1475:
ironed, the message would appear. Cyż communicated this with her brother by referring to a children's book. It instructed him to look for a message using the first letter of every line. It spelled out: "list modem" which translates to "letter in urine". From there the women delivered intelligence about the medical experiments. In 1943, one of the many letters read "Further details of operations. Up to 16 January 1943, 70 people in total have been operated on. From this, 56 from the Lublin
September transport, of which 36 were infection operations (without incision), 20 bone operations. ... In bone operations, each cut is reopened. Bones are operated on both legs or just one." and "We are worried that they will want to get rid of the ones who have been operated on as living proof. Bear in mind that in the course of 20 months about a quarter of all the Polish women from political transports have been shot. On 30 April, five more were shot under the guise of being sent to Oświęcim." Not only did they detail medical experiments but brothel work as well. These letters and their information made their way into the Polish Underground, the International Red Cross, the Vatican, and the Polish government-in-exile in London. Eventually, these letters would be used as evidence for the trials. These artifacts give records and witness accounts from Ravensbrück and are now being preserved.
1313:
911:
347:
1425:
1180:
1132:
2276:. "SS had no fabric for the production of new prison clothing. Instead, they drove truckloads of coats, dresses, underwear, and shoes that had once belonged to those gassed in the east, to Ravensbrück. / ... / The clothes of the people were sorted, and at first, crosses were cut out, and fabric of another color sewn underneath. The prisoners walked around as sheep marked for slaughter. The crosses would impede escape. Later they spared themselves this cumbersome procedure and painted with oil paint broad, white crosses on the coats." (translated from the Swedish edition: Margarete Buber-Neumann
47:
232:
243:
1471:
Janina and
Krystyna Iwańska, Wanda Wójtasik, and Krystyna Czyż were sent to Ravensbrück for their assistance of the Polish Underground. In 1942, medical experimentation was introduced and began with a group of 86 women, including the four letter-writers. As detailed in the letters, their legs were sliced open with glass or wood before the doctors introduced bacteria and test medicine. If the wounds did not heal, they later found out that it would result in execution. The four survived and lived to write the letters.
1217:
1006:
998:
1361:
1467:
largely punishable. In an interview done just after liberation in Sweden, Interview 420 describes: "The smallest infractions were elevated to the level of 'sabotage', which brought the highest possible sentences: whipping, the bunker, and even execution by shooting. For making toe-warmers with camp wool for her stockings in the winter, a prisoner would get 25 blows and two weeks in the bunker". Many of the items were made of spare bits of plastic, wood, or cloth.
1449:
that had once been part of their urns. The urns had since broken down in the soil but the plaques still have the identities of those who were buried there. Previously in 1989, a mass grave was found by the cemetery accidentally. In more recent excavations, archaeologists have found human body parts that were never fully burned in cremation. Ravensbrück archaeology is hard to come by from the actual site itself, as most of its artifacts escaped with its survivors.
3613:
1068:
1060:
858:
3625:
1416:
transports to
Ravensbrück. Its central exhibit is a refurbished goods wagon. The exhibition's information boards describe the origins of the transports and how they developed over time and explain the different types of trains, where they arrived, and the part played by the local residents. It is probably the only exhibition so far at a German memorial which is dedicated solely to the subject of the transports to the camp.
3653:
1208:. Some 2,500 ethnic German prisoners remaining were released, and 500 women were handed over to officials of the Swedish and Danish Red Cross shortly after the evacuation. On 30 April 1945, fewer than 3,500 malnourished and sickly prisoners were discovered alive at the camp when it was liberated by the Red Army. The survivors of the death march were liberated in the following hours by a Soviet scout unit.
922:) that identified her by category, with a letter sewn within the triangle indicating the prisoner's nationality. For example, Polish women wore red triangles, denoting a political prisoner, with a letter "P" (by 1942, Polish women became the largest national component at the camp). Soviet prisoners of war, and German and Austrian Communists, wore red triangles; common criminals wore green triangles; and
563:
571:
1204:'s rapid approach in the spring of 1945, the SS leadership decided to remove as many prisoners as they could, in order to avoid leaving live witnesses behind who could testify as to what had occurred in the camp. At the end of March, the SS ordered all physically capable women to form a column and exit the camp in the direction of northern Mecklenburg, forcing over 24,500 prisoners on a
1395:. They were controlled by the Ministry of Culture and served as places of identification and legitimisation of the GDR. According to historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf the political instrumentalisation of these memorials, especially for the current needs of the GDR, became particularly clear during the major celebrations of the liberation of the concentration camps.
1293:. Up to his death in 1957, the artist created a large number of sculpted models of women. On 12 September 1959, the Ravensbrück National Memorial was inaugurated outside the former concentration camp on an area of 3.5 ha between the former camp wall and the shore of the Schwedtsee Lake. Rosa Thälmann, a former concentration camp inmate and widow of the politician
725:(January 1945 – March 1945). Regular Aufseherinnen were not usually granted access to the internees' compound unless they supervised inside work details. Most of the SS women met their prisoner work gangs at the gate each morning and returned them later in the day. The treatment by the female guards in Ravensbrück was normally brutal. Elfriede Muller, an
1458:
German influence. We had been too naïve and unsuspecting. Inseams, hems, and waistbands, many had with great effort and danger for life during internment in camp managed to save personal souvenirs and treasures. Now, when liberation was a fact, they lost these very last objects from their original lives.
