842:
33:
1124:
742:"Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race." "
341:
of which he was research director in 1972. During the early years of this period he formulated the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following decades.
307:
232:, which he continued to improve and refine, are routinely used to solve complicated structures. It was the application of this mathematical method to a wide variety of chemical structures that led the
322:. His work on this problem was criticized because, at the time, the problem was believed unsolvable. By 1955 he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had laid the foundations of the
326:
in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 monograph, "Solution of the Phase
Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of
2542:
338:
2587:
260:, the oldest child of Leah (Rosenfeld) and Israel Hauptman. He was married to Edith Citrynell since November 10, 1940, with two daughters, Barbara (1947) and Carol (1950).
365:
Hauptman has authored over 170 publications, including journal articles, research papers, chapters and books. In 1970, Hauptman joined the crystallographic group of the
2367:
669:
374:
758:
2597:
2291:
891:
2622:
2557:
864:
717:
2617:
2552:
2547:
586:
373:
as well as research professor in the department of biophysical sciences and adjunct professor in the department of computer science at the
370:
366:
193:
369:(formerly the Medical Foundation of Buffalo) of which he became research director in 1972. Until his death, he served as president of the
2607:
847:
480:
2422:
2602:
487:
2284:
884:
747:
855:
2532:
2397:
428:
900:
444:
390:
299:
109:
2592:
2562:
418:
2572:
2537:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2277:
1395:
877:
233:
323:
229:
766:
2582:
920:
820:
541:
2339:
1531:
812:
566:
2169:
2101:
530:
354:
691:
664:
268:
377:. Prior to coming to Buffalo, he worked as a mathematician and supervisor in various departments at the
2612:
2577:
1219:
2335:
1332:
1028:
721:
411:
378:
287:
2567:
2310:
1937:
1427:
1324:
904:
433:
404:
382:
272:
241:
151:
91:
2445:
1826:
1718:
1308:
1112:
1012:
163:
2378:
2209:
2197:
2185:
1168:
467:
303:
1036:
865:
Board of
Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States
1579:
1511:
1148:
1089:
501:
319:
197:
1455:
1223:
869:
788:
2527:
2522:
2405:
2241:
1945:
1738:
1587:
1563:
1320:
1263:
652:
617:
295:
8:
2411:
2145:
1882:
1850:
1762:
1419:
523:
512:
494:
386:
276:
100:
95:
841:
621:
2386:
2193:
2121:
2045:
2001:
1973:
1834:
1770:
1599:
1595:
1519:
1403:
311:
220:. He pioneered and developed a mathematical method that has changed the whole field of
2430:
2359:
2013:
1981:
1814:
1798:
1654:
1439:
1188:
976:
635:
552:
505:
79:
852:
2237:
2233:
2161:
2085:
2049:
1997:
1918:
1806:
1682:
1662:
1638:
1571:
1447:
1431:
1383:
1292:
1140:
952:
936:
625:
350:
291:
1961:
2221:
2213:
2149:
2133:
2069:
2061:
2029:
1914:
1866:
1842:
1758:
1619:
1503:
1348:
1316:
1259:
1196:
1081:
1008:
984:
859:
548:
1941:
2249:
2181:
2177:
2097:
2037:
2033:
1910:
1878:
1778:
1754:
1694:
1678:
1646:
1615:
1583:
1379:
1239:
1073:
968:
944:
331:
217:
104:
308:
University of
Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
2516:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2225:
2201:
2165:
2129:
2105:
2089:
2077:
1985:
1957:
1874:
1786:
1690:
1535:
1527:
1471:
1463:
1411:
1391:
1340:
1164:
1156:
1020:
960:
327:
315:
257:
224:
and opened a new era in research in determination of molecular structures of
213:
60:
32:
463:
Schoellkopf Award, American
Chemical Society (Western New York Chapter) 1986
2348:
2324:
2065:
2021:
2005:
1953:
1902:
1846:
1774:
1746:
1730:
1666:
1551:
1543:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1251:
1176:
992:
928:
639:
437:
283:
237:
158:
836:
424:
President of the
