920:Franz Kutschera
2880:Odilo Globocnik
2831:
2828:
2791:
2760:
2622:
2580:
2561:Kielce cemetery
2515:
2452:
2391:
2388:
2351:
2262:
2257:
2200:Wolff, Lynn L.
2186:
2163:
2107:
2076:
2058:Miles, Rosalind
2050:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1979:
1960:
1925:
1915:190–1, 290, 305
1903:
1901:Further reading
1898:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1497:"Breaking Away"
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1438:. p. A01.
1435:Washington Post
1426:Bernstein, Adam
1423:
1419:
1412:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1156:
1155:on June 6, 2007
1143:
1142:
1138:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1059:"Breaking Away"
1052:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1019:
1004:
994:
992:
990:
971:
956:
946:
944:
922:
895:
885:
883:
875:
874:
845:
841:
810:Bochum, Germany
731:
729:Majdanek Trials
725:
700:double jeopardy
676:
654:, then a young
652:Joseph Lelyveld
611:
603:Maspeth, Queens
583:
552:
542:
519:
435:Majdanek Museum
427:
407:
344:
281:
277:Other work
223:
221:
194:
190:
188:
176:Majdanek trials
163:
158:
154:
150:
140:
108:Criminal status
98:
89:
76:
72:
63:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:Charles Lescat
4899:
4894:
4892:Rodolfo Freude
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:Nasser (Egypt)
4824:
4822:Franco (Spain)
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4773:Aarne Kauhanen
4770:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:John Demjanjuk
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Horst Schumann
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Hermann Michel
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:Adolf Eichmann
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Franz Abromeit
4486:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Sobibór Museum
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:Sonderkommando
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Posen speeches
4079:
4077:Korherr Report
4074:
4069:
4067:Höfle telegram
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Witold Pilecki
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Henryk Iwański
3881:
3879:Paweł Frenkiel
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3684:Arajs Kommando
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3613:
3606:Einsatzgruppen
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3560:Alice Orlowski
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:John Demjanjuk
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Gerhard Flesch
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3334:Einsatzgruppen
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3276:Ghetto command
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Horst Schumann
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Johann Niemann
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Hermann Michel
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Karl-Otto Koch
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Irmfried Eberl
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Fritz Katzmann
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Arthur Greiser
2887:
2885:Richard Glücks
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Ludwig Fischer
2867:
2862:
2860:Adolf Eichmann
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2524:Mass shootings
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2511:Danzig-Matzkau
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Kraków-Płaszów
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2168:
2161:
2134:
2119:
2105:
2088:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2022:
2009:
1983:
1977:
1951:
1929:
1923:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1894:Feigin, p. 4-6
1887:
1872:. July 5, 1981
1869:New York Times
1855:
1828:
1798:
1775:
1742:
1735:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1666:
1640:
1606:
1580:
1546:
1513:
1487:
1467:The New Yorker
1453:
1417:
1410:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1340:
1315:
1309:New York Times
1283:
1269:
1249:
1221:
1201:"Der Vorleser"
1188:
1173:
1149:Majdanek Liste
1136:
1107:
1077:
1041:
1028:New York Times
1002:
988:
954:
893:
842:
840:
837:
724:
721:
696:probable cause
675:
672:
625:maître d'hôtel
610:
607:
582:
579:
551:
548:
540:
518:
515:
494:Alice Orlowski
468:Oberaufseherin
446:Lublin, Poland
426:
423:
406:
403:
352:Roman Catholic
343:
340:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
239:
233:
232:
219:
215:
214:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
145:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
77:
75:(aged 79)
71:April 19, 1999
69:
65:
64:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5146:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4951:Efraim Zuroff
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Eli Rosenbaum
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4912:Otto Skorzeny
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:Other persons
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:Organizations
4792:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Viktors Arājs
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Léon Degrelle
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Milivoj Ašner
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4585:Gustav Wagner
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Erich Priebke
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Josef Mengele
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Alois Brunner
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Kielce pogrom
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Stroop Report
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Documentation
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Marek Edelman
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:Organizations
3753:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:Collaboration
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:Organizations
3597:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Eduard Lorenz
3543:
3541:
3540:Anton Lechner
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Josef Kollmer
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Kurt Gerstein
3493:
3491:
3490:Hans Hoffmann
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Juana Bormann
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Erich Naumann
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Lothar Beutel
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3323:Jürgen Stroop
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Josef Blösche
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3267:Eduard Wirths
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Josef Mengele
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Horst Fischer
3240:
3238:
3237:Karl Gebhardt
3235:
3233:
3232:Carl Clauberg
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Ludwig Plagge
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Herbert Lange
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Kurt Bolender
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Gustav Wagner
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Franz Hössler
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Karl Fritzsch
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Wilhelm Boger
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Erwin Lambert
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Wilhelm Koppe
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Hermann Höfle
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Theodor Eicke
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Aktion Krakau
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Bloody Sunday
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2458:Concentration
2455:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2406:Extermination
2403:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:The Holocaust
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:0-297-79683-6
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:0-15-175823-9
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:0-85345-642-9
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Marion Kaplan
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2012:
2010:0-7643-1444-0
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1978:0-8129-0607-1
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1924:0-88687-357-6
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:0-8276-0247-2
1795:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1480:September 22,
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1333:September 13,
1329:
1325:
1319:
1312:. p. 10.