1154:
Ravensbrück was the main supplier of women for the brothels set up at many major Nazi camps toward the end of the war. Although women often volunteered for these positions, hoping they would be spared the most difficult physical labour and perhaps receive better rations, most in fact died quickly due
319:
in July 1942. Later the children in the camp represented almost all nations of Europe occupied by
Germany. Between April and October 1944, their number increased considerably, consisting of two groups. One group was composed of Romani children brought into the camp with their mothers or sisters after
2788:
Bundesarchiv Berlin, NS 19, No. 968, "Communication on the creation of the barracks for the
Siemens & Halske, the planned production and the planned expansion for 2,500 prisoners 'after direct discussions with this company'": Economic and Administrative Main Office of the SS (WVHA), Oswald Pohl,
1448:
Ravensbrück did not have its own burial site, so most of the bodies were kept nearby at the site of their cremation. In 2019, the archaeological remains of Polish women were found in the Fürstenberg cemetery. Nine urns and two plaques were discovered. Their ashes were found buried with metal plaques
1158:
For the women in the camp, it was important to retain some of their dignity and sense of humanity. Therefore, they made necklaces, bracelets, and other personal items, like small dolls and books, as keepsakes. These personal effects were of great importance to the women and many of them risked their
1470:
In 2017, 27 secret letters were gifted to the Museum of
Martyrology in Lublin. These letters describe the camp in detail, including the doctors practicing medical experimentation. Concealed in the sofa of Krystyna Czyż, they spent decades hidden away until their donation. In September 1941, sisters
1457:
The clothes one was to take care of proved to be dirty rags, infested with lice, which were according to
Swedish standards too worn down to be worth cleaning. The consequence was that it was all burned. Many survivors protested, but few dared to say why. They dared not believe we were fully without
1054:
They didn't shoot the women. We were to die of misery, hunger and exhaustion...when we arrived at
Ravensbrück, it was the worst. The first thing I saw was a cart with all the dead piled on it. Their arms and legs hanging out, and mouths and eyes wide open. They reduced us to nothing. We didn't even
1017:
In 1939 and 1940, camp living conditions were acceptable: laundry and bed linen were changed regularly and the food was adequate, although in the first winter of 1939/40, limitations began to be noticeable. The German
Communist, Margarete Buber-Neumann, came to Ravensbrück as an inmate after nearly
1462:
These were things secretly made in the camp. Prisoners could be punished if caught but many disregarded camp rules and continued to make art in secret, such as dolls for orphaned or lost children. Chances were not good for children at
Ravensbrück. Many lost their mothers, and as a result lost what
1452:
Many of these artifacts were lost once some of the survivors reached Sweden. Survivors kept them hidden in the waistbands and hems of their clothes. As the women were being cleaned, their clothes were burned. While the women showed hesitation in getting rid of their clothes, no one voiced why they
1415:
On 16 and 17 April 2005, a ceremony was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the camp's liberation. Among those invited were approximately 600 survivors from all over the world, mostly eastern Europe. At the same time a new, permanent outdoor exhibition was opened, on the theme of the train
1407:
was replaced by two new permanent exhibitions: "Women of Ravensbrück", which displays the biographies of 27 former prisoners, and "Ravensbrück. Topography and History of the Women's Concentration Camp", which provides information about the origins of the camp, describes daily life in the camp, and
926:
were labelled with lavender triangles. Prostitutes, Romani, homosexuals, and women who refused to marry were lumped together, with black triangles. Jewish women wore yellow triangles but sometimes, unlike the other prisoners, they wore a second triangle for the other categories. For example, quite
299:
Although the inmates came from every country in German-occupied Europe, the largest single national group in the camp were Polish. In the spring of 1941, the SS authorities established a small men's camp adjacent to the main camp. The male inmates built and managed the gas chambers for the camp in
1026:
I looked across the great square, and could not believe my eyes. It was surrounded by manicured lawns, covered by flower beds on which bloomed bright red flowers. A wide street, which led to a large open area, was flanked by two rows of wooden barracks, on both sides stood rows of young trees and
936:
Some detainees had their hair shaved, such as those from Czechoslovakia and Poland, but other transports did not. In 1943, for instance, a group of Norwegian women came to the camp (Norwegians/Scandinavians were ranked by the Nazis as the purest of all Aryans). None of them had their hair shaved.
1474:
Once a month, prisoners were allowed to write letters to their families. These messages were monitored by the guards. The women wrote a message in visible ink, and then in between the lines, they wrote in their own urine. This worked as a version of invisible ink. When held over a heat source or
1466:
The creation of art or personal belongings in the camp was strictly prohibited. Despite this, there are still artifacts found today that display resistance. A sprig of the lily of the valley is a prime example. While only a piece of plastic, if caught could be considered an act of "sabotage" and
708:
Some of these women went on to serve as chief wardresses in other camps. Several dozen block overseers (Blockführerinnen), accompanied by dogs, SS men and whips oversaw the prisoners in their living quarters in Ravensbrück, at roll call and during food distribution. At any single time, a report
1412:(extermination through work). Since 2004 there has also been an exhibition about the female guards at the Ravensbrück Women's Concentration Camp, housed in another of their former accommodation blocks. Additionally, temporary exhibitions of special interest are held regularly at the memorial.
1027:
along the roadside ran straight flower beds as far as the eye could see. The square and the streets seemed freshly raked. To the left towards the watchtower, I saw a white wooden barrack and beside it a large cage, the size of a birdhouse the like you see at a zoo. Within it paraded peacocks (
2804:
Wanda Kiedrzy'nska, in National Library of Poland, Warsaw, Manuscript Division, Sign. AKC 12013/1 and archive of the memorial I/6-7-139 RA: see also: "Woman Ravensbruck concentration camp. An overall presentation", State Justice Administration in Ludwigsburg, IV ART 409-Z 39/59, April 1972,
2792:
Karl-Heinz Roth: "Forced labor in the Siemens Group", with a summary table, page 157. See also Ursula Krause-Schmitt: "The road to Siemens stock led past the crematorium," pp. 36f, where, according to the catalogs of the International Tracing Service Arolsen and Martin Weinmann (eds.).
1013:
One form of resistance was the secret education programmes organised by prisoners for their fellow inmates. All national groups had some sort of programme. The most extensive were among Polish women, wherein various high school-level classes were taught by experienced teachers.
287:, an estimated total of 5,000 women were imprisoned, who were fed gradually decreasing hunger rations. By the end of 1942, the inmate population of Ravensbrück had grown to about 10,000. The greatest number of prisoners at one time in Ravensbrück was probably about 45,000.
1167:
The bodies of those perished or killed in the camp were cremated in the nearby Fürstenberg crematorium until 1943 when SS authorities constructed a crematorium at a site near the camp prison. In January 1945, the SS also transformed a hut near the crematorium into a
1192:
In January 1945, prior to the liberation of the remaining camp survivors, an estimated 45,000 female prisoners and over 5,000 male prisoners remained at Ravensbrück, including children and those transported from satellite camps only to be murdered in the
1357:) monument also has its origins in Lammert's models. Other statues, which were also originally created for Ravensbrück, have been on display at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Berlin Mitte since 1985, in commemoration of the Jewish victims of fascism.
1463:
little protection they did have. Many were medically experimented on or killed. Children on their own would not survive in the camp but women would step forward and behave as surrogate/adoptive mothers, making dolls and taking care of them.
1644:, p. 12 "Construction began in November 1938 using the slave labor of about five hundred male inmates from nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp. According to SS records, it was originally planned to hold three thousand female inmates."
709:
overseer (Rapportführerin) handled the roll calls and general discipline of the internees. Rosel Laurenzen originally served as head of the labour pool at the camp (Arbeitdienstführerin) along with her assistant Gertrud Schoeber. In 1944
698:
Besides the male Nazi administrators, the camp staff included over 150 female guards assigned to oversee the prisoners at some point during the camp's operational period. The technical term for a female guard in a Nazi camp was an
1104:, or "Rabbits" by the experimenters, five died as a result of the experiments, six with unhealed wounds were executed, and (with assistance from other inmates) the rest survived with permanent physical damage. Four such survivors—
1088:
drugs. These experiments involved deliberate cutting into and infecting of leg bones and muscles with virulent bacteria, cutting nerves, introducing substances like pieces of wood or glass into tissues, and fracturing bones.
3527:
527:, and of several deportations, hiding in homes and in the forest, undergoing torture, and witnessing murder in Ravensbrück before her final liberation. Approximately 500 women from Ravensbrück were transferred to
2627:
2873:
2766:(Social studies, H. 34), Opladen 1996, pp. 149–168; Wilfried Feldenkirchen: 1918–1945 Siemens, Munich 1995, Ulrike Fire, Claus Füllberg-Stolberg, Sylvia Kempe: "Work at Ravensbrück concentration camp", in
205:. More than 20,000 (15 percent) of the total were Jewish. Eighty-five percent were from other races and cultures. More than 80 percent were political prisoners. Many prisoners were employed as slave laborer by
3507:
3468:
296:, about 50,000 of them perished from disease, starvation, overwork and despair; some 2,200 were murdered in the gas chambers. On 29–30 April 1945, some 3,500 prisoners were still alive in the main camp.