Association of Independent Research Institutes, 1979–1980
2301:
2153:
2137:
2117:
2113:
1890:
1862:
1858:
1822:
1790:
1742:
1710:
1243:
1231:
1211:
1097:
1058:
1000:
183:
2053:
1989:
1969:
1894:
1702:
1607:
1555:
1479:
1360:
1356:
1184:
1674:
1300:
221:
853:
Pergament: A PBS portrait of
Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman
630:
605:
346:
264:
225:
476:
Establishment of the Eccles-Hauptman
Student Award, SUNY in 1987
534:
516:
813:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
899:
410:
Scientific
Research Society of America, Pure Science Award,
451:
253:
2368:
International
Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
2543:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
653:
Dr. Herbert Hauptman, Nobel Prize winner, is dead at 94
275:(1937) and obtained an M.A. degree in mathematics from
212:(February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American
267:
and mathematics from an early age which he pursued at
657:
457:
Citizen of the Year Award, Buffalo Evening News, 1986
2588:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
720:. Center for Inquiry. March 31, 2006. Archived from
337:
In 1970 he joined the crystallographic group of the
353:, he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the
587:"Herbert A. Hauptman, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 94"
2514:
765:. American Humanist Association. Archived from
710:
2299:
282:After the war he started a collaboration with
2285:
885:
314:expertise enabled them to tackle head-on the
371:Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute
367:Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute
194:Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute
2598:University of Maryland, College Park alumni
2292:
2278:
892:
878:
840:
603:
31:
629:
306:in 1955 in physics, which is part of the
2623:Fellows of the American Physical Society
2558:American people of German-Jewish descent
488:International Humanist and Ethical Union
718:"Herbert Hauptman – The Joy of Science"
578:
294:, and at the same time enrolled in the
2515:
584:
310:. This combination of mathematics and
2273:
873:
429:American Crystallographic Association
427:Patterson Award in 1984 given by the
381:from 1947. He received his B.S. from
330:methods through a development of the
2618:Mathematicians from New York (state)
2553:21st-century American mathematicians
2548:20th-century American mathematicians
692:"Herbert A. Hauptman – Biographical"
585:Grimes, William (October 24, 2011).
445:University of Maryland, College Park
396:
391:University of Maryland, College Park
300:University of Maryland, College Park
110:University of Maryland, College Park
419:Philosophical Society of Washington
13:
2608:Townsend Harris High School alumni
16:American mathematician (1917–2011)
14:
2634:
830:
698:. Stockholm: Nobel Media AB. 2020
486:Humanist Laureate Award from the
302:. He received his Ph.D. from the
234:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1122:
2603:City College of New York alumni
821:American Academy of Achievement
805:
468:American Academy of Achievement
129:
781:
751:
736:
684:
646:
606:"Herbert Hauptman (1917–2011)"
597:
567:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1:
572:
403:Belden Prize in Mathematics,
339:Medical Foundation of Buffalo
2533:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
763:Humanism and Its Aspirations
604:Giacovazzo, Carmelo (2011).
542:Queen's University, Kingston
531:Technical University of Lodz
481:National Academy of Sciences
7:
560:
269:Townsend Harris High School
10:
2639:
2593:American physical chemists
2563:Jewish American scientists
466:Golden Plate Award of the
443:Honorary degrees from the
2440:
2421:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2334:
2309:
1928:
1629:
1370:
1131:
1120:
911:
789:"Herbert Hauptman, Ph.D."