1311:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1272:
1270:0-595-14128-5
1266:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1242:September 21,
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
991:
985:
981:
980:
975:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
882:
879:(in German).
878:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
843:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:war criminals
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
791:life sentence
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
761:
755:
753:
748:
743:
740:
736:
730:
720:
718:
713:
711:
710:
709:Schutzstaffel
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
681:Rikers Island
671:
669:
665:
664:United States
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
615:
606:
604:
600:
599:United States
596:
595:United States
592:
588:
578:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
557:
547:
546:</ref>
543:
541:9780802837721
537:
533:
532:
524:
514:
512:
509:"Kobyła", in
508:
503:
502:Erna Wallisch
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
436:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:working class
353:
349:
339:
337:
336:the Holocaust
332:
330:
326:
325:United States
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
247:Schutzstaffel
244:
240:
234:
231:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:(1080 counts)
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
142:Conviction(s)
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:July 16, 1919
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
16:
4977:Stille Hilfe
4769:(Circassian)
4688:Mykola Lebed
4621:Ante Pavelić
4611:Anton Geiser
4580:Franz Stangl
4555:Walter Rauff
4525:Aribert Heim
4504:
4500:Klaus Barbie
4138:
4062:Höcker Album
4045:Nazi sources
3933:Victim lists
3899:Miles Lerman
3706:Trawniki men
3646:Hotel Polski
3555:Detlef Nebbe
3520:Oswald Kaduk
3515:Karl Jeschke
3393:Bruno Müller
3383:Felix Landau
3368:Ernst Damzog
3363:Karl Brunner
3332:
3308:Franz Konrad
3209:Adolf Theuer
3162:executioners
3141:Franz Stangl
3111:Robert Mulka
3081:Josef Kramer
3031:Karl Frenzel
3010:
3001:Richard Baer
2996:Hans Aumeier
2989:Camp command
2975:Otto Wächter
2855:Josef Bühler
2850:Viktor Brack
2836:Perpetrators
2428:
2270:Main article
2201:
2175:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2096:
2064:. New York:
2061:
2030:
2014:. Retrieved
1988:
1969:22–9, 269–70
1956:
1933:
1909:
1890:
1881:
1874:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1785:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1757:
1725:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1671:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1619:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1574:
1567:. Retrieved
1562:
1549:
1539:February 27,
1537:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1433:
1420:
1400:
1370:
1363:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1307:
1274:. Retrieved
1259:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1216:
1209:. Retrieved
1204:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1148:
1139:
1130:
1123:. Retrieved
1117:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1089:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1062:
1032:. Retrieved
1026:
993:. Retrieved
978:
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
932:
884:. Retrieved
829:denaturalize
823:to seek out
814:
799:
759:
756:
747:West Germany
744:
732:
714:
707:
685:
679:was held at
677:
660:
641:
612:
584:
567:
553:
530:
520:
482:gas chambers
475:
467:
464:gas chambers
459:
451:Arbeitslager
449:
439:
415:Maria Mandel
408:
385:
379:
345:
333:
329:West Germany
317:war criminal
300:
299:Austrian SS
292:
291:
230:Nazi Germany
192:West Germany
191:
185:
167:(102 counts)
156:West Germany
155:
147:
100:
73:(1999-04-19)
15:
5019:1999 deaths
5014:1919 births
4897:Alois Hudal
4730:Karl Linnas
4709:Carl Værnet
4662:René Lagrou
4652:Pierre Daye
4631:Dinko Šakić
4626:Ivo Rojnica
4520:Hans Eisele
4182:Gas chamber
4150:Concealment
4141:photographs
3988:Gross-Rosen
3957:Lviv (Lwów)
3919:Roza Robota
3823:Częstochowa
3455:Herta Bothe
3445:Hans Anhalt
3438:Camp guards
3378:Ludwig Hahn
3358:Paul Blobel
3298:Franz Bürkl
3288:Hans Biebow
3247:Fritz Klein
3184:Josef Klehr
3169:Erich Bauer
3160:Gas chamber
3106:Karl Möckel
3091:Maria Mandl
3066:Rudolf Höss
3051:Otto Hantke
2940:Oswald Pohl
2930:Ernst Lerch
2741:Stanisławów
2651:Częstochowa
2541:Bronna Góra
2471:Gross-Rosen
2466:Auschwitz I
2151:. pp.