1999:
512:, French painter and member of the French Resistance, painted works illustrating prisoners and the terrible conditions of the camps; these were recreations of works she had created while in the camps.
2102:
1264:. The trial and appeal took place from February to May 1950. The jury was composed of representatives from the French, Dutch and Luxembourg governments, presided by the chief justice officer of the
2547:
1084:
were conducted without consent on 86 women; 74 of them were Polish inmates. Two types of experiments were conducted on the Polish political prisoners. The first type tested the efficacy of
2783:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland“ über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.
2464:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung "Neues Deutschland" über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
2427:
Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung "Neues Deutschland" über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen
2000:"The Violence of Female Guards in Nazi Concentration Camps (1939-1945): Reflections on the Dynamics and Logics of Power | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network"
1268:. Several dozens of former prisoners were subpoenaed. Suhren and Pflaum were accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. They were sentenced to death and executed on 12 June 1950.
1123:
in the camp in January 1945. All had been deceived into signing the consent form, having been told by the camp overseers that the German authorities would release them if they complied.
1403:
Today, the former accommodation blocks for the female guards are a youth hostel and youth meeting center. In the course of the reorganization, which took place in the early 1990s, the
1092:
The second set of experiments studied bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration, and the possibility of transplanting bones from one person to another. Out of the 74 Polish victims, called
3071:
3517:
2774:. German Resistance Study Group, Frankfurt / Main, 18 Jg, No. 37/38, Nov. 1993, pp. 38–46; Sigrid Jacobeit: "Working at Siemens in Ravensbrück", in Dietrich Eichholz (eds)
3212:
3059:
2879:
1453:
were upset about it. They didn't yet trust the people taking care of them after all they had endured. Karin Landgren Blomqvist helped the survivors but regrets this detail:
1581:, p. 24 "Between the camp's initiation of 18 May 1939 and the day of liberation, an estimated 117,000 of the 132,000 women who passed through the camp had been murdered".
3558:
554:, stayed in Ravensbrück concentration camp after his arrest by the Gestapo in 1944. Later Noske was freed by advancing Allied troops from a Gestapo prison in Berlin.
1732:
1159:
lives to keep these possessions. Some of these types of effects can be seen at the exhibition "Voices from Ravensbrück" (hosted by Lund University Library, Sweden).
1380:, which up to 1993 had been using parts of the former camp for military purposes, it became possible to incorporate more areas of the camp into the memorial site.
705:, 'overseer'. Ravensbrück also served as a training camp for over 4,000 female overseers. The women either stayed in the camp or eventually served in other camps.
2013:
1183:
Surviving female prisoners gathered when the Red Cross arrived at Ravensbrück in April 1945. The white paint camp crosses show they were prisoners, not civilians.
3348:
271:
and was unusual in that it was intended exclusively to hold female inmates. Ravensbrück first housed prisoners in May 1939, when the SS moved 900 women from the
986:(racial defilement) 0.78%, other 0.20%. The list is one of the most important documents, preserved in the last moments of the camp operation by members of the
2762:, No. 1/1991, pp. 12–24; Karl-Heinz Roth: "Forced labor in the Siemens Group (1938–1945). Facts, controversies, problems", in Hermann Kaienburg (ed.):
684:
628:
485:, also survived and is the subject of several biographies documenting her ordeals. Among the Communist survivors of the camp was French Resistance member
1172:, where they murdered several thousand prisoners before the camp's liberation in April 1945; in particular, they executed some 3,600 prisoners from the
2944:
1667:
952:), documenting 25,028 names of women sent by Nazis to the camp, it is estimated that the Ravensbrück prisoner population's ethnic structure comprised:
875:
228:
in January 1945. Of the female prisoners who passed through the Ravensbrück camp, about 50,000 perished; some 2,200 were killed in the gas chambers.
2814:
622:
3659:
844:, an 84-year-old woman who had lived in San Francisco since 1959. It was discovered that she had been a guard at Ravensbrück from 1944 to 1945.
3678:
3333:
2487:
2893:
1312:
1031:) and on a climbing tree dangled monkeys and a parrot which always screamed the same word, "Mama". I wondered, "this is a concentration camp"?
3683:
1250:
649:
279:. Eight months after the start of World War II the camp's maximum capacity was already exceeded. It underwent major expansion following the
1955:
910:
324:
was closed. The other group included mostly children who were brought with Polish mothers sent to Ravensbrück after the collapse of the
3698:
3512:
3240:
346:
3693:
3095:
1035:
Buber-Nuemann wrote how her first meal in Ravensbrück exceeded her expectations, when she was served sweet porridge with dried fruit (
3463:
1799:
3090:
2508:"When Bereaved of Everything: Objects from the Concentration Camp of Ravensbrück as Expressions of Resistance, Memory, and Identity"
3703:
3343:
1511:
3473:
3147:
1501:
1488:
our comradeship, our loyalty, our humility, our courage, our generosity, the greatness of heart which has grown out of all this,
478:
1179:
3142:
2937:
1778:
1485:
But do not remember all the suffering they have inflicted on us; remember the fruits we have borne, thanks to this suffering:
1234:
guards, and former prisoner-functionaries with administrative positions at the camp were arrested at the end of the war by the
399:
1516:
2823:
2749:
2714:
2696:
2636:
2471:
2434:
1809:
1424:
1131:
3384:
3297:
1238:
and tried at the Hamburg Ravensbrück trials from 1946 to 1948. Sixteen of the accused were found guilty of war crimes and
3641:
2247:
290:
Between 1939 and 1945, some 130,000 to 132,000 female prisoners passed through the Ravensbrück camp system. According to
729:
in the camp was so harsh that the prisoners nicknamed her "The Beast of Ravensbrück". Other guards in the camp included
256:
173:). The camp memorial's estimated figure of 132,000 women who were in the camp during the war includes about 48,500 from
3448:
2548:"Extraordinary story of secret 'letter-writing group' who used own URINE as invisible ink to reveal death camp horrors"
2017:
1931:
1205:
3176:
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1921:
332:
3583:
3307:
3188:
3130:
2989:
2930:
2733:
2675:
2661:
2611:
2597:
2273:
2068:
1895:
1265:
1261:
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further categorised the inmates as: political 83.54%, anti-social 12.35%, criminal 2.02%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.11%,
897:
508:, a Ravensbrück survivor from France who published her own eyewitness account of the camp in 1975. After liberation,
3020:
2770:, Bremen, 1994, pp. 55–69; Ursula Krause-Schmitt: "The path to the Siemens stock led past the crematorium", in
2039:
3235:
3183:
3044:
2984:
1388:
1302:
2084:
994:" (The Walls). The rest of the camp documents were burned by escaping SS overseers in pits or in the crematorium.
3688:
3037:
2167:
1151:. The SS also built several factories near Ravensbrück for the production of textiles and electrical components.