500:Honorary degree from the
493:Honorary degree from the
412:Naval Research Laboratory
379:Naval Research Laboratory
288:Naval Research Laboratory
203:
189:
179:
172:
147:
139:
116:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
2573:Jewish American atheists
2538:American Nobel laureates
2046:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1325:Wendell Meredith Stanley
905:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
792:jewishbuffalohistory.org
460:Norton Medal, SUNY, 1986
434:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
405:City College of New York
383:City College of New York
360:
273:City College of New York
242:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
152:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
92:City College of New York
473:Cooke Award, SUNY, 1987
247:
240:recipients of the 1985
2583:Jewish Nobel laureates
2446:Nobel Prize recipients
2398:Physiology or Medicine
2210:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2198:M. Stanley Whittingham
1169:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
858:June 20, 2008, at the
670:Jewish virtual library
547:Honorary degree from
304:University of Maryland
226:crystallized materials
210:Herbert Aaron Hauptman
47:Herbert Aaron Hauptman
1580:Christian B. Anfinsen
1220:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
540:Honorary degree from
529:Honorary degree from
522:Honorary degree from
511:Honorary degree from
450:Honorary degree from
436:, 1985 (jointly with
375:University at Buffalo
320:X-ray crystallography
271:, graduated from the
263:He was interested in
236:to name Hauptman and
198:University at Buffalo
2406:Michael Stuart Brown
2242:Karl Barry Sharpless
1739:Dudley R. Herschbach
1564:Luis Federico Leloir
252:He was born in to a
228:. Today, Hauptman's
2412:Joseph L. Goldstein
2319:Herbert A. Hauptman
2234:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2146:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
1883:Jens Christian Skou
1851:F. Sherwood Rowland
1763:Charles J. Pedersen
1727:Herbert A. Hauptman
1420:Vincent du Vigneaud
1037:Richard Willstätter
921:Jacobus van 't Hoff
837:Herbert A. Hauptman
817:www.achievement.org
724:on February 1, 2014
622:2011Natur.479..300G
524:Columbia University
513:Bar-Ilan University
495:University of Parma
389:and Ph.D. from the
387:Columbia University
277:Columbia University
101:Columbia University
25:Herbert A. Hauptman
2387:Klaus von Klitzing
2194:John B. Goodenough
2122:William E. Moerner
2002:Richard R. Schrock
1974:Roderick MacKinnon
1946:K. Barry Sharpless
1771:Johann Deisenhofer
1600:Geoffrey Wilkinson
1596:Ernst Otto Fischer
1520:Robert S. Mulliken
1456:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1404:Hermann Staudinger
1224:Irène Joliot-Curie
839:on Nobelprize.org
769:on October 5, 2012
665:"Herbert Hauptman"
591:The New York Times
502:D'Youville College
355:Humanist Manifesto
312:physical chemistry
2613:Secular humanists
2578:American atheists
2510:
2509:
2431:Franco Modigliani
2423:Economic Sciences
2267:
2266:
2250:Moungi G. Bawendi
2170:Richard Henderson
2014:Roger D. Kornberg
1982:Aaron Ciechanover
1815:Rudolph A. Marcus
1719:Robert Merrifield
1655:Peter D. Mitchell
1428:Cyril Hinshelwood
1189:Friedrich Bergius
1113:Richard Zsigmondy
1029:Theodore Richards
977:Ernest Rutherford
759:"Notable Signers"
553:Buffalo, New York
506:Buffalo, New York
397:Awards and titles
207:
206:
174:Scientific career
80:Buffalo, New York
57:February 14, 1917
2630:
2448:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2258:Alexei I. Ekimov
2244:
2238:Morten P. Meldal
2228:
2216:
2204:
2188:
2172:
2162:Jacques Dubochet
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2086:Robert Lefkowitz
2080:
2072:
2056:
2050:Thomas A. Steitz
2040:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1998:Robert H. Grubbs
1992:
1976:
1964:
1948:
1921:
1919:Hideki Shirakawa
1905:
1897:
1885:
1869:
1853:
1837:
1829:
1817:
1809:
1807:Richard R. Ernst
1801:
1793:
1781:
1765:
1749:
1733:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1685:
1683:Frederick Sanger
1669:
1663:Herbert C. Brown
1657:
1649:
1641:
1639:William Lipscomb
1622:
1610:
1602:
1590:
1574:
1572:Gerhard Herzberg
1566:
1558:
1546:
1538:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1448:Frederick Sanger
1442:
1434:
1432:Nikolay Semyonov
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1386:
1384:Glenn T. Seaborg
1363:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1311:
1309:Artturi Virtanen
1303:
1295:
1293:George de Hevesy
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1179:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1149:Heinrich Wieland
1143:
1141:Theodor Svedberg
1126:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
953:Adolf von Baeyer
947:
939:
937:Svante Arrhenius
931:
923:
894:
887:
880:
871:
870:
848:Dr Hauptman's CV
844:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
755:
749:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
661:
655:
650:
644:
643:
633:
601:
595:
594:
582:
544:, Canada in 1993
479:Election to the
351:secular humanist
292:Washington, D.C.