2016:October 15,
1967:. pp.
1876:October 15,
1847:October 15,
1821:October 15,
1768:October 15,
1673:October 15,
1633:February 7,
1599:February 7,
1569:October 16,
1446:October 14,
1211:October 14,
1207:(in German)
1125:October 16,
1070:October 14,
1034:October 14,
995:October 14,
947:October 14,
886:October 15,
776:camp doctor
674:Extradition
614:Nazi hunter
591:Nova Scotia
486:Elsa Ehrich
471:Elsa Ehrich
309:Ravensbrück
264:SS Helferin
121:Russel Ryan
5008:Categories
4787:Assistance
3505:Irma Grese
3500:Paul Götze
3470:Luise Danz
3219:Physicians
3026:Kurt Franz
2875:Hans Frank
2843:Organizers
2787:Heidelager
2084:2007027905
1506:January 6,
1328:Justia Law
839:References
806:amputation
795:punishment
787:indictment
765:Düsseldorf
739:Düsseldorf
478:selections
411:Aufseherin
321:extradited
218:Allegiance
49:1919-07-16
4775:(Finnish)
4704:Søren Kam
4671:Ukrainian
4476:Fugitives
4359:Memorials
4256:Aftermath
4023:Treblinka
3978:Auschwitz
3833:Treblinka
3818:Białystok
3806:Uprisings
3586:Treblinka
3431:Personnel
3199:Otto Moll
3189:Hans Koch
3041:Amon Göth
2772:Action T4
2736:Sosnowiec
2706:Nowy Sącz
2641:Białystok
2608:Szczuczyn
2556:Erntefest
2546:Bydgoszcz
2531:Białystok
2446:Treblinka
2322:Lithuania
2145:San Diego
1628:0362-4331
1534:0362-4331
1475:0028-792X
1100:April 14,
752:jackboots
733:Ryan was
609:Discovery
587:emigrated
454:) and an
397:works in
387:Anschluss
359:chauffeur
323:from the
282:Housewife
256:1939–1945
4986:See also
4801:Ratlines
4718:Estonian
4594:Croatian
4202:Zyklon B
4018:Trawniki
4013:Stutthof
3998:Majdanek
2746:Tarnopol
2686:Lubartów
2598:Jedwabne
2501:Trawniki
2491:Stutthof
2481:Potulice
2424:Majdanek
2342:Slovakia
2194:91103439
2174:(1989).
2115:84018969
2095:(eds.).
2036:New York
2028:(2005).
1946:46003917
1938:New York
1808:99004040
1440:Archived
1276:June 22,
1159:April 1,
976:(2001).
802:diabetes
769:SS guard
735:remanded
656:reporter
621:Tel Aviv
559:Red Army
395:aircraft
375:American
301:Helferin
236:Service/
112:Deceased
4925:Hunters
4739:Latvian
4645:Belgian
4187:Gas van
4003:Sobibór
3940:Ghettos
3847:Leaders
3828:Sobibor
3581:Sobibor
3574:By camp
2721:Siedlce
2628:Ghettos
2613:Tykocin
2585:Pogroms
2571:Palmiry
2496:Szebnie
2441:Sobibor
2419:Chełmno
2347:Ukraine
2332:Romania
2312:Germany
2302:Estonia
2297:Denmark
2292:Croatia
2287:Belgium
2282:Belarus
1166:Source:
648:Maspeth
634:Toronto
523:Genthin
462:) with
392:Heinkel
373:for an
371:England
363:butcher
186:Austria
148:Austria
87:Germany
4972:ODESSA
4934:&
4697:Danish
4299:Trials
4274:Bricha
4008:Soldau
3993:Izbica
3983:Bełżec
3962:Warsaw
3947:Kraków
3787:Żegota
2756:Warsaw
2731:Słonim
2726:Sambor
2701:Mizocz
2691:Lublin
2666:Kraków
2661:Kielce
2656:Grodno
2636:Będzin
2618:Wąsosz
2594:(1946)
2592:Kielce
2506:Warsaw
2486:Soldau
2436:Belzec
2337:Russia
2327:Norway
2317:Latvia
2307:France
2192:
2182:
2159:
2132:: 812.