1606:
3166:
3159:
3123:
3032:
3001:
2967:
2868:
879:
272:
2217:
457:
17:
3352:
3154:
3135:
3114:
3066:
2996:
2977:
2688:
1864:
1751:
1384:
1298:
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for "deviant" girls and women, which was taken under the control of the Ravensbrück SS at the start of 1945.
1116:
311:
incarcerated in the camp or were born to imprisoned women. There were few children early on, including a few
1506:
1225:
3251:
3245:
3200:
3107:
2972:
1173:
718:
670:
447:
355:
321:
2561:
2327:
2203:
1432:
A monument to the French victims of Ravensbruck is one of the memorials to several concentration camps in
496:
which won France's Prix Verité in 1948. Other survivors who wrote memoirs about their experiences include
3396:
3195:
3102:
2394:
1108:, Maria Broel-Plater, Władysława Karolewska, and Maria Kuśmierczuk—testified against Nazi doctors at the
730:
3603:
3207:
3054:
3013:
2758:
See Carola Sachse: "Jewish forced labor and non-Jewish women and men at Siemens from 1940 to 1945", in
1081:
354:
Among the thousands executed at Ravensbrück were four members of the British World War II organization
210:
165:
exclusively for women from 1939 to 1945, located in northern Germany, 90 km (56 mi) north of
3522:
2818:. in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2654:
Ces Dames de Ravensbrück, Contribution au mémorial belge des femmes déportées à Ravensbrück, 1939-1945
469:, who was a prisoner in 1944 before being transferred to another work camp and escaping. Englishwoman
292:
3401:
3219:
3083:
3008:
528:
474:
1022:. She described her first impressions of Ravensbrück in comparison to the Soviet camp in Karaganda:
3118:
3078:
2953:
2724:. Erinnerungen an die Todesmärsche aus dem Frauen-Konzentrationslager Ravensbrück Ende April 1945.
2604:
The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Concentration Camp System
1120:
800:
713:
took over this command. Other high ranking female guards included Christel Jankowsky, Ilse Göritz,
157:
3458:
639:
3290:
2860:
2262:
2143:
2119:
1618:
1239:
868:
383:
162:
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2874:
Collection of testimonies concerning KL Ravensbrück in "Chronicles of Terror" testimony database
1478:
When Ravensbrück was liberated a note was found on the body of a dead girl. It read as follows:
1143:
All inmates were required to do heavy labor ranging from strenuous outdoor jobs to building the
3357:
2058:
1702:
1433:
1235:
1085:
923:
918:
When a new prisoner arrived at Ravensbrück she was required to wear a colour-coded triangle (a
497:
214:
2881:
The Brilliant Code Used by Concentration Camp Inmates to Tell the World About Nazi Experiments
418:. The largest single group of women executed at the camp were 200 young Polish members of the
415:
3540:
3413:
452:
2869:"Voices from Ravensbrück – a unique collection of sources from the survivors of Ravensbrück"
2295:
689:
633:
3495:
3302:
2809:
2242:(Kindle ed. by Farrar, Straus and Giroux ed.). New York City: Macmillan. p. 568.
833:
284:
593:
170:
77:
60:
8:
3578:
2844:
2368:
1281:
On the site of the former concentration camp, there is a memorial. In 1954, the sculptor
676:
666:
515:
In 2005, Ravensbrück survivor Judith Sherman published a book of prose and poetry titled
501:
206:
1733:"Remembering the Lesbians, Prostitutes, and Resisters of Ravensbrück Concentration Camp"
1491:
and when they come to judgement, let all the fruits we have borne be their forgiveness."
1482:"O Lord, remember, not only the men and women of good will, but also those of ill will.
608:
599:
590:
2529:
2235:
1527:
781:
509:
492:
Maisie Renault, sister of Gilbert Renault, wrote about her captivity in Ravensbrück in
280:
231:
119:
Mostly female political prisoners, 48,500 Polish; 28,000 Soviet Union, 20,000-plus Jews
38:
1194:
1169:
940:
Between 1942 and 1943, almost all Jewish women from the Ravensbrück camp were sent to
403:
303:
There were children in the camp as well. At first, they arrived with mothers who were
225:
46:
3422:
2819:
2745:
2729:
2710:
2692:
2671:
2657:
2632:
2607:
2593:
2533:
2467:
2430:
2281:
2269:
2243:
2064:
1927:
1891:
1871:
1805:
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1109:
787:
764:
387:
224:
established a small adjacent camp for male inmates, who built and managed the camp's
1294:
1043:
3553:
2839:
2614:. Source of the information on female guards, with the exceptions of Suze Arts and
2519:
1860:
1783:
742:
505:
268:
242:
3280:
820:(January 1945 – April), with deputy wardress (Stellvertrende Oberaufseherin)
3617:
3533:
3429:
3372:
3362:
2682:
2615:
1050:, was a prisoner at Ravensbrück from 1943 to 1945. She described the conditions:
841:
825:
817:
714:
544:
540:
536:
442:
434:
423:
395:
325:
1331:
For the inaugural opening of the National Memorial site, a scaled-up version of
1005:
997:
411:
3629:
1392:
1255:
654:
524:
486:
462:
375:
371:
198:
3453:
2524:
2507:
1391:, and Ravensbrück played a central role in the GDR's remembrance policy under
1376:(Museum of Anti-fascist Resistance). After the withdrawal from Germany of the
1349:
of Ravensbrück", stands atop a stele on the peninsula in Lake Schwedtsee. The
710:
427:
379:
3672:
3548:
3407:
3367:
3312:
2908:
2895:
2628:
If This Is A Woman: Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
1679:
1541:
1105:
987:
982:
973:
969:
957:
953:
929:
821:
813:
804:
532:
482:
466:
363:
304:
202:
2488:"Remains of Polish women slaughtered in Nazi's Ravensbrück death camp found"
1360:
3377:
3328:
2922:
1340:
1316:
1306:
1282:
1246:
722:
680:
662:
643:
611:
551:
470:
422:. A number of lesbians were imprisoned and murdered at the camp, including
367:
359:
235:
182:
178:
89:
461:, was imprisoned there from 1943 until 1945. SOE agents who survived were
3338:
3275:
2856:
Site created in conjunction with a group of Dutch survivors from the camp
1521:
1428:
Memorial to Ravensbruck Concentration Camp, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
1377:
1286:
1136:
828:
used to poison the sick to avoid having to carry them to the gas chambers
777:
768:
407:
3612:
2801:, pp. 198–214, and in particular the associated annotations 91–187.
2789:
secretly, to Reichsführer SS (RFSS), Heinrich Himmler, dated 20.10.1942.
1216:
1067:
1059:
2622:
2450:
Gesetzblatt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom 4. September 1961
1875:
1532:
1290:
1144:
1047:
882: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
837:
738:
734:
726:
701:
602:
579:
575:
336:
83:
2562:"A prayer from a Jewish victim at Ravensbrück – St Thomas and St Bede"
1758:. Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies: University of Minnesota
3589:
3389:
941:
791:
614:
from August 1942 until the camp's liberation at the end of April 1945
451:, which was eventually produced as a motion picture. Polish Countess
419:
391:
857:
261:
Construction of the camp began in November 1938 by the order of the
1668:"The hidden horrors of Ravensbrück, a concentration camp for women"
1201:
948:(cleansed of Jews). Based on the Nazis' incomplete transport list (
2847:
from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
1866:
Ravensbrück: An eyewitness account of a women's concentration camp
1345:
1343:) and exhibited. This central symbolic figure, also known as the "
441:, the Netherlands. She documented her ordeal alongside her sister
3285:
2725:
2466:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 2–3, 88–91.