168:
164:UNSW Dirac Medal
156:
133:
131:
75:
72:October 23, 2011
56:
54:
37:Hauptman in 2009
35:
21:
20:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2568:Jewish chemists
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2444:
2436:
2417:
2414:(United States)
2408:(United States)
2392:
2373:
2370:(United States)
2354:
2330:
2327:(United States)
2321:(United States)
2305:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2247:
2231:
2222:David MacMillan
2219:
2214:Jennifer Doudna
2207:
2191:
2175:
2159:
2150:Fraser Stoddart
2143:
2134:Paul L. Modrich
2127:
2111:
2095:
2083:
2075:
2070:Ei-ichi Negishi
2062:Richard F. Heck
2059:
2043:
2030:Osamu Shimomura
2027:
2019:
2011:
1995:
1979:
1967:
1951:
1938:William Knowles
1935:
1924:
1915:Alan MacDiarmid
1908:
1900:
1888:
1872:
1867:Richard Smalley
1856:
1843:Paul J. Crutzen
1840:
1832:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1784:
1768:
1759:Jean-Marie Lehn
1752:
1736:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1688:
1672:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1625:
1620:Vladimir Prelog
1613:
1605:
1593:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1549:
1541:
1525:
1517:
1512:Robert Woodward
1509:
1504:Dorothy Hodgkin
1501:
1489:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1366:
1354:
1349:William Giauque
1346:
1338:
1333:Robert Robinson
1330:
1317:James B. Sumner
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1260:Adolf Butenandt
1257:
1249:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1197:Irving Langmuir
1194:
1182:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1082:Frederick Soddy
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1009:Victor Grignard
1006:
998:
990:
985:Wilhelm Ostwald
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
907:
898:
860:Wayback Machine
833:
828:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
757:
756:
752:
741:
737:
727:
725:
716:
715:
711:
701:
699:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
663:
662:
658:
651:
647:
631:10.1038/479300a
602:
598:
583:
579:
575:
563:
558:
549:SUNY at Buffalo
497:, Italy in 1989
399:
363:
345:In 2003, as an
298:program at the
250:
196:
166:
162:
154:
135:
132: 1940)
127:
123:
122:Edith Citrynell
108:
99:
88:Alma mater
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2189:
2182:Gregory Winter
2178:Frances Arnold
2173:
2157:
2141:
2125:
2109:
2102:Michael Levitt
2098:Martin Karplus
2093:
2081:
2073:
2057:
2041:
2038:Roger Y. Tsien
2034:Martin Chalfie
2025:
2017:
2009:
1993:
1977:
1965:
1949:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1911:Alan J. Heeger
1906:
1898:
1886:
1879:John E. Walker
1870:
1854:
1838:
1830:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1782:
1779:Hartmut Michel
1766:
1755:Donald J. Cram
1750:
1734:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1695:Roald Hoffmann
1686:
1679:Walter Gilbert
1670:
1658:
1650:
1647:Ilya Prigogine
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:John Cornforth
1611:
1603:
1591:
1584:Stanford Moore
1575:
1567:
1559:
1547:
1539:
1532:Ronald Norrish
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1440:Alexander Todd
1435:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1387:
1380:Edwin McMillan
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1255:
1247:
1240:Norman Haworth
1235:
1227:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1180:
1172:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1074:Walther Nernst
1069:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
969:Eduard Buchner
964:
956:
948:
945:William Ramsay
940:
932:
924:
915:
913:
909:
908:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
868:
867:
862:
850:
845:
832:
831:External links
829:
827:
826:
804:
780:
750:
735:
709:
696:nobelprize.org
683:
656:
645:
596:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
556:
545:
538:
527:
520:
509:
498:
491:
484:
477:
474:
471:
464:
461:
458:
455:
448:
441:
431:
425:
422:
415:
408:
400:
398:
395:
362:
359:
332:Sayre equation
324:direct methods
249:
246:
230:direct methods
218:Nobel laureate
205:
204:
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
170:
169:
157:(jointly with
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
125:
121:
120:
118:
114:
113:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 94)
70:
66:
65:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2635:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2255:
2254:Louis E. Brus
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:Benjamin List
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2202:Akira Yoshino
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:Joachim Frank
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Tomas Lindahl
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:Arieh Warshel
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2090:Brian Kobilka
2087:
2082:
2079:
2078:Dan Shechtman
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:Ada E. Yonath
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:Avram Hershko
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1962:Kurt WĂĽthrich
1959:
1958:Koichi Tanaka
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Paul D. Boyer
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1827:Michael Smith
1824:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Sidney Altman
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:Kenichi Fukui
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:William Stein
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:George Porter
1533:
1529:
1528:Manfred Eigen
1524:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:Melvin Calvin
1468:
1465:
1464:Willard Libby
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1412:Linus Pauling
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:Richard Synge
1393:
1392:Archer Martin
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:Arne Tiselius
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:John Northrop
1318:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:Arthur Harden
1161:
1158:
1157:Adolf Windaus
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1090:Francis Aston
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:Alfred Werner
1017:
1014:
1013:Paul Sabatier
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
989:
986:
981:
978:
973:
970:
965:
962:
961:Henri Moissan
957:
954:
949:
946:
941:
938:
933:
930:
925:
922:
917:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
866:
863:
861:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
843:
838:
835:
834:
822:
818:
814:
808:
793:
790:
784:
768:
764:
760:
754:
748:
745:
744:The Telegraph
739:
723:
719:
713:
697:
693:
687:
672:
671:
666:
660:
654:
649:
641:
637:
632:
627:
623:
619:
616:(7373): 300.
615:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
581:
577:
568:
565:
564:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
430:
426:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
401:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
340:
335:
333:
329:
328:probabilistic
325:
321:
317:
316:phase problem
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
258:New York City
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:mathematician
211:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
165:
160:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
62:
61:New York City
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2476:
2349:Claude Simon
2325:Jerome Karle
2318:
2186:George Smith
2066:Akira Suzuki
2022:Gerhard Ertl
2006:Yves Chauvin
1954:John B. Fenn
1942:Ryoji Noyori
1929:2001–present
1903:Ahmed Zewail
1863:Harold Kroto
1847:Mario Molina
1775:Robert Huber
1747:John Polanyi
1731:Jerome Karle
1726:
1667:Georg Wittig
1552:Derek Barton
1544:Lars Onsager
1496:Giulio Natta
1492:Karl Ziegler
1484:John Kendrew
1252:Richard Kuhn
1177:Hans Fischer
993:Otto Wallach
929:Emil Fischer
816:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:
783:
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
762:
753:
743:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
712:
700:. Retrieved
695:
686:
674:. Retrieved
668:
659:
648:
613:
609:
599:
590:
580:
438:Jerome Karle
385:, M.A. from
364:
344:
336:
284:Jerome Karle
281:
262:
251:
238:Jerome Karle
209:
208:
190:Institutions
173:
159:Jerome Karle
74:(2011-10-23)
18:
2528:2011 deaths
2523:1917 births
2302:Nobel Prize
2154:Ben Feringa
2138:Aziz Sancar
2118:Stefan Hell
2114:Eric Betzig
1891:Walter Kohn
1859:Robert Curl
1835:George Olah
1823:Kary Mullis
1799:Elias Corey
1791:Thomas Cech
1743:Yuan T. Lee
1711:Henry Taube
1244:Paul Karrer
1232:Peter Debye
1212:Harold Urey
1098:Fritz Pregl
1059:Fritz Haber
1001:Marie Curie
728:January 17,
676:November 8,
421:, 1969–1970
417:President,
184:Mathematics
2517:Categories
2336:Literature
1990:Irwin Rose
1970:Peter Agre
1895:John Pople
1703:Aaron Klug
1608:Paul Flory
1556:Odd Hassel
1480:Max Perutz
1361:Kurt Alder
1357:Otto Diels
1185:Carl Bosch
797:August 19,
773:October 2,
573:References
256:family in
53:1917-02-14
2389:(Germany)
2311:Chemistry
2304:laureates
1675:Paul Berg
1630:1976–2000
1371:1951–1975
1301:Otto Hahn
1132:1926–1950
912:1901–1925
901:Laureates
702:April 18,
279:in 1939.