2113:
2103:
2082:
2072:
2046:
2007:
1975:
1944:
1921:
1806:
1796:
1733:
1703:
1664:
1626:
1532:
1473:
1408:
1378:
1267:
986:
662:1968,
638:Queens
556:Soviet
538:
511:German
507:Polish
413:under
399:Berlin
382:German
348:Vienna
319:to be
269:Awards
238:branch
227:
213:career
160:Murder
134:Nazism
130:Motive
118:Spouse
79:Bochum
57:Vienna
3971:Camps
3631:RKFDV
2751:Wilno
2716:Radom
2711:Pińsk
2646:Brest
2551:Dynów
2397:Camps
2153:46–52
1815:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1576:Jews.
1559:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
636:, to
367:nurse
172:Trial
4414:List
3952:Łódź
3772:Bund
3636:VoMi
3626:WVHA
2681:Łódź
2671:Lwów
2603:Lviv
2190:LCCN
2180:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2111:LCCN
2101:ISBN
2080:LCCN
2070:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2018:2008
2005:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1942:LCCN
1919:ISBN
1878:2008
1849:2008
1823:2008
1804:LCCN
1794:ISBN
1770:2008
1731:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1675:2008
1662:ISBN
1635:2023
1624:ISSN
1601:2023
1571:2008
1541:2023
1530:ISSN
1508:2022
1482:2024
1471:ISSN
1448:2008
1406:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1335:2022
1278:2013
1265:ISBN
1244:2024
1213:2008
1161:2013
1127:2008
1102:2013
1072:2008
1036:2008
997:2008
984:ISBN
949:2008
888:2008
774:and
698:and
570:Graz
536:ISBN
342:Life
311:and
303:and
297:Nazi
261:Rank
68:Died
43:Born
3797:ŻZW
3792:ŻOB
3782:PKB
3767:AOB
827:to
589:to
417:at
307:at
5010::
3777:GL
3762:AK
3698:/
3694:,
3690:,
3686:,
3682:,
3678:,
3674:/
3670:,
3610:SS
2188:.
2155:.
2147::
2143:.
2130:25
2128:.
2109:.
2078:.
2068:.
2042:.
2038::
2034:.
2003:.
1999::
1995:.
1971:.
1963:.
1936:.
1917:.
1880:.
1866:.
1840:.
1802:.
1756:.
1745:^
1715:^
1677:.
1622:.
1618:.
1591:.
1573:.
1561:.
1524:.
1499:.
1469:.
1465:.
1432:.
1390:^
1343:^
1326:.
1306:.
1286:^
1235:.
1224:^
1215:.
1203:.
1147:.
1129:.
1088:.
1061:.
1044:^
1025:.
1005:^
957:^
935:.
931:.
896:^
846:^
835:.
812:.
500:,
496:,
488:,
401:.
211:SS
85:,
81:,
59:,
4463:e
4456:t
4449:v
4416:)
4412:(
4242:e
4235:t
4228:v
3742:e
3735:t
3728:v
3702:)
3666:(
3622:)
3618:(
3612:)
3608:(
2823:e
2816:t
2809:v
2677:)
2673:(
2383:e
2376:t
2369:v
2252:e
2245:t
2238:v
2196:.
2167:.
2165:.
2117:.
2086:.
2052:.
2020:.
1981:.
1948:.
1927:.
1851:.
1825:.
1772:.
1739:.
1709:.
1637:.
1603:.
1543:.
1510:.
1484:.
1450:.
1414:.
1384:.
1357:.
1337:.
1280:.
1246:.
1163:.
1104:.
1074:.
1038:.
999:.
951:.
890:.
544:.
458:(
103:)
99:(
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