2415:
Centre des archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve, 1AJ/6339-6344.
1148:
977:
965:
438:
340:
194:
186:
64:
1260:
were caught by the American troops in 1949 and were sent to the
437:, arrested with her family for harbouring Jews in their home in
694:
around January 1945. He introduced the gas chamber in the camp.
520:
335:
used for slave labour that were spread across an area from the
316:
312:
276:
190:
174:
166:
1870:
Transl. by Gerald Satterwhite. Anchor Press, 1975. 256 pages.
1055:
feel like we had the value of cattle. You worked and you died.
562:
197:, and thousands from other countries including a few from the
3635:
2855:
2850:
2776:
War and economy. Studies on German economic history 1939–1945
2707:
Trains to Ravensbrück. Transports by the Reichsbahn 1939–1945
2103:"The Secrets of the Second World War Comet Line are revealed"
1437:
1305:, it was the smallest of the three National Memorials of the
1039:), plus a generous portion of bread, margarine, and sausage.
1019:
944:
in several transports, following Nazi policy to make Germany
570:
1989:
Centre des archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve, 1AJ/6340.
1155:
to sexual abuse and the rampant spread of venereal disease.
3500:
2785:
Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-631-63678-7.
2321:
2319:
2317:
991:
1538:
Across the Lake: A Novel of the Holocaust and Ravensbrück
1285:
was commissioned to design the memorial site between the
961:
308:
2768:
Women in Concentration Camps. Bergen-Belsen. Ravensbrück
2429:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 94.
2386:
2328:"Ravensbrück Concentration Camp: History & Overview"
2314:
1910:. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
1712:
1369:
263:
221:
2392:
2325:
2293:
213:
on Ravensbrück prisoners to test the effectiveness of
3601:
1559:
1557:
2862:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia
2764:
Concentration Camps and the German Economy 1939–1945
2340:
Sources: Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies;
2302:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. a
2184:
328:
of 1944. Most of these children died of starvation.
2168:"1933–1945: National Socialism and the war economy"
1647:
169:at a site near the village of Ravensbrück (part of
2684:The Jewish Women of Ravensbrück Concentration Camp
2656:, Bruxelles, Archives générales du Royaume, 2024,
2397:. Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture
2330:. Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture
2266:Under Two Dictators. Prisoner of Stalin and Hitler
1584:
1554:
1001:Barracks on the grounds of the former women's camp
2840:"Medical Experiments Conducted on Polish Inmates"
2742:Black Earth. The Holocaust as History and Warning
1187:
832:In 1973, the United States government extradited
3670:
2666:Sherman, Judith, & Carrasco, Davíd. (2005).
1886:Sherman, Judith, & Carrasco, Davíd. (2005).
1841:
1797:
1749:
1405:Museum des antifaschistischen Widerstandskampfes
1374:Museum des antifaschistischen Widerstandskampfes
2670:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
2512:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
1919:
1890:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1419:
531:, where they were assigned as labourers to the
433:Among the survivors of Ravensbrück was author
135:Unknown; 30,000 to 90,000 died or were killed.
2938:
2649:, Akademie der Künste, Berlin 1968. In German
2590:Remembering Ravensbrück. Holocaust to Healing
2240:Kl: a history of the Nazi concentration camps
2056:
2040:"Sweet lady surprise: Nazi prison-guard past"
1844:Fiorello's Sister: La Guardia's Gluck's Story
1398:
1276:
1220:The first Ravensbrück trial, 1947: sentencing
717:, and Elisabeth Kammer. Head wardress at the
539:devices for bombs, artillery ammunition, and
2952:
2815:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
2461:
2424:
1850:(1961) ed.). Syracuse University Press.
1697:
1695:
1574:
1572:
1443:
1923:Vier Stückchen Brot: Ein Hymne an das Leben
1801:Queer in Europe during the Second World War
1075:
283:. By the summer of 1941 with the launch of
3241:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
2945:
2931:
2300:Ravensbrück: Liberation and Postwar Trials
2085:"KZ Ravensbrück-Women Incarcerated-Part 2"
2038:Serrano, Richard A. (September 21, 2006).
519:. Sherman writes of her childhood home in
27:Women's concentration camp in Nazi Germany
2797:, Frankfurt / Main 1990 and Feldkirchen:
2523:
2234:
2057:Buber-Neumann, Margarete (January 2008).
1913:
1743:
1692:
1635:
1569:
1071:Former telephone exchange and water plant
898:Learn how and when to remove this message
414:, wife of the Brazilian Communist leader
209:. From 1942 to 1945, the Nazis undertook
2845:"Ravensbrück Women's Concentration Camp"
2808:
1512:Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany
1423:
1359:
1339:) was created (under the supervision of
1311:
1215:
1178:
1162:
1130:
1066:
1058:
1004:
996:
909:
569:
561:
481:in France, survived. Another SOE agent,
345:
241:
230:
2760:International Scientific Correspondence
2037:
1956:"Sie waren Mörderinnen aus Gelegenheit"
1846:(New Expanded, originally published as
1602:"History and Overview of Ravensbruck,"
1502:List of Nazi-German concentration camps
1297:, held the opening speech. Compared to
14:
3671:
2739:
2726:Dr. Hildegard Hansche Stiftung Berlin.
2680:
2190:
1953:
1798:Schlagdenhauffen, Régis (2018-09-18).
1730:
1718:
1653:
1641:
1578:
1197:, which was being performed in haste.
1063:Camp (external view), with guard house
1046:, a young Belgian who worked with the
400:Princess Anne de Bauffremont-Courtenay
3679:Buildings and structures in Oberhavel
2926:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1776:
1211:
618:The other male officers were :
156:
3684:Medical experimentation on prisoners
3642:
2621:
2592:, Oegstgeest: Amsterdam Publishers.
2462:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012).
2425:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012).
2348:NY: Berkley Publishing Group, 1998;
1962:(in German). Die Hyäne von Auschwitz
1947:
1731:Tucker, Karen Iris (16 April 2015).
1590:
1563:
880:adding citations to reliable sources
851:
803:(née Plaubel), with deputy wardress
1517:International Ravensbrück Committee
847:
24:
2494:
1974:
1954:Möller, Barbara (30 August 2014).
796:August 1943 – September 1944
605:from January 1940 till August 1942
25:
3715:
3699:World War II memorials in Germany
3584:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
2833:
2506:Rydén, Johanna Bergqvist (2018).
2369:"1945: Liberation and Rebuilding"
2356:; Simon Wiesenthal Center Online.
2287:
1777:Ozick, Cynthia (April 11, 2014).
1042:Conditions quickly deteriorated.
809:September 1944 – April 1945
586:Camp commandants included :
455:, an art historian and author of
3651:
3623:
3611:
3236:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2720:Delia Müller, Madlen Lepschies:
2709:, Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2009,
2346:The Theory And Practice Of Hell.