222:chemistry
2351:(France)
856:Archived
640:22094683
561:See also
140:Children
2433:(Italy)
2379:Physics
903:of the
618:Bibcode
555:in 2009
537:in 1992
526:in 1990
519:in 1990
508:in 1989
490:in 1988
483:in 1988
454:in 1986
447:in 1985
347:atheist
286:at the
265:science
134:
126:
2248:2023:
2232:2022:
2220:2021:
2208:2020:
2192:2019:
2176:2018:
2160:2017:
2144:2016:
2128:2015:
2112:2014:
2096:2013:
2084:2012:
2076:2011:
2060:2010:
2044:2009:
2028:2008:
2020:2007:
2012:2006:
1996:2005:
1980:2004:
1968:2003:
1952:2002:
1936:2001:
1909:2000:
1901:1999:
1889:1998:
1873:1997:
1857:1996:
1841:1995:
1833:1994:
1821:1993:
1813:1992:
1805:1991:
1797:1990:
1785:1989:
1769:1988:
1753:1987:
1737:1986:
1725:1985:
1717:1984:
1709:1983:
1701:1982:
1689:1981:
1673:1980:
1661:1979:
1653:1978:
1645:1977:
1637:1976:
1614:1975:
1606:1974:
1594:1973:
1578:1972:
1570:1971:
1562:1970:
1550:1969:
1542:1968:
1526:1967:
1518:1966:
1510:1965:
1502:1964:
1490:1963:
1478:1962:
1470:1961:
1462:1960:
1454:1959:
1446:1958:
1438:1957:
1426:1956:
1418:1955:
1410:1954:
1402:1953:
1390:1952:
1378:1951:
1355:1950:
1347:1949:
1339:1948:
1331:1947:
1315:1946:
1307:1945:
1299:1944:
1291:1943:
1258:1939:
1250:1938:
1238:1937:
1230:1936:
1218:1935:
1210:1934:
1195:1932:
1183:1931:
1175:1930:
1163:1929:
1155:1928:
1147:1927:
1139:1926:
1111:1925:
1096:1923:
1088:1922:
1080:1921:
1072:1920:
1057:1918:
1035:1915:
1027:1914:
1019:1913:
1007:1912:
999:1911:
991:1910:
983:1909:
975:1908:
967:1907:
959:1906:
951:1905:
943:1904:
935:1903:
927:1902:
919:1901:
638:
610:Nature
535:Poland
517:Israel
470:, 1986
414:, 1959
407:, 1936
254:Jewish
180:Fields
167:(1991)
155:(1985)
148:Awards
117:Spouse
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
2477:1985
2360:Peace
2300:1985
361:Works
296:Ph.D.
128:(
124:
112:(PhD)
2502:1990
2497:1989
2492:1988
2487:1987
2482:1986
2472:1984
2467:1983
2462:1982
2457:1981
2452:1980
2340:1985
1285:1942
1278:1941
1271:1940
1204:1933
1105:1924
1066:1919
1051:1917
1044:1916
799:2024
775:2012
730:2014
704:2020
678:2013
636:PMID
452:CCNY
349:and
248:Life
216:and
69:Died
43:Born
626:doi
614:479
318:of
290:in
2519::
2256:/
2252:/
2240:/
2236:/
2224:/
2212:/
2200:/
2196:/
2184:/
2180:/
2168:/
2164:/
2152:/
2148:/
2136:/
2132:/
2120:/
2116:/
2104:/
2100:/
2088:/
2068:/
2064:/
2052:/
2048:/
2036:/
2032:/
2004:/
2000:/
1988:/
1984:/
1972:/
1960:/
1956:/
1944:/
1940:/
1917:/
1913:/
1893:/
1881:/
1877:/
1865:/
1861:/
1849:/
1845:/
1825:/
1789:/
1777:/
1773:/
1761:/
1757:/
1745:/
1741:/
1729:/
1693:/
1681:/
1677:/
1665:/
1618:/
1598:/
1586:/
1582:/
1554:/
1534:/
1530:/
1494:/
1482:/
1430:/
1394:/
1382:/
1359:/
1323:/
1319:/
1262:/
1242:/
1222:/
1187:/
1167:/
1011:/
819:.
815:.
761:.
746:.
694:.
667:.
634:.
624:.
612:.
608:.
589:.
551:,
533:,
515:,
504:,
393:.
357:.
334:.
244:.
130:m.
105:MA
96:BS
2342:)
2338:(
2293:e
2286:t
2279:v
893:e
886:t
879:v
823:.
801:.
777:.
732:.
706:.
680:.
642:.
628::
620::
593:.
440:)
161:)
143:2
107:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.