2063:. Random House UK. p. 162.
1842:La Guardia Gluck, Gemma (2007).
1307:German Democratic Republic (GDR)
1271:
1080:Starting in the summer of 1942,
856:
786:October 1942 – August 1943
669:, bringing 8,000 prisoners from
257:List of prisoners of Ravensbrück
45:
3704:World War II museums in Germany
2722:Tage der Angst und der Hoffnung
2554:
2540:
2480:
2455:
2443:
2418:
2409:
2395:"Ravensbrück Trial (1946–1947)"
2393:Jewish Virtual Library (2014).
2361:
2326:Jewish Virtual Library (2014).
2294:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014).
2256:
2228:
2210:
2196:
2160:
2136:
2112:
2095:
2077:
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2006:
1992:
1920:Hollander-Lafon, Magda (2013).
1900:
1880:
1854:
1835:
1818:
1791:
1770:
1724:
1126:
1009:Site of the former women's camp
867:needs additional citations for
3694:Ravensbrück concentration camp
3638:Ravensbrück concentration camp
1659:
1611:
1596:
1188:The death march and liberation
1018:two years in a Russian Soviet
988:Polish underground girl guides
665:, arrived at Ravensbrück with
273:Lichtenburg concentration camp
13:
1:
2851:Homepage Memorial Ravensbrück
2689:University of Wisconsin Press
2582:
2354:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1383:The three National Memorials
1372:headquarters have housed the
625:, chief of political section.
374:. Other victims included the
86:(January 1940 to August 1942)
3252:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3246:German Earth and Stone Works
2781:Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf:
2681:Saidel, Rochelle G. (2006).
1709:. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
1420:Monuments outside of Germany
760:May 1939 – March 1942:
748:The female chief overseers (
745:, and Margarethe de Hueber.
596:from May 1939 to August 1939
394:), Russian Orthodox nun St.
356:Special Operations Executive
250:
7:
3397:Disciplinary and Penal Code
2740:Snyder, Timothy D. (2015).
2296:"Liberation of Ravensbrück"
2278:Fånge hos Hitler och Stalin
1495:
731:Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner
550:A male political prisoner,
500:, sister of New York Mayor
458:Michelangelo in Ravensbrück
220:In the spring of 1941, the
143:Soviet Union, 30 April 1945
92:(August 1942 to April 1945)
10:
3720:
2647:Will Lammert – Ravensbrück
2172:siemens.com Global Website
2101:Shute, Joe (14 Mar 2013),
1779:"How Kafka Actually Lived"
1701:Michael Berenbaum (2015),
1666:Helm, Sarah (2015-03-14).
1507:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
1408:explains the principle of
1399:After German reunification
1277:German Democratic Republic
1226:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
1223:
254:
103:May 1939 – April 1945
3571:
3491:
3484:
3441:
3349:Identification of inmates
3321:
3268:
3228:
2960:
2631:. London: Little, Brown.
2525:10.1007/s10761-017-0433-2
2218:"Voices from Ravensbrück"
2014:"Simon Wiesenthal Archiv"
1906:"Biografie Gustav Noske"
1750:CHGS Exhibitions (2009).
1444:Archaeology and artifacts
840:. In 2006, they expelled
836:for trial in Germany for
659:, chief of labor section.
557:
398:, the 25-year-old French
139:
131:
123:
115:
107:
99:
80:(May 1939 to August 1939)
70:
56:
44:
37:
32:
2954:Nazi concentration camps
1926:. Verlag. pp. 95–.
1547:
1410:Vernichtung durch Arbeit
1245:Having fled to Bavaria,
1242:and sentenced to death.
1139:performing labor in 1939
1076:Nazi medical experiments
479:escape and evasion lines
386:(the only member of the
3559:Soviet prisoners of war
3291:SS construction brigade
2602:Brown, Daniel Patrick.
2373:The Holocaust Chronicle
2350:Encyclopædia Britannica
2263:Margarete Buber-Neumann
2222:Lund University Library
2109:, accessed 12 Oct 2019.
1826:Le Convoi du 24 janvier
1707:Encyclopædia Britannica
1604:Jewish Virtual Library,
1368:Since 1984, the former
1240:crimes against humanity
976:5.4%, other 12.4%. The
756:) in Ravensbrück were:
719:Uckermark death complex
566:Hans Pflaum (1910–1950)
384:Elisabeth de Rothschild
350:Ravensbrück crematorium
293:Encyclopædia Britannica
163:Nazi concentration camp
158:[ˌʁaːvn̩sˈbʁʏk]
3689:Museums in Brandenburg
2909:53.189000°N 13.17000°E
2148:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
2124:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1623:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1608:, accessed 31 Jan 2020
1493:
1460:
1434:Pere Lachaise Cemetery
1429:
1365:
1328:
1262:French occupation zone
1230:The SS guards, female
1221:
1184:
1140:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1033:
1010:
1002:
933:("racial pollution").
915:
583:
567:
535:; the women assembled
498:Gemma La Guardia Gluck
475:Virginia d'Albert-Lake
351:
247:
239:
108:Number of gas chambers
3541:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
3459:Schutzhaftlagerführer
2810:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
1804:. Council of Europe.
1756:Memories From My Home
1480:
1455:
1427:
1363:
1315:
1289:, the camp wall, and
1219:
1182:
1174:Uckermark police camp
1163:Murder in gas chamber
1134:
1070:
1062:
1052:
1024:
1008:
1000:
913:
640:Schutzhaftlagerführer
573:
565:
453:Karolina Lanckoronska
349:
245:
234:
181:, almost 24,000 from
3496:Prisoner functionary
3303:Politische Abteilung
3258:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2795:The Nazi Camp System
2089:dachaukz.blogspot.se
1135:Female prisoners at
1115:Between 120 and 140
876:improve this article
834:Hermine Braunsteiner
773:March–October 1942:
285:Operation Barbarossa
207:Siemens & Halske
193:, almost 2,000 from
189:, nearly 8,000 from
3579:Der Ort des Terrors
3528:Political prisoners
3518:Jehovah's Witnesses
3143:Natzweiler-Struthof
2914:53.189000; 13.17000
2905: /
2236:Wachsmann, Nikolaus
2060:Under Two Dictators
1082:medical experiments
924:Jehovah's Witnesses
811:Chef Oberaufseherin
798:Chef Oberaufseherin
721:of Ravensbrück was
677:Johann Schwarzhuber
667:Johann Schwarzhuber
609:SS-Hauptsturmführer
600:SS-Hauptsturmführer
591:SS-Standartenführer
502:Fiorello La Guardia
416:Luís Carlos Prestes
331:Ravensbrück had 70
320:the Romani camp in
238:of Ravensbrück camp
211:medical experiments
2452:, Teil II, Nr. 61.
2282:Natur & Kultur
2002:. 3 December 2015.
1528:If This Is a Woman
1430:
1366:
1355:Two Women Standing
1329:
1319:, memorial statue
1222:
1212:Ravensbrück trials
1185:
1141:
1073:
1065:
1011:
1003:
916:
790:who returned from
782:Margarete Gallinat
767:and her assistant
584:
568:
510:Anna Garcin-Mayade
477:, both leaders of
352:
322:Auschwitz-Birkenau
281:invasion of Poland
248:
240:
177:, 28,000 from the
127:130,000 to 132,000
39:Concentration camp
3599:
3598:
3567:
3566:
3423:Arbeit macht frei
2825:978-0-253-35599-7
2799:Siemens 1918–1945
2751:978-1-101-90346-9
2715:978-3-940938-27-5
2705:Karolin Steinke:
2698:978-0-299-19864-0
2645:Marlies Lammert:
2638:978-1-4087-0107-2
2566:thomasandbede.com
2473:978-3-631-63678-7
2436:978-3-631-63678-7
2268:, Pimlico, 2008.
2044:Los Angeles Times
1824:Charlotte Delbo,
1811:978-92-871-8863-2
1752:"Satellite Camps"
1721:, pp. 3, 20.
1337:Woman with Burden
1325:Woman with Burden
927:often it was for
908:
907:
900:
816:, Lagerfuehrerin
788:Johanna Langefeld
765:Johanna Langefeld
754:Oberaufseherinnen
750:Lagerfuehrerinnen
594:Günther Tamaschke
582:"the Hyena", 1945
388:Rothschild family
171:Fürstenberg/Havel
147:
146:
124:Number of inmates
78:Günther Tamaschke
61:Fürstenberg/Havel
16:(Redirected from
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2344:. Kogon, Eugen.
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2284:, 1948. p. 176.)
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2035:
2029:
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2026:
2025:
2016:. Archived from
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1917:
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1861:Germaine Tillion
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1784:The New Republic
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1200:With the Soviet
903:
896:
892:
889:
883:
860:
852:
848:Life in the camp
824:; in 1945 nurse
743:Herta Oberheuser
693:
658:
637:
506:Germaine Tillion
494:La Grande Misère
448:The Hiding Place
269:Heinrich Himmler
246:Plan of the camp
160:
155:
49:
30:
29:
21:
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3650:
3647:
3643:sister projects
3640:at Knowledge's
3634:
3624:
3622:
3610:
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3600:
3595:
3563:
3549:"Race defilers"
3534:Nacht und Nebel
3480:
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3430:Jedem das Seine
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2805:pp. 129ff.
2752:
2699:
2652:Claire Pahaut,
2639:
2616:Elisabeth Lupka
2585:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2504:
2495:
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2474:
2460:
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2444:
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2398:
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2362:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2292:
2288:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2249:978-142994372-7
2233:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1836:
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1796:
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1640:
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1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1498:
1446:
1422:
1401:
1291:Schwedtsee Lake
1279:
1274:
1253:
1228:
1214:
1190:
1165:
1129:
1078:
904:
893:
887:
884:
873:
861:
850:
842:Elfriede Rinkel
826:Vera Salvequart
818:Lotte Toberentz
715:Margot Dreschel
687:
685:Edmund Bräuning
679:, assistant to
652:
642:, assistant to
631:
629:Edmund Bräuning
560:
537:ignition timing
443:Betsie ten Boom
435:Corrie ten Boom
424:Henny Schermann
404:Milena Jesenská
396:Maria Skobtsova
326:Warsaw Uprising
259:
253:
153:
95:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3717:
3707:
3706:
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3696:
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3633:
3632:
3620:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3572:Historiography
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3554:Roma and Sinti
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3492:
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3481:
3479:
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3476:
3466:
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3404:
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3140:
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3138:
3131:Mittelbau-Dora
3128:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3091:Kraków-Płaszów
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
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3028:
3018:
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3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2889:
2888:
2878:Dr. Gil David
2876:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2834:External links
2832:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2812:, ed. (2012).
2806:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2778:, Berlin 1999.
2756:
2750:
2737:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2678:
2664:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2619:
2600:
2588:Natalie Hess:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2553:
2539:
2518:(3): 511–530.
2493:
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2313:
2286:
2255:
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2135:
2111:
2094:
2091:. 4 June 2012.
2076:
2069:
2049:
2030:
2005:
1991:
1973:
1946:
1933:978-3641127091
1932:
1912:
1899:
1879:
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1810:
1790:
1769:
1742:
1723:
1711:
1691:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1610:
1595:
1593:, p. 651.
1583:
1568:
1566:, p. xii.
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
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1535:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1445:
1442:
1421:
1418:
1400:
1397:
1393:Erich Honecker
1295:Ernst Thälmann
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1224:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1189:
1186:
1164:
1161:
1128:
1125:
1110:Doctors' Trial
1077:
1074:
1044:Elsie Maréchal
906:
905:
864:
862:
855:
849:
846:
830:
829:
807:
794:
784:
780:and assistant
775:Oberaufseherin
771:
762:Oberaufseherin
696:
695:
674:
660:
647:
626:
616:
615:
606:
597:
559:
556:
525:Czechoslovakia
487:Louise Magadur
463:Yvonne Baseden
390:to die in the
376:Roman Catholic
372:Violette Szabo
315:children from
252:
249:
199:United Kingdom
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
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58:
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53:
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42:
41:
35:
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26:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3490:
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3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Female guards
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
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3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:Postenpflicht
3405:
3403:
3402:Death marches
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
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3342:
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3337:
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3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3313:Strafkompanie
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Camp brothels
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Sanitätswesen
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
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3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
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3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:Sachsenhausen
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
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3141:
3137:
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3056:
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3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:Herzogenbusch
3043:
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3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
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3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:Bergen-Belsen
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
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2959:
2955:
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2918:
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2877:
2875:
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2838:
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2800:
2796:
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2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2734:3-910159-49-4
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2676:9780826334329
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:9789463914529
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:0-7643-1444-0
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:9789493056237
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2451:
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2438:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2396:
2389:
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2364:
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2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2280:, Stockholm,
2279:
2275:
2274:9781845951023
2271:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2204:"Ravensbrück"
2199:
2193:, p. 95.
2192:
2187:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2144:"Ravensbrück"
2139:
2125:
2121:
2120:"Ravensbrück"
2115:
2108:
2107:The Telegraph
2104:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2070:9781845951023
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2020:on 2019-04-28
2019:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1896:9780826334329
1893:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
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1849:
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1838:
1827:
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1773:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1703:"Ravensbrück"
1698:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1656:, p. 15.
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1619:"Ravensbrück"
1614:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1542:Patrick Hicks
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1435:
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1413:
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1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:Sachsenhausen
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:Zwei Stehende
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:Sachsenhausen
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1272:Memorial site
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Aufseherinnen
1227:
1218:
1209:
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1203:
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1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:Jadwiga Dzido
1103:
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985:
984:
983:rassenschande
979:
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951:
947:
943:
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932:
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930:rassenschande
925:
921:
912:
902:
899:
891:
881:
877:
871:
870:
865:This section
863:
859:
854:
853:
845:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
822:Dorothea Binz
819:
815:
814:Luise Brunner
812:
808:
806:
805:Dorothea Binz
802:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
783:
779:
776:
772:
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766:
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724:
720:
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712:
706:
704:
703:
691:
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678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
661:
656:
651:
648:
645:
641:
635:
630:
627:
624:
623:Paul Borchert
621:
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619:
613:
610:
607:
604:
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588:
587:
581:
578:
577:
572:
564:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Agfa-Commando
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:, as well as
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
483:Odette Sansom
480:
476:
473:and American
472:
468:
467:Eileen Nearne
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
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417:
413:
409:
405:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Cecily Lefort
361:
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203:United States
200:
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55:
48:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3663:from Commons
3658:
3637:
3588:
3539:
3532:
3428:
3421:
3406:
3344:Forced labor
3334:Action 14f14
3329:Action 14f13
3269:Subdivisions
3256:
3171:
2897:53°11′20.4″N
2890:
2887:18 May 2019.
2884:
2880:
2861:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2741:
2721:
2706:
2683:
2668:Say the Name
2667:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2603:
2589:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2542:
2515:
2511:
2482:
2463:
2457:
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2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2008:
1994:
1964:. Retrieved
1959:
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1937:. Retrieved
1922:
1915:
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1888:Say the Name
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1341:Fritz Cremer
1336:
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1320:
1317:Will Lammert
1283:Will Lammert
1280:
1247:Fritz Suhren
1244:
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1117:Romani women
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950:Zugangsliste
949:
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885:
874:Please help
869:verification
866:
831:
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761:
753:
749:
747:
723:Ruth Neudeck
707:
700:
697:
681:Fritz Suhren
663:Albert Sauer
644:Fritz Suhren
617:
612:Fritz Suhren
585:
574:
552:Gustav Noske
549:
517:Say the Name
516:
514:
493:
491:
471:Mary Lindell
456:
446:
445:in her book
432:
412:Olga Benário
368:Lilian Rolfe
360:Denise Bloch
353:
330:
302:
298:
291:
289:
262:
260:
236:Aerial photo
226:gas chambers
219:
215:sulfonamides
179:Soviet Union
149:
148:
140:Liberated by
90:Fritz Suhren
3513:Homosexuals
3454:Lagerführer
3339:Early camps
3276:Appellplatz
3172:Ravensbrück
3167:Niederhagen
3033:Gross-Rosen
3021:Flossenbürg
2968:Arbeitsdorf
2912: /
2772:Information
2623:Helm, Sarah
2378:25 February
2191:Saidel 2006
1908:(in German)
1719:Saidel 2006
1654:Saidel 2006
1642:Saidel 2006
1579:Saidel 2006
1522:White Buses
1378:Soviet Army
1287:crematorium
1266:French zone
1254: [
1251:Hans Pflaum
1206:death march
1195:gas chamber
1170:gas chamber
1137:Ravensbruck
1086:sulfonamide
1029:stolzierten
914:Road roller
778:Maria Mandl
769:Emma Zimmer
711:Greta Bösel
688: [
683:, replaced
653: [
650:Hans Pflaum
632: [
428:Mary Pünjer
408:Franz Kafka
406:, lover of
380:Élise Rivet
150:Ravensbrück
100:Operational
51:Ravensbrück
33:Ravensbrück
18:Ravensbrück
3673:Categories
3508:"Asocials"
3449:Commandant
3155:Neuengamme
3115:Mauthausen
3067:Kaiserwald
2997:Buchenwald
2961:Main camps
2900:13°10′12″E
2583:References
2571:2021-06-08
2177:2023-02-07
2153:2023-02-07
2129:2022-06-25
2024:2020-02-03
1966:25 January
1762:27 January
1685:2017-11-04
1628:2021-06-16
1533:Sarah Helm
1385:Buchenwald
1299:Buchenwald
1147:parts for
1145:V-2 rocket
1121:sterilized
1048:Comet Line
838:war crimes
801:Anna Klein
739:Irma Grese
735:Luise Danz
727:Aufseherin
702:Aufseherin
603:Max Koegel
580:Irma Grese
576:Aufseherin
337:Baltic Sea
255:See also:
154:pronounced
84:Max Koegel
71:Commandant
3485:Prisoners
3469:Wehrmacht
3442:Personnel
3414:Selection
3390:Muselmann
3261:(Camp SS)
2973:Auschwitz
2744:. Crown.
2534:149174714
2401:6 January
2342:Holocaust
2334:6 January
2306:6 January
2224:. Sweden.
1939:4 January
1680:0319-0781
1591:Helm 2015
1564:Helm 2015
1112:in 1946.
1094:Kaninchen
946:Judenrein
942:Auschwitz
888:July 2016
792:Auschwitz
671:Auschwitz
547:rockets.
420:Home Army
392:Holocaust
333:sub-camps
251:Prisoners
3618:Politics
3418:Slogans
3385:Language
3229:Agencies
3213:subcamps
3201:subcamps
3196:Stutthof
3189:subcamps
3177:subcamps
3160:subcamps
3148:subcamps
3136:subcamps
3124:subcamps
3108:subcamps
3103:Majdanek
3096:subcamps
3084:subcamps
3072:subcamps
3060:subcamps
3049:subcamps
3038:subcamps
3026:subcamps
3014:subcamps
3002:subcamps
2990:subcamps
2978:subcamps
2625:(2015).
2238:(2015).
1960:Die Welt
1848:My Story
1832:188-189.
1496:See also
1333:Tragende
1321:Tragende
1202:Red Army
1037:backobst
201:and the
161:) was a
57:Location
3630:Germany
3604:Portals
3286:Subcamp
3208:Vaivara
3055:Hinzert
2885:Haaretz
1327:), 1959
1149:Siemens
1098:Króliki
978:Gestapo
968:15.0%,
966:Soviets
964:15.1%,
960:19.9%,
958:Germans
956:24.9%,
439:Haarlem
358:(SOE):
341:Bavaria
267:leader
195:Belgium
187:Austria
183:Germany
116:Inmates
65:Germany
3378:Yellow
3373:Purple
3353:Badges
3322:Topics
3308:Revier
3248:(DEST)
3220:Warsaw
3009:Dachau
2822:
2748:
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2695:
2674:
2660:
2635:
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2596:
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2470:
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2246:
2067:
1930:
1894:
1876:694486
1874:
1808:
1678:
1236:Allies
1102:Lapins
990:unit "
974:Romani
972:7.3%,
970:French
920:winkel
558:Guards
529:Dachau
521:Kurima
410:, and
317:Lidice
305:Romani
300:1944.
277:Saxony
191:France
175:Poland
167:Berlin
132:Killed
3660:Media
3358:Black
3119:Gusen
3079:Kauen
2864:entry
2530:S2CID
1737:Slate
1548:Notes
1438:Paris
1346:Pietà
1258:]
1119:were
1020:Gulag
954:Poles
692:]
657:]
636:]
313:Czech
3523:Jews
3501:Kapo
3368:Pink
3351:and
3117:and
2820:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2403:2015
2380:2014
2336:2015
2308:2015
2270:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2065:ISBN
1968:2021
1941:2015
1928:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1872:OCLC
1806:ISBN
1764:2015
1676:ISSN
1301:and
1249:and
992:Mury
962:Jews
752:and
543:and
465:and
426:and
378:nun
370:and
309:Jews
185:and
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1531:by
1436:in
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545:V-2
541:V-1
